Apuntes Ev 1

Modal Verbs Test.- 26-04-2022
Grammar Modal verbs
What is a modal verb?
(+) S + M.V + V + C
A type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality.
(-) S + M.V (n’t) + V + C
(?) M.V + S + V + C + ?
Rules of modal verbs
o
Modal verbs do not have a third person – s
→ She can swim (x not “she cans swim”)
o
Modal verbs take the bare infinitive – without to
→ I should go now (x not “I should to go now”)
o
Modal verbs take not to for the negative
→ You can’t smoke in here (x not “You don’t can smoke in here”)
o
Except: be able to | manage (to) | have to |don’t
have to | ought to
Except: don’t have to
Modal verbs use inversion of the subject in questions
→ Can I come in? (x not “Do I can come in?”)
Modal verbs and uses
Can  Puede
o
Talking about general ability (only the present tense)
→ My dad can run faster than me.
o
Asking or giving permission (less formal)
→ Now you can open your books.
o
Request something
→ Can you lend me some money?
o
Making offers
→ Can I help you dry the dishes?
o
General possibility
→ You can get lost without a map.
Can’t  No puede
o
Talking about general inability (only in the present tense)
→ I can’t speak any foreign languages.
o
Refusing permission (informal)
→ Sorry, you can’t go out now.
o
Request something
→ Can’t you speak louder, please?
o
Making present deductions
→ He can’t be Peter. He’s in Paris now.
o
Making past deductions
→ She can’t have broken the vase.
Could/Couldn’t  Podría/No podría
In the past sentences of possibility the
grammar is
o
Talking about present or past possibility/impossibility
→ They could be at home by now.
o
Talking about past ability/inability
→ I could swim when I was five.
o
Making polite requests
→ Could you open it for me, please?
o
Asking for permission (more formal)
→ Could I borrow your dictionary?
o
To make a suggestion
→ You could s
o
Used in 2nd and 3rd conditionals
→ I’d send him a card if I could buy one.
2° Cond.  Condition in Past simple
If + S + V (past), S + Could + verb + Com.
If you loved me, I could love you.
3° Cond.  Condition in Past perfect
If + S + Had + V (past), S + Could + Had + V (past) + C
If you had loved me, I could had loved you
Be able to  Ser capaz de
o
To talk about specific ability (conjugate to use in all tenses)
→ Birds are able to fly.
Was/were able to
Will be able to
Manage  Arreglar o lograr
o
To talk about of an ability that resolve a difficult and specific situation
→ My brother wanted to carry on, but we managed to talk him out of it.
May  Puede (formal)
o
Asking or giving permission (more formal/polite)
→ May I answer the phone, please?
o
Making formal or polite request (more than could)
→ May I have this dance?
o
To express a possible prediction (more possible than might or could)
→ It may rain today.
Request with may, only I can be
the subject. They are polite offers
requesting something.
May not  No puede
o
Refusing permission (more formal)
→ No, you may not answer you phone.
o
To express a present or future uncertainty
→ There is someone at the door. It may not be Ann.
Might
o
To express an uncertain prediction (present or future) (more uncertain than may)
→ I might make new friends in the summer.
Shall
o
To express an uncertain prediction (british archaism) (only affirmative sentences)
→ The world shall end in 2018.
o
To make offers
→ Shall I call the police?
Will
o
To express a highly uncertain prediction
→ You will die tomorrow.
o
To make an offert. (less polite than would or could)
→ I’ll do that for you if you like.
Would
o
To tell or ask someone to do some request in a polite way
→ Would you carry this for me, please?
o
To make offers or invitations with would you (to) (more p
→ Would you like my help? Would you like to go to the cinema?
Must  Debes
o
Expressing strong obligation (own responsibility)
→ They must finish the project by the end of this week.
o
Making deductions about the present (possibility with evidence)
→ They must be very happy after passing their final exams.
o
Making deductions about the past (past possibility with evidence)
→ She stills on the street. She must have missed the bus.
o
Giving advice (a stronger advice than should)
→ You really must read this book.
Mustn’t  No debes
o
Expressing prohibition (less formal than It’s banned/forbidden)
→ You mustn’t be so rude to people.
o
Expressing strong recommendation (stronger than shouldn’t)
→ We mustn’t fish in this river.
It’s banned/It’s forbidden  Está prohibido
o
Expressing prohibition (more formal)
→ It’s banned the food on the taxi/It’s forbidden smoke in the hospital.
Have/Has to  Tener que
o
It expresses present or future obligation (less strong than must) (external obligation)
→ She has to go to the dentist.
o
It express past obligation (have conjugated as had)
→ They had to do the exam again because they had cheated.
o
It is used to express certainty (we are sure about something)
→ Frank has to be as clever as his brother. That family is very smart.
Don’t/Doesn’t have to  No tener que
o
It is used to express lack of obligation (conjugate to use in all tenses)
→ She doesn’t have to finish the book till next week.
o
In his past form “didn’t have to” express absence of obligation in the past
→ I didn’t have to buy a new dress for the party.
Need to  Necesita
o
To express necessity
→ This page need fix some expressions to be more clear.
Needn’t  No necesitas
o
To express absence of obligation about the present or future (gram. Only in present)
→ Our teacher says we needn’t bring the textbooks tomorrow.
o
To express absence of obligation in the past (followed by “have + past participle”)
→ We needn’t have bought so many biscuits.
Should + Inf.  Deberías
o
To express a weak obligation
→ He should finish his homework today.
o
Giving advice (a soft advice and less formal)
→ You should be more gentle with your classmates.
o
Giving suggestions
→ You should study only the topic of the presentations.
o
Giving opinions
→ I think you should be more optimistic.
o
Giving recommendation (soft and less formal)
→ You should buy at that bakery. His cookies are delicious.
Ought to  Debería
o
Giving advice (formal and archaism)
→ You ought to drive slow on the mountain.
o
Giving opinion (formal and archaism)
→ You ought to drive slow on the mountain.
Had better  Más te vale que
o
To express warning
→ You had better study for tomorrow test. It’s your final opportunity to save the semester.
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Degrees of certainty
Must  Possibility with a deduction. Very certain.
Can  ++++
Could  +++
May  ++
Might  +
Will  Highly uncertain and without evidence. Have the certainty of a prediction Types of Request (accord politeness or formality)
Can  Informal or Mutual.
Informal
Formal
Could  More formality or more polite.
May  Formal or to show respect.
Can
Could
May
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Item compresión lectora  leer párrafo seguido de completación (tabla)
Item 2 Grammar  Revisar una oración y verificar el modal verb adecuado
Item 3 Grammar 
Item 4 Grammar 
Item 5 Listening  Marcar la modalidad del modal verb (permission, request suggestion) son 15 audios.
Item 6 Speaking  Classroom (se presenta una situación comunicativa y se arma la oración oral acorde)