pdf-memoria-de-calculo-tinglado-san-javier compress

EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
’KOG[V\QKKMÛG VMGEI@FO ] L@VA\M@ FA L@ÐO[ QGMF@F AFQK@VMZ@
AFQK @VMZ@ [@G ^@ZMA\–
CACO\M@ FA KÀIKQIO
F@VO[ EAGA\@IA[ FAI T\O]AKVO2
QLMK@KMÛG2 K`iia \aga L`rmagtos agtra i` K`iia Eu`tac`i` y Nogfur`s
ROG@2 L`rrmo Tatroiaro
FM[V\MVO2 G²<
Ai fmsaðo astruktur`i fai proyakto ’KOG[V\QKKMÛG VMGEI@FO ] L@VA\M@ FA L@ÐO[ QGMF@F AFQK@VMZ@ [@G
^@ZMA\–
Kuagt` kog ug` suparjmkma fai tarrago
tarrago qua raseu`rf`r` i` kul
kulmart`
mart` ` kogstrumr fa ug àra` fa 1==.<4 c < .
BQ[VMJMK@KMÛG FA I@ [OIQKMÛG A[V\QKVQ\@I @FOTV@F@2
I` astruktur` jua fajmgmf` koco ug smstac` `rtmkui`fo solra koiucg`s fa fmcagsmogas fa ;4x:4 kc. fa
N²@², i`s ku`ias astàg `rrmostr`f`s por vme`s fa <1x64 kc fa N²@².
T`r` i`s karkn`s fa i` kulmart` sa utmimz` parjmias kogjorc`fos ag jrmo, y` qua sa kogoka qua ios parjmias
kogjorc`fos ag jrmo, sog rakocagf`fos por su imearaz` y tagsmûg fa jiuagkm` qua ioer` ug fasacpaðo fa
kocport`cmagto fòktmi. [u `cpim` `pimk`kmûg ag fmjaragtas tmpos fa kulmart`s ag tofo ai cugfo, n`ka qua
asta c`tarm`i sa` ai `faku`fo p`r` i` abakukmûg fa i` kulmart`.
KMCAGV@KMÛG.I`s karkn`s sa `poy`rà fmrakt`cagta solra koiucg`s fa sakkmogas fajmgmf`s ag ai pi`go `fbugto, ast`s ` su
vaz kogfukag i`s k`re`s n`st` gmvai fa jugf`kmûg
AI `rrmostra agtra ratmkui`fos, sa ra`imz`rà cafm`gta korra`s fa parjmi smcpia, saeòg i` pagfmagta fa i`
kulmart`, qumagas
qumagas soport`ràg i`s k`re`s fa c`gtagmcmagto,
c`gtagmcmagto, er`gmzo y vmagto,
vmagto, qua sog i`s càs
prapogfar`gtas ag ast` smtu`kmûg.
CAVOFO FA KÀIKQIO.@karo Astruktur`i
T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas sa n` kogsmfar`fo ios prmgkmpmos fai @gàimsms Astàtmko a Nmparastà
Nmparastàtmko
tmko
y i`s taorã`s kiàsmk`s fa i` \asmstagkm` fa C`tarm`ias y Ai`stmkmf`f.
Ai cítofo `pimk`fo p`r` ai fmsaðo as fa ios ast`fos imcmtas Òitmcos (A.I.Q.), ag ai qua sa pratagfa imcmt`r ai
ajakto fa i`s @kkmogas axtarmoras pogfar`f`s por ugos j`ktoras o koajmkmagtas, sa` mgjarmor ` i` raspuast` fa
i` astruktur`, cmgor`gfo i`s rasmstagkm`s fa ios c`tarm`ias.
I` fagocmg`kmûg fa ios ast`fos iãcmtas òitmcos ageiol` tofo `quaiios korraspogfmagtas ` ug` puast` juar`
fa sarvmkmo fa i` astruktur`, por koi`pso o rotur` fa i` cmsc` o fa ug` p`rta fa aii`. Fagtr
Fagtroo fa asta erupo
sa mgkiuyag2
M.
Ast`fo imcmta fa aqumimlrmo, fajmgmfo por i` pírfmf` fa ast`lmimf`f
ast`lmimf`f astàtmk` fa ug` p`rta o fai
kogbugto fa i` astruktur`, kogsmfar`f` koco ug kuarpo rãemfo, sa astufm` ` gmvai fa astruktur` o
aiacagto astruktur`i.
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
MM.
Ast`fos imcmtas fa `eot`cmagto o fa rotur`, fajmgmfos por ai `eot`cmagto rasmstagta o i`
fajorc`kmûg axkasmv` fa i` ug` o v`rm`s sakkmogas fa ios aiacagtos fa i` astruktur`.
MMM.
MZ.
Ast`fo imcmta fa mgast`lmimf`f o fa p`gfao fa ug` p`rta o fai kogbugto fa i` astruktur`.
Z.
Ast`fo imcmta fa `fnaragkm`, k`r`ktarmz`fo por i` rotur` fa ugo o v`rmos por i` rotur` fa
`fnaragkm` agtra i`s `rc`fur`s fa `karo y ai norcmeûg qua i`s rofa`.
ZM.
Ast`fo iãcmta fa `gki`ba, k`r`ktarmz`fo por ai safmcagto fa ug `gki`ba, sa astufm` fa jorc` iok`i
ag zog`s iok`imz`f`s.
ZMM.
Ast`fo imcmta fa j`tme`, k`r`ktarmz`fo por i` rotur` fa ugo o v`rmos c`tarm`ias fa i` astruktur`
por ajakto fa i` j`tme` l`bo i` `kkmûg fa k`re`s rapatmf`s.
rapatmf`s.
Ag ios ast`fos iãcmtas òitmcos sa kocprual`g ios korraspogfmagtas `2 aqumimlrmo, `eot`cmagto o rotur`,
`fnaragkm`, `gki`ba y j`tme` (sm prokafa). Ag ios ast`fos iãcmtas fa utmimz`kmûg, sa kocprual`2
fajorc`kmogas (jiakn`s), y vmlr`kmogas (sm prokafa). Fajmgmfos ios ast`fos fa k`re` saeòg su ormeag, sa
prokafa ` k`ikui`r i`s koclmg`kmogas posmlias kog ios koajmkmagtas fa c`yor`kmûg y cmgor`kmûg
korraspogfmagtas
korraspogfmag
tas fa `kuarfo ` ios koajmkmagtas fa saeurmf`f y i`s nmpûtasms làsmk`s fajmgmf`s ag i` ’ Gorc`
Loimvm`g` fai Norcmeûg KLN->5–.
@KKMOGA[ ] KOCLMG@KMOGA[ FAI KLN->5
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[a tagfrà ag kuagt` ag ai k`so fa soportas u otr`s pmaz`s norcmeog`f`s ag vartmk`i, qua i` rasmstagkm` fa proyakto fala `facà
`facàss cmgor`rsa ag
ai 04 por 044.
I` oltagkmûg fa ios asjuarzos ag i`s fmjaragtas nmpûtasms smcpias fai smstac` astruktur`i, sa n`ràg fa
`kuarfo ` ug kàikuio imga`i fa prmcar orfag, as fakmr `fcmtmagfo proporkmog`imf`f agtra asjuarzos y
fajorc`kmogas, ai prmgkmpmo fa suparposmkmûg fa `kkmogas, y ug kocport`cmagto imga`i y eaocítrmko fa ios
c`tarm`ias y i` astruktur`. T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas fatarcmg`gtas ag ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios
aiacagtos (vme`s, koiucg`s) sa oltagfràg ios fm`er`c`s agvoivagtas p`r` k`f` asjuarzo.
T`r` ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios soportas
sopo rtas sa kocprual`g p`r` tof`s i`s koclmg`kmogas fajmgmf`s.
KQ@F\O 0.<
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KOAJMKMAGVA FA TOGFA\@KMOG FA I@[ @KKMOGA[
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EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
A[V@FO[ IMCMVA[ FA QVMIMR@KMOG
Fajmgmfos ios ast`fos fa k`re` saeòg su ormeag, sa prokafa ` k`ikui`r i`s koclmg`kmogas posmlias kog
ios koajmkmagtas fa c`yor`kmûg y cmgor`kmûg korraspogfmagtas fa `kuarfo ` ios koajmkmagtas fa
saeurmf`f y i`s nmpûtasms làsmk`s fajmgmf`s ag i` gorc`.
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I` oltagkmûg fa ios asjuarzos ag i`s fmjaragtas nmpûtasms smcpias fai smstac`, sa n`ràg fa `kuarfo ` ug
kàikuio imga`i fa prmcar orfag, as fakmr `fcmtmagfo proporkmog`imf`f agtra asjuarzos y fajorc`kmogas, ai
prmgkmpmo fa suparposmkmûg fa `kkmogas, y ug kocport`cmagto imga`i y eaocítrmko fa ios c`tarm`ias y i`
astruktur`. T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas fatarcmg`gtas ag ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios aiacagtos
(parjmias fa `karo i`cmg`fos ag jrmo) sa oltagfràg ios fm`er`c`s fa asjuarzos gorc`ias, kort`gtas y
cocagtos jiaktoras ag ios fmjaragtas aiacagtos astruktur`ias fa i` kulmart`.
K@IKQIO TO\ O\FAG@FO\
[a ai`lor` ug cofaio astruktur`i ag ai proer`c` KypaK`f Z.<40<B p`r` ra`imz`r ai `gàimsms, fogfa sa
mgtrofukag i`s propmaf`fas fa c`tarm`ias, sakkmogas, jorc`s, eaocatrã`, k`re`s, koclmg`kmogas, atk., y
oltagar ug` astmc`kmûg prakms` fa su raspuast` astruktur`i `gta i`s soimkmt`kmogas f`f`s.
K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[ FA IO[ C@VA\M@IA[ @ QVMIMR@\
Ios c`tarm`ias ` utmimz`r `sã koco i`s k`r`ktarãstmk`s fajmgmtorm`s fa ios cmscos, gmvaias fa kogtroi
pravmstos, `sã koco ios koajmkmagtas fa saeurmf`f, sa mgfmk`g ag ai smeumagta ku`fro2
Norcmeûg @rc`fo.As fa `pimk`kmûg olime`torm` ai Kûfmeo Loimvm`go fai Norcmeûg @rc`fo (KLN->5), ag ai ku`i sa axpogag ios
raqumsmtos cãgmcos p`r` ios c`tarm`ias. I` rasmstagkm` fa proyakto, jKH as ai v`ior qua sa `fopt` ag ai
proyakto p`r` i` rasmstagkm` ` kocprasmûg, koco l`sa fa ios kàikuios.
Norcmeogas.
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
KQ@F\O 0.;
K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[ FA IO[ C@VA\M@IA[ ’NO\CMEOGA[–
Aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo
\asmstagkm` K`r`ktarãstmk`
K`r`ktarãstmk` ` ios <> fã`s2
jkh (He/kc<)
Vmpo fa kacagto
K`gtmf`f càxmc`/cãgmc` fa kacagto
(he/c;)
Vof` i`
olr`
Kmcagt`kmûg
Koiucg`s
Zme`s
Otros
<44
<44
<44
<44
<44
;14
;14
;14
;14
64
;4
01/<4
<1
Tiàstmk`
Li`gf`
Li`gf
Li`gf``
Li`gf`
;`1
:`=
:`=
:`=
MT ;4
;14
V`c`ðo càxmco fai àrmfo (cc)
Vmpo fa `clmagta (`erasmvmf`f)
M
Kogsmstagkm` fai norcmeûg
@smagto Kogo fa @lr`cs (kc)
[mstac` fa kocp`kt`kmûg
Zmlr`fo
Gmvai fa Kogtroi Travmsto
Gorc`i
Koajmkmagta fa Cmgor`kmûg
0.1
\asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg2 j kf
(He/kc<)
0;;.;;
0;;.;;
0;;.;;
0;;.;;
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Cofuio fa ai`stmkmf`f A (He/kc<)
014444
014444
014444
014444
014444
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<144
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<16.>1
<16.>1
<16.>1
Taso voiucítrmko(
voiucítrmko(He/c
He/c;)
C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag(hesae</c6)
Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog
4.<
Fm`er`c`s tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai norcmeûg
Ai fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai norcmeûg fapagfa fa gucaros`s v`rm`lias2 af`f fai
norcmeûg, fur`kmûg fa i` k`re`, jorc` y tmpo fa i` sakkmûg, g`tur`iaz` fa i` soimkmt`kmûg, atk.
F`f` i` fmjmkuit`f fa su fatarcmg`kmûg ag i` pràktmk`, sa utmimz`g ku`iqumar` fa ios fm`er`c`s fa proyakto
smcpimjmk`fos ` gmvai fa v`ioras fa kàikuio.
JMEQ\@ Go. 0
\AI@KMOG AGV\A I@ VAG[MOG FAI NO\CMEOG ] I@ VAG[MOG FA \OVQ\@ TO\ KOCT\A[MOG AG T\OLAV@[ KMIMGF\MK@[
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
\asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg
[a kogsmfar`r` koco rasmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg ag kocprasmûg j kf o ag tr`kkmûg jKH. ai v`ior fa i`
rasmstagkm`` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg sarà fmvmfmfo por ug koajmkmagta fa cmgor`kmûg λk qua `fopt` ios
rasmstagkm
v`ioras `fopt`fos ag ai ku`fro 0.0.
 


@karo ag L`rr`s
Vof` i`
olr`
Fasmeg`kmûg
Koiucg`s
6;65.><
6<44.44
Zme`s/Ios
Otros
`s
@N 144 G
Iãcmta Aiàstmko jyh (He/kc<)
1444
Gmvai fa Kogtroi Travmsto
Gorc`i
Koajmkmagta fa Cmgor`kmûg
0.01
\asmstagkm` fa kàikuio
(l`rr`s)2 jyf (He/kc<)
Kmcagt`kmûg
fai `karo
Cofuio fa ai`stmkmf`f fai `karo As
(He/kc<)
6;65.><
6;65.><
6;65.><
<444444
K`r`ktarãstmk`s fai `karo
Fm`er`c`s tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai `karo
Fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko tagsmûg-fajorc`k fai `karo ag tr`kkmûg as `quai qua tmaga i` propmaf`f fa qua ios
v`ioras fa i` tagsmûg, korraspogfmagtas ` fajorc`kmogas go c`yoras fa 04 por 0444. Ag kocprasmûg puafa
`fopt`rsa ai cmsco fm`er`c` qua ag tr`kkmûg.
@ j`it` fa f`tos axparmcagt`ias prakmsos, puafa supogarsa qua ai fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko `fopt` i` jorc`
fa i` jmeur` 0.0 saeòg sa tr`t` fa `karos kog o smg ask`iûg fa kafagkm` gat`cagta c`rk`fo.
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
JMEQ\@ 0.0
FM@E\@C@ FA VAG[MOG JO\C@KMOG T@\@ AI @KA\O
\asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai `karo
[a kogsmfar`rà koco rasmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai `karo jyf ai v`ior2
 


Ag fogfa jyh as ai iãcmta aiàstmko fa proyakto y λs ai koajmkmagta fa cmgor`kmûg fajmgmfo ag ai ku`fro 0.0, I`
axprasmûg mgfmk`f` as vàimf` t`gto p`r` tr`kkmûg koco p`r` kocprasmûg.
Abakukmûg
Vof` i` olr`
@. Gmvai fa Kogtroi pravmsto
L. Koajmkmagta fa C`yor`kmûg fa i`s
`kkmogas fasj`vor`lias
Tarc`gagtas/Z`rm`lias
Kmcagt`kmûg
Koiucg`s
Zme`s/Ios`s
Otros
Gorc`i
0.:/0.:
AG[@]O[ @ \A@IMR@\
Norcmeûg @rc`fo. Fa `kuarfo ` ios
i os gmvaias fa kogtroi pravmstos, sa ra`imz`r`g ios ags`yos partmgagtas fa
ios c`tarm`ias, `karo y norcmeûg saeòg sa mgfmk` ag i` gorc` KLN->5 K`p. ; y 6.
IMCMVA[ FA FAJO\C@KMOG
Iãcmtas fa fajorc`kmûg fa i` astruktur`. Ai kàikuio fa fajorc`kmogas as ug kàikuio fa ast`fos iãcmtas fa
utmimz`kmûg kog i`s k`re`s fa sarvmkmo.
T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s ag ios aiacagtos vme`s y ios`s, sa tagfràg ag kuagt` t`gto i`s fajorc`kmogas
mgst`gtàga`s
koco i`s fmjarmf`s, k`ikuiàgfosa i`s mgarkm`s aqumv`iagtas fa `kuarfo ` io mgfmk`fo ag i`
gorc`.
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s sa n` tagmfo ag kuagt` t`gto ai prokaso kogstruktmvo, koco i`s kogfmkmogas
`clmagt`ias, af`f fa puast` ag k`re`, fa `kuarfo ` ug`s kogfmkmogas n`lmtu`ias fa i` pràktmk` kogstruktmv`
ag i` afmjmk`kmûg kogvagkmog`i. Tor t`gto, ` p`rtmr fa astos supuastos sa astmc`g ios koajmkmagtas fa jiuagkm`
partmgagtas p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` jiakn` `ktmv`, suc` fa i`s jiakn`s mgst`gtàga`s càs i`s fmjarmf`s
profukmf`s kog postarmormf`f ` i` kogstrukkmûg fa i`s t`lmquarã`s.
Ag ios aiacagtos fa norcmeûg `rc`fo sa ast`liakag ios smeumagtas iãcmtas2
Ζ` ≦ I/;448 Ζ` ≦ I/144 (solrak`re` + k`re` parc`gagta) Zme`s
Zme`s y ios`s
Ζn 3 4.40<N (faspi`z`cmagto ag Koiucg`s)
Norcmeûg `rc`fo. T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s ag ios aiacagtos jiakt`fos, vme`s y jorb`fos, sa tagfràg ag
kuagt` t`gto i`s fajorc`kmogas mgst`gtàga`s koco i`s fmjarmf`s, k`ikuiàgfosa i`s mgarkm`s aqumv`iagtas fa
`kuarfo ` io mgfmk`fo ag i` gorc`.
T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s sa n` tagmfo ag kuagt` t`gto ai prokaso kogstruktmvo, koco i`s kogfmkmogas
`clmagt`ias, af`f fa puast` ag k`re`, fa `kuarfo ` ug`s kogfmkmogas n`lmtu`ias fa i` pràktmk` kogstruktmv`
ag i` afmjmk`kmûg kogvagkmog`i. Tor t`gto, ` p`rtmr fa astos supuastos sa astmc`g ios koajmkmagtas fa jiuagkm`
partmgagtas p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` jiakn` `ktmv`, suc` fa i`s jiakn`s mgst`gtàga`s càs i`s fmjarmf`s
profukmf`s kog postarmormf`f ` i` kogstrukkmûg fa i`s t`lmquarã`s.
Ag ios aiacagtos fa norcmeûg `rc`fo sa ast`liakag
ast`lia kag ios smeumagtas iãcmtas2
Jiakn`s `ktmv`s càxmc`s rai`tmv`s y `lsoiut`s p`r` aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo y @karo
Astruktur` go soimf`rm` kog otros
aiacagtos
ZME@[ ] IO[@[
\ai`tmv`2 ζ/I90/<14
@lsoiut`2 I/144 + 0 kc
JO\B@FO[
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14
@lsoiut`2 I/144 + 0 kc
Astruktur` soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos
a iacagtos
Aiacagtos jiaxmlias
Aiacagtos rãemfos
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644
\ai`tmv`2 ζ/I90/644
@lsoiut`2 0 kc
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644
@lsoiut`2 I/>44 + 4.: kc
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644
@lsoiut`2 I/0444 + 4.1 kc
Jiakn`s tot`ias càxmc`s rai`tmv`s p`r` aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo y @karo
Astruktur` soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos
a iacagtos
Astruktur` go soimf`rm` kog otros
aiacagtos
ZME@[, IO[@[ ] JO\B@FO[
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14
Aiacagtos jiaxmlias
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14
Aiacagtos rãemfos
\ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14
F@VO[ ] @KKMOGA[ @FOTV@F@[ T@\@ AI KÀIKQIO
K@\@KVA\Ã[VMK@[ VÍKGMK@[ FA FM[AÐO A[V\QKVQ\@I
K@\@KVA\Ã[VMK@[ FAI [QAIO
[a ai`lor` ai astufmo fa suaio por i` gakasmf`f fa olta
oltagar
gar i` rasmstagkm` fa
faii cmsco, ai ku`i sa io ra`imz` por
ai cítofo fa pagatr`kmûg astàgf`r ([.T.V.).
I` k`p`kmf`f port`gta fai tarrago sog ios
i os smeumagtas2
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
TORO G²0
Fa 4.< ` 4.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.>4 He./kc<
Fa 4.1 ` 4.> cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.14 He./kc<
Fa 4.> ` 0.04 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.= He./kc<
TORO G²<
Fa 4.< ` 4.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.<4
4 .<4 He./kc<
Fa 4.1 ` 4.> cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.;4 He./kc<
Fa 4.> ` 0.04 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.1 He./kc<
Fa 0.04 ` 0.64 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.< He./kc<
Fa 0.64 ` 0.54 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.0 He./kc<
Fa 0.5 ` <.4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc<
Fa <.4 ` <.; cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc<
Fa <.; ` <.: cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc<
Fa <.: ` <.=4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.; He./kc<
Fa <.=4 ` ;.<4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.; He./kc<
Fa ;.< ` ;.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.= He./kc<
Fa ;.14 ` ;.>4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.= He./kc<
T`r` ai fmsaðo astruktur`i fai proyakto sa io ra`imzo kog ug gmvai fa jugf`kmûg ;.1 cts toc`gfo ug` j`tme` fai suaio fa
0 he/kc<.
Zmagfo ios rasuit`fos
rasuit`fos fai astufmo fa suaio, sa
sa puafa var qua ai suaio as raiiago y `i n`larsa ra`imz`
ra`imz`fo
fo ug ags`yo
rajaragkm`i p`r` ai k`ikuio fa i`s jugf`kmogas, sa falar` varmjmk`r ast` rasmstagkm` ug` vaz ra`imz`f`s i`s axk`v`kmogas
gakas`rm`s.
C@VA\M@IA[
@) K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[
Norcmeûg2




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
\asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk`
\asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo
Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f
Taso voiucítrmko
C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag
Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog
jkh 3
jkf 3
A3
λ 3
C/Z 3
±3
<44
He/c<
0;;.; He/c<
0144444 tog/c<
<.14
tog/c;
4.<1
tog-sae</c6
4.<4
@karo fa rajuarzo p`r` ai Norcmeûg2





\asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk`
\asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo
Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f
Taso voiucítrmko
C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag
jyh 3
yf 3
A3
λ 3
C/Z 3
1444
He/c<
6;65.>1 He/c<
<4444444 tog/c<
5.>1
tog/c;
4.>44
tog-sae</c6
L) C@VA\M@IA[ FAJMGMFO[ T@\@ AI COFAIO



\asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk`
\asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo
Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f
jkh 3
jkf 3
A3
<04
He/c<
064
He/c<
0144444 tog/c<
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A



Taso voiucítrmko
C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag
Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog
λ 3
C/Z 3
±3
<.14
4.<1
4.<4
tog/c;
tog-sae</c6
@TIMK@KMÛG2 [a `pimk` `i cofaio p`r` ai kàikuio fa vme`s, koiucg`s, curos, vme`s fa `rrmostra,
z`p`t`s.
K@\E@ [OL\A KQLMA\[email protected]ûg
Rog`
K`re` ag he/kc<
Kulmart` Jmlrokacagto
K`re` Zmv` Vakno
Er`gmzo Trags`fo
Vof`
Vof`
Vof`
;4
<4
014
I` k`re` fa er`gmzo, astà ag proyakkmûg normzogt`i, i` ku`i mrà fmscmguyagfo ` cafmf` qua i` kulmart`
mgkracagta i` pagfmagta kog olbato fa go parcmtmr `kucui`kmûg fa er`gmzo ag saktoras qua
provoquag asjuarzo axkasmvo
axkasmvo y por t`gto fajorc`kmogas juar` fa i`s `fcmtmf`s ag kogfmkmog
kogfmkmogas
as fa
sarvmkmo.
TA\JMIA[ FA KÀIKQIO.Qg` vaz `pimk`fo ios krmtarmos fa `gàimsms y fmsaðo astruktur`i fa i` karkn` catàimk` sa iiae`rog ` ios
rasuit`fos costr`fos ag pi`gos `fbugtos.
@GÀIM[M[ FA K@\E@[
0.- K@\E@[ CQA\V@[
0.0.- TA[O T\OTMO2 Ai paso propmo fa ios aiacagtos astruktur`ias sa ios ra`imz`r` kog ai p`quata
astruktur`i KypaK`f
0.<.-TA[O TO\ KQLMA\V@
Taso fa i` kulmart` fa jmlrokacagto2
<.- K@\E@[ ZMZ@[
<.0.- K@\E@ FA VAKNO[
q3;4 he/c<
q03<4he/c<
<.<.- K@\E@[ FA E\@GMRO
I` solrak`re` fa er`gmzo o gmava ag ug` suparjmkma kulmart` as ai paso fa i` gmava qua, ag i`s kogfmkmogas
kimc`toiûemk`s càs fasj`vor`lias, puafa `kucui`rsa solra aii`.
I` solrak`re` fa er`gmzo o gmava solra ug` suparjmkma normzogt`i sa supoga ugmjorcacagta rap`rtmf`, y su v`ior
sa kogsmfar` ag jugkmûg fa i` `itur`
` itur` fa `kucui`kmûg fa astos jagûcagos g`tur`ias.
Ai er`gmzo tmagfa ` rasl`i`r por ios taknos kog pagfmagta, solra tofo fa `quaiios kog suparjmkma fa cat`i8 ai
er`gmzo as ug` k`re` v`rm`lia qua puafa kulrmr tofo ai takno o sûio p`rta fa íi, fapagfmagfo fa i` jorc` y/o
eaocatrã` fa i` kulmart` y `facàs fa qua sm ai fasimz`cmagto fai er`gmzo prasagt` o go olstàkuios.
Ag ai k`so fa guastr` `rc`fur`, f`fo qua tmaga ug` pagfmagta fai 05% y qua i` suparjmkma as catàimk`,
pofacos `jmrc`r qua i` `kucui`kmûg fai er`gmzo sarà cuy poko prol`lia ag er`gfas k`gtmf`fas. I`
`kucui`kmûg sa f`rà p`r` er`gmz`f`s axkapkmog`icagta.
Ai paso aspakãjmko fai er`gmzo y i` `itur` `kucui`f` sog rai`tmv`cagta v`rm`lias saeòg i`s kmrkugst`gkm`s,
pufmagfo sarvmr koco p`ràcatros ios smeumagtas v`ioras2
[
  Er`gmzo  nEr`gmzo
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
T`r` jmgas fa kàikuio supogacos ug` `kucui`kmûg ugmjorca ag tof` i` suparjmkma fa kulmart` fa 04 kc fa
;
aspasor, y ug paso aspakãjmko fai er`gmzo =44 He / c 2
;
K`re` por er`gmzo  0444 He / c  4.01c
K`re` por er`gmzo 3 014.44 He/c¼
<.;.- K@\E@ FA ZMAGVO
Ai vmagto kra` ug` k`re` fmgàcmk` solra ug afmjmkmo. Ast`s juarz`s k`clm`gtas `ktò`g ag ku`iqumar fmrakkmûg y
fur`g fasfa ug` jr`kkmûg fa
fa saeugfo n`st` v`rmos cmgutos8 puafag
puafag sar fasfa cuy
cuy paquað`s a mgkiuso
`ik`gz`r ug` c`egmtuf fastruktmv`.
@ugqua ai vmagto puafa provagmr fa ku`iqumar fmrakkmûg y saeumr ug` fmvarsmf`f fa kursos, fasfa mgkimg`fos `
normzogt`ias, a mgkiuso vartmk`ias `skagfagtas o faskagfagtas solra i` j`kn`f` fa ug afmjmkmo, por io eagar`i sa
`kapt` qua ai vmagto sa fala tr`t`r koco ug covmcmagto normzogt`i fa i` c`s` fa `mra. Go olst`gta asta
covmcmagto normzogt`i fa `mra puafa k`us`r prasmogas y juarz`s solra astruktur`s, `ktu`gfo ag ku`iqumar
fmrakkmûg.
I`s k`re`s fa vmagto
v magto ag cuknos k`sos iiae`g ` sar tr`skagfagt`ias
tr` skagfagt`ias p`r` i`s kulmart`s kog juartas pagfmagtas, su
fatarcmg`kmûg fapagfa fa cuknos j`ktoras, v`rmos fa ios ku`ias sa l`s`g ag mgvastme`kmogas ra`imz`f`s por
cuknos `ðos.
Ai `gàimsms sa io ra`imz`rà toc`gfo
toc`gfo koco rajaragkm` ai Kûfmeo @G[M @1>.0, ai ku`i gos proporkmog` f`tos, t`li`s
y aku`kmogas gakas`rm`s p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa ast`s k`re`s.
Fatarcmg`kmûg Làsmk` fai vmagto
I` vaiokmf`f làsmk` fai vmagto, proporkmog`fo por ai [arvmkmo G`kmog`i fa Cataoroioeã` [AG@CNM p`r` [ukra as
=; Hc / n .
Z

Z
=;

n

0 cmii`
Hc
0.:4= Hc
15.5=
/
cmii`s n
Fatarcmg`kmûg fa Koajmkmagta fa Mcport`gkm`
I` Gorc` gos f` v`ioras t`lui`fos fa asta koajmkmagta fa `kuarfo ` su mcport`gkm` y uso, y sulfmvmfa i`s
astruktur`s ag ku`tro k`taeorã`s, qua astàg ` kogtmgu`kmûg2
K`taeorã` M2 Afmjmk`kmogas y astruktur`s rai`kmog`f`s kuy` j`ii` mcpimk` l`bo rmaseo p`r` i` vmf` nuc`g`
mgkiuyagfo paro go imcmt`fo ` j`kmimf`fas rur`ias,
r ur`ias, fa `ic`kag`ba o tacpor`ias.
K`taeorã` MM2 Afmjmk`kmogas fa okup`kmûg gorc`i pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s (go mgkiumf`s ag i`s k`taeorã`s M, MMM o MZ).
K`taeorã` MMM2 J`kmimf`fas fa `ito rmaseo o afmjmk`kmogas fa `it` okup`kmûg pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s.
K`taeorã` MZ2 J`kmimf`fas asagkm`ias.
[a `smeg` ug J`ktor fa Mcport`gkm` M ` k`f` k`taeorã` fa i` smeumagta c`gar`2
V`li` G² 0 (Kûfmeo @G[M)
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
K`taeorã` fa Qso J`ktor fa Mcport`gkm`
Mcport`gkm` ’’M–
M–
M
4.>5
MM
0.44
MMM
0.01
MZ
0.01
[a oltmaga ai v`ior fa M 3 0.44, qua fasmeg` p`r` afmjmk`kmogas fa okup`kmûg gorc`i pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s.
M

 0.44
Fatarcmg`kmûg ai koajmkmagta fa axposmkmûg ` i` prasmûg fa i` vaiokmf`f (Hz)
[a k`ikui` q R ag jugkmûg fa H R kog i` jûrcui`2
qR
 4.44<1:  H R
qR
 4.44<1:  H R
qR
 >.11  H R
MZ <
0.44  15.5=<
I` Gorc` @[KA, (@[KA-5-=>, `rtãkuio :.1.:.0) gos fajmga ku`tro K`taeorã`s fa Axposmkmûg (@, L, K y F), ios ku`ias
sog2
Axposmkmûg @. Er`gfas kagtros url`gos kog `i cagos 14% fa i`s afmjmk`kmogas kog `itur`s c`yoras ` <0c.
Axposmkmûg L. Àra`s url`g`s y sulurl`g`s, àra`s loskos`s, otros tarragos kog v`rm`s olstrukkmogas asp`km`f`s
kark`g`cagta qua tmagag ai t`c`ðo fa vmvmagf`s j`cmim`ras mgfmvmfu`ias o càs er`gfas.
Axposmkmûg K. Varragos `lmartos kog olstrukkmogas fmspars`s qua tmagag `itur`s cagoras fa = c.
Axposmkmûg F. Àra`s pi`g`s smg olstrukkmogas axpuast`s `i jiubo fai vmagto fasfa ai okí`go `lmarto ` ug`
fmst`gkm` fa 0.: hc. [a axtmagfa 6:4 c tmarr` `fagtro.
T`r` guastro k`so, toc`racos i` axposmkmûg L, qua sa rajmara ` àra`s url`g`s y sulurl`g`s, àra`s loskos`s,
otros tarragos kog v`rm`s olstrukkmogas asp`km`f`s kark`g`cagta qua tmagag ai t`c`ðo
t`c` ðo fa vmvmagf`s j`cmim`ras
mgfmvmfu`ias o càs er`gfas.
T`r` ug` `itur` procafm` fai takno n300.4 c3;:.1 pmas, i` Gorc` @[KA 5-=>, ag i` smeumagta t`li`, gos f` ios
v`ioras fa Hz ag jugkmûg ` i` k`taeorã` fa axposmkmûg. @sã tagacos2
Koajmkmagtas fa i` Trasmûg fa Zaiokmf`f H z
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
Tor io t`gto, mgtarpoi`gfo fa i` t`li` `gtarmor y s`lmagfo i` k`taeorã` ` i` ku`i partagaka guastr` astruktur`,
tagacos ai v`ior fa H z2

HR
4.1:
1:6
6
Fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` prasmûg fa vaiokmf`f qz
qR
qR

4.1:6 >.11

 6.>1 il /
pma <
Fatarcmg`kmûg fai J`ktor fa \àj`e` ’En–
T`r` fatarcmg`r ai v`ior fa E n rakurrmcos ` i` smeumagta t`li`, y agkogtr`cos ai v`ior
v` ior p`r` ug` `itur` procafmo
fai takno fa n 3 ;:.1 pmas.
V`li` G² > (Kûfmeo @G[M)
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
@itur` solra ai gmvai
En
fai suaio "R" (pmas) Axposmkm
xposmkmûg
ûg @ Axp
Axposmkm
osmkmûg
ûg L Axposmkm
xposmkmûg
ûg K Axp
Axposmkm
osmkmûg
ûg F
4- 01
<. :
0.:1
0 . ;<
0 . 01
<4
<1
;4
<. < 4
<. 4 =
<.40
0.1=
0.16
0.10
0 . <=
0 . <5
0..<:
0
0 . 06
0 . 0;
0 . 0<
64
14
:4
54
>4
=4
04 4
0< 4
06 4
0: 4
0> 4
<4 4
0.>>
0. 5 =
0. 5 ;
0. : 5
0. : ;
0. 1 =
0. 1 :
0. 1 4
0. 6 :
0. 6 ;
0. 6 4
0. ; 5
0.6:
0.6<
0.;=
0.;:
0.;6
0.;<
0.;0
0.<>
0.<:
0.<6
0.<;
0.<0
0..<;
0
0 . <0
0 . <4
0 . 0=
0 . 0>
0 . 05
0 . 0:
0 . 01
0 . 06
0 . 0;
0 . 0<
0 . 00
0 . 00
0 . 04
0 . 4=
0 . 4>
0 . 4>
0 . 45
0 . 45
0 . 4:
0 . 41
0 . 41
0 . 46
0 . 46
<1 4
;4 4
;1 4
64 4
61 4
14 4
0. ; <
0. < >
0. < 1
0. < <
0. < 4
0. 0 >
0.0=
0.0:
0.01
0.0;
0.0<
0.00
0 . 04
0 . 4=
0 . 4>
0 . 45
0 . 4:
0 . 4:
0 . 4;
0 . 4<
0 . 4<
0 . 40
0 . 40
0 . 44
Mgtarpoi`gfo tagacos ai smeumagta v`ior2
En
 0.65
Fatarcmg`kmûg fa ios koajmkmagtas fa prasmûg axtarg` (Kp)
Koajmkmagtas fa prasmûg fa kulmart` ’Kp–
Koco n/i30 y tagacos
tagacos   05² qua2
Vakno l`riovagto2
Kp3 -4.=
Vakno ` sot`vagto2
Kp3 4.5
EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A
L`riovagto
Fmrakkmûg
fai vmagto
Gorc`i ` ii`
`
kuclrar`
\ai`kmûg
`itur`
pagfmagt
pagfm
agta
a
n/
n/ii
9 4 .;
4 .1
0.4
 0 .1
n/L or n/I
9<.1
n/L or n/I
 <.1
@geuio
4
- 4 .5
0 4 ` 01
4 .<
-4.=
- 4 .=
-4.=
- 4 .=
- 4 .5
-4.5
- 4 .5
(er`fos)
4 .<
;4
4 .;
64
4 .6
14
4 .1
4 .4 0 
- 4 .5 1
- 4 .5 1
- 4 .=
- 4 .<
- 4 .<
- 4 .=
4 .;
4 .;
- 4 .; 1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .<
4 .4 0 
4 .4 0 
4 .4 0 
<4
 :4
[ot`v
[ot`vag
agto
to
-4.5 T`r`
tofos ios
v`ioras
v`i
oras fa
n/i y 
-4.5
-4.5
-4.>
-4.>
Trasmogas p`r` i`s juarz`s axtarg`s2
Vakno ` l`riovagto2
T0 3 qz En Kp
T0 3 6.>1*0.65*(-4.=)
<
T0 3 -:.6< il/pma (Trofuka sukkmûg)
Vakno ` sot`vagto2
T< 3 qz En Kp
T< 3 6.>1*0.65*(4.54)
<
T< 3 1.44 il/pma (Trofuka prasmûg)
Fatarcmg`kmûg fa ios ajaktos fa i` prasmûg mgtarg`
Koco ai afmjmkmo as fa ug soio pmso, sa fatarcmg` ios ajaktos fa i` prasmûg mgtarg`, cafm`gta ai koajmkmagta fa
ràj`e` y i` prasmûg mgtarg` koclmg`f`s y kogsmfar`gfo qua
qua sûio n`y `lartur`s cagoras ag ai afmjmkmo
afmjmkmo22 EKpm3 °
4.<1
I` prasmûg mgtarg` sarà2
T3qg EKpm
3 ° 4.<1 (6.>1)3 ° 0.<0 il/pma
<
Koclmg`kmûg fa ios ajaktos fa i`s juarz`s axtarg`s y ai ajakto mgtargo
Vakno ` l`riovagto2
T0 3 -:.6< + 0.<03 -1.<0 il/pma <
<
T< 3 -:.6< - 0.<03 -5.:; il/pma 3 - ;5.<1 He/c¼
Vakno ` sot`vagto2
T0 3 1.44 - 0.<03 ;.5= il/pma
<
<
T< 3 1.44 + 0.<03 :.<0 il/pma 3 + ;4.;< He/c¼
Qg` vaz `pimk`fo ios krmtarmos fa `gàimsms y fmsaðo fa tof` i` astruktur` sa iiae`rog ` ios rasuit`fos
costr`fos ag pi`gos `fbugtos.