EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A ’KOG[V\QKKMÛG VMGEI@FO ] L@VA\M@ FA L@ÐO[ QGMF@F AFQK@VMZ@ AFQK @VMZ@ [@G ^@ZMA\– CACO\M@ FA KÀIKQIO F@VO[ EAGA\@IA[ FAI T\O]AKVO2 QLMK@KMÛG2 K`iia \aga L`rmagtos agtra i` K`iia Eu`tac`i` y Nogfur`s ROG@2 L`rrmo Tatroiaro FM[V\MVO2 G²< Ai fmsaðo astruktur`i fai proyakto ’KOG[V\QKKMÛG VMGEI@FO ] L@VA\M@ FA L@ÐO[ QGMF@F AFQK@VMZ@ [@G ^@ZMA\– Kuagt` kog ug` suparjmkma fai tarrago tarrago qua raseu`rf`r` i` kul kulmart` mart` ` kogstrumr fa ug àra` fa 1==.<4 c < . BQ[VMJMK@KMÛG FA I@ [OIQKMÛG A[V\QKVQ\@I @FOTV@F@2 I` astruktur` jua fajmgmf` koco ug smstac` `rtmkui`fo solra koiucg`s fa fmcagsmogas fa ;4x:4 kc. fa N²@², i`s ku`ias astàg `rrmostr`f`s por vme`s fa <1x64 kc fa N²@². T`r` i`s karkn`s fa i` kulmart` sa utmimz` parjmias kogjorc`fos ag jrmo, y` qua sa kogoka qua ios parjmias kogjorc`fos ag jrmo, sog rakocagf`fos por su imearaz` y tagsmûg fa jiuagkm` qua ioer` ug fasacpaðo fa kocport`cmagto fòktmi. [u `cpim` `pimk`kmûg ag fmjaragtas tmpos fa kulmart`s ag tofo ai cugfo, n`ka qua asta c`tarm`i sa` ai `faku`fo p`r` i` abakukmûg fa i` kulmart`. KMCAGV@KMÛG.I`s karkn`s sa `poy`rà fmrakt`cagta solra koiucg`s fa sakkmogas fajmgmf`s ag ai pi`go `fbugto, ast`s ` su vaz kogfukag i`s k`re`s n`st` gmvai fa jugf`kmûg AI `rrmostra agtra ratmkui`fos, sa ra`imz`rà cafm`gta korra`s fa parjmi smcpia, saeòg i` pagfmagta fa i` kulmart`, qumagas qumagas soport`ràg i`s k`re`s fa c`gtagmcmagto, c`gtagmcmagto, er`gmzo y vmagto, vmagto, qua sog i`s càs prapogfar`gtas ag ast` smtu`kmûg. CAVOFO FA KÀIKQIO.@karo Astruktur`i T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas sa n` kogsmfar`fo ios prmgkmpmos fai @gàimsms Astàtmko a Nmparastà Nmparastàtmko tmko y i`s taorã`s kiàsmk`s fa i` \asmstagkm` fa C`tarm`ias y Ai`stmkmf`f. Ai cítofo `pimk`fo p`r` ai fmsaðo as fa ios ast`fos imcmtas Òitmcos (A.I.Q.), ag ai qua sa pratagfa imcmt`r ai ajakto fa i`s @kkmogas axtarmoras pogfar`f`s por ugos j`ktoras o koajmkmagtas, sa` mgjarmor ` i` raspuast` fa i` astruktur`, cmgor`gfo i`s rasmstagkm`s fa ios c`tarm`ias. I` fagocmg`kmûg fa ios ast`fos iãcmtas òitmcos ageiol` tofo `quaiios korraspogfmagtas ` ug` puast` juar` fa sarvmkmo fa i` astruktur`, por koi`pso o rotur` fa i` cmsc` o fa ug` p`rta fa aii`. Fagtr Fagtroo fa asta erupo sa mgkiuyag2 M. Ast`fo imcmta fa aqumimlrmo, fajmgmfo por i` pírfmf` fa ast`lmimf`f ast`lmimf`f astàtmk` fa ug` p`rta o fai kogbugto fa i` astruktur`, kogsmfar`f` koco ug kuarpo rãemfo, sa astufm` ` gmvai fa astruktur` o aiacagto astruktur`i. EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A MM. Ast`fos imcmtas fa `eot`cmagto o fa rotur`, fajmgmfos por ai `eot`cmagto rasmstagta o i` fajorc`kmûg axkasmv` fa i` ug` o v`rm`s sakkmogas fa ios aiacagtos fa i` astruktur`. MMM. MZ. Ast`fo imcmta fa mgast`lmimf`f o fa p`gfao fa ug` p`rta o fai kogbugto fa i` astruktur`. Z. Ast`fo imcmta fa `fnaragkm`, k`r`ktarmz`fo por i` rotur` fa ugo o v`rmos por i` rotur` fa `fnaragkm` agtra i`s `rc`fur`s fa `karo y ai norcmeûg qua i`s rofa`. ZM. Ast`fo iãcmta fa `gki`ba, k`r`ktarmz`fo por ai safmcagto fa ug `gki`ba, sa astufm` fa jorc` iok`i ag zog`s iok`imz`f`s. ZMM. Ast`fo imcmta fa j`tme`, k`r`ktarmz`fo por i` rotur` fa ugo o v`rmos c`tarm`ias fa i` astruktur` por ajakto fa i` j`tme` l`bo i` `kkmûg fa k`re`s rapatmf`s. rapatmf`s. Ag ios ast`fos iãcmtas òitmcos sa kocprual`g ios korraspogfmagtas `2 aqumimlrmo, `eot`cmagto o rotur`, `fnaragkm`, `gki`ba y j`tme` (sm prokafa). Ag ios ast`fos iãcmtas fa utmimz`kmûg, sa kocprual`2 fajorc`kmogas (jiakn`s), y vmlr`kmogas (sm prokafa). Fajmgmfos ios ast`fos fa k`re` saeòg su ormeag, sa prokafa ` k`ikui`r i`s koclmg`kmogas posmlias kog ios koajmkmagtas fa c`yor`kmûg y cmgor`kmûg korraspogfmagtas korraspogfmag tas fa `kuarfo ` ios koajmkmagtas fa saeurmf`f y i`s nmpûtasms làsmk`s fajmgmf`s ag i` ’ Gorc` Loimvm`g` fai Norcmeûg KLN->5–. @KKMOGA[ ] KOCLMG@KMOGA[ FAI KLN->5 KQ@F\O 0.0 A[V@FO[ IMCMVA[ QIVMCO[ KOAJMKMAGVA FA CMGO\@KMOG FA IO[ C@VA\M@IA[ C@VA\M@I @KA\O NO\CMEOG KOAJMKMAGVA λ[ 3 0.1 λ[ 3 0.01 GMZAI FA KOGV\OI \AFQKMFO GO\C@I MGVAG[O \AFQKMFO GO\C@I MGVAG[O KO\\AKKMOG +4.41 4 -4.41 +4.41 4 -4.41 [a tagfrà ag kuagt` ag ai k`so fa soportas u otr`s pmaz`s norcmeog`f`s ag vartmk`i, qua i` rasmstagkm` fa proyakto fala `facà `facàss cmgor`rsa ag ai 04 por 044. I` oltagkmûg fa ios asjuarzos ag i`s fmjaragtas nmpûtasms smcpias fai smstac` astruktur`i, sa n`ràg fa `kuarfo ` ug kàikuio imga`i fa prmcar orfag, as fakmr `fcmtmagfo proporkmog`imf`f agtra asjuarzos y fajorc`kmogas, ai prmgkmpmo fa suparposmkmûg fa `kkmogas, y ug kocport`cmagto imga`i y eaocítrmko fa ios c`tarm`ias y i` astruktur`. T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas fatarcmg`gtas ag ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios aiacagtos (vme`s, koiucg`s) sa oltagfràg ios fm`er`c`s agvoivagtas p`r` k`f` asjuarzo. T`r` ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios soportas sopo rtas sa kocprual`g p`r` tof`s i`s koclmg`kmogas fajmgmf`s. KQ@F\O 0.< A[V@FO[ IMCMVA[ QIVMCO[ KOAJMKMAGVA FA TOGFA\@KMOG FA I@[ @KKMOGA[ C@VA\M@I KO\\AKKMOG GMZAI FA KOGV\OI AG I@ ABAKQKMOG λ[ 3 0.:4 F@ÐO[ T\AZM[MLIA[ AG K@[O[ FA @KKMFAGVA \AFQKMFO GO\C@I MGVAG[O \AFQKMFO GO\C@I MGVAG[O +4.41 4 -4.41 +4.41 4 -4.41 EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A A[V@FO[ IMCMVA[ FA QVMIMR@KMOG Fajmgmfos ios ast`fos fa k`re` saeòg su ormeag, sa prokafa ` k`ikui`r i`s koclmg`kmogas posmlias kog ios koajmkmagtas fa c`yor`kmûg y cmgor`kmûg korraspogfmagtas fa `kuarfo ` ios koajmkmagtas fa saeurmf`f y i`s nmpûtasms làsmk`s fajmgmf`s ag i` gorc`. @6 @6 0 < @6 ; @6 ; @6 6 Q Q 0.6 F 0.< F 0.: I `. Q 0.< F 0.:( Ir o [ o \) (4.1 I o 4.>U ) l. Q 0.< F 0.:( Ir o [ o \) (4.1 I o 4.>U ) Q 0.< F 0.;U I 4.1( Ir 4.1 I o [ o \) 4.1( Ir o [ o \) I` oltagkmûg fa ios asjuarzos ag i`s fmjaragtas nmpûtasms smcpias fai smstac`, sa n`ràg fa `kuarfo ` ug kàikuio imga`i fa prmcar orfag, as fakmr `fcmtmagfo proporkmog`imf`f agtra asjuarzos y fajorc`kmogas, ai prmgkmpmo fa suparposmkmûg fa `kkmogas, y ug kocport`cmagto imga`i y eaocítrmko fa ios c`tarm`ias y i` astruktur`. T`r` i` oltagkmûg fa i`s soimkmt`kmogas fatarcmg`gtas ag ai fmcagsmog`fo fa ios aiacagtos (parjmias fa `karo i`cmg`fos ag jrmo) sa oltagfràg ios fm`er`c`s fa asjuarzos gorc`ias, kort`gtas y cocagtos jiaktoras ag ios fmjaragtas aiacagtos astruktur`ias fa i` kulmart`. K@IKQIO TO\ O\FAG@FO\ [a ai`lor` ug cofaio astruktur`i ag ai proer`c` KypaK`f Z.<40<B p`r` ra`imz`r ai `gàimsms, fogfa sa mgtrofukag i`s propmaf`fas fa c`tarm`ias, sakkmogas, jorc`s, eaocatrã`, k`re`s, koclmg`kmogas, atk., y oltagar ug` astmc`kmûg prakms` fa su raspuast` astruktur`i `gta i`s soimkmt`kmogas f`f`s. K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[ FA IO[ C@VA\M@IA[ @ QVMIMR@\ Ios c`tarm`ias ` utmimz`r `sã koco i`s k`r`ktarãstmk`s fajmgmtorm`s fa ios cmscos, gmvaias fa kogtroi pravmstos, `sã koco ios koajmkmagtas fa saeurmf`f, sa mgfmk`g ag ai smeumagta ku`fro2 Norcmeûg @rc`fo.As fa `pimk`kmûg olime`torm` ai Kûfmeo Loimvm`go fai Norcmeûg @rc`fo (KLN->5), ag ai ku`i sa axpogag ios raqumsmtos cãgmcos p`r` ios c`tarm`ias. I` rasmstagkm` fa proyakto, jKH as ai v`ior qua sa `fopt` ag ai proyakto p`r` i` rasmstagkm` ` kocprasmûg, koco l`sa fa ios kàikuios. Norcmeogas. EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A KQ@F\O 0.; K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[ FA IO[ C@VA\M@IA[ ’NO\CMEOGA[– Aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo \asmstagkm` K`r`ktarãstmk` K`r`ktarãstmk` ` ios <> fã`s2 jkh (He/kc<) Vmpo fa kacagto K`gtmf`f càxmc`/cãgmc` fa kacagto (he/c;) Vof` i` olr` Kmcagt`kmûg Koiucg`s Zme`s Otros <44 <44 <44 <44 <44 ;14 ;14 ;14 ;14 64 ;4 01/<4 <1 Tiàstmk` Li`gf` Li`gf Li`gf`` Li`gf` ;`1 :`= :`= :`= MT ;4 ;14 V`c`ðo càxmco fai àrmfo (cc) Vmpo fa `clmagta (`erasmvmf`f) M Kogsmstagkm` fai norcmeûg @smagto Kogo fa @lr`cs (kc) [mstac` fa kocp`kt`kmûg Zmlr`fo Gmvai fa Kogtroi Travmsto Gorc`i Koajmkmagta fa Cmgor`kmûg 0.1 \asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg2 j kf (He/kc<) 0;;.;; 0;;.;; 0;;.;; 0;;.;; <44 Cofuio fa ai`stmkmf`f A (He/kc<) 014444 014444 014444 014444 014444 <144 <144 <144 <144 <144 <16.>1 <16.>1 <16.>1 <16.>1 Taso voiucítrmko( voiucítrmko(He/c He/c;) C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag(hesae</c6) Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog 4.< Fm`er`c`s tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai norcmeûg Ai fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai norcmeûg fapagfa fa gucaros`s v`rm`lias2 af`f fai norcmeûg, fur`kmûg fa i` k`re`, jorc` y tmpo fa i` sakkmûg, g`tur`iaz` fa i` soimkmt`kmûg, atk. F`f` i` fmjmkuit`f fa su fatarcmg`kmûg ag i` pràktmk`, sa utmimz`g ku`iqumar` fa ios fm`er`c`s fa proyakto smcpimjmk`fos ` gmvai fa v`ioras fa kàikuio. JMEQ\@ Go. 0 \AI@KMOG AGV\A I@ VAG[MOG FAI NO\CMEOG ] I@ VAG[MOG FA \OVQ\@ TO\ KOCT\A[MOG AG T\OLAV@[ KMIMGF\MK@[ EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A \asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg [a kogsmfar`r` koco rasmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg ag kocprasmûg j kf o ag tr`kkmûg jKH. ai v`ior fa i` rasmstagkm`` fa kàikuio fai norcmeûg sarà fmvmfmfo por ug koajmkmagta fa cmgor`kmûg λk qua `fopt` ios rasmstagkm v`ioras `fopt`fos ag ai ku`fro 0.0. @karo ag L`rr`s Vof` i` olr` Fasmeg`kmûg Koiucg`s 6;65.>< 6<44.44 Zme`s/Ios Otros `s @N 144 G Iãcmta Aiàstmko jyh (He/kc<) 1444 Gmvai fa Kogtroi Travmsto Gorc`i Koajmkmagta fa Cmgor`kmûg 0.01 \asmstagkm` fa kàikuio (l`rr`s)2 jyf (He/kc<) Kmcagt`kmûg fai `karo Cofuio fa ai`stmkmf`f fai `karo As (He/kc<) 6;65.>< 6;65.>< 6;65.>< <444444 K`r`ktarãstmk`s fai `karo Fm`er`c`s tagsmûg-fajorc`kmûg fai `karo Fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko tagsmûg-fajorc`k fai `karo ag tr`kkmûg as `quai qua tmaga i` propmaf`f fa qua ios v`ioras fa i` tagsmûg, korraspogfmagtas ` fajorc`kmogas go c`yoras fa 04 por 0444. Ag kocprasmûg puafa `fopt`rsa ai cmsco fm`er`c` qua ag tr`kkmûg. @ j`it` fa f`tos axparmcagt`ias prakmsos, puafa supogarsa qua ai fm`er`c` k`r`ktarãstmko `fopt` i` jorc` fa i` jmeur` 0.0 saeòg sa tr`t` fa `karos kog o smg ask`iûg fa kafagkm` gat`cagta c`rk`fo. EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A JMEQ\@ 0.0 FM@E\@C@ FA VAG[MOG JO\C@KMOG T@\@ AI @KA\O \asmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai `karo [a kogsmfar`rà koco rasmstagkm` fa kàikuio fai `karo jyf ai v`ior2 Ag fogfa jyh as ai iãcmta aiàstmko fa proyakto y λs ai koajmkmagta fa cmgor`kmûg fajmgmfo ag ai ku`fro 0.0, I` axprasmûg mgfmk`f` as vàimf` t`gto p`r` tr`kkmûg koco p`r` kocprasmûg. Abakukmûg Vof` i` olr` @. Gmvai fa Kogtroi pravmsto L. Koajmkmagta fa C`yor`kmûg fa i`s `kkmogas fasj`vor`lias Tarc`gagtas/Z`rm`lias Kmcagt`kmûg Koiucg`s Zme`s/Ios`s Otros Gorc`i 0.:/0.: AG[@]O[ @ \A@IMR@\ Norcmeûg @rc`fo. Fa `kuarfo ` ios i os gmvaias fa kogtroi pravmstos, sa ra`imz`r`g ios ags`yos partmgagtas fa ios c`tarm`ias, `karo y norcmeûg saeòg sa mgfmk` ag i` gorc` KLN->5 K`p. ; y 6. IMCMVA[ FA FAJO\C@KMOG Iãcmtas fa fajorc`kmûg fa i` astruktur`. Ai kàikuio fa fajorc`kmogas as ug kàikuio fa ast`fos iãcmtas fa utmimz`kmûg kog i`s k`re`s fa sarvmkmo. T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s ag ios aiacagtos vme`s y ios`s, sa tagfràg ag kuagt` t`gto i`s fajorc`kmogas mgst`gtàga`s koco i`s fmjarmf`s, k`ikuiàgfosa i`s mgarkm`s aqumv`iagtas fa `kuarfo ` io mgfmk`fo ag i` gorc`. EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s sa n` tagmfo ag kuagt` t`gto ai prokaso kogstruktmvo, koco i`s kogfmkmogas `clmagt`ias, af`f fa puast` ag k`re`, fa `kuarfo ` ug`s kogfmkmogas n`lmtu`ias fa i` pràktmk` kogstruktmv` ag i` afmjmk`kmûg kogvagkmog`i. Tor t`gto, ` p`rtmr fa astos supuastos sa astmc`g ios koajmkmagtas fa jiuagkm` partmgagtas p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` jiakn` `ktmv`, suc` fa i`s jiakn`s mgst`gtàga`s càs i`s fmjarmf`s profukmf`s kog postarmormf`f ` i` kogstrukkmûg fa i`s t`lmquarã`s. Ag ios aiacagtos fa norcmeûg `rc`fo sa ast`liakag ios smeumagtas iãcmtas2 Ζ` ≦ I/;448 Ζ` ≦ I/144 (solrak`re` + k`re` parc`gagta) Zme`s Zme`s y ios`s Ζn 3 4.40<N (faspi`z`cmagto ag Koiucg`s) Norcmeûg `rc`fo. T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s ag ios aiacagtos jiakt`fos, vme`s y jorb`fos, sa tagfràg ag kuagt` t`gto i`s fajorc`kmogas mgst`gtàga`s koco i`s fmjarmf`s, k`ikuiàgfosa i`s mgarkm`s aqumv`iagtas fa `kuarfo ` io mgfmk`fo ag i` gorc`. T`r` ai kàikuio fa i`s jiakn`s sa n` tagmfo ag kuagt` t`gto ai prokaso kogstruktmvo, koco i`s kogfmkmogas `clmagt`ias, af`f fa puast` ag k`re`, fa `kuarfo ` ug`s kogfmkmogas n`lmtu`ias fa i` pràktmk` kogstruktmv` ag i` afmjmk`kmûg kogvagkmog`i. Tor t`gto, ` p`rtmr fa astos supuastos sa astmc`g ios koajmkmagtas fa jiuagkm` partmgagtas p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` jiakn` `ktmv`, suc` fa i`s jiakn`s mgst`gtàga`s càs i`s fmjarmf`s profukmf`s kog postarmormf`f ` i` kogstrukkmûg fa i`s t`lmquarã`s. Ag ios aiacagtos fa norcmeûg `rc`fo sa ast`liakag ast`lia kag ios smeumagtas iãcmtas2 Jiakn`s `ktmv`s càxmc`s rai`tmv`s y `lsoiut`s p`r` aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo y @karo Astruktur` go soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos ZME@[ ] IO[@[ \ai`tmv`2 ζ/I90/<14 @lsoiut`2 I/144 + 0 kc JO\B@FO[ \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14 @lsoiut`2 I/144 + 0 kc Astruktur` soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos a iacagtos Aiacagtos jiaxmlias Aiacagtos rãemfos \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644 \ai`tmv`2 ζ/I90/644 @lsoiut`2 0 kc \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644 @lsoiut`2 I/>44 + 4.: kc \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/644 @lsoiut`2 I/0444 + 4.1 kc Jiakn`s tot`ias càxmc`s rai`tmv`s p`r` aiacagtos fa Norcmeûg @rc`fo y @karo Astruktur` soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos a iacagtos Astruktur` go soimf`rm` kog otros aiacagtos ZME@[, IO[@[ ] JO\B@FO[ \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14 Aiacagtos jiaxmlias \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14 Aiacagtos rãemfos \ai`tmv`2 ζ /I90/<14 F@VO[ ] @KKMOGA[ @FOTV@F@[ T@\@ AI KÀIKQIO K@\@KVA\Ã[VMK@[ VÍKGMK@[ FA FM[AÐO A[V\QKVQ\@I K@\@KVA\Ã[VMK@[ FAI [QAIO [a ai`lor` ai astufmo fa suaio por i` gakasmf`f fa olta oltagar gar i` rasmstagkm` fa faii cmsco, ai ku`i sa io ra`imz` por ai cítofo fa pagatr`kmûg astàgf`r ([.T.V.). I` k`p`kmf`f port`gta fai tarrago sog ios i os smeumagtas2 EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A TORO G²0 Fa 4.< ` 4.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.>4 He./kc< Fa 4.1 ` 4.> cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.14 He./kc< Fa 4.> ` 0.04 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.= He./kc< TORO G²< Fa 4.< ` 4.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.<4 4 .<4 He./kc< Fa 4.1 ` 4.> cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.;4 He./kc< Fa 4.> ` 0.04 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.1 He./kc< Fa 0.04 ` 0.64 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.< He./kc< Fa 0.64 ` 0.54 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.0 He./kc< Fa 0.5 ` <.4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc< Fa <.4 ` <.; cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc< Fa <.; ` <.: cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.6 He./kc< Fa <.: ` <.=4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.; He./kc< Fa <.=4 ` ;.<4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.; He./kc< Fa ;.< ` ;.1 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 4.= He./kc< Fa ;.14 ` ;.>4 cts. Kog ug` j`tme` fa 0.= He./kc< T`r` ai fmsaðo astruktur`i fai proyakto sa io ra`imzo kog ug gmvai fa jugf`kmûg ;.1 cts toc`gfo ug` j`tme` fai suaio fa 0 he/kc<. Zmagfo ios rasuit`fos rasuit`fos fai astufmo fa suaio, sa sa puafa var qua ai suaio as raiiago y `i n`larsa ra`imz` ra`imz`fo fo ug ags`yo rajaragkm`i p`r` ai k`ikuio fa i`s jugf`kmogas, sa falar` varmjmk`r ast` rasmstagkm` ug` vaz ra`imz`f`s i`s axk`v`kmogas gakas`rm`s. C@VA\M@IA[ @) K@\@KVA\M[VMK@[ Norcmeûg2 \asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk` \asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f Taso voiucítrmko C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog jkh 3 jkf 3 A3 λ 3 C/Z 3 ±3 <44 He/c< 0;;.; He/c< 0144444 tog/c< <.14 tog/c; 4.<1 tog-sae</c6 4.<4 @karo fa rajuarzo p`r` ai Norcmeûg2 \asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk` \asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f Taso voiucítrmko C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag jyh 3 yf 3 A3 λ 3 C/Z 3 1444 He/c< 6;65.>1 He/c< <4444444 tog/c< 5.>1 tog/c; 4.>44 tog-sae</c6 L) C@VA\M@IA[ FAJMGMFO[ T@\@ AI COFAIO \asmstagkm` k`r`ktarãstmk` \asmstagkm` fa fmsaðo Cofuio fa Ai`stmkmf`f jkh 3 jkf 3 A3 <04 He/c< 064 He/c< 0144444 tog/c< EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A Taso voiucítrmko C`s` por ugmf`f fa voiucag Koajmkmagta fa Tomssog λ 3 C/Z 3 ±3 <.14 4.<1 4.<4 tog/c; tog-sae</c6 @TIMK@KMÛG2 [a `pimk` `i cofaio p`r` ai kàikuio fa vme`s, koiucg`s, curos, vme`s fa `rrmostra, z`p`t`s. K@\E@ [OL\A KQLMA\[email protected]ûg Rog` K`re` ag he/kc< Kulmart` Jmlrokacagto K`re` Zmv` Vakno Er`gmzo Trags`fo Vof` Vof` Vof` ;4 <4 014 I` k`re` fa er`gmzo, astà ag proyakkmûg normzogt`i, i` ku`i mrà fmscmguyagfo ` cafmf` qua i` kulmart` mgkracagta i` pagfmagta kog olbato fa go parcmtmr `kucui`kmûg fa er`gmzo ag saktoras qua provoquag asjuarzo axkasmvo axkasmvo y por t`gto fajorc`kmogas juar` fa i`s `fcmtmf`s ag kogfmkmog kogfmkmogas as fa sarvmkmo. TA\JMIA[ FA KÀIKQIO.Qg` vaz `pimk`fo ios krmtarmos fa `gàimsms y fmsaðo astruktur`i fa i` karkn` catàimk` sa iiae`rog ` ios rasuit`fos costr`fos ag pi`gos `fbugtos. @GÀIM[M[ FA K@\E@[ 0.- K@\E@[ CQA\V@[ 0.0.- TA[O T\OTMO2 Ai paso propmo fa ios aiacagtos astruktur`ias sa ios ra`imz`r` kog ai p`quata astruktur`i KypaK`f 0.<.-TA[O TO\ KQLMA\V@ Taso fa i` kulmart` fa jmlrokacagto2 <.- K@\E@[ ZMZ@[ <.0.- K@\E@ FA VAKNO[ q3;4 he/c< q03<4he/c< <.<.- K@\E@[ FA E\@GMRO I` solrak`re` fa er`gmzo o gmava ag ug` suparjmkma kulmart` as ai paso fa i` gmava qua, ag i`s kogfmkmogas kimc`toiûemk`s càs fasj`vor`lias, puafa `kucui`rsa solra aii`. I` solrak`re` fa er`gmzo o gmava solra ug` suparjmkma normzogt`i sa supoga ugmjorcacagta rap`rtmf`, y su v`ior sa kogsmfar` ag jugkmûg fa i` `itur` ` itur` fa `kucui`kmûg fa astos jagûcagos g`tur`ias. Ai er`gmzo tmagfa ` rasl`i`r por ios taknos kog pagfmagta, solra tofo fa `quaiios kog suparjmkma fa cat`i8 ai er`gmzo as ug` k`re` v`rm`lia qua puafa kulrmr tofo ai takno o sûio p`rta fa íi, fapagfmagfo fa i` jorc` y/o eaocatrã` fa i` kulmart` y `facàs fa qua sm ai fasimz`cmagto fai er`gmzo prasagt` o go olstàkuios. Ag ai k`so fa guastr` `rc`fur`, f`fo qua tmaga ug` pagfmagta fai 05% y qua i` suparjmkma as catàimk`, pofacos `jmrc`r qua i` `kucui`kmûg fai er`gmzo sarà cuy poko prol`lia ag er`gfas k`gtmf`fas. I` `kucui`kmûg sa f`rà p`r` er`gmz`f`s axkapkmog`icagta. Ai paso aspakãjmko fai er`gmzo y i` `itur` `kucui`f` sog rai`tmv`cagta v`rm`lias saeòg i`s kmrkugst`gkm`s, pufmagfo sarvmr koco p`ràcatros ios smeumagtas v`ioras2 [ Er`gmzo nEr`gmzo EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A T`r` jmgas fa kàikuio supogacos ug` `kucui`kmûg ugmjorca ag tof` i` suparjmkma fa kulmart` fa 04 kc fa ; aspasor, y ug paso aspakãjmko fai er`gmzo =44 He / c 2 ; K`re` por er`gmzo 0444 He / c 4.01c K`re` por er`gmzo 3 014.44 He/c¼ <.;.- K@\E@ FA ZMAGVO Ai vmagto kra` ug` k`re` fmgàcmk` solra ug afmjmkmo. Ast`s juarz`s k`clm`gtas `ktò`g ag ku`iqumar fmrakkmûg y fur`g fasfa ug` jr`kkmûg fa fa saeugfo n`st` v`rmos cmgutos8 puafag puafag sar fasfa cuy cuy paquað`s a mgkiuso `ik`gz`r ug` c`egmtuf fastruktmv`. @ugqua ai vmagto puafa provagmr fa ku`iqumar fmrakkmûg y saeumr ug` fmvarsmf`f fa kursos, fasfa mgkimg`fos ` normzogt`ias, a mgkiuso vartmk`ias `skagfagtas o faskagfagtas solra i` j`kn`f` fa ug afmjmkmo, por io eagar`i sa `kapt` qua ai vmagto sa fala tr`t`r koco ug covmcmagto normzogt`i fa i` c`s` fa `mra. Go olst`gta asta covmcmagto normzogt`i fa `mra puafa k`us`r prasmogas y juarz`s solra astruktur`s, `ktu`gfo ag ku`iqumar fmrakkmûg. I`s k`re`s fa vmagto v magto ag cuknos k`sos iiae`g ` sar tr`skagfagt`ias tr` skagfagt`ias p`r` i`s kulmart`s kog juartas pagfmagtas, su fatarcmg`kmûg fapagfa fa cuknos j`ktoras, v`rmos fa ios ku`ias sa l`s`g ag mgvastme`kmogas ra`imz`f`s por cuknos `ðos. Ai `gàimsms sa io ra`imz`rà toc`gfo toc`gfo koco rajaragkm` ai Kûfmeo @G[M @1>.0, ai ku`i gos proporkmog` f`tos, t`li`s y aku`kmogas gakas`rm`s p`r` i` fatarcmg`kmûg fa ast`s k`re`s. Fatarcmg`kmûg Làsmk` fai vmagto I` vaiokmf`f làsmk` fai vmagto, proporkmog`fo por ai [arvmkmo G`kmog`i fa Cataoroioeã` [AG@CNM p`r` [ukra as =; Hc / n . Z Z =; n 0 cmii` Hc 0.:4= Hc 15.5= / cmii`s n Fatarcmg`kmûg fa Koajmkmagta fa Mcport`gkm` I` Gorc` gos f` v`ioras t`lui`fos fa asta koajmkmagta fa `kuarfo ` su mcport`gkm` y uso, y sulfmvmfa i`s astruktur`s ag ku`tro k`taeorã`s, qua astàg ` kogtmgu`kmûg2 K`taeorã` M2 Afmjmk`kmogas y astruktur`s rai`kmog`f`s kuy` j`ii` mcpimk` l`bo rmaseo p`r` i` vmf` nuc`g` mgkiuyagfo paro go imcmt`fo ` j`kmimf`fas rur`ias, r ur`ias, fa `ic`kag`ba o tacpor`ias. K`taeorã` MM2 Afmjmk`kmogas fa okup`kmûg gorc`i pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s (go mgkiumf`s ag i`s k`taeorã`s M, MMM o MZ). K`taeorã` MMM2 J`kmimf`fas fa `ito rmaseo o afmjmk`kmogas fa `it` okup`kmûg pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s. K`taeorã` MZ2 J`kmimf`fas asagkm`ias. [a `smeg` ug J`ktor fa Mcport`gkm` M ` k`f` k`taeorã` fa i` smeumagta c`gar`2 V`li` G² 0 (Kûfmeo @G[M) EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A K`taeorã` fa Qso J`ktor fa Mcport`gkm` Mcport`gkm` ’’M– M– M 4.>5 MM 0.44 MMM 0.01 MZ 0.01 [a oltmaga ai v`ior fa M 3 0.44, qua fasmeg` p`r` afmjmk`kmogas fa okup`kmûg gorc`i pòlimk`s o prmv`f`s. M 0.44 Fatarcmg`kmûg ai koajmkmagta fa axposmkmûg ` i` prasmûg fa i` vaiokmf`f (Hz) [a k`ikui` q R ag jugkmûg fa H R kog i` jûrcui`2 qR 4.44<1: H R qR 4.44<1: H R qR >.11 H R MZ < 0.44 15.5=< I` Gorc` @[KA, (@[KA-5-=>, `rtãkuio :.1.:.0) gos fajmga ku`tro K`taeorã`s fa Axposmkmûg (@, L, K y F), ios ku`ias sog2 Axposmkmûg @. Er`gfas kagtros url`gos kog `i cagos 14% fa i`s afmjmk`kmogas kog `itur`s c`yoras ` <0c. Axposmkmûg L. Àra`s url`g`s y sulurl`g`s, àra`s loskos`s, otros tarragos kog v`rm`s olstrukkmogas asp`km`f`s kark`g`cagta qua tmagag ai t`c`ðo fa vmvmagf`s j`cmim`ras mgfmvmfu`ias o càs er`gfas. Axposmkmûg K. Varragos `lmartos kog olstrukkmogas fmspars`s qua tmagag `itur`s cagoras fa = c. Axposmkmûg F. Àra`s pi`g`s smg olstrukkmogas axpuast`s `i jiubo fai vmagto fasfa ai okí`go `lmarto ` ug` fmst`gkm` fa 0.: hc. [a axtmagfa 6:4 c tmarr` `fagtro. T`r` guastro k`so, toc`racos i` axposmkmûg L, qua sa rajmara ` àra`s url`g`s y sulurl`g`s, àra`s loskos`s, otros tarragos kog v`rm`s olstrukkmogas asp`km`f`s kark`g`cagta qua tmagag ai t`c`ðo t`c` ðo fa vmvmagf`s j`cmim`ras mgfmvmfu`ias o càs er`gfas. T`r` ug` `itur` procafm` fai takno n300.4 c3;:.1 pmas, i` Gorc` @[KA 5-=>, ag i` smeumagta t`li`, gos f` ios v`ioras fa Hz ag jugkmûg ` i` k`taeorã` fa axposmkmûg. @sã tagacos2 Koajmkmagtas fa i` Trasmûg fa Zaiokmf`f H z EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A Tor io t`gto, mgtarpoi`gfo fa i` t`li` `gtarmor y s`lmagfo i` k`taeorã` ` i` ku`i partagaka guastr` astruktur`, tagacos ai v`ior fa H z2 HR 4.1: 1:6 6 Fatarcmg`kmûg fa i` prasmûg fa vaiokmf`f qz qR qR 4.1:6 >.11 6.>1 il / pma < Fatarcmg`kmûg fai J`ktor fa \àj`e` ’En– T`r` fatarcmg`r ai v`ior fa E n rakurrmcos ` i` smeumagta t`li`, y agkogtr`cos ai v`ior v` ior p`r` ug` `itur` procafmo fai takno fa n 3 ;:.1 pmas. V`li` G² > (Kûfmeo @G[M) EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A @itur` solra ai gmvai En fai suaio "R" (pmas) Axposmkm xposmkmûg ûg @ Axp Axposmkm osmkmûg ûg L Axposmkm xposmkmûg ûg K Axp Axposmkm osmkmûg ûg F 4- 01 <. : 0.:1 0 . ;< 0 . 01 <4 <1 ;4 <. < 4 <. 4 = <.40 0.1= 0.16 0.10 0 . <= 0 . <5 0..<: 0 0 . 06 0 . 0; 0 . 0< 64 14 :4 54 >4 =4 04 4 0< 4 06 4 0: 4 0> 4 <4 4 0.>> 0. 5 = 0. 5 ; 0. : 5 0. : ; 0. 1 = 0. 1 : 0. 1 4 0. 6 : 0. 6 ; 0. 6 4 0. ; 5 0.6: 0.6< 0.;= 0.;: 0.;6 0.;< 0.;0 0.<> 0.<: 0.<6 0.<; 0.<0 0..<; 0 0 . <0 0 . <4 0 . 0= 0 . 0> 0 . 05 0 . 0: 0 . 01 0 . 06 0 . 0; 0 . 0< 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 04 0 . 4= 0 . 4> 0 . 4> 0 . 45 0 . 45 0 . 4: 0 . 41 0 . 41 0 . 46 0 . 46 <1 4 ;4 4 ;1 4 64 4 61 4 14 4 0. ; < 0. < > 0. < 1 0. < < 0. < 4 0. 0 > 0.0= 0.0: 0.01 0.0; 0.0< 0.00 0 . 04 0 . 4= 0 . 4> 0 . 45 0 . 4: 0 . 4: 0 . 4; 0 . 4< 0 . 4< 0 . 40 0 . 40 0 . 44 Mgtarpoi`gfo tagacos ai smeumagta v`ior2 En 0.65 Fatarcmg`kmûg fa ios koajmkmagtas fa prasmûg axtarg` (Kp) Koajmkmagtas fa prasmûg fa kulmart` ’Kp– Koco n/i30 y tagacos tagacos 05² qua2 Vakno l`riovagto2 Kp3 -4.= Vakno ` sot`vagto2 Kp3 4.5 EOLMA\GO @QVÛGOCO CQGMKMT@I FA [QK\A L`riovagto Fmrakkmûg fai vmagto Gorc`i ` ii` ` kuclrar` \ai`kmûg `itur` pagfmagt pagfm agta a n/ n/ii 9 4 .; 4 .1 0.4 0 .1 n/L or n/I 9<.1 n/L or n/I <.1 @geuio 4 - 4 .5 0 4 ` 01 4 .< -4.= - 4 .= -4.= - 4 .= - 4 .5 -4.5 - 4 .5 (er`fos) 4 .< ;4 4 .; 64 4 .6 14 4 .1 4 .4 0 - 4 .5 1 - 4 .5 1 - 4 .= - 4 .< - 4 .< - 4 .= 4 .; 4 .; - 4 .; 1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .< 4 .4 0 4 .4 0 4 .4 0 <4 :4 [ot`v [ot`vag agto to -4.5 T`r` tofos ios v`ioras v`i oras fa n/i y -4.5 -4.5 -4.> -4.> Trasmogas p`r` i`s juarz`s axtarg`s2 Vakno ` l`riovagto2 T0 3 qz En Kp T0 3 6.>1*0.65*(-4.=) < T0 3 -:.6< il/pma (Trofuka sukkmûg) Vakno ` sot`vagto2 T< 3 qz En Kp T< 3 6.>1*0.65*(4.54) < T< 3 1.44 il/pma (Trofuka prasmûg) Fatarcmg`kmûg fa ios ajaktos fa i` prasmûg mgtarg` Koco ai afmjmkmo as fa ug soio pmso, sa fatarcmg` ios ajaktos fa i` prasmûg mgtarg`, cafm`gta ai koajmkmagta fa ràj`e` y i` prasmûg mgtarg` koclmg`f`s y kogsmfar`gfo qua qua sûio n`y `lartur`s cagoras ag ai afmjmkmo afmjmkmo22 EKpm3 ° 4.<1 I` prasmûg mgtarg` sarà2 T3qg EKpm 3 ° 4.<1 (6.>1)3 ° 0.<0 il/pma < Koclmg`kmûg fa ios ajaktos fa i`s juarz`s axtarg`s y ai ajakto mgtargo Vakno ` l`riovagto2 T0 3 -:.6< + 0.<03 -1.<0 il/pma < < T< 3 -:.6< - 0.<03 -5.:; il/pma 3 - ;5.<1 He/c¼ Vakno ` sot`vagto2 T0 3 1.44 - 0.<03 ;.5= il/pma < < T< 3 1.44 + 0.<03 :.<0 il/pma 3 + ;4.;< He/c¼ Qg` vaz `pimk`fo ios krmtarmos fa `gàimsms y fmsaðo fa tof` i` astruktur` sa iiae`rog ` ios rasuit`fos costr`fos ag pi`gos `fbugtos.