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Advanced Gra mma r In t:,e
Adva n"ed Gra mma r in t:se
Adva'Kcd Gr3mma r in L'..,
Advan,'ed Gram ma r in t:se
Advanced Gram mar in t:'C
w i,h . n, we"
with Cll Rom
Cll [{" m
CD Rom Inetwo rk
,""mn )
Advanced
Grammar
in Use
A self-study
reference
and practice
book for
advanced
learners of
English
with answers
SECOND
EDITI ON
Martin Hewings
U
CAM BR I D G E
'iliP U~ IVER SIT Y PIl ESS
Contents
Than h
1" 'he
",
"ude'"
,on,
T" 'he ,."",h.,
IX
T ".~.
I Prnm' <o,";n"o". . ...1 p..... . n' .. mrl< I II
2 I'rcwn' m Ill;"""'" and prnonl ..mplr III
3 P... " ",pi.: and p....w", ptrl....1
"S P."
"""""",- """ p..., "mpk
Pa.. pnk..1 ...d 1'<''' .. mplr
6
~l
pnf"", "Oflltn llO", an d ptn<'n l prrlfi1
7 P. .. pt<in1 , onion
8 PTnrn, a n d ~. h IM':
1k
P' " ","",-1 a Dd P'"
_
,'0<\1;0010'"
p.,.,.
, lIill . nd be ..... 1<>
10 I'tncn' ..mpl.. and I'f'C"""IC «_on"",,' f.... 1M fut
I I Futu.... """"""""" and N._ p.d....' 4"".."
.
)
12 Ik In • mfim..""
1J 00:"" ,"'an of ,.Ik,,,,,.t.- II>< I.- _
I ' n.. future _ 0 f...., .... p_
......I.d> -.I
Ii
_,--.wi.
e-. wuId. I>< <lIhk In a nd b< a/k>.. n11O
lh \\',ll ..ould anJ UW<! ,..
I"'
and _hoc poouhr.hr,
\I.,
11 '10
1" S
and loa. , IllOC l lO
' l. ..... ~ n«d '0 and
' h,o.< '0
211 ~ -.r:ht 10 an.l " ad hm...
""_'ft.
1.PI~"'ll 'vrl>o.
IlWOl. ',"
21 Li nk,"fI ,nt>.:
p poa<................".,.. II'" ..".
21 fof ... n,. p.a",,'< " ,""'-... t II
l i Fonn"'lt J"" "" """nll.'ft ll t: , ....b • ""II ow ....infi ,,"i.'
2" u.i"", 1-';''''
l i R'l"'m n,. wIlh 1"''''''' ..-b., Ie;
id .h••.••
16 "'h -<l """O'" wi'h .. bo h..m hid.,
aDd who.c
P S ."." "" q......t 1"...;
'I ....,,""'; 'I
,
» ·lth thal-daon.n
nc""
\nt- compkm~~lJh()": ..-1>"1 (u/l"".. ,.... 1>.
18 Verb>, oI>,c.:t> .nd CiOffi!'k..... n!>
1'J V..-h + ' .... 0 ohin~ •
.JO Verb . '; n ~ for m' and ,nhn",,,,, ( II
31 V..-b. 'In~ for m, ond ",hn1l''''' (21
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NUll TO STU llY, USE THE STUDY GUIllE ON PAGE 240
'"
Reporting
.\2 Reporting people', wor d, an d 'hought<
.n
Reportiog , talement" tha, -da,,''''
.\4 Ve,h + wh-d ano<
35 Tense ~ ho i~e '" repon ,ng
,16 [{epor'ing o(fe", 'UI\I;eSl'On" orders, ,ntent'o"" ef<,
37 I\-!<"bl verb- in 'epon ;nl;
3g [{epo,t;ng what people sa}' U>Lng noum and adie .., ive,
.1 9 Should
tha, ·d au,.., , he p'e",nl m hiunn ive
,n
Noun,
40 Agreemenl between ' Uhl"'" . nd ve, h (1 )
41 !\j;ree",enl be,ween ' uhl«-l .nd ve,h (2)
42 !\j;ree",e nr be,w..,n ' uhj"", .nd ve,b (3)
43 Co mpound no un, . nd nOun ph,..e,
Article•. deferm,,,,,,, ""d qua"t,lie"
44
4-'
46
47
48
49
SO
.1'1
.1' 2
M a n an d one
Alan . lhe and 'w, ' rf,d e (1 )
AI. n. lhe an d >e m . ,,'d. (2)
AI. n, lhe a" d >e m " Iid e 0 1
Some and a ny
No , none (of) and not . ny
M lICb (o fl, ma ny 1of) . 101 0f, 101' lofl, el<.
All {ofI, .. bole, ",.ry, eac h
h ... lin le. I""" fewer
RelJ'i~e
d"use, and ,,,her type. of dau,"
$.I Itela' ;ve pronou n'
O'her ,dal, ve words: .. 10""" when. wherm }" e".
P,e p",i, io", 11l rel."ve dau..,
O,he, way' of . ddinl; ",fo,,,,a,io n to no un ph
, (1) : add "i ,m,,1 noun pb..,." erc
0,10.. way' of adding ",formalio " to no un pb ra
(2): prepo"""" .1 ph .."" , <I•.
.\ 8 Part i"ple dause' wi' h . dver bi.1 ",e.n"'g 0 1
.W Parti..,p~ dau.., ".-'tb ad verbi.1 me.n 'nl; 121
.14
5.1'
%
-'7
Pro"",."S, ,,,h>ri,u,i,,,, and lea~",g o"t word,
60 Rellexi.. prono un" he" elf. hi", ,,,lf, ,he",..
et~ .
6 1 O ne an d one.
62 So a nd no, .. ' ub-mute' lor da u"" , <1:<.
(,.1 0<, ' 0 ; ,u< b
64 M ore on leaVIng " ut wo,d, after a uxiliary 'e, b6.1 l ",.. ing ou' "'_in fini'ive<
I,·""
"
If VOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOI UNITS YOU NEW TO STUOY, USE THE STU DY GUIDE ON PAGE 240
Adre<l"~'
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
7l
74
75
76
n
7K
and ad.wb.
Po, j,M," "f ad,"e" ....
G"d,hlc,n<! non -l\..d,h l" adl""" '" ( I)
G.. d.hlc . nd non·l\..d. h l" . J I"" " .... (2)
P,<t;,;'pk 'd."e, i..... ,oo " ""I"", nd aJj""" ...
Ad,c."{,wn . ,... in~ni'i" •.inK. ,ha ,·du-< h_da"..,
AJjc."{...... . nd .d.er'"
Adj...." {'.n.nd ad "",...,
,,.nd
I.""., 10,....
ComPO"".' ph' a"" and d .."""
Po.iIlO of ad
(I)
"""ino 01 ad."
(1)
Ad
1 pL.",. d" ""'. ,nd,~nll" I,"!"........,.. a nd \lID<
Dqrtt ad.erb- and f ~ • • d........
Com"""" ad........ and .'.... po'n' a.h"m.
"""pa,,,..
"'pc'
,w,.....tn.B d........ • "J
"',.......
79 Ad• ....n..1do
of 11 m<
!IO G,vtng ,.,.""""
bn:auv. <t<:..; .... and w llh
K1 Pu'JIO>" and
in oN... '0. "" b ' 0. <t".
82 Com.....: .. ,hou~.nd ,'-~; ..... ' hoootth!if; wh~.,. ..hil" and ..........,...
83 If (l l
84 If (2 )
85 If I w... ., you.-;
lor w«<, '0 wi.
116 IL.. - and "
if and w ..... hn- ; <to.:.
87 ConMetmtt ode
a """,~.., and ho<tw ..... wnI<n<:n
ol,,,
-
1"""'_
of
and " .... " ...
and . ''''''''It
P"'POO" """ of lim<
Ta lk"'lt . houc n.... pn"'..
",""powl""" .her • .,m.
~ .."",• • lIer no"....
T...... and rh....,.""",d ..erb-: word and."
gg PT<po...
~ Iktw
"0
91
92
93
~
~1I!l' '"fomul"'"
'is 110«<' ~ ,....... Wb. ne.
~ 11 •.• 11)
'17 I•••• (2 )
'HI FOOl" "!\' i,-d a..,," and ..ha,...I. ..,,"
9"1 In ...,., (II
100 1"
0"
II I
Gram ' .....'cw 201
Glo. " 11 9
If YO'J ARE NOT SURE WlliCH UNITS YOU NEEO TO STlJOY. USlTHE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 240
•
i\rP'",••h ~ 1
I'n . i
i\Pf'tnoJl ~
1\.0, .. 01""
2
i\Pf'tnoJ; ~
}
i\Pf'<1'dI~ <4
rb form. 224
'" forms
225
tJ~otl'" ,.h~, pc<>pl.'h"'k or
1.. <'lI:~I~r ..... 1>s 21 1
wlu""", h~,.""d 116
"'~dy
Gu.... 2<40
10 E..",ion H l
K'1' k> Addi ,i< ...al •• «<no:s
""'" II> Sludy Il~io.k 28 1
K~
J r><k~
.i
2711
282
If YOU ARE NOT SUAE WH ICH UNITS YOU NEED 10 STUOY USE T
STUOY GUll)( ON PAGE 2<40
Thanks
""I'
li,,,
by .....ny I""'rk In wril1ntt.I><
Nit"," al Ad"""c~d G,,,"'.....
and , hn t mt1....~. ,"",II <,(,11 he-......., ,n ,h" II<'W nl"...... In ""
1..•• 1 ",'ou1<1 I,k. to
and otu<k<lr- ,n 1M
,Iwlk J•.annt \.I.cu rt", . 1 C.m~ l: ' " . Pr.... and m,- ~oIlt.l':
f~"" for Irwtrn.a""lal ",...1,.", Un" <Of
l"nwn-o,.,- oI llorm'''ld>a .
I
", V
l\I"tn ..·........k,.hk
for ,hn _ Nil ...... I h••• hnon """,,11y lucky on ,
uppon I h••• r""n~ from . "U"'..... oj
kncw.lnjgnt>lo. proln.1olOlUl. and ~
pt<>plt•.'h
rpe' h.ad Itu,drd "'. prot<Ct '0
.nnpWflllll w"h , .....u ..........rattrmnlt d VUI d,pkwTw.-,. Ako., c..m!>nd(tt t:",~
,.
rr....... I ..ould Llt.o rNnk Knry .\b~ ...n1, X.n' '>no<1 Taylor, Je'an Uud.on . and ....
T
(>rain of
I'tftnno.-.. nu.mal
.., .ad by ~,
Olatkn, Fu
E.
.
" :.lIon,.c..rmoru C.....,.., ~'ll..... Can... Parad, k " lu rd I.n
Thnr ."Om"'''''''
.
iau.lu..ohk ,n http'....... loITYN.nddarif"h.. panotrlwbook.
'l'hanJ<•• I> '"I~.n Ma n ,n. R..... P""...~II 100 L.... S",,,h for .... I• •••".,,"'" and '0 " .......
On.1lJI for.h.nr "~,or. nn 'M fin,.h,N prod ....... I ,,·oul..l aho kk, 10 rlunl< Camb,idjlt l:n;.""",.,
".... f...I""'·mll .... au:.... lo ,tot c...mbrid~. r.......... _ al Corru..
A o ~r
n.l •• a.;
" .he> u~ Ih. ~"• •.111''''' n. m. ,u~"o'" on bow '.
ough,
Imp.",,"', and.~ tu .. hftn ..ry u..iul ;o P'<f"""lt . hi, ~ ~ "ion- Th onk you
for ... ,ng ,II. I>clOk .n.J ,. k,ng Ih. lroubk 10 ...."'. '0 m•.
vii
WIl" II>< h oo k i~ for
The b"ok i, io,<oJed fOT aJvao,~ "uJ nl" of
but mighl al,o be u>eJ io d a" with a teach...
Eo~h,h ,
h i, wrifleo mdlnll' os a .d f-"",ly
b<~)k,
How the book i, orgaoised
Ther e are 100 uoit, io the l><w,k . Each ooe I,w>ks at a pa" icul...... 01 ~ramm ... S""", ""tioos
within each uo it fuc u, 00 the pa rticul" u>e ol a gcammarical pa" "'o, 'u,h os wi/I he + .ing (.,
in w,/lbe tr,,,,rlling ). O the" explore gcammarical cootra, t" , u, h as whet ....r 10 u'" would or
used to to repo" past e.en", or wheo we u'" ex cept or e",ep t {or. The 100 uoit> are gro uped
uoJ.,. a numbe r o f h. adlng., .uc h as Tm u. and The future, You ca n lioJ J eta il> 01 this in t....
COOleO" pag.e;"
Each u" it o;<"" i" , of two pag... 0 0 t.... left haoJ pa~e a re cxplaoa""ns doJ example" 00 ,he
right ar. practic'e
rei..... The lene.. next to each e..rci", ,huw you which >e<.1 'oo, " f the left
hand p a ~. l'OU n J TO understan d to do that exerei,.. The G rammar Rev,ew pre,. ots exampl..
anJ .. planalion, on are as of gramma r rhat you are likely to have "uJied alreadl' at earlier
"a~ •• o f I.arning Engli' h, Altho,,!;h rerm. t<> de""ibe grammar have 1>«0 kept to a minimum
"'m' h..e be.n ind oded, and y"U ca n lind expla"a, ion, of ,....... term, in the GI"'>ary. fou,
Appemlie., tell you al>o ", pa", i....rb form, . b.,ie' '1u",ion form., '1u"",ion, and irregula r
verb•. A oumber of AJditioo. 1Exereise••re i",-'Iuded f", fu" her pTaCliee of paTtieular atea,. You
cao uS<' rlx- Study (;u ide f<> help you J " ide which uoit> 10 "udy .od which .re.. of grammar to
revise io , .... Gcammar R..-iew. You cao ch"k your a",we" '0 ,.... prderi" e" re'..... Add"io ",,1
Exetc i",. and Study G o,J e in the l(ey. The l(ey ai,,, o;<>mmeots 00 ,,,,,,,, of , .... ao,wel"';. 1" ....Ip
you lind the infor mati"" l'OU need the re i, an InJ ex at , he back "f the b,~>k,
How to use the book
It "nOl n"e'-ary ,,, work thro ugh ,he uoi" in order. If you know what ~rammar I""nl> you
have difficulty with, go ' tra' gh" o ,he unit>, hd' deal with Ihem, U'In~ ,he ('.oorent> <>T Index 10
help you lind the reieva", unit. If yo u th iok that it wou ld be u,efu l,o rev,,~ more basi.
info,mat io" bef" .. you read , h. ref...nce material in a unit anJ J o th~ exere'i,.., man ~' units
hHe links ar rhe I>onom o f the , eferro",e page poiOling you ", Ihe ,ec,ion " f rhe Gramma r
R<1iiew where l'OU can lind Ihi,. In ,,,me units you will al", lind links I" the Gramma r Rniew
in the expl.na,i"n,; for eumple ' I"" GR :TIl r.
y"u edn u>< , he uoi" 10 a number of W'y' , You migitl >rudy rite explanation aold . xamples Ii",.
d" ,he e" ete"'" <>n ,he opl""i re p.~e, check yo ur a o,we" ,n , he key, .nd Ihen I(~ )k .gain at rhe
.-planation, if you made .ny mi. ,ak",. [I you IU" w.nr f<> pracri", dn drea 01 gram mar you
think yo u alreaJy know, yo u could do the exerei",. li" , .nd , hen "udy the e"pla od" on, lor
any you got wrong , You mighl of " )Ill'" ,i mpll' use the I>ook as. reference b<~)k w"hout J oing
rhe exetci.., .
Vtll
To the teacher
AJ,'~ naJ
G,,,m,,,,,, m Uu ..... "'flUrn." ~1f·.(uJy gramma' b"o k bu. ,.ach...., mijl,hl .lso
§nd """"lul l,,, .upplcmcn""II 'ot '''1'1'''"'''1\ ,fltLr d ."mom lu.:hing.
T~ t..~,k
w,lI proNhly II< m..... ......h.1 1m • .1'0",10<1 10,,1 « ".len" In. rtfn.n"" and pro"-.",,,.
Gra mma' Rn lCW "". ...1. , n., b. d , "I ,,,," l><...k ... ....!e ren q-.on ly <ttIi"" which p''''''''IS
boo.." kno wkJl';< on' nurn"', of
" f lI.ammar. Th i. w,lI he "",lui foo- ...U<lcn..
wi.h '0
.""'... a p.rtKuLa • • ~. boot,,« mov,,,,,,,," to 1M mon .J•• ncN mo,...,.I," ,he umn.
S o .tt<mp( h• • """" m.<k to n.ok< ,Il< un,"
d,n~ to " .. tl of J,fh.ully. I" ..... J rou should
..Ira uni.... ,..." • ..., ",It..", 10 ,hr .,lld.... , hal you .r. foll...... i"ll ",j<1> ,our "'OOent" 0' "
panicul•• diffiwltin ..i,...
~
.n.,
wno
."c...
llnt- .... mo."y way. in whl<h y"" m'llhl ..... tho hook .. "h . d;..... You might, 10. cumplt.
~ llor UpbnollOl'1' on tho Ion h.and p_ 01. unll, and
the u."'i.... for d .."",,,,,m
pr~ or .ct . hom ..
m...... 1 for ...-11 '''00,. Ah n.U1~ly. you mogl" W3n' fO
hc&an w,. h,~ ......,.... 3nd rd.... fO'~ Jef. h.anol P"1lit onl y w
.....J..n.. art' ha~,nr; probkm...
You <:oukl also .... p.>nk.",lar un•• or IVOUpo of un'" (, ,,,,h u ,,,,- on "met... or"fbr {tI,......
for ... If... udy if onoli.. .J....I .. uolm'. art' h.aw"'!t olli~"'lIion..
.......,.,.1."....
n.r... .. a ... ci ...deL,....... J h .... ,~ ............ of whor;h can boe .,....J 10 p..md., p...ai<.... of
lVatnm..:lt poont< frum a numhtr <Ii ol.ttcnn< ""....
'" ·d~ ...l,,,,,,,. 0/ Ad""""N G,..-". '" V... .. al... awalla...... I. hn no kty and ........
l.....n.n ~ I'kk< '0 ""'" If wlIb ,~" .....1m...
Advaoced E"9Ii~ Grammar in U!>(' Srtond Edition
1/ you h.an al",aoly """,.I ,~ fiN ...l,n" n ci Ad.",,,,,,,, G,..", " .. V you..-in ott..,..,.
.... 10< d'la~ In , h.. """ ...lm"". Thor """'" N.oc ...u 0/ lVa
r ha Mn ....,....l oul
01,,,, ...,n 10'0 a ...,ir........, ,"",,"'" .. ,boe ~k , caill ol, ~ G ramma, R..v
"'I 01 tho
rtfco<noor J'IliIn h.a~ br..n
.1, _
,ub.ran"ally. anol so
""" """. h.a"" bttn
aoIJN. .. t"" of II.. .. ~' po.j\n h.a~ ...."'<'Iy """ .....rei Of many """ q~oon..
I'"
Thor hook is "","' a.a' Lobl< .."b or wir....... ' CD-RO M. On , '" CO· RO.. t you " ';0 find
'""'" ..-...,..... on d of ,'" unol. lol,1tnC'nr iron> ,,,,- ,n
hook ). -0......, a..., aka hundf'C'<h,
oI'nI '1...... ion .. and ,.... un ma.... y<>Uf ..... n ,nil. Thor CO-RO M can aka bt b<>ut;hr
><p.>rardy.
I
Advanced
Grammar
in Use
Grammar review
Here is a summary o f common patterns to gether wit h exam ples o f verbs that are used
in thi s pattern. Note t hat man y verbs can be used in severa l different patterns, and that
so me o f the verbs given can be used just with an object, and may also be used
int ransitively (e.g. He failed to sto p, He failed the test, He failed).
F4 o T hey won't agree to pay for the dam age.
Verb + to-infinitive
agree. aim. ask, decline, dema nd, fail, hesitate, hope , hurry,
mana ge, offer, plan , prepa re, refuse, want, wish
F5 o Stevens admitted stealing t he wallet.
Verb + -ing
ad mit, avoid, cons ider, delay, deny, detest, dread, envisage,
feel like. fi nish, imagine, miss, recall, resent , risk, suggest
F.
0 Befor e we began eating/to eat my father th anke d
everyone fo r co ming.
Verb + to-infinitive or -ing
with little d ifference in
mea ning
begin, cease, continue, start
F7
0 She came hurrying up the path to bring us the news.
F8
0 How did you come to bu y the car?
Verb + ro-infinirivc or -ing but co me, go on, mean. regret, remember, stop, try
with a difference in meaning
F. o My parents wou ldn't allow me to go to the part y.
Verb + object + to-infinitive
(= there must be an o bject)
a llo w, believe, cau se, co mmand, co nsider, enable, encourage,
ent itle, force, invite, order, persuad e, show, teac h, tell, warn
FlO 0 I woul d hate (her) to give the job up.
Verb + (object) + to-infinitive
(= there may be an object )
hate, help , like. love, need, prefer, want, wish,
F11 o T he police caught him driving without a licence.
Verb + object + -ing
(= there must be an ob ject )
catch, discove r, feel, find, hear, leave, notice, ob serve,
overhea r, see, spot
F12 0 I can't stand (him ) wearing a suit.
Verb + (object ) + -ing
(= t here may be an ob ject)
can't stand, detest, d islike, dread. envisage, hate , imagine,
like, love. mind (in questions and negatives), miss, reca ll,
regret, remem ber, resen t, risk, start, stop
F1 3 0 She felt the m osquito bite/biting her.
Verb + object + bare
infinitive or -ing, but t here
is sometimes a d ifference
.In meaning
.
208
feel, hear, notic e, ob serve. overhear, see, watch
act ive
In a n act ive clause or act ive sentence, the grammatical sub ject is the person or thi ng t hat performs the
action given in the ver b (e.g. Geoff wrote the book ). Com pa re PASSIVE.
adject ive
A wo rd that describes a noun te.g. a n interesting book) o r a pro no un (e.g. a red on e). G radable
adjectives ca n be used to say t hat a person or th ing has more or less of t his quality Ie.g. She's very
happy ), wh ile non-gradable ad jectives can't (e.g. It's impossible, We can't say ' It's very impossible' ).
Classifying adjectives say t hat something is of a pa rticular type (e.g. atomic. initial) . Emphasisi ng
adjectives stress how strongly we feel about something (e.g. complete nonsense}. Q ualita tive ad jectives
say wha t qualities a person or thing has (e.g. big, rich ). See also grad ing ADVERR'j and no n-grading
ADVER flS.
adjective phrase
A group of words where the main word is an adjective (e.g. it's extremely important; it wasn't strong
enough ).
adverb
A wo rd that describes or gives more information (when, how, where. erc. l a bo ut a verb (e.g. He ran
quickly ), adjective Ie.g. a n extremely expensive ca rl. another adve rb (e.g. She did it llery easily). or
phrase (e.g. Th ey live ;ust across the road. ). Types of adver b inclu de : adve rbs o f ma nn er (e.g. slowly,
violently) which we use to say how something is do ne; con nect ing adverbs Ie.g. consequently, sim ildrly );
time adverb s (e.g. tomorrow, ,llrtady); place adverbs (e.g. upstairs, olltside); direct ion adverbs (e.g.
backwards , tl1fough ); com ment adve rbs (e.g. apparently, personally ) w hic h we use to ma ke a comment
on what we a re saying; view point ad verbs (e.g. financially, politically ) w hich we use to make clea r fro m
what point of view we a re spea king; a d verbs of ind efinite freq uen cy (e.g. always, nel'l'r); degree adverbs
(e.g. completely, quite ) wh ich give info rmat ion a bo ut t he exte nt or deg ree o f so met hing; focus adverbs
(e.g. ;ust, el'en) which we use to focu s o n a pa rt icula r word o r ph rase. G radi ng adverbs (e.g. ex tremely,
l'ery) a re used w it h gradable ADJf.C11Vf.S. Non-grading adve rbs (e.g. com pletely, mainly ) a re used with
non-gradablc ADJECTIVf.S.
adverbia l
A word or gro up of words t hat says whe n, how, w here, etc. somethi ng ha ppens. They ma y consist of a n
ADVERB Ie.g. quietly), a I' RU ·OSITlO NAI. PHRASE (e.g. thr ough the door), a NOUN PIIRAS E (e.g. next we ek ),
or a n AOVf.RIIlAI. Cl. AlN:. (e.g. after Silt! left ).
adverbia l clau se
A type of subordi na te Cl.AUSf. tha t says when. how, w here, etc. so methi ng ha ppens (e.g. Before I went to
school this morning, I did my hom ework ).
affirmative se nte nce
A state ment (i.e. no t a quest ion) tha t is positive. not negative.
agent
The person or thing that performs the action described in a verb. Usually it is the sub ject in a n active
clause a nd co mes after · hy...' in a passive clau se.
arti cle
The word the is the definite a rticle a nd the word a (an before vu w els ] is the indefinite arti cle. Wh en
there is no article before a noun we refe r to this as the zero article.
auxiliary verbs
The verbs be, have and do when the)' a re used with a main verb to fo rm questions. nega tives, tenses,
passive forms, etc. MOD Al. VF.RB\ are also auxiliary verbs.
219
Glossary
clau se
A gro up of words that conta ins a verb. A cla use ma y be a com plete sentence or a pa rt o f a sentence. A
main cla use can exist as a sepa ra te sente nce, w hile a subordina te cla use ca nnot (e.g. If I see Ton)' at
wor k [= sub ord ina te cla use], I'll invite him over this evening 1= main clau se /). Types o f cla use include:
since-cla use (e.g. I ha ven't seen him since we left schoo l); th at-clau se (e.g. She sa id that she was
thirsty ); wh-claus e (e.g. I asked Sand ra where she was going). it-clau se (e.g. It 's not surprising tha t
you ' re feelin g co ld ); w hat-clause (e.g. What I want to do is buy a bett er co mpute r); if-clau se (e.g. If
you leave now , you'll be home by 10.00); whether-clause (e.g. You have to ta ke the exam whether you
want to or not ); to-infinitive clau se (e.g. To become a docto r ta kes yea rs of st udy ); present parti ciple
H ng) clau se (e.g. Feeling hungry, I we nt into t he kitch en ); past pa rticiple f-ed ] clau se (e.g. Built during
the 1950s, t he buildin g is now in need of repair ); bein g + past participle (-cd ) cla use (e.g. Being
unem ployed, To m had a lot of t ime on his ha nds); ha ving + pa st parti cip le (-ed) clau se (e.g. Having
seen the do cto r, I went stra ight ho me). See also CO N D1110 N AL CLAUSE, NO :-.l-FINITE CLAUSE, RELATIVE
C LAUSE,
cleft se ntence
A sentence in w hich focus is given to eit her the subject or ob ject using a pattern beginn ing 'It...' [e.g. It
was my bro ther who lent me the money) or ' Wha t...' (e.g. Wh at you need is a ho lida y).
compleme nt
A word or phrase th at fo llows a LIS KING VERB and desc ribes the SUBJECT (e.g. Lind a is a lawyer) or
OBJECT (e .g . I found the food inedible ). A compleme nt ma y also be an ADVERBIAL or PREPOSm ONAL
PH RASE wh ich com pletes the mea ning of a verb. Some ve rbs need a com pleme nt (e.g. T he disease
o riginated in Britain; 'T he disease ori ginated ' would be inco mplete).
compound
A co mpo un d noun consi sts of two o r more words toge t her used as a noun (e.g. a language schoo l). A
compound ad jective con sists o f two o r more words togeth er used as a n adjec tive (e.g. Th ey were we/lbehaveds,
co ndit iona l
A co ndit ional clau se usua lly starts w ith 'if', but other pa tterns a re possible (e.g. Had it not rained,
England wo uld ha ve won ). A co nditional sentence contains a co nd itional clause. A d istinct ion ca n be
made bet ween real co ndit ionals, w hic h suggest that th e sit ua tion is or was t rue, or ma y have been or
ma y beco me tr ue (e.g. If she ma kes a promise, she keeps it ) and unr eal co nditio na ls, w hich suggest
t ha t the sit ua tion is imaginary or unt rue (e.g. If yo u had asked me, I wo uld ha ve helped ).
conj unction
A wo rd such as and , but, if, while, after, because wh ich con nects words, phr ases, o r cla uses in a
sentence. Co mpa re SENTENCE CONNECTO R.
counta ble
A countable noun ca n be both singula r an d plural (e.g . cuplcltps ). An uncounta ble nou n doesn't have
a plural form (e.g. electricity, but not 'electr icities' ).
decla rativ e se ntence
A decla rati ve sente nce is a sta tement. In a decla rati ve sente nce the subject is followed by the verb.
det e rm iner
A word tha t goe s in front of a no un to ident ify w ha t the noun refers to (e.g. this, some, the, a/an,
each, all, my ). Possessive determine rs (also called po ssessive adjectives) a re words such as my, your
a nd their.
direct speec h
Speec h tha t is w ritt en using the exact word s of the spea ker, without an y change s. Compa re
SPF.E.CII.
220
REPORTE D
Gloss a ry
dynam ic ver b
A verb tha t describes an act ion (e.g . walk, throw ). Com pa re STATE VERB.
impera tive
An impera tive clau se uses the bar e 1~ F1NmVE for m o f a ver b fo r such things as giving o rde rs a nd
making suggest ions (e.g. Go 10 bedt s.
infin itive
The form o f a verb t hat usually goes after 'ro' , The form can be eithe r the to-infinitive (e.g. to sing, to
eat ) or the bare infinitive Ie.g. sing, eat ).
intransitive verb
A verb that doesn 't ta ke a n obj ect (e.g. She sm iled ). Compare TRAl"SmVE \'E RB.
invers ion
Changing t he usual wo rd o rder
\0
tha t the verb comes before the subject (e.g. Up wenl the balloon ).
linking verb
A verb (e.g. be, become. appear ) that con nects a
SUBJECT
with its
CO,\ I Pl. I::M U.'T.
moda l ve rbs
A grou p of verbs (can. could, dare, may, might. must, need, ought to. shall, should , will, would. uSt'd
to ) t hat give info rmation a bo ut such things as poss ibility, necessity, an d obligation. Semi-modal verb s
(ought to, used to, need, dare. had better. bare (got ) to, be able to ) have similar mea nings to moda l
verbs.
non- affirm ative
Referring to a lack of pos itive, affirmat ive mea ning; for example, in most q uestions a nd nega tives.
However, quest ions which expect a pos itive re ply a re affirmative. Th e term s ' no n-asse rtive ' and
'asse rtive ' a re so metimes used fo r ' no n-af firma tive ' a nd 'a ffirma tive ' .
non - finit e clau se
A cla use w ith a non -finite VERB; either a to- infinitive form (e.g . I wa nt to leave soon ), a n -ing (present
participle) form (e.g. I caught him stealing my camera), or -ed (past pa rt iciple) form (e.g. We clea red up
the mess feft after the IJarty ).
noun
A word that refers to a perso n, place, t hing, qua lity, etc. A collective nou n refe rs to a gro up of people
or things (c.g. aud ience, crowd , herd). See also COUNTABI.E NOUN.
noun phr ase
A group of words where the mai n wo rd is a noun (e.g. I've been talking to the woman across the road;
We spoke to several small children ).
object
The direct object is the pers on o r th ing affec ted by the act ion of the verb (e.g. I put the 1w ok
[= direct ob ject ) back on [he shelf) . T he indirect ob ject is the person or th ing who benefits fro m the
actio n or who receives something (e.g. I ga ve my mother [= ind irect ob ject ] some flowe rs
[= direct ob jecrj}. Compa re SUBJ ECT.
participle
Th e present part iciple is the -ing fo rm of a verb te.g. walking, singing, eating ) used. for exam ple. in
continuous tenses. Th e past partic ip le is the -ed form of a verb (e.g. walked, SJng, eatm ) used. fo r
exa mple. in perfect tenses. A participl e ad jecti ve is one formed fro m the present or past pa rticiple of a
verb (e.g. the ca ndidates dppl ying, a brok en plate). A participle clause has a present participle o r past
pa rticiple verb form (e.g. Feeling unu'ell, he went to bed; The person appointed to the post wi ll have a
difficul t job to do).
22 1
Glossa ry
parti cle
An adverb or preposition tha t follows a verb in TWO - WORD VERBS and T IIR EE-WO RD VERBS {e.g. What
time d id yo u get in? [in =ad verb]; I flicked through the magazine [t hro ugh =preposition]; She looks
up to her mother (up =ad verb, to =preposirionj].
passive
In a pass ive clause or passive sentence, the grammatica l subjecr is the perso n or thing tha t experiences
th e effect of the action given in the verb (e.g. T he book was written by Geoff). Compare AcnVE.
performative
A performative is a verb whic h states the action that is performed when a speaker uses the verb (e.g. I
promise I' ll do it to morro w; I apologise ).
phrasal verb
A verb together with a follo wing ad verb and/or a preposition that has a single mean ing (e.g. set off.
look up to ). Compare ' I ran across Tanya at the co ncert' (= met unexpectedl y; a phrasal verb) an d 'She
ran across the road' (= a PREPOSITIO NAL VERB).
possessive
Th e possessive form of a noun ends in either -'s Ie.g. Mark 's car ) or -s' (e.g. the girls' changing roo m).
preposition
A wo rd such as in, on, or lJy t hat co mes befo re a noun, pronoun, noun phrase or -ing form (e.g. in
M arch, above my uncle's head, by investing ).
prepositional phrase
A gro up of words that con sists of a PREPOSITIO N an d its pr epositional object (a nou n, pro noun, noun
phrase o r -ing form ) (e.g. behind our house, across it ).
preposit ional verb
A verb an d a following preposition (e.g. believe in, consist of, look after). Co mpare
PII RASAL VERB.
pronoun
A word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Prono uns inclu de personal pronouns (e.g. I ,
she, me ), reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, herself), possessive pronoun s (e.g. my, mine, your , yOllrs),
an d REI.ATIVE PRO NOUNS (e.g. wh o, which ).
quantifier
A word or phrase t hat goes befo re a noun or noun phrase to ta lk abo ut the qua ntity of something
[e.g. a little water, man y of the women in the room ).
question
A wh-qu esrion begins with a WH -WOR D (c.g. Where are you going?). A yes/ no questio n is one that can
be answered with 'yes' or 'no' (e.g. Do )'ou like coffee?). An echo que stion repeats part of a previous
utterance and asks for a repetition of all or part of it (e.g. ' I' m moving to Alaska .' ' You 're moving
where?' ). We can ask an indirect question by putti ng it int o a subordinate CLAUSE beginning with a
WH-WORD o r with if or whether (e.g. Can yo u tell me where you live?).
relat ive clause
A kind of subordinate C1.AUSF. that describes a no un tha t co mes before it in a ma in CLAUSE. A defining
relative clause says which person o r th ing is being talked a bout (e.g. A friend who lilies in London is
getting mar ried ). A non-defi ning relative clause gives more information abo ut the noun (e.g. M y
bicycle, whi ch I've left outside your house, is over 20 years old). A nom inal relative clause begins with
a WH -WORD or whatever, when ever, etc. an d functions as a NOUN PHRASE in a sentence (e.g. What 1
need now is a long, hot bat h). A reduced relative clause usually begins with an -ing (present parti ciple)
or -ed (past participle) form and has a similar meani ng to a relative clause (e.g. I mer the peop le living
in ou r old hou se 1= ...who live in our old hou se], T he new rules on ly affect peopl e born before 1950
[= ...who were born befor e 1950 ]).
222
Glossary
relative pronoun
A pronoun such as who, wh ich, or that which is used at t he begin ning o f a relative clau se.
relative word
Words including
RELATIVE PRO NO UNS
and ot hers (e.g. whereby, wh y ) that ca n begin a
RELAllV E CLAU,S L
reported speec h
Speech tha t is reported wit hout using the exact wo rds of the speaker. Sometimes called ' ind irect speech'.
reporti ng clause Et repo rted clause
A statement that reports wha t people think or say is oft en div ided into a reporting clause and a
reported clause (e.g. She said 1= reporting clause] that the building was unsafe [= reported clause j).
reporting verb
A verb used in a
REPO RTING ctAUSE
th at describes what people say or think (e.g. ask, claim, say).
sentence connector
A word or phrase th at shows a connection between two separate sente nces (e.g. M y car isn't very
comforta ble. Hoioeoer, it's very cheap to ru n.: T he house is large and has a beaut iful ga rden. What 's
more, it's very close to the srano n.). Compare CONJUN CTION.
simple sentence
A sentence co nsisting of one clause.
state verb
A verb tha t is used to describe a state (e.g. believe, think ) ra ther tha n an action. Co mpare
DYNAMIC
VERB.
subject
The persoll or th ing that docs the action o f the verb [e.g. Tom my went hom e). Compa re
O BJ ECr.
subjunctive
T he subjunctive is a set o f verb for ms used ma inly in ra ther formal English to talk about possibilities
rather than facts. Th e present subjunct ive uses the base form of t he verb (e.g. We suggest tha t she leave
immediately) an d the past subjunctive uses were (e.g. If I were you, I'd go home now).
tran sitive verb
A verb that takes an object (e.g. She was holding a bunch of flowers). Compare
!!"'frn ANSm VF. VERB.
t wo- word verbs Et three-word verbs
Verbs tha t are co mmonly used with a particular PARTICLE (adverb or preposition ) are referred to here as
two-wor d verbs (e.g. She look ed afte r her elde rly parents). Verbs that are co mmonl y used with two
particular particles (adver b + prepo sition ) are referred to here as three-word verb s Ie.g. He luuk ed up to
his older brothers). See also I' REPOSITIO NAI. VERB and PHRASAL VERB.
verb
A finite verb has a tense (e.g. She waited; She is waiting for y o u'. N on-finite verb form s arc INFlNmVE
(e.g. He came to see me) and PA RTIClPI.E for ms (e.g. Shout ing loudly, I was able to mak e myself hea rd;
Built in 1980, the tower is still the tal lest const ruction in Europe).
verb phrase
A group o f word s co nsisting of une or more verbs (e.g. gives, is giving, has been giving ).
wh-wo rds
A group of wo rds (who, wh om , wh ose, where, when, wh y, how ) that a re used in
Wh - QUESTIO NS.
223
Index
A
ala n, the, and zero article
~( ncra hsati tlns about da~..n of
Ih inl':s 90
geogra phical area s 90
holida ys, seasons, da ys o f the
.....eek, and f~tiV3 ls 94
io hs/joh lit b 91
mean s o f tr an sport and
com mcnica uon 94
n,l m ("l of people 92
nouns both cou ntable and
ullI;ounlab l(' 90
~alnJIrd;ucd words
joinnl by
pr eposition 94
spn:ific I 'ffSU S gene ral 94
with s upe rlative aJ ja."'ti,"("l 92
wilh there + M 190
t hin~
that are ueiq ce 90
this, in srones and ink" 92
ti~ of day a nd nil4h1 94
alan and o ne
ahhrrvial ion s 88
in numhc-r/q u3mil y
C'x pr~Si(HlS
8H
o ne •••olhcr/ ano lhcr pattern 8S
pa nkular. hUI unspecified
pc-l'w nl,hinw'evC'OI 88
with p""''oC'!Osivcs 811
before singuJ.u co unta ble no uns
8H
before ..... wchlcon«lm3nr S 88
abb reviations 1111
ahilify
he able 10 30
ca n/co uld 30,34,204.105
acade mic wrilinlt
few and lill ie 104
may 34
much (of). many (uf) 100
preJlt" ilion al phra ses 114
such th.n, ltl introd uce ,I result
' 62
282
act ive (1'1"$ 11$ pa ssi ve ) fo rm s 44,
46,48, 2 19, 224
aJ Ji n!\ information
conjuncrion v 174
noun phr;lSl:s 1 12,1 14
prepositional phrase'> 114
senrence con necrors 174
ad jectives
and ad verbs, usc o f 142. 2 16
J ctlnilio n of 2 19
easily confused 2 16
gradahle and non-grada ble 134
borh senses 136
d ass il),ing ad Jn :t is'n 136
diffe ren t senses 136
good andllovdy and/nice and ...
+ grada ble ad jective 136
gra mm3r review 2 16
more an d mo re + ad jectiv e 136
nat ionality a din;tiv~ 136
q u.!lira tive adjectives 136
p.:I ttt' ms 3fter linki ng ver bs
ad jective + -ingl lhat1:lausd
lo-inflnilivdwh1:la usc 140
il + linking verb + ad iect ive (+ toinfinitive) 140
il + mak e + adjcaive (+ toinflnirivd -ingl tha H lause) 140
position o f
addinonal exe rcise 238
hefu relafter nou n 132
class ifying ad jecnves 132
em phasis ing adjectives 132
grammar review 2 16
with linking verbs 132
qualiearive ad jectives 132
red uced relative cla uses 132
stu dy guide 248-49
types of 2 t 9
~ also compa rative fo rm s;
compound ad jecrives, pa n id pk
adjectives; supe rlative fo rms
adve rbial clauses
addit ion.al exe rcise 138
con tra st s 164
defininon o f 2 19
st udy guide 250
len ses in 21 7
o f time 158
adverbial ph ra ses, as com plemen t
22.
adverbials
adverb as 2 19
adverbial clause as 2 19
dt'finit inn tlf 2 19
inve rsion afte r neg ative 200
no un phrase as 2 19
participle clauses 116, 118
prepositional phrase as 2 19
adverbs
a nd adjectives, use of 2 16
de finition of 219
formation of 142
participle adjecti ves in -ed,
ad ve rbia l fo rm of 142
panicles 222
ph rasal verbs 222
position of
add itiona l ex ercise 238
aft er objec t 148
com ment adv erbs 150. 156
connecting adverbs 150
degree adve rbs 150, 154
foc us adverbs 154
frequency ad ver bs 148. I SO, 152
lo ng ad verh ials 1411
and meaning 148
more tha n o ne ad,'crhial 148
o rder of events 150
pla ce an d direction adverbs 150.
152
time ad verbs 150 ,1 52
viewpo int adverbs 150
pre posinooal phu,ses. ad verh ial
usc o f 142
stud )' guide 2 48 -49
ty pes o f 2 19
with and with out -ly 142
see ,,1$0 com para tive fo rms;
supe rlative forms
ad vice 40, 78
a f!irmalive semences 2 19. 22 1
agem 2 1'J
Yr oJl$o passive forms
agreernen r, suh ject and verb
d.1 usc. as sub jC\.1: 80
co-ordinated nuun v phrases. as
su bject 112
collective noun s 80
com plex subject 80
tktermi llCTS 82
how lha cb"'heft + belhave 82
items joined by (either) ••. o r or
(neithal .•• no r 82
mc:.asurcmcnl1am< lU nl/ tt u:.a nril)',
wit h s i n~uJa r verb 84
nameVlitks ending in ~ 110
no uns end ing in ·s 84
suh j«t, posiliun of 80
IhCTe + bclhave 82
whar -cla uce, ;u suhiC\.'t 80
:.all (00 . whole, every, each
time ex pressions 102
" 'ho lcJrn lirt , hefort no uns 102
amt lllMan d between 1711
amounts 104
:.a ny su som e and :.any
apost rn phl". fnr p<lSsessivcs 2 10
a n icks
additional e xercise 235-36
dl·finili" n Ilf 2 19
gramm a r review 2 11
stu dy guide 245-46
see also al an, the, and aero arti cle
a ux iliary ver bs 2 19
in inversion l 'JlI
l ea \' in ~ words ou t afte r 128
he as ma in verb ill previous
cla use/sente nce 1211
have as ;l\l xiliary + don e 1211
moda l au xilia ry + dulbc 128
more tha n one au xiliar y 128
no a uxiliar y 1211
su bstit ute do 1211
negative quest io11s 54, 207
sun..tilute sO an d no r 12 4
see oJlso mod;, l verbs
B
hare in!initive 22 1
b..-i nM+ pasl parti ciple cla use 220
bet ween and among 178
C
ca n ~ ah ihty ; perrmssion;
pos si"ilily
cha nge, prO(~s o f 42
' choos ing' verbs. 611
dnsifying adjectives 132. 134 ,
136, 21 ,}
da usn
de finilion o f 220
Index
srudy guide 247
types o f 220
cleft sente nces 196, 220
clima te 90
collective nouns 1\0, 22 [
colon 174, 226
colour ad jectives 122
co mma 226
co mment adverbs 150, 156 , 219
comp ara tive fm ms 2 17
ad jectives with corn parn nve/
super lat ive meaning 144
com pa ra tive adjec tives, linking
with ao.\ 136
mo re + o ne-syllable adject ive 144
more/l ess + rwo-syllahle ad jectives
144
on e-syllable ad jectives an d
adverbs + -er 144
phrases and cla uses
as + adjecti ve + alan + nou n
146
as + adjective/ad verb as 146
go so/as far as + to-infinitive
146
Il:SS + adjective + tha n 146
as liul d few as 146
as m uch/many as 146
nnr + ad jccrivc/ ad vcrb + eno ugh
+ to -infinitive 146
so + adjective/ad verb + as + tointini rive 146
so + ad jl"(.1:ivel advl.'rb + thatclause 146
sufficiently + adjective 146
too + ad jective + alan + no uo
146
100 + ad jective/ adverb + tointinirivc 146
see also few, little, less, and fewer
com plaining 12
complcmcur
aJ verbial phrases as 220
definition of 220
and linki ng verbs 42, 220, 221
and object 22 0
prep<Jsitiona l phrase as 220
and subjec t 220
transitive/intransitive verbs 56
see <115" verb compleme nta tion
compo und adjectives 138, 220
compo und no uns
counta ble compo und nou ns 1\6
de finition of 220
gra mma r review 21 0
hyphen ated phrases, be fore noun s
86
nn un + nou o 1\6
no un + preposition + nou n 1\6
on e wo rd, sepa ra te wo rds,
hyphenated 210
plural forms !i6
posses sive form s !i6
two- an d three-word verbs, nouns
related to 86
conclusi ons, dr awing
grammar review 205-6
must 36, 74
prlosc nt perfect co ntinuous/preMont
perfect 12
will/would 32
condi nonal clauses
definition of 220
real and un real cond itio ns
2 17- 1S,220
real conditionals, tenses in 20,
166, 16S, 172 , 21 8
unreal co ndi t ionals, tenses in 166,
170, 172 , 21 8
co nd itiona l se n tences 22 0
conjunctions 174
sentence connecto rs 174
conjunctions
additiona l exe rcise 23 8-9
con ditions 174
ddini tion o f 22 0
no un phrases, adding info rm at io n
to I 12
reasons and resu lts 174
study guid e 250
timc 174 ,2 17
connecting adverbs 150, 2 19
conrrasriug
alt hou gh, though, while and
whils t, with particip le clauses
164
although and thou gh 164
conju nctio ns 174
even tho ugh and even if 164
senre ncc connec tors 174
in spill' o f the fael tha t 164
wh ile/ whereas 164
while/ whilsl 164
could sec a bility; pe rm ission;
possibility; rqlurting; unrea l past
'ountabldun'o unta ble noun s
definiti on of 220
gene ralisat ions ab out classes of
things 90
grammar review 209
with therc + be 190
sec also alan, the, and zero a rticle;
alan an a n ne; agreement, subject
a nd verb; all (of), whole, every,
ea ch; few, linle , less, an d fewer;
mu ch (o f), many (o f), a 101 of,
lots (o f); o n e and o nes; SOOle
and any
cr uic ising 12
might/ could + have + paSI
parlkiple 34
negative ques tions 54, 207
wilVwo uld , usc o f 32
u
dash (-) 174
days o f the w ee k 94
dec lara tive sen te nces 220
defining rela tive clauses 222
see <llso relative clauses
detinue article 2 19
set'also a/ au, the, a nd zero article
degree adver bs 2 I 9
m uch, very m uch 154
wi th owing 10 160
posi lio n of 150, 154
very, 100 154
determine rs 220
gr ammar review 2 11-12
study guid e 24 5-46
direct obj ect SR,22 1
see also comple me n t; oh jC(t;
rra nsinv e/in rra nsinv c verbs; verb
com pleme nrarion
dire ct speech 220
direction ad verbs 150, 152, 19R,
2 19
d isapp ro val 168
'dislikingt verbs 60
dista nce 104
du, afte r negativ e adv erbinls 20 0
sec also auxiliary ve rbs;
substitution
d ynamic ver bs 22 1
E
-cd cla u ses see past part iciple
each see all (of), whole, every, eac h
echo q uestions 54,222
em phasising ad jectives 132, 2 19
every sn' all (of), who le, every , each
exceptions 182
excla ma tion ma rk 226
cxpccrurions 40
p
festiva ls 94
few, little, koss, and few er
(a) few, (a) little, ;15 pronou ns
1114
the few , the lin k + noun, as 'nor
enough ' [04
few + person al prono uns 104
few and little, as informal
alternatives 104
less (th'ln) and fewer (Ihan) 104
a little, as informal ale-m auv e
104
what few/w hat lirrlc, as ' rhe sma ll
(num b...r/a mount )' I G4
fewer see few, lillie , less, and fewer
finite verbs 223
focu s adverbs 154 , 2 19
fo,usiug
fro nti ng, fo r emp has is 198
it-cla uses 196
wh-cla uscc 196
w ha r-clnuses I ~6
frequency ad ver bs
wit h ha ve 10 36
indefirure frequency 2 19
pasl conti nuous with 4
posit io n of 14S, ISO, 152
present connnuous wi th 4
fuJI stop 226
futur e continuous
arranged even ts/activities 22
grammar review 204
imagining what is hap pening
around no w 22
pa rtic ular po int in futu re, relat ing
sta rt o f event to 22
repeatcdlr egula r events 22
willin gness, avo idin g 22
283
Index
future events
addi tiona l exercise 23 I
he abou t to + infinitive 24, 26
he goin g In + infinitive 20, 166,
203
be to + mfinuive 24
co mmo n phrases fo r ta lking about
16
gramma r review 20 3-4
past a nd present co ntinuo us for
intent io n II
p ossibility, can/ co uld 30
present conti nuous for 20
gra mmar review 20 4
info rmal arran gement s 22
present sim ple fo r
co ndino na l clauses 20
fixed events 20
gra mm ar rev iew 20 3
if· cla uses 24
supposc/s upposjng/w har if ...
20
rime clause s 20
rea l co nditio na ls 166
seen f W IIl t he past
be supp osed 10 2 8
inte nt io ns 26
re porting 28
wa s/ were to + infinitive 211
wa s/w ere to have + past
particip le 28
shall/shan'r ucrsus will/won'! 26
stu d}' guide 24 1
verbs + tu-infinirive, for intenti ons
26
will + infinitiv e 203
will and be go ing ro 18, 20
futu re perfect
and futu re pe rfect co ntin uo us 22
passive fnrm 22 4
future sim ple 22 4
172
possihiliries, talki ng a bou t 172
repo rt ing yes/ no questions 64
hd ore to-in finitiv e 171
wheth er ... or not 171
if-clauses 120
afte r wou ld/wo uld like lJO
futu re events 24
inve rsio n instead nf 19K
sho uld, were, had, and o mission
of if 168
without mai n clauses 168
see also co nd it iona l clauses
imagina ry sit uations 31, 1 18
impe rative clauses 42, 166, 1 2 1
indefinite a rt icle 1 19
see ateo alan, the, and zero article
indirec t obje ct 58, 11 1
see <1150 o bject; verb
complementation
indirect questio ns 22 2
see <llso reportin g
indirec r speech 113
see IllsfJ reporting
in tinirive for ms 11 1
inst rucrion s 24 , 166, 196
gra mma r review 1 04-5
if-clau ses, without ma in clauses
'68
intent io ns 26, 7H
inrcrru pred past actions/events 8
int rans itive ver bs see
rransirive/in rmnsinve verbs
introducing new mpic 196
IIIV CrSIO n
additio nal exe rcise 139
adve rbs u f direc tion of moveme nt
'"
G
gene ralisations 90
geog ra phical areas 90
glossary 2 19-23
going 10 see will and be goin g 10
grada blc adjecnves 1.14, lJ6, 2 16,
219
gr ading ad verhs IJ 4,2 19
H
have (got) 10 36, 205 -6
having + past particip le (-cd) cla use
62, 116, 220
hol idays 94
however 174
a fter negative adv erbials 200
a fter neither and nor 20 0
a fter lime adve rbs 151
fro m ing, for em phas is 19H
with here co mes, there g ill 'S 19H
instea d of if-clau ses 198
with so + ad jective 1 00
with suc h + be, for emphasis of
extent/ degree 200
with as and th a n, in com par isons
'9"
o f verb and subjec t 21 1
irregu la r verbs 117-18
284
'92
it-clauses 4 8, 196, 1 20
J
jo hs/jo h t ides 92
L
less St'e few, little, I ~s, an d fewer
lin king veri'S
adjective patterns with UH, 140,
16'
beco me and get 41
' bec oming'verbs 42
'bei ng'verhs 42
a nd complem ent 42, 11 0, 1 21
go and ru m 41
'sITming' verbs 42
stu dy guide 242-43
supe rl.lIives 144
little see few, lin k , less, a nd few er
M
ma in clauses
definition o f 22ll
and relative clau se 11 2
ma nne r; ad verbs o f 148, 2 19
ma y see possibility
might see possibility; un real past
mod a l ver bs
ad ditiona l exercise 23 1-32
au xilia ry verbs 2 19
definition o f 21 1
gra mmar review 204-6
with pcrforrnanves 2
repllr ling to repo n ed cla use,
summary of cha nges 74
slUd~' gu ide 241
much (of), many (o f), a lot of, lOIS
(o f)
roo
mu sl
dr awi ng concl usions 36
form al rules, reg ulat ion, and
warnings ,16
an d hav e (got) to 36, 205-6
must/m ust n't , in repo rt ing 74
nccd tn't ], don't have In , mustn'l
206
pro posing future arrangements 36
;,
il is/ wa s no
I
-ing (preSt'n t part ici ple) form
gra mma r review 21 4- 15
no n-finite cla uses 22 1
prepositiona l object 222
red uced relative clauses 221
see <llso partici ple ad jectives: ver b
co mplc menra riou
if, in co mp arison cla uses 168
if and whet her
il + verb . obj ect • ro-in finuivc
clau se 192
il + verb + that -clause 191
il + verb + In-infinitive cla use 192
no t as a lternative to noun as
subject 191
wh ere subjec t is to-infi nitive , that clau se, wh-clause or -ing clause
a fter certai n verbs 172
a fter prepo sition 172
in clau se act ing as subject or
complement 172
noun + ad jective + as 10 wh et her
I'USIIS
there is/ was no
'9'
as ohlect of verb 194
reporting with passive for ms 50
with view poin t ver bs 194
it, irnrod ucm ry
to foc us attenti on on se ntence
cle ment 192
ir + he + adjective/ nou n 192
il + verb + obj ect + that-cla use
192
N
names, of people 80, ~2
na rrative 64
na tionality adjectives 1.16
necessity 205-6
need
ill formal writt en English 311
need(n 'I), don 'I have 10 , mu sm 'r,
don 'I need 10 38, 206
as ordi nar y t 'erSlf 5 moda l verb 38
in qu estions 38
Index
negat ive qu estions 54, 207
newspape r writing
be to + infinilive, fo r events likely
to happen 24
participle clau ses, use of 112
past perfect co ntin uous, use of 14
no, nonetof], and nor any 911
nominal rela tive clauses 108 ,222
see also relat ive clauses
non-a ffirma tive mea ning 22 1
non -defining relative cla uses
for ad ding infor mation 106
definition of 222
pa rticiple clauses, use o f instead
of 112
prepositional ph rases 114
wh ose, claus es with lOll
set' also relative clause s
non -finite cla uses 221
non-finite ve rbs 22 3
nou-grada ble adjectives 134 , 1.16,
2 16,2 19
non-gradi ng adv er bs 134 , 2 19
noun phrases
ad ding inform ation to 112
conj unc tions 112
namel y, use of 112
particip le cla uses 112
prepos itiona l phrases 114
th at is, use o f 112
ro-infinuive cla uses 112
complements 42
dl'li nilion of 22 1
nom ina l relative clauses 222
no uns
additional exercise 234 - .15
definition of 22 1
study guide 245
see also co mpound nouns;
countable/uncou nta ble no uns
num ber exp ressions !Ill
o
object
and complement 220
definit ion of 22 1
pos it ion o f in two - and th reeword verbs 188
transitive verbs 223
see also transit ive/intra nsitive
verbs: verb com plementation
obligations 40, 206
offers 18, 72 , 166 , 204-5
one and ones
with co untable noun s 122
inc lus ion o f 122
not used afte r nouns used as
a djec tives 122
omission o f 122
with possessive det ermin ers 122
referring ro people 122
seealso alan and on e
opi nions 62
or ders 24,72, 78
orga nisations, nam es of 80
org anising information 25 1
ou ghl to sce should and ought 10
p
participle adjectives 22 1
-ing and -ed forms, as a dj ec rives
13'
a fter nou ns, redu ced rela nves 138
in com pound adjectives 138
with mu ch, very mu ch 154
position of 138
that/those before 138
pa rticiple clau ses
ac tive and pass ive in noun phrases
112
wi th adverb ial meani ng 116
cont rasting 164
defini tion of 221
having + participle, and timing of
action 116
im plied subject, and subject of
ma in cla use 116
not, posit ion of 116
with ow n subjec t 116
use of pre positions with 118
paruclples 221
pan icles 188,222
passive fo rms 222
active pattern s 44,46
addit ional exe rcise 2_12-33
ag ent, o mission of 411
'appoin tin gt verhs 44
'giving' verbs 44
gramma r review 206 - 7
it-clause as s ubject o f 48
' Iiki ng/wa nti ng' verbs 46
mod al verbs 224
' naming' verbs 44
re po rting with 50
study guide 242-43
'te lling' ver bs 44
tenses 224
topic emp hasis 48
rra nsinve two- an d three-word
verbs 44
verbs wirh related nouns 48
past contin uous
with adv erbs of frequ en cy 4
as/when/while 158
g ra mmar review 203
passive fmm 224
past perfect con tinuous, and pas t
perfect 14
and past simpl e 8, 16
intentions not ca rried our 8, 10
in nar ratives 8
past events in succes sion 8
past events over sa me period 8
repea ted past action s K
past pa rtic iple t-ed) 220,221
gra mmar review 2 15
non -finite clause 22 1
red uced relative clause 222
see also pa rt iciple adjec tives.
participle cla uses
past perfect
grammar review 203
passive for m 224
past perfect contin uous, and pas t
co n rm uous 14
and past simple
add itiona l exercise 230-31
inten tio ns not carried o ut 10
ordering past even ts 10
rep ort ing pas t events 10
review o f use o f 16
tim e cla uses 6
past perfect continuo us
add itio na l exercise 230-3 1
gr amma r revie w 203
inte nt ions not ca rried ou t 10
past pe rfect and past continuous
ac riviry in progr ess recently
versus finished 14
number of times so mething
ha ppen ed 14
part icula r past time, relati ng
events to 14
review of use of 16
sta te verbs 14
pa st sim ple
gra mmar review 202
passive for m 22 4
and pa st con t inu ous 4, ll, 10, 16
an d past per fect 10 ,1 6 , B0-3 1
and present perfect 6, 230
past subjunctive 22 3
as il were 170
unreal conditionals, were in ifclause 170
wer e, fur imagi nary situations
170
were, in comparisons 170
perfect fo rms 16
performarive verbs
definition of 22 2
present sim ple 2
permiss ion 34, 38, 204
co uld, be allo wed to 30
pe rso na l pron ouns 222
pc rr.uading 54
phrasa l verbs
definition of 222
word order 188
see also two- anJ thr ee-word
verbs
place ad verbs 2 19
possessive de termine rs 22 0
po ssessive n ouns 2 ID- I I, 222
pos sessive pron ouns 210, 222
pos sibility
ca n and co uld 30, 34
gramma r review 204
may and might 34 , 205
predictions 18
preferences 170
prepos ition alo bjects 5 8, 222
preposi tion al phrases
as co m pleme nt 220
definit io n of 222
prepositio nal verbs 222
see also phrasal verb s; I W O - and
thr ee-word verbs
prepositio ns
add itional exercise 23 9
af ter no uns 186
af ter verbs 184
defini tion o f 22 2
pa rticles 222
285
Index
ph rasal verbs 222
of place 17S
of pos ition and movem ent 176
reason s, giving 160
in relativ e clau ses 110
sllldy guide 25 I
of time 180
present and past time, review 16,
type s o f 222
purposes an d results
in order /so as + to-infi nitive 162
in order thai an d so that 162
so + adjective/ adverb + that-clau se
146
suc h that. in suc h a way th at,
such ' .. tha t 162
present co ntinuo us
with ad verbs of frequency 4
for futu re events 20, 22, 204
gram ma r revie w 202
inte n tio ns 26
passive form 224
and present simpl e 2,4,16
present part iciple (-ing) 220, 221
see also participle ad jectives;
participl e clau ses
pr esent perfect
gramma r review 202- .1
pas sive form 224
a nd past sim ple 6,
and present pe rfect cont inuous
Q
zzs
no
12,1 6, 230
real cond it ionals 166
pr esen t pcrfIXt continuous
gr am mar review 20.1
pas sive form 224
a nd present perfect
ac tivities in progr ess un til
recently 12
additiona l exe rcise 230
conclusions fro m what can he
seen/heard etc, 12
recently com ple ted ev ents 12
repeated I't'rSIIS on e-off ac tivit ies
12
res ult s of circ umstances/activities
12
review of use s of 16
sit ua tio ns existin g until present
12
presen t simple
con te n ts of hook s/films etc. 4
fo r fut ure eve nts 20, 24, 166,
172,203
gra mmar review 20 2
intent io ns 26
newspape r head lines 4
passive form 224
phrases introd ucin g news 4
and present co ntinuo us 16
immeJi'lc y 4
life co m me ntaries 4
men tal sta tl's 2
perfcrmanve verbs 2
28 6
sta le verbs 2
reul co nd itio na ls 166
tim e cla uses 6
present subjuncnve n, 223
present tenses, in re pon ing and
reported clau ses 70
product nam es 92
promises IS
pronouns
definiti on of 222
study guide 24 7-48
qualirarive adjectives 132, 136, 219
qua mi fiers
definition of 222
grammar review 2 1 I . 2 12- 13
stud )' guid e 245-46
with an d without 'o f' 2 12, 21 3,
214
quantity expressio ns 1l4, ss
see also so me and any
q uestio n form s 225
gramma r review 207
indi rect questions 222
nega tive que stions 54
study guide 242-43
with that-clauses 54
types of 222
see also w h-q ucstions; yes/ no
q uestions
qu estion mark 226
question tags 207
quotation ma rks 226
"
real con dinonals
if-clau ses 166, 168
real and unreal con ditions
2 17- 18, 220
tenses in 20. 166, 168. 172 , 2 1l!
un less and if not 172
reasons
cleft sentences 196
co n junctions 174
prepositions I IH, 160
sente nce con nec tors 174
reduced relati ve cla uses 1.12, 138,
m
sec also relative clauses
reflexive pronoun s
de finitio n of 222
for emp hasis 120
for mality 120
grammar review 2 15
incl usio n/omission o f, with some
verbs 120
in verb + o bject + ad jective
com ple m en t structu re $6
regret 170
relanve clauses
add ition al exe rcise 236-37
defining 106, IOH, 112.222
definition of 222
gram mar review 2 14
nominal 108, 22 2
non -dcfinm g 106, 108,1 12, 114,
zzz
prepositions in 110
reduced 132, 138, 222
slUdy guide 247
relat ive pronouns
definit ion of 222, 223
omi ssion/inclusion of 106,1 10,
1'0
as subject/object o f relative clause
106
relative words 223
a/t he reason why/tha t 108
nomin al relative clau ses. with
who/what 108
what ever. whoe ver, whichever
108
when , wher eby, wher e, why 108
whose, cla uses with 10 8
reported speech 223
reporting 64
addirionul exe rcise 234
gra mm ar review 209
modal auxili ari es 74
negative form s 64
of ferslsuv.gest ions/orders/
intent ions/requcsts 72
pas sive forlll s 44
punc tuation for 226
q uestions 64
quotation s 64
study gu ide 24 4
re use cho ice in 70
that-claus es 66. 72, 76
usin g ad jectives 76
usin g no uns 76
repo rtinwrcported clause s 64,72
definition of 223
past tenses 70
present suh jun<:t ive 78
repo rting verbs 64, 22J
requests
grammar review 204-5
j f-cla uscs
168
reporting 72, 78
will and be jloinjl to 18
S
seaso ns 88 , 94
sem i-colon 174
semi-mod al verbs 22 I
gram mar review 204-6
see also mod al verbs
sen se verb s 30
sen te nce con nec tors 174. 223
short answe rs 124
should a nd ought to
he supposed to 206
expect ations 40
ha d bencr, in spoken English 40
ohli galiol1s1rccommend,ltions 40
qaestions/rcqu cst s fo r
co nfirmatio n or advice 40
regr et/cri ticism 40
should and sha ll 40
sim ple se ntences 223
sim ple versus continuous form s,
s u m mar ~' of uses of 16
since and for 12, 14
since-c lauses 220
some a nd any
with hefore 96
' appro ximately' 96
Ind ex
with com pa risons 96
general sratemcnrs ab out wh ole
classes of t hin gs 96
gr ammar review 2 11-12
with negative words 96
non -affirmative co nte xts 96
nun-specific, u n s pL~ i fi ed Ihings 96
odure plural a mi uncountable
no uns 96
slro ng and weak forms 96
unknown/unim porra nr person or
th ing %
stall: verbs 2, 12, 14,1 66 , 223
subject
an d com plement 220
definition of 223
it-cla use as 4S
passive, uses of 4S
placement o f long 4S
relative pronou ns as 106
whu ur what as 52
sec a/so ag rcvmcnn invers ion
suhiu nctive 223
past 170
present 7!l
su bordmarc clauses 220,222
see .lIm adverbial clauses; rela tive
cla uses
substitution
10, for to-in finlrive clau se 130
additional exercise 237
do 128,200,207,2 16
do so and such 126
so and nor 124
stud y guide 247-48
suggestions 54, 72, 7R, 20 7
superla tive forms
the + ad jective with -eSI 144
the + mos t + adjective 144
of + plural no un phrase, a fter
superlative 144
in + singula r nou n ph rase, af te r
supe rlati ve 144
adjectives with alan, the, a nd zero
article 92
most + ad jcl:t ivd aJ vcr b 144
noun + o f which I 10
T
tenses
grammar review 202-4
stu dy guide 240-4 1
that-cl auses 22 0
passive semen....es 48
reporting 66, 72, 76
should in 7ll
wh-q ucstio ns with 54
the sec ala n. the, and zero oni dc
ther e + he
cha nge of topic , rupic Known to
lisreuer/ reader 190
ir nroducmg topics 190
noun fo llowing, ag reeme nt of be
wit h 190
no un fo llowi ng, indefinite/ nonspecific mea ning of 190
with nouns followed by that-,
wh -, to-infinitive or -ing cla use
190
' Ihinki ng'verbs .10, 60
three-wor d verbs SCI' two- and
three-word verbs
nm e adverbs 2 19
time clauses
conjunCiio ns 174
tenses in 2 17
times, o f day and night 94
rirles, of newspape rs, books, films
'0
to-infinitive
with co me and g ro w 42
definiriun uf 220
leavi ng out 130
with linking verbs 140
non-finite cla uses 22 1
no un phrases, add ing informa tion
ttl 112
sec ulsfJ verb comple mcmarion
tra nsitive/int ra nsit ive verbs 56
gra mmar review 207
im plied objec t ,S6
intrans itive verbs 56, 22 1
passives, gra mmar review 206
transiti ve or int ransit ive verbs 56
tran sitive verbs 56, 223
t wo- and thr ee-word verbs, word
Imle r 188
sec u1so ve rb co mplemen tati on
two - and three-word verb s
definition of 223
particle in 222
posit ion of prepos itions in 110
word orde r 111 8
U
uncertainty 76
un chan ging states 12
u ncounta ble nouns see
co ulltabldunClluma ble nouns
un less and if nor 172
unrea l co nd itiona ls
bu t fur 166
if + past sim ple 166
rea l and unre al conditions
n z-rs.zzo
unlt:ss and if nu t 172
we re in if-clause 166, 170
unreal pas t
might/co uld have + pasr participle
na
would have + paw participle 32 ,
zis
used to
gram mar revie w 204-5
repea ted eve nts in past 32
in rep ortin g 74
V
verb com plcmc mation
additional exercise 233-34
dire ct a nd indi rect oblects 5 R
negative for ms 62
preposi tiona l obje ct, with for/ IO
5'
study guide 243-44
su mma ry o f commo n pat terns
20 7-R
verb + -iug or bare infinitive 60
verb + objec t + hare infinitive 60
ve rb + object + to -infinitive 62
verb + object/po ssessive + ing 60
ve rb + pr eposition + objec t + toinfinitive 62
verb + ttl ha ve + pa st partici ple
62
verb + to (preposition) + in~ 60
St'e aim transitive/in tr ansitive
verbs
verb phrases 22 3
verbs 22 1, 223
viewpoint adverbs 156, 2 19
W
wh-clauvcs 220
focusing 196
with linking verbs 140
verbs wit h 611
wh-q uesrion s 52,222, 223
auxili ary verb 54
how J nJ wh at 52
repo rting 64
with that -cla uses 54
wha t 52
which 52
who 52
whum .52
whose 52
see u/so negati ve questio ns
wh-words 222, 223
whar-clauves 80, 196 , 220
whether Sl'C if a nd whether
whet her-clauses 220
whole SI'C all (of), whole , every .
eal:h
will, would and used ttl
churac rcns ric behaviou r/ha bits .12
conc lusions/ass urn ptionv 32
crit icism .12
gra m mar review 20 4-5
repeated eve nts in past 32
unreal pas r situa tions 32
will a nd he loIoiolol lO
he lIoin).: to + go/com e 20
co nd ition al se ntences III
decisions 18
forrna lityJinformali ty 18, 20
offcrslrequ estsl prOlllises 18
plarmeJll ikcl y events 18,20
pr edic tions III
willingness 22
works of art 92
would SCI' if-clauses; will. would
and used to
y
ycs/no questions 64 , 222
sec also qu est ion forms
Z
zero article 2 19
see also ala n, the, and zero article
287
Index of lexical items
A
alan Nil, 'JO.
sz, <) 4,
146 ,
190 , 21 <,1 , 220
h it 134
bit o f 104
fe w (0 1) 2 14
hnle (0 1) 2 14
.1 101100 Nl. 100, 2 1.J
a n umber o f 82, 110
allhe ma jo ri l)' o f lil
ahililY 186
able 140
about IS4
.above 176
a
a
a
a
above a ll 174
a~ 1 from 120
absolur e 132
ahwluldy 134
ahusive 76
academic J 36
;l C'"CV1 124, 194
"'o:d dcol 194
ac d im ;u i'>e 120
accoe dmg 10 156
accou m for 111 11
ache 202
admowlc:Jl{c 2. 50, 66
ack rsowledgemcm 76
acr..." 176
act o n IRII
active 144
ada mant 7b
adap t 60, 12 0
adapt ed 4 2
addrc.... hoo k lUi
ad here to 56
ad jU\ l 60
admir ati,," 186
ad mire 1.~ 4
ad mit 2, SH, 60, 62 , M,
124, 194 , 2UIl
adult U 6
advi ce 76
ud visable 711
advise 2, 46, 62. 66 , OIl ,
72, 78. \ ,10, 172
a ffcele d 1.111
a ffor d 130
afraid 130,
n z, 140.
144
a ftlT 6, 20, 118, 158,
174, IlN . 220
a fter all 174
a fte r thai 17 4
afternoon 94
;1furwilrd , 174
a~i l a lcd l y 14 2
a~r« 2. 26. 46. 50. 62.
66.72. 124. 130.202.
l O,
.altf~~
288
.about/on/wilh 184
agreed 76
aim 26. 46. 186. 20H
ala rmed 140
.al<lrmaVal.a rmin~ 2 16
alert 144
alik e 132. 144
alive 132
.all 110. 220
.all (o f) H2. 102. 21 2. 2 13
all of .a sudden 4
all o ver 176
a ll the same 174
allqtalion 76
allege 50. 62
alleged 138
all~oo ly 142
.alloc.alO:d 138
a l1o••, 46. 58. 62. 20 8
almO'u 102.134. 150.
lS 4
alone 132. 144. 154
.alonl/; 176. 198
a lw 174
a hcrna tiliC' 194
altern atively 174
alth ough 118. 164.1 74
altoget her 154
.alway, 4. 36. 150
amaze 192
a mazed 78. 140
amalNla malin~ 216
a mazeme nt 186
amazing 140
ambition 186
amonK 171:1
a mo ng o the r Thing, 171:1
among others 178
a mongst 178
amo unt of 100
amused 78
and 112.1 74.220
a" lI:r y 76. 134. 140
a nnounce 44. 50. 58.66
a nnouncement 76
a nnoy 192
anno yed 76. 140
anno ying 140
a nn ual 132
a nnually 152
a not her 122
an swer 56. 66. 76
answ er back 188
anticipa te 2. 46. 202
a n l(iou ~ 78
a ny 96. 186. 211- 12
any- 82
any (o f) H2.2 12
anybody 98. 2 12
a nyone 96. 98, 190. 2 12
a nylhing 96. 98. 2 12
an yway 174
a ny...here 98
a pan 182
apart fro m 182
apol~etic 76
apo 'ORiK' 2
ap palling 78
appar~n t 42
a ppar~ntly 156
appeal 62
appear 2. 42. 46. 62.
124.132. 140. 164.
190. 192. 207
apply 62
applying 13H
appoint 44
appreciat e 46. 154. 10 2
approve 60
appro\'r of 60. I IUI
argue 66 . 194
argu~ abo ut/fm/ with 184
arg ument 76
ari se 227
arms tra de 86. 90
ann}' 80
arrange 46. 62. 68
arres t 107
an, fnlilial 116
a~ 144. 146. 15 8. 174.
198
a~ a conKqurnce 174
a~ a resuh 174
av a rule 150
avif 170
a, it were 170
a, lon g a, 174
a~ man y 146
a\ much 146
av soon a, 6. 20. 174
a\ thou~h 170
a, 10 68. 76. 171
as ... d l 174
as ha med 132. 140.144.
IS'
aside 1112
ask 44.46. 56. 58.62. 66.
611. 71. 78. I .lO. 20 11
a sk aho ut/afler/for/ uf
184
ask of 184
asleep 1,12
aspire to ,S6
a"no a lc wirh 56
a ~ \()t:iat i {)n 110
ass u me 50.56. 66. 124.
20 2
ass uming (that ) 174
assure 66
auoni\ h 192
asm niched 140
a~ lO ni,hi nKly 156
asto unded 78
al no tim e 152
al thai lime 174
at lh e ,arne limc 174
athletics 84
atmosphe re \10
atomic 132
attempt 46. 186
att ract 2. 20 2
,lUrib ule 10 Sf,
audience SO
aut umn 94
nail of 120
availa ble 132
ave rage 1.16
avoid 46.207.208
awake 1.12, 227
awa rd 44. 58
awa re 42. 132. 140. 144
away 19S
awful 134. 140
a w k...-a rd 140
•
b ahy ', bedroom 86
back 198
bole!. to back 94
bold 140
bald 41
ha n 186
ha rdy 96. 200
base on 56
be 41, 128. 130, 132.
140.1 64. 219. 227
he able 10 30. 130. 204 .
zz:
he
be
be
he
be
be
he
abo ut 10 24.26
afraid 124
allo wed 10 30. 104
bou nd TO 26
cenain 124
due to 26
going 10 18. 20. 166.
l03
be likely 34
be
be
be
be
on the brink of 26
on the point of 26
on th e licrge of 26
~ u prmed to 211. 190.
zos
be sure to 26. 124
he til 24
beach 90
bea r 227
bea r 227
bea utiful 0 2
becau\c 1111. 160. 174.
no
be ca use of 160
becom e 42. 132. 140.
164. 227
before 20. "6 . 118.1 58.
174. 2 00
before that 174
hl.1l, 2. 711
hl.1tin 46. 56. 60. 130.
lOS. 127
behav e 120
believe 2. 30. 46. 50. 56.
62.64.66. 124. 194.
202.208
belnnK 12. 166
belon g 10 202
be:lnn~i nR' 84
below 176
bend 56. 127
beneath 176
bnidn 118.1 74.1 82
Index of lexica l it em s
bet 227
between 178
capable 132
care 150
bi~ 134
care about/for 1114
careful 140, 144
a rdns 144
cardnsly 156
ca rry out 44
eaSI 22 7
a SI back 44
each 46, 58 ,208,227
catch oul 188
cause 62 , 2011
caused 138
cautious 144
cease 2011
certain 76, 140, 144
certainl y 156
chance 102, 130 , 186,
bind 227
biolOjtically 156
bird of prey 86
hird ~' n~ts 86
bill: 22 7
bleed 227
blind 42
blo ...· 227
book 58
bored 144
bored/horinR 2 16
borin g 144
bOlh 110
both (of) 2 12
bo ther 311
boy's arm 116
brave 140
bravely 156
break 56,227
break in 111 11
break-out 116
brick-built 1311
hrid ly 14 11
brin g 46, 511, 227
brinR abo ut 11111
broadcast 227
brok en 138
brot her-in-law 86
brush up on 44
build 511, 22 7
build ing m aterials
indu ~lry 86
bum 56 ,227
bunt 227
hu ~ y 134, 140
bu ~y wirh 120
hUI 174, 1112,220
hUI for 166, 1112
buy 58,227
by 94, 118, 1110
by air 94
by bus 94
by car 94
hy comran 174
by email 94
by phon e 94
by plane 94
by pos t 94
by Ka 94
by Ini 94
by Ihl: time 6, 20
by tr ain 94
C
calculate 50, 68
calculated 131
call 44
call back 44, 188
call o n 72, 11111
call up 44
campajgn 62
can 30,74, 111l, 204 ,
205, 22 1
can't bear 46, 194
can'l sta nd 194,108
'94
change 56
cheap 144
chcap{ly) 142
check 66, 6S
check into ISS
chemical 1.12
chicken dr umsticks 86
Chid o f Siaff 86
choice 194
choos e 511, 68, 130, 172,
227
chosen 138
civil 136
claim 50 ,76
d an 110
clean 136
clean up 188
clear 140, 144
clear away 1118
clearly 148, I SO, 156
d tar(1y) 142
clever 1.14
climate 90
d imb 46
d inll 22 7
close 56, 60
cloth es 84
clothes shop 86
du b 80
, 0011 mine 116
coffee 90
coincidence 194
w id 144
w ll('(1 58
college 80
come 42 , 46, 152, 198,
20 7,2011,217
come: abo ut 192
come: acros s 110
come: in for 1118
come: 10 1118
come up ajtainsl 44 , 188
command 62, 72, 78, 208
commander-in-chief 86
comment 76
com mitte e 80
common 134 , 136
community 80
compe er 80
co m paer director 92
co mplain 66
co mplete 132, 144
completely 134 ,1 50
co mplex 144
co mplimentary 76
computer 90
co mputer keyboard 86
concen tra te 60
co ncern 38 , 186, 192
co ncern with 120
co ncern ed 78, 132, 140,
172
co nclude: 2, 68
conclusion 76
confess 2, 60, 66
confide 66
co nfide nce 101
co nfident 140
con flict 172
co nfusion 172
congratula te 2
cc ngrarulano ns 114
co nsenl 62
con sequent ly 174
consid er 2, 8, 10, 46, 50,
56, 62, 66, 68 , 172 ,
194 , 201, 20 11
consis l of 2, 202
con n ant ly 4
co nstitu te 202
co nta in 202
co ntent 132
continually 4
co ntin ue 46, 208
conversa tio n 90
co nvince 66
convinced 4 2
coo k 56,58
cost 2,58,186,192,
202,227
could 30,34,74, 12 8,
20 4,205, 2 18,22 1,
22.
co uncil 80
co unt 60, 62
co unt out 1118
cc umry tside) 90
co ver up 1118
co wardly 142
co w's milk 116
cra zy 140
creased 144
creep 22 7
Cf('W 80
criteria 84
critical 76, 136
crop up 188
crowd 80
crucial 78
culminate in/wilh 56
cup o f lea 86
curious 140
curiously 150
customs o ff icer 86
cui 227
CUI back on 188
CUI OUI 111 11
[)
dai ly 152
dan ce: 56
dare: 60,204,22 1
dar k 144
dat a 84
dawn 94
da wn o n 192
d;ly 102
day by day 94
day-to-d ay 86
deaf 42
de:al 22 7
debate 68, 172
decide 30, 50, 62, 68
decision 76, 186
declare 2, 44 ,56, 66
decline 20 8
decrease 56
deep 134
deep/ly) 142
definitely 156
delay 208
delighted 130
demand 66, 72, 711, 208
democratic 132
demonstra te 44 , 50 , 5S
deny 2, 46, 58, 62, 61"
96, 194, 208
depart ment 110
depend 60, 62
depend on 172
descri be 44 ,46, 58
descripti on 186
deserve 130
deseevedly 142
desire 186, 202
despite 164
deter 60
dete rmina tio n 186
dete rm ine 6 8
determined 130
determinedly 142
det est 60, 208
derracr fro m 56
develop 150
dia bet es 84
di ffer 150
di ffer from 202
differ emia re bet ween 56
di flicuh 42,1 40
dig 227
digita l 132
dignified 14 2
diplomanc 136
direct 78, 144
dir«t(lyl 14 2
disagree 66
disagrc:nnml 172
disappoin ted 78, 140
disappointedly 142
disapprove of 44 , 60
discou rag e: 60
discover 50 , 68, 208
d iscuss 68, 172
d iscussion 76 , 172 , IS6
d islike 12, 46, 60 , 194 ,
208
289
Index of lexica l items
di smissive 76
d ive 227
do 126, 128, 192, 200,
207,2 16, 2 19, 227
do 0 11I of 188
do so 126
do mestic 1] 4
don't ha ve III 311, 206
dou bt 2, 124, 166, 172,
202
do ubtful 76, 140
do w n 1911
do wn stai rs 148
dra w 227
d read 201l
dreadfull y 134
d rea m 227
d ress 120
d rink 56, 22 7
d rink up 1118
d rive 56,227
d rop 56
d uck's eg gs 86
d ue to 160
du rinl( 180
d w ell 227
290
E
eac h 82, 10 2, I I o, 122,
2 14,220
each of 82
each (of) 2 12
each other 2 15
eager 144
ea rl ier 174
ea rn ings 84
easy 140
easy-going 138
eat 56,227
econ o m ic 132
econom ics 114
effect l Sb
eit her 122, 2 13
either ••• o r 112
eith er of 82
elderly 142
electorate 110
elecrrjc 136
em erge 192
em phasi",~ 194
empty 136
enable 62, 20S
e nco urage 50, 62, 72, 20S
enco uragcmcm 76
e nd 60
e nd III end 94
end u p 42
enem y 80
e n joy 46, 154, 166, 194,
207
e no rm o usly 150, 154
enough 146
enquire a ho ut/after 1114
entire 102, 132
entir ely 134, 150, 160
e ntit le 62, 208
environm ent 90
envi ronmental 132, 134
env iro nment ally 156
envisage 208
envy 5S
eq ual 144
eq ua te with 56
esp edally 154
essential n, 134
establish 50, 68
esrimarc 50
e ven 154
even if 164, 170
e ve n so 174
even thou gh 164, 174
e ven ing 94
ever y 82, 102, 11l6, 2 14
every few (mo nths ) 102
every no w a nd aga in 102
every o th er (kilo m elre)
102
everr single (day ) 102
every so oft en 102, 150
everybody 82
eve ryo ne 82
everyt hing 112
exact 144
excellent 1] 4
except 182
except for 182
exce pted 182
exc ited / exciting 2 16
excited ly 142
excl usively 134
ex pect 2, 8, 10, 26, 46,
50, 54, 64, 66, 72,
124, 130,202
exp la in 44, 50, 66, 61l
ex pla na tio n 76
extremely 134, 154
F
face 46
face to face 94
fail 56, 62,96, 130,208
failu re 1116
fair 144
fai rly I J 4
fa ll 207,227
fall throug h I lI8
false 136
fa m iliarise wit h 120
fam ily 80
far-reaching 138
fashi o n 142
fast 134
fast-gro w ing 138
fa \'Ourite 144
fea r 38, 90, 186
feed 227
feel 2,30, 44, 46 ,50,60,
64, 66, 132,1 40,1 64,
194,202, 208 , 227
feci like 201l
fet ch 58
few 104, 146
few (o f) 2 12
few er 104
fight 227
fi ll in 110
finally 141l
fina ncially 150, 1$6
find 2, 46, 50, $6, 58, 66,
194, 202, 207, 208, 227
find o ut 46,68
fine 132
fine(ly) 142
finis h 56, 60, 201l
first 122, 150, 1.s2
fit 2, 227
fix 58
f1 a t(ly) 142
flee 227
f1i,k through 188
fling 227
fly 1.'i2, 198, 227
fo cus 60
fo llo w 192
fo nd 186
fond ness IIl6
foolish 140
foolishly 156
fo r 12,14,1 74, 1114
fo r o ne thinM 174
fo r {rea son s] 160
fo rbid 2, 96, 227
force 62, 207,208
fo recast 76, 227
fo re ign 136
fo rest 90
fo re ver 4
forget 46, 60, 62, 68,
UO,227
fOrKive 58,227
fo rma l 144
forwards 148
fo und 138
frank ly 150,1 56
free 140
free(ly) 142
freeze 227
frequ ent 144
friend ly 134, 142
frighten 192
frightened 132
frilo;h tcncd / friio\hteninl(
2 16
fro m m y/ his/h er
per spective 156
from ti m e III time 150
fully 134
fun 144
furio us 140
furniture 96
furt hermore 174
future 90
G
gather 124
Ma ther u p I118
gencrul 132
generally 156
ge neratio n 110
I(encrously 156
genuine 136
get 42, 51l, 132,206-7,
207,227
ge l d o wn 44, 1118
get up IIlIl
girls' school 86
giv e 44, 51l, 227
gla d 132, 140
glasses case 86
go 42, 146, 152, 1911,
207, 2011, 227
go bad 42
go bu st 42
gc dead 42
go mi~~i n g 42
go mo uld y 42
10\0 off 42
go on 62
go ove r l lll!
10\0 ro tten 42
go th rou gh ..... ith 1M8
1(0 u p ISO
go w rong 42
Iloat '~
cheese 86
go od 140, 194
good a nd 136
good-look ing 138
good s 84
govern m ent SO
grab 207
grammar 90
!tra teful 76
!tread y ISO
ground 90
Io;rouP 80
grow 42, 227
grow u p 188
grumble 66
gua ra nt ee 2,26, 51l, 72,
76, 194
!tu e~~ 61l, 124
guess so/nor 124
g uilt y 136, 140
gymnastics 84
"
h abit 1116
had better 40, 204, 22 1
hair 90
hair-raising 138
han d 44, 58
ha ng 152, 227
hanger-on 116
hap pen 168, 192, 207
ha ppi ly 142
ha p py 134, 140
ha rd 140
ha rd ly .J8, 96, 150,1 58,
200,205
hardly e\'Cr 150, 152
ha te 46, 60, 130,194,
202,208
ha ve 2, 60, 62, 114, 121l,
202, 2 19,227
have 101m 121l
ha ve go t 10 36, 204,
20,)-6,22 1
hav e to 36, 31l , 74, 205-6
hea r ] 0, 44, 46, 60, 124,
202, 208, 227
hea r o ul 188
help 44, 60, 192, 208
Index of lexical items
help o n with 111 11
help out 1811
hence 174
her 122
here 82
here ctlmn 198
herself 120, 2 1.5
h..... ira te 2011
hide 120, 227
high{ly) 142
him~l f 120,21.5
hit 192,207,227
hoM 56,227
bold out 188
hold over 44
ho liday 180
home-made 13S
ho nndy 150, 156
hope 8, 10, 26, 46, 50,
H, 62. 72, 102, 124,
130, 194, 202, 208
horizon 90
hou rly 152
how 52, 68, 82, 146,
196,223
howev er 174, 22 3
huge 134
hu~dy 134
hum an 136
hum an race: 90
hurriedly 142
hun 192, 227
bet 18
C:X~'a 18
gather 4
hear 4
hope 18
imagine 18
reckon 18
sec 4
think 18
understand 4
wo nder III
Idea 130, 1116
idea l 144
idenrificd UK
ideologically 156
if 20,64, 166,1 72, 174,
200, 220
if ont 172
if on ly 170
if so 174
ill 42, 132
illnn s 1110
I'm ~ UTl: 18
imaginab le 132
imagi ne 2. 46, 60, 611,
124, 170, 202, 208
immen~dy 134
imperati ve 78
imponanc..: 90
imponant 78, 134
imf'O"sible 96, 134, 140
improvement 186
in 118,1 80,1 911
in add itio n 174
in
in
in
in
in
in
amaz ement 142
any caw 174
cave 20
consequence 174
co nlfa ~l 174
my/ hiVhe r opinion
1S6
in ord er th oU 162
in or de r III 162
in spite of 164
in such a way that 162
in that 160,1 74
inJ bility 186
inappropriate 78
inavmuch a~ 160
ind ine toltowa rd~ 56
incl ined 140
ind ude.! 138
income ta ll 86
inconceivable 711
increave 56
indicate 66
ind ication 76
ind ifferen t 172
indivi dual 136
ind ustrially 156
infect ed 4 2
intliet o n 56
intlu ence 1116
info nn 50, 66, 68
innocent 136
invist 60, 78
insistent 76
imofar as 174
instead 174
instruct 46, 68, 72, 78
instru ction 76
insulting 76
intake 86
intend S, 10, 26, 50 , 64 ,
72,711, 130
imensely 134
intent ion 186
interested 42, 138
interested/ interesting 2 16
i ntere~ ti ng l oi n
i ntere~tin gl y 156
interview 1116
introdu ce 44, 58
invalua ble 134
invitation 76
invite 62,72, 20 8
invo lved 132
iron 90
irrel evant 42
inu e 76
it 50, 140, 192, 194
it uys here 4
itself 2 15
J
joke 66
journa list 92
judg e 56
jury 80
just I H
justtly) 142
K
keep 4 2,46,60, 227
kee p on 62
kind 140
kind l)" 142, 156
kneel 227
knit 227
know 2, 12, 50 , 60, 68,
124,166, 202, 227
know abo ut/of 184
L
lack 186
lamh chops 86
largely 134, 154 , 160
last 150
late 136
lat e{ly) 141
lat er 174
la y 227
lead 227
lean 217
leap 127
learn 68, 227
learn about/of 184
least 144
lea ve 58 , 194, 208 , 227
leave ou t 188
lend 44, 58,207,227
In~ 104, 144, 146
less (00 2 1-4
let 60, 227
let go 60
let in 44
let in on 188
let out 44
lie 152, 227
light 227
like 2, 46, 60, 130, 1H,
166, 194, 202, 207,
20'
likelihood 1116
likewise 174
linguistics 84
lion's den 86
lill ie 104, 146,200
lillie (of) 212
lill ie ones 122
live 152
live up 10 188
lively 142
logically 156
Lo ndon-ba sed 138
lone 132
lond y 142
lon g 72
lon g-Iaseing 138
lo ngn t-so.:rving 138
look 2, 42, 164, 202
look aha 110, 188
look down o n 188
look forward 60
100J,; forward to 154
look o ut 188
look to 26
lookup 188
look up 10 188
looker-on 86
lo..e 227
lOI S o f too, 2 13
luud (1 y) 142
lo ve 2, 46, 60, 130, 194,
20'
I.....ed "nl'" 122
lovel y 140,142
lovely a nd 136
low 134
luc kily 156
luc ky"n los 122
M
ma d 140
ma de-up 138
ma inly 134, I H , 160
mAl e 44,58,60, 140,
227
mal e up 188
ma nage 62, 208
ma nner 142
many 100,11 0,1 46
ma ny
2 12,2 13
ma rch 152
ma thematics 84
matter 207
maxi mum 132
may 34,74, 128,205,
("n
221
me 222
meal 1110
mean H, 10, 26,46,1 30,
140,1 92,202,208,
227
mea ns 84
meanwh ile 174
measles 84
measur e 2, 20 2
med ia 84
medical 132
med icall y 156
meet 227
mend 58
mention 44, 50 , 58,66,
'"
mere 1.12
mes~ up 11111
midd ay 94
midn ight 94
might 34, 128, 205, 2 111,
22 1,224
mind 46, 208
mine 222
minimum 132
miverable 140
mi..~ 20 8
mi\ take fu r 56
mobile 136
modern 144
mo ney -ma king 138
month 102
monthly 152
mo ra lly 156
mo re 144
more and mo re 136
more wro ng 144
moreov er 174
morning 94
291
Index of lexical Items
ml"t 110,144
mo\ d y 154
Olmt (1 y) 141
mo unt up 11111
mo ve: 56, 110
m o ve o ff 111 11
mo w 117
much 100 , 146, 154
much (of) 1 11,1 13
mU\1 36, 40, 74, 1111, 111
mU\ln'1 36,311,74 ,106
my 111, 110, 121
my\c:lf 120, lIS
N
292
nam e 1, 4 4
namel y II I
naturally I SO, 156
ne:arby ISO
nearl y 101, U4, 150
need 311, 46, 130, 194,
204 , 2011, 22 1
needn't 311,106
neither 122,200
neith er do I 100, 2 16
neilh er/n or 111
neith er o f 82, 110
neith er j o O 213
nerve-wr ackin g 138
nCO'OUl 140
nCVl-r .1",38,54,96,911,
1SO, 200, 10 5
n evcnhdl~~ 174
new s 114
next 150,151
nk c 140
nice and 1.16
nilfht 102
no 54,911, 1111, 1116,
100,1 13
no amount of 911
no hot her 98
no chance 'JII
no comment 98
no idea 9 11
no long er 194
rio-on e .111, 'IX
no probl em 98
no soone r 15 11
no sooner th an 200
no way 9K
no wonder 911
nobod y 311,54,98, 1111
no (bod y) 190
nominate 44
non e: (0 0 112,911, 110 ,
111,113
noon 94
nor 200
nor do I 200
norma lly 31t
northern 132
not 200
nOI a \ inltle: 911
nOI a ny 98 , 186
n or ce:rtain 76
nOI many 104
n or much 104
ne t
once 151
not o ne 98
nOlhinlf 54, 1111
notice 46, 60, 66 , 6 8,
194, 20 2, 2011
nmify 66
now 151
nowhere 54,98
numbcr o f too
o
o bject 60
obliltalory 711
o bservation 76
o~e 44 ,46, 60, 10 11
o bvio us 41
ob\'iou~ly 156
occas ional 132
occupy ••. with 110
od d 136, 140
oddl y 150
of 144, 184
off 198
offer 44,58,61, 72.107.
2o,
o ffice-wo rker 116
o fte:tl 150
old 136
o n 118,1 84
on co nditi on thai 174
on many occasions 150
on rhe ccnnary 174
on th e oth er hand 174
once: 6
once a week 151
one 811. 112
one another 88, 1 15
o ne of III
ones 122
o neself 110
on ly 38, IS4, 200, 205
only lat er 152
open 56, 60
opportunity 130, 1116
opposite 132
op position sn
opl ion 1116
or 112, 174
orchestra 80
order 2, 46 .5 8. 62,72,
76. 78. 201l
o rder about 188
ori llina l 136
o therwise 174
oUllht to 40, 128, 20 4,
206. 22 1. 22 4
ourselves 215
OUI 198
o u tco me 86
o Ulskirts 114
o utwardly 156
o ver 176, 180
o verheads 84
o verbear 60, 208
owe 58, 194
owing eo 160
ow n 1,202
own up 60
"p anic
38
pa rk 56
part 110
pa rticular 1.16
particularly 154
parnculars 84
partly 160
pass 511
pa l S(T-hy 86
pas l 'KI
pau \C' 56
pay 58 , 192,207,227
pea ce-keeping 1] 11
peculiar 144
pen to p 86
peop le: 411, 114
per cen t 84
perfea 134, 144
perfealy 134
permiwion 186
pennil 2,58
perso n 10 penon 94
perso nally 156
pers uade 50, 62, 66, 72,
pretend 62
prelly 1] 4
prevail 62
prevent 60, 96
pre\·iou ~l y 174
prid e: 1116
prid e: on 120
pri mari ly 134
private 136
pmbabililY 186
probahly 156
pr oblem 76, 186
pr ofessional 136
proh ib u 60, 96
pecmise 2, 26, 66, 72,
76, 124, 1] 0
pronoun ce: 56
proper 132
propc:n y 90
pro pmal 186
pro~ 26,44 ,50,64,
66 ,72, 78
prospect 1116
pro od 11!6
pro ve 42, 56, 58, 164,
m
20'
phmomena 84
phone: 56
phonetic 132
phon L-rio 114
physically 156
p hysics 84
pick up I III!
plainly 150
plan 8, 10, 26, so, 61,
64, 61l, I Il6, 2011
plan s 130
play 56, 51!
pl ea ~ed 140, 144
plea ~(d1plca ~in~ 1 16
pleasure 'JO
plenty of 1l2, roo
point 194
po int o ut JIi , 66
po intedly 142
po lice li4
polit ically I S6
politin 114
pop ular 1.14
pop ulation 110
poairiv e 140
ptme\s 202
pt}\~ihili ty 1116
poss ible 1] 2
pml 5 11
pour 58
practically 134
pr edict 2, 194
pr efer 2, 46, 78, 1]0,
154 , 194 , 102, 20 11
pr egnanl 42
pr emises 1I4
prep are 120, 208
prep ared 140
pr esent 'KI
pre:-.~ 80
presumably 150, 156
presume 66, 124
provid e for 11111
provided 20 , 138
provided Ihat 174
publ ic 1l0, 1]6
puhl i calion ~ department
,.
pull 20 7
pull to 11! 8
pu ~h 10 1111!
pu sh -up Ill,
put 22 7
pUI dow n as I 118
PUIOUI 44
PUI pen In pape r 'J4
pUI up 10 11111
pUI up with 188
Q
quarterly 152
question 76, 172, 194
qoickly 142, 148
quick{ly) 142
quie t 134
q uietly 1411
qui l 22 7
qu ite 150, 1 17
R
rabin 114
ra rely ]6, 96 , 150, 152,
200
rather 134, I SO, 170
read 44 , 56, ss, 22 7
read-o ur 86
read y 140
read y-made: 138
real 144
ru li'>C' 2, 61!, 201
rea lly 134, 154
re:a\Oll 102, 108, 11I6, 194
rca\Onably 134
reaw ur e 50, 66
Index of lexical it ems
recall 46, 60, 62, 208
recent 144
reckon 54
recognised 42
recoermeed 50, 66 , 72, 78
recommend aric n 76
refusal 76, 1116
refuse 2, 46,58,62,72,
96, 130,2011
regard 194
regard u / with 56
r egion to regio n 94
rqutt 2,62,154,202,
20.
regularly 150
reluctance 1116
reluctant 96
rely 60, 62
remain 42
remaining 1JII
remember 30, 46, 60, 62,
611, 166, 194,20S
remind 2, 50, 62, 66, 611,
72
remind of 56
repair 58
repeatedly 142
rt'ply 66, 76
report 44 , 46, 50, 56, 58,
66,207
reponedly 142
reput edly 142
requese 2, 72, 78
req uire 46, 66, 711
resemble 20 2
resmt 46, 60 ,1 94, 20 8
resolve 26
~n 60
responsible 132
resull from 188
rcsulling 1311
reveal 50
rich 134
riches S4
ride 227
right 144
right across 176
rip;h tly 156
ring 227
rip 56
rise 227
risk 186, 20 8
roll 152
ro ugh 144
rule of th umb 86
ru n 152,227
run inro 188
runn er-up 86
S
sad 140
s,adly 156
u .tisfaetion I K6
satisfied 186
save 5 8
sa vings 114
u vings account 116
saw 227
say 50 ,54,511,62,66,
611,72, 124,209, 227
sca rcely 96, ISO, 158,
200
sca re 192
schoo l SO
scient ific 136
sco rnful 76
~. 90
~aside 90
secret 194
see 30, 44, 50, 60, 68,
194, 202, 20S, 22 7
seeing;a s 160
smng Ihat 160
seek 227
seem 42, 46,62, 114,
1J2, 164, 190, 192 ,
202
seen 140
seldo m 96, ISO, 152,
200
self 120
sell 58, 207, 227
selves 120
send 44,46, 511,227
sense 1116
seriously ISO, 156
set 227
sew 227
sha ke 22 7
sha ll 40, 74,1 28,121
sh;aIVsha n't 26
sha me 1116
sham poo 90
sha ve 120
she 112
shea r 227
shed 22 7
sheer 131
shine 22 7
shock 192, 107
shock ed 7 8, 140
shoot 227
s ho o t down 188
shop around I ll lI
short-term 1311
shon(ly) 142
sho uld 40 , 74 , 128, 198,
205,206,22 1,224
sho w 46, 50, 58, 62, 66 ,
68 , 20 8
shrink 217
shul 56,127
shul up 11111
side by side 94
sign 1116
similar 132
similarly 174
simple 140
simply 134, 154
since 6, 12, 14, 1111, 174
since ( beca u~l 160, 174
sing 56,58, 227
sink 227
sister-in-law 86
sil 152,227
sky 90
d eep 207,227
sleeping 132
slide 227
slighdy 134, 150
sling 128
slowly 148
slow(ly) 142
sma ll-Kale U S
smell 30 , 202 , 228
smoke 56
so 146,1 74 , 200
so as 10 162
so do 1 200 , 216
so far 180
so lo ng as 174
so Ihat 162,1 74
soft 144
sofH po ken 138
solely 154
some 96 , 110, 122,
2 11- 12,220
some' 82
some (o f) 82, 212
somebod y 48, 96, 2 12
someone 48, 96, 1 11
something 4 8, 96, 190,
212
sometimes 36, 148
so mew ha t 154
soon 174
sooner 15K, 170 , 200
sorry 1J 2, 140
so rt OUI 188
sound 2, 42 , 90 , 164 ,
202
so ur-tasting 138
sow 128
speak 60 , 21 8
special 144
special ise in 56
specifically 154
speculate 66 , 68
specula tion 76 , 172
speed 228
spell 22 8
spend 228
spill 228
spin 128
spit 22 8
splash out 188
split 22 8
split up 188
spoi l 22 11
spo t 208
spread 128
spri ng 94 , 228
sla ff 84
Sla m 114
seand 151, 118
sra nd up 188
sia n 46, 56, 60, 62, 130,
20.
sian 10 finish 94
state-of-the-art 86
state ment 76
srarisuc s 84
Slay 42 , 1110
steal 228
Sik k 128
Sling 22 8
Slink 22 8
sdp ulate 78
stol en 138
stop 60 , 1011
srraig hr 136
str a nge-soundin g 138
stri ke 192, 22 8
strive 228
srrong 134
study 56
stu pid 140
stu pidly 156
subd ued 142
subsequently 174
such 200
such th at 162
sudden ly 4 , 142
suffer 150
sufficiently 146
suggcsr 2,44, 50, 54 , 58,
66 , 72, 78, 124, 20 11
sUgKtslio n 76, 130
suita ble 132
sum mer 94
sun 90
superb 134
su p pose 20 , 50 , 54 ,64,
124 , 170
scppcsed 10 28, 190 , 106
sup posedl y 142
supposing 20, 170 , 174
sure 76, 132, 140
surp rise 191, 194
surp rised 78
surp risedlsurprisinR 2 I 6
surp risingly 156
surr oundings 84
suspect 114
suspicio us 42
swea r 72 , 228
sweep 22 8
swee t-smelling 138
swell 128
swim 151, 20 7, 228
swing 22 8
sympathetic 76
sympa thy 102
T
tact ful 76
la ke 5 8, 191, 194 , 207,
m
lak e a h n 44 , 1118
lake aga inst 188
tak e on 110
ta ke o ver 188
lake up on 18 8
lakto 138
ralk 60
la lk aboulloUo nlwi lh
68, 172, 184
talk dow n to 44
talk OUI of 188
ta ste 30, 192, 201
lea cup 116
lea leaf 86
293
Index of lexical item s
294
teach 44. 46 , 58 ,62, b6,
68 , 208 , 228
team 80
lea r 228
lear aw a y fro m 110
tech nic al 1] 6
tech nically 156
tell 44 ,46, 50, 58 ,60.
62, 66 , 68, 72 , 124,
20 7,208,209,228
tell apa rt 188
len d 46, 190
terr ible 134, 140
terrific 140
th an 198
tha nk 2
than ks 84
that 106, 110, 112, 138,
196 , 209, 22 3
t hat is 112
the 92 , 94, 122, 144,
2 19, 22 0
th e afflu en t 122
the disa dvant ag ed 122
the elderly 122
the ho meless 122
the lo w-paid 122
the mai n 122
th e majorit y of 82
th e min ute/ second!
momen t 6
th e num be r of 112
th e onl y 122
the ponr 122
th e position of 92
th e post o f 92
the privileged 122
the rich 122
the ro le of 92
th e sligh les t 186
the sole 186
th e wa y 6S
the wea lthy 122
the who le of ISO
the young 122
their 220
them selves 120, 2 15
then 152, 174
th ere 50, 82, 190
th ere goe s 198
there is 190
t herefore 174
the se 122, 209
they 48
the y say 4
thi nk 2,8,10,50, 54 ,
56,62,64,66,68,
124,194, 202 ,228
think ab o ut 8, 10, 172
thin k o f 8, 10,60
thin{]y) 142
this 92 , 122,209 , 22 0
this mo rning/week/
month 6
those 122, 138
thoug h 164, 174
thoughlful 140
th rea t 76
threaten 62, 72
thro ugh 118,1 76, I IlO
throu gho ut 176 , 1110
th ro w 44 , 58, 207, 228
throw awa y 188
thrust 228
thus 174
tid y aw ay 188
lill 180
tired 140
tired/ tir ing 216
title 44
10 130
10 da le ISO
to m y/h is/her knowledge
156
tod ay 6
tom orro w 150
too 146,1 54,1 74
total 132
tota lly 134
tou ch 207
tow n 90
tra nspire 192
travel industry 90
tread 228
trea tme nt 11W
tr ee-lined 138
tr emendo us 134
tr emen dously 154
troub le abou t/ with 120
tr ue 136, 144
tr y 130,20S
try out IS8
tu rn 4 2
turn in 18S
turn ou t 42, 192
U
un able 96, 140
un aware 140
unbelievabl y 156
un certain 76, 140, 172
un cer tain ty 172
un co mfortable 140
un decided 172
un der 176
under lying Ll 2
undern eath 176
un dersta nd 2, 12, 30, 46.
50,66, sa. 124, 166,
194, 202, 22 8
un dert ake 26
undoubtedly 156
undr ess 120
unexpectedly 142
unh appy 42, 140
un iqu e 134, 144
un iversit y 80
unknown 134
unless 20 , 172 , 174
unlik ely 96
un necessary 78
unprofession al 140
un reasonable 140
unsu re 132, 140, 172
unsure, nor sure 76
until 6, 20, l SI!, 174,
180, 200
un til now 180
un well 132
unw illingness 186
up 1911
up liII 180
up to 180
upset 78. 140. 192
upsta irs 148
urge 72, 78
urgent 78
usc 194
use up 18S
used to 32,74, 190,204.
205 . 22 1
usuall y 148
utt er 1] 2
utt erly 134
V
vary 56, 150
very 134, 154
very m uch 154
view 194
violentl y 148
virt uall y 102, Ll4. 1J4
visit 180
visually 156
vital 78
volu n tee r 62 , 72
vote 44
vow 72
W
wait 62,207
wak e 56, 22S
walk 152
want 8, 10, 26 , 46 , 64 ,
72 , 130 , 207 ,208
warn 2, 50, 62, 66, 68,
72 ,78,207, 208
wa rn ing 76, 78
was h 56 , 110
was h up 56. 18S
w a tch 60 , 208
wave 56
way 142,186
we 48
weak 134
wear 228
wea ve 228
week 102
week ly 152
weep 228
weigh 2, 202
welco me 140
wel l 132
well-be haved 138
well-reso urced 138
were 170
we t 228
what 52. 64.68.76.
108.207
what if 20
what with 118
wha tever 108
wh at's more 174 , 22J
when 6,20,54,68, 108,
158, 174, 196, 200,
213
whe never 118, 174
whe re (,4, 68, 82, 108,
196,22J
whereabou ts S4
whereas 164, 174
whereby 108
whe the r 64,68,76, 172
which 52, 64 , 68, 106,
110, 122,1 96, 207,
222, 223
whic hever 108
while 20. 111I, 1511, 164,
174, 220
whilst 164
who 52, 64,68, 106,
10~ , 196, 207, 22 2.
213
whoe ver 108
who le 102, 134
whom 52 , 106, 110, 223
whose 52. 10 8, 207, 223
why 68, 108, 196,223
wide (ly) 142
wild 136
will 18, 20, 26, 32, Il8,
204,22 1
willin g 140
willingness. 186
win % , 228
wind 2211
wind up 188
wint er 94, 102
wisely 156
wi\h 170, 201l
with 118, 184
with confusion 142
withou t 96, 118
wo man 's face 116
women 's clinic 86
wo nd er 4, 8, 68
wond er ful IJ4, 140
world 90
worn 144
wo rried 42, 140, 144
worried/ wnrryinK 216
worriedl y 142
worry 31l, 19l
would 32. 74, 128. 204,
205 ,2 18, 221
would like 130
would rather 170
would soone r 170
wrinK 22 8
wrue 56, 58 , 228
wrong 144
wro ngly L'i6
y
yeste rda y 152
yet 174
yo u 48
yo ung 134
your 122, 220, 22 2
yo urs 222
yourself 120, 2 15
yourselves 2 15
