MODEL COURSE OIL POLLUTION, PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND CO-OPERATION (OPRC), Level 1 2nd Edition FIRST RESPONDER Course Director’s Manual INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION London, 2005 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 3 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 3 COURSE DIRECTING STAFF.................................................................................. 4 STRUCTURE OF THE COURSE.............................................................................. 5 PARTICIPANTS’ QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE........................................ 6 COURSE MATERIALS.............................................................................................. 6 COURSE ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................... 9 COURSE OUTLINE ................................................................................................ 10 SUGGESTED PROGRAMME................................................................................. 13 THE OPRC CONVENTION IN BRIEF ............................................................................... 16 MODULE 1......................................................................................................................... 20 Lesson 1.1 - OIL SPILL PROPERTIES, BEHAVIOUR AND FATE ................................ 20 Lesson 1.2 - DEMONSTRATIONS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ................................ 21 Lesson 2 - HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................................................ 22 Lesson 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY AND IMPACTS ...................................... 23 Lesson 4 - RESPONSE ORGANISATION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES .................. 24 MODULE 2......................................................................................................................... 28 Lesson 1 - OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS ...................................................................... 28 Lesson 2 - FAILURES OF CONTAINMENT BOOMS .................................................... 29 Lesson 3 - BOOM SELECTION ..................................................................................... 30 Lesson 4 - DEPLOYMENT, RECOVERY AND CONFIGURATIONS OF OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS............................................................................................... 31 Lesson 5 - OIL SKIMMERS............................................................................................ 32 Lesson 6 - DEPLOYMENT AND OPERATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SKIMMERS 33 Lesson 7.1 - STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF RECOVERED OIL .................. 34 Lesson 7.2 - DEMONSTRATIONS OF EQUIPMENT, STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 35 MODULE 3......................................................................................................................... 45 Lesson 1 - USE OF DISPERSANTS .............................................................................. 45 Lesson 2.1 - USE OF ABSORBING MATERIALS.......................................................... 46 Lesson 2.2 - EXERCISE - USE OF ABSORBING MATERIALS .................................... 47 MODULE 4......................................................................................................................... 50 Lesson 1 - SHORELINE CLEAN-UP.............................................................................. 50 Lesson 2 - CLEANING, MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE OF EQUIPMENT................ 51 Lesson 3 - OIL SAMPLING, COST RECOVERY AND DOCUMENTATION .................. 52 Lesson 4 - WILDLIFE CASUALTIES.............................................................................. 53 MODULE 5......................................................................................................................... 59 PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN OIL COMBATING............................................................ 59 TRAINING COURSE EVALUATION ................................................................................. 77 EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................ 77 2 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder INTRODUCTION The purpose of this Administration Guide is to provide the course directing and instructional staff with guidance in the use of the course materials and the administration of the course. GENERAL The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990 (OPRC) calls for the International Maritime Organization, along with relevant international and regional organisations, oil and shipping industries, to develop a comprehensive training programme in the field of oil pollution preparedness and response including the availability of expertise for the development and implementation of training programmes. In this regard, it was decided to develop three model training courses aimed at the following: Level one: First Responders Level two: Supervisors and On-Scene Commanders Level three: Administrators and Senior Managers Subsequently, in 2004, IMO approved in addition a short introductory course. This IMO Level 1 model course for operational staff - First Responders on Oil Spill Response and Preparedness – has been developed and designed to be conducted as an intensive, 5 day course with approximately half of the course time in the form of practical exercises. The course is divided into modules which may be taught individually or in blocks, with corresponding exercises (class room, demonstrations or real life practice). The IMO OPRC Technical Group has recognised, however, that a duration of 5 days may be too long for a Level 1 course and that 2 or 3 days’ duration may be sufficient, even with a mix of classroom lectures and field work/practical training. A shorter duration also acknowledges the high turnover of First Responder staff and the difficulties of releasing them from other duties. Thus, although 5 days is the normal duration of the Level 1 course (because of the importance of including appropriate training with equipment), a minimum course duration of 3 days may be appropriate to “qualify” as an IMO Level 1 course provided that the Model Course content is adequately covered. The course is designed for a widely defined target group of first responders. The main characteristics of staff designated as first responders are that they are able to manage and lead a smaller group of responders and that they have basic technical and communication skills. Apart from this, tasks will vary greatly. It is the explicit task of the course instructors of the Level One course that any training in this course will be adjusted to the specific training needs of the target group in question. Adjustment in content, sequence and teaching aids, as well as selection of exercises, has to be made accordingly. This issue is addressed in the following sections. 3 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder COURSE DIRECTING STAFF It is recommended that the course be conducted with four instructors. One of these should be designated as the Course Director. If at all possible, local resources should be assigned to assist the Course Director in the administrative activities related to the course implementation. Otherwise, the administrative tasks will have to be distributed among the instructors. The role of the directing staff is outlined as follows COURSE DIRECTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES • • • • • • • • Organisation, administration and logistics Course facilitation Overall pedagogical and instructional responsibility Reviews and changes in course content Assisting instructors and students Ensuring that the students learn what was intended (verifying the learning objectives) Responsible for evaluations Liaison with local authorities/harbour administration etc. INSTRUCTORS’ RESPONSIBILITIES • • • • • • • • Make presentations Answer any questions Assist students in attaining the knowledge and skills required to become first responders Appraise, correct and instruct students Practical exercise planning and execution Checking of equipment, exercise sets and in-class demonstrations Administration of equipment Inspection of sites and vessels to be used in practical exercises. INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATIONS AND PREPARATION Because of the operational and technical nature of the course, instructors should have a background in oil spill response and response management and possess the requisite instructional skills. The means of attaining the requisite response experience to be an effective instructor for this course are too varied to try to detail here. It is important during lesson presentations that the instructor is able to demonstrate relevant experience to develop and maintain credibility with the students. It is also recommended that specialist instructional expertise be added to the instructional staff to teach such subjects as media relations, legislation and legal implications, etc. 4 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder When preparing to teach the course, instructors must take the following into account: • personalising the presentations • local contexts • learning styles of the students PERSONALISING THE PRESENTATIONS By personalising the presentations, the instructor adds examples, additional subject matter links, case histories or anecdotes, and question periods to generate participation of all students. It is during this process that the instructor makes the lesson their own lesson. LOCAL CONTEXT The content of the course should be geared towards the local context and relevant to the contingency plan(s) and responsibilities of the students. The instructor should be aware of the local community response limitations and the types of resources available to respond to an oil spill (personnel, equipment and monetary). This also includes being aware of the availability locally of non-traditional response resources, knowing the local sensitive areas and the appropriate response strategies for them, and any local environmental and seasonal implications. Instructors should also take into account the local culture and values as well as the political structure of the country. STRUCTURE OF THE COURSE Course Objectives Most of the objectives in the theoretical part of the course are knowledge objectives, whereas the practical training objectives are skills objectives. Each of the lessons in the course has a clearly stated lesson objective, stating what the students will be able to do after each lesson. The Enabling Objectives (EOs) clearly state what the students can be expected to do during the lesson. All objectives are clearly verifiable with indicators. For the exercises found in the practical exercise module (Module 5), the specific skills to be attained by the students during the exercises are stated with indicators and conditions. SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS AND EXERCISES If time permits, the instructors have several options, depending on the results of the practical exercises in Module 5, or other specific training needs identified during the course implementation, for supplementary lessons and exercises. The options available are: 5 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder • Supplementary equipment training based on the results of the practical exercises in Module 5. • Simulation of an oil spill: a realistic class-room simulation exercise with the participants combating an imaginary oil spill, given specific tasks and tools. A suitable model exercise, “Exercise Neptune” is contained in the course material for IMO Level 2. Alternatively, “Exercise Clean Seas” is a simulation exercise that may be used as an alternative to “Exercise Neptune” to support the delivery of OPRC model courses. Initial sets of “Exercise Clean Seas” are being made available to the IMO regional centres free of charge. Additional sets or part sets may be purchased from: HI-BAR (UK) Ltd Emergency Response Base 3, Stockwell Centre Stephenson Way Crawley West Sussex RH10 1TN United Kingdom Phone: + 44 1293 544482 Fax: + 44 1293 544467 Supplementary training using IMO Model Training Course Level 2 content as a source. PARTICIPANTS’ QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE The course design assumes that the students will not necessarily have any experience in practical oil spill combating. They must however have a minimum of supervisory and technical skills to be able to perform the tasks as first on-site responders. The emphasis of the course is thus on response procedures, oil spill response organisation, oil combating equipment and substantial, practical handson training in and demonstration of the appropriate equipment. The application of the prerequisites of students for a particular course is unlikely ever to select a completely homogeneous group of students. The course content will need to be carefully adjusted to the background, experience and specific training needs of the particular group of participants. A complete overview of course plan options is neither feasible nor practical. It will be up to the instructors and the client to define these needs and select the corresponding modules and relevant exercises. COURSE MATERIALS The course materials on this CD consist of the following components: • This Guidance for Course Directors 6 Course Director’s Manual • • OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder A set of PowerPoint presentations A Students Manual GUIDANCE FOR COURSE DIRECTORS The Guidance for Course Directors consists principally of the master lesson plans for each of the lessons in the course. The lesson plan outlines both the lesson and enabling objectives, the instructional methodology (lecture and / or exercise), lesson length, applicable references and any special materials required to conduct the lesson. The lesson plan also explains how the lesson fits into the sequence of the course and provides a motivation. The lesson content follows the sequence of the enabling objectives. Post Module Written Tests (PMWTS) for modules 1, 2, 3 and 4 are included. A Course Evaluation Form is included. THE STUDENTS’ MANUAL The Students’ Workbook contains the subject matter content of each lesson. It contains detailed technical information which is intended to be a source of reference for students after the course is finished. 7 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS A series of PowerPoint presentations have been prepared covering all the lesson modules, which constitute the pedagogic component of the Level One course. They are closely linked with the material contained in the Students’ Workbook. It is suggested that, in addition to the Students’ Workbook, trainees should be given a printout of the PowerPoint slides as an aide-memoire. Because of the technical detail contained in the Students’ Workbook, it is suggested that the printouts should be in black and white, handouts, six to a page. If it is likely that the students will use the PowerPoint printouts as the basis for making their own lesson notes, then printing 3 slides to a page may be more appropriate. (Note: black and white printouts are suggested as the appropriate medium as, first, they are cheaper to reproduce and, second, the printout of coloured slides is often unsatisfactory). Please note that in the “Notes View” mode of the PowerPoint presentations it is possible for the instructor to view additional information relating to the photographs where the message may not be obvious. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The current training material has been revised and updated by two consultants appointed by IMO: Mr Peter Hayward and Dr Hatem El Kerdany (Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt). The revised material has been approved by the OPRC Technical Group and by the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) at its 52nd session (11-15 October 2004). IMO wishes to acknowledge the advice given by the OPRC Technical Group in the preparation of this revised training course material. Special thanks are due to Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) who have checked the technical content of the course material and have provided many of the photographs in the PowerPoint presentations. Thanks are also due to others who have provided photographic material for some of the lessons, notably the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF), Briggs Environmental Services Ltd (in the lesson on the use of absorbents) and material made available by the Japanese Coast Guard Agency. Thanks are also due to Hugo Nijkamp and members of the Sea Alarm Foundation for their advice on the lesson on Wildlife Casualties. The names of manufacturers’ products have been removed from the photographs to avoid any impression of bias on the part of IMO. Nevertheless, the Organization wishes to acknowledge with thanks the use of photographs and videoclips made available by Ro-Clean Desmi and Vikoma. The use of these photographs is for training purposes only and does not imply any endorsement of these products by IMO. 8 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder COURSE ADMINISTRATION Schedule As stated above, this course is designed as a 5 day intensive theoretical and practical training programme. The course schedule may run from 0800 hrs to 1800 hrs with demonstrations. A full two to two-and-a-half days must be scheduled for the practical training exercises contained in module 5. Further, an evening session could be scheduled on day one or day two. If possible the introduction should be held in the evening prior to the first day to adequately allow the students to prepare themselves for the course and to save time for actual course content. A social event is also recommended on this first occasion. Materials All course materials should be available in advance of the course. The Students’ Workbook should be printed in advance and distributed to the students at the commencement of the course. Course arrangements Logistics (classroom, audio-visual aids, flip charts/whiteboards/blackboards, seating, lights, writing pads and pencils, transport, board and lodging etc.) must be arranged in advance and verified by course staff upon arrival. It is highly recommended that the team of instructors arrive at least one day in advance to verify the set-up for the course (training facilities, deployment site, condition of vessels, safety wear etc.). Student seating and the physical arrangement of desks, tables, etc. should allow for ease of discussion during the lectures among the students and the instructors. A side table should be available for the instructors to place handouts, reference materials and other supplies (e.g. paper punch, charts, etc.) to be used during lectures and exercises. The Model Course is designed to be delivered by PowerPoint presentations using an LCD projector. Additional presentation equipment, such as a video player, overhead projector, 35 mm slide projector, flip charts and projection screens should be placed so as not to obstruct student views while at the same time allowing ease of use by the instructors. During large courses (25 students), it is helpful to have an equipped course administration office (eg with access to photocopying facilities) for the Course Director and to allow the instructors to make changes to the instructional material during the course. 9 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder COURSE OUTLINE Module 1 L1.1 L1.2 L2 L3 L4 WT Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate Demonstrations of Physical Properties Health and Safety Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts Response Organisation and Control Strategies Post-Module Written Test Module 2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7.1 L7.2 WT Oil Containment Booms Failures of Containment Booms Boom Selection Deployment, Recovery and Configurations of Oil Containment Booms Oil Skimmers Deployment and Operation of Various Types of Skimmer Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil Demonstrations of Equipment Storage and Maintenance Post-Module Written Test Module 3 L1 L2.1 L2.2 WT Use of Dispersants Use of Absorbing Materials Use of Absorbing Materials – Exercise Post-Module Written Test Module 4 L1 L2 L3 L4 WT Shoreline Clean-up Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation Wildlife Casualties Post-Module Written Test Module 5 M5 Practical Exercises in Oil Combating 10 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder PARTICIPANT’S MANUALS INT Introduction to Oil Spills Module 1 L1 L2 L3 L4 Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate Health and Safety Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts Response Organisation and Control Strategies Module 2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Oil Containment Booms Failures of Containment Booms Boom Selection Deployment, Recovery and Configurations of Oil Containment Booms Oil Skimmers Deployment and Operation of Various Types of Skimmer Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil Module 3 L1 L2 Use of Dispersants Use of Absorbing Materials Module 4 L1 L2 L3 L4 Shoreline Clean-up Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation Wildlife Casualties 11 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS INT Introduction to Oil Spills Module 1 L1 L2 L3 L4.1 L4.2 Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate Health and Safety Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts Response Organisation and Control Strategies Incident Command System Module 2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Oil Containment Booms Failures of Containment Booms Boom Selection Deployment, Recovery and Configurations of Oil Containment Booms Oil Skimmers Deployment and Operation of Various Types of Skimmer Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil Module 3 L1 L2 Use of Dispersants Use of Absorbing Materials Module 4 L1 L2 L3 Shoreline Clean-up Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation 12 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder SUGGESTED PROGRAMME IMO MODEL TRAINING COURSE ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS RESPONSE AND CO-OPERATION [ Level 1: First Responders ] The following is an example of a suitable Course Programme for the Level 1 course. It may, of course, be modified to suit local conditions and the specific needs of the client/institution being trained. Lesson Plan Time Day 1 Lesson No and Name 0830-0930 Welcome , Course Opening: Presentation, Content Expectations, Remarks, Trainer Course 0930-1000 Introduction to Oil Spills 1000-1015 Coffee break 1015-1130 M1-L1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate Demonstration of Properties of Different Types of Oil 1130-1200 M1-L2: Health and Safety 1200-1230 M1-L3: Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts 1230-1330 Lunch break 1330-1415 M1-L4: Response Control Strategies 1415-1430 Post Module Test, M1 1430-1515 M2-L1: Oil Containment Booms 1515-1530 Coffee break 1530-1615 M2-L2: Failures of Containment Booms 1615-1645 M2-L3. Boom selection. 1645-1730 M2-L4 Deployment, Recovery and Configurations of Oil Containment Booms Organisation and Trainers: Notes: M = Module; L = Lesson 13 Course Director’s Manual Time 0830-0915 OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Day 2 Lesson M2-L5: Oil Skimmers Remarks, Trainer 0915-1000 M2-L6: Deployment and Operation of Various Types of Skimmers 1000-1045 M2-L7: Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil 1045-1100 Transfer by bus 1100-1215 Demonstration of Booms, Skimmers, Maintenance, Storage etc. at premises of host organisation 1215-1230 Transfer by bus 1230-1330 Lunch break 1330-1415 Post Module Test, M2 Video 3: Containment and Recovery 1415-1515 M3-L1: Use of Dispersants 1515-1530 Coffee break 1530-1630 M3-L2: Use of Absorbing Materials 1630-1700 Post Module Test, M3 Evening 1700 2000 - Light meal, drinks ca Video 2: Use of Dispersants Video 5: Planning and Operations: Contingency Plan Social Event: Drinks, snacks Day 3 Time Lesson 0830-0930 M4-L1: Shoreline Clean-Up Remarks, Trainer Video 4: Shoreline Clean-Up 0930-1030 M4-L2: Cleaning, Maintenance Storage of Equipment and 1030-1045 Coffee break 1045-1130 M4-L3 Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation 1130-1215 Demonstration of Oil Sampling Kit 1130-1215 M4-L4 Wildlife Casualties 1215-1230 Post Module Test, M4 1230-1330 Lunch break - Change of Clothes Optional 14 Course Director’s Manual 1330-1700 OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Harbour: 1) Demonstration of Dispersants and Absorbents 2) Deployment of Equipment from pier. 4 teams. Day 4 Time Lesson Remarks, Trainer 0830-0930 Introduction to Practical Exercises 0930-1000 Coffee break and change of clothes Lunch-box exercise ? 1000-1530 Exercise 1- Open Sea Two vessels - all instructors - 4 teams of students 1530-1630 Debriefing Exercise 1 - Instructions for Exercise 3 (Day 5) for Day 5 Time Lesson Remarks, Trainers 0830-1300 Note: Working clothes Same teams as sea Brief Introduction to Exercise Exercise 3 - Beach Cleaning 1300-1400 Lunch break 1400-1415 Debriefing Exercise 3 1415-1430 Video1: The Oil Spill 1430-1445 Coffee break 1445-1600 Course Evaluation - Lessons Learned Closure of Course Diplomas Farewell Drink 15 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder THE OPRC CONVENTION IN BRIEF ADOPTED: 30 November 1990, done at London CONFERENCE: Conference on International Co-operation on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response convened by IMO and held in London at its Headquarters from 19 to 30 November 1990 adopted the OPRC and 10 resolutions related thereto. STATUS: Ratification/acceptance (as at 24 November 2004): Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo, Croatia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guyana, Iceland, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Latvia, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu and Venezuela (82). ENTRY INTO FORCE: 13 May 1995 DEPOSITARY: Secretary-General of IMO PURPOSE: To mitigate the consequences of major oil pollution incidents involving, in particular, ships, offshore units, sea ports and oil handling facilities. OBJECTIVES: To facilitate international co-operation and mutual assistance in preparing for and responding to a major oil pollution incident and to encourage States to develop and maintain an adequate capability to deal with oil pollution emergencies. APPLICATION: Preparedness and response issues related to oil pollution emergencies (petroleum in any form including crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse and refined products) posing a threat to the marine environment, coastline or related interests of States. The Protocol of 2000 extends the application of the Convention to hazardous and noxious substances. 16 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder SALIENT FEATURES INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE Commitment to co-operate and to render assistance to parties that request assistance to deal with oil pollution incidents subject to: • Capability and availability of relevant resources; • Reimbursement of the cost of assistance; and • Requesting party, in particular developing countries, may ask the assisting party to waive reimbursement of expenses exceeding the sum compensated or reduce costs or postpone the reimbursement of such costs. POLLUTION REPORTING Obligation to ensure that ships, offshore units, aircraft, seaports and oil handling facilities report oil pollution incidents to nearest coastal State or competent national authority and advise neighbouring States at risk and IMO as appropriate. OIL POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLANS Required for: • Oil tankers 150 gross tons* • Other ships 400 gross tons* * Regulation 26 of MARPOL Annex I – Guidelines for the Development of Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plans • Any fixed or floating offshore installation or structure engaged in gas or oil exploration, exploitation, production activities or loading or unloading oil. • Any seaport and oil handling facility that presents a risk of an oil pollution incident. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE CAPABILITY Basic obligation Obligation to establish a national system for responding promptly and effectively to oil pollution incidents which have, as a basic minimum, a national contingency plan, designated national authorities and operational focal points responsible for oil pollution preparedness and response, reporting and handling requests for assistance. 17 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Additional requirements Each party, within its capabilities either individually or through bilateral or multilateral co-operation, and, in co-operation with the oil and shipping industries, port authorities, and other relevant entities, shall establish a: • Minimum level of prepositioned oil spill response equipment, proportionate to the risk involved, and programmes for its use; • Programme of exercises for oil pollution response organizations and training of relevant personnel; • Detailed plans and communication capabilities for responding to oil pollution incidents; and • Mechanism or arrangement for co-ordinating response to oil pollution incidents with, if appropriate, the capabilities to mobilize the necessary resources. TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY Parties will undertake to provide support for those parties that request technical assistance in training personnel: • Ensuring the availability of relevant technology, equipment, and facilities; • Facilitating other measures and arrangements to prepare for and respond to oil pollution incidents; • Initiating joint research and development programmes; and • Co-operation in the transfer of technology. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Co-operation directly or through the IMO: • To promote holding of regular international symposia on e.g. technological advances in oil pollution response techniques and equipment; and • To promote and exchange results of research and development programmes in oil pollution preparedness and response, including technologies and techniques for: - surveillance containment recovery dispersion clean-up restoration INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND SUPPORT IMO designated as responsible for the following functions and activities: 18 Course Director’s Manual • • • • OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Information services; Education and training; Technical services; and Technical assistance. STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPRC CONVENTION • • • • • • • Marine Environment Protection Committee (OPRC Technical Group); National contingency plan development assistance; Regional co-operation mechanisms; Training strategy (model courses, etc.); Manuals, guidelines, codes; OPRC information systems; and Seminars, workshops and symposia. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND REGIONAL CO-OPERATION Implementation of the OPRC Convention and related issues are important elements of IMO's Integrated Technical Co-operation Programme. Projects have included, for example, risk assessment/management, development of national contingency plans, environmental sensitivity index mapping, the establishment of regional and sub-regional preparedness and response systems (agreements, plans and centres) and advice on dealing with marine pollution incidents, as requested. Realization of the Convention objectives is also achieved through regional strategies and action plans in co-operation with UNEP (Regional Seas Programme), regional organizations’ programmes, as well as industry. November 2004 19 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder MODULE 1 Lesson 1.1 - OIL SPILL PROPERTIES, BEHAVIOUR AND FATE LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson the students will be able to assess the extent of an oil spill and describe the properties and behaviour of typical spilled oils in the marine environment. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Discriminate between typical spilled oil types and explain their physical/chemical properties. EO 2 Estimate the size of an oil slick and calculate the movement of oil slick, using a simple vector diagram. EO 3 Explain oil degradation and the inter-relationship between the physical and chemical changes of the oil. LESSON DURATION Lecture Demonstration Exercise 1¼ hours. Properties of different types of oil. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/Whiteboard. Trainers guide to Demonstration of Physical Properties. Demonstration set including samples of key oils: crude oil, Bunker C (Fuel oil No. 6), gasoline, diesel No. 2. LINK Explain that basic knowledge of spill behaviour is essential to effective spill response. AIM The lesson covers how oil spills behave in the marine environment. MOTIVATION Knowledge of oil spill behaviour is important to initial response actions such as deciding whether to mount a response at all, selecting the appropriate technique, and carrying out operations safely. 20 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 1.2 - DEMONSTRATIONS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Demonstration Set 4 sealed glass containers with samples of: - Crude oil - Bunker C (Fuel oil No. 6) - Gasoline - Diesel No. 2. Densiometer to demonstrate specific gravity/buoyancy Surface tension set with a larger high salt water surface and 4 pipettes Thermometer and dry ice to determine approximate pour points. Explosimeter to check for flammability dangers Disposal storage for oil/water mixtures Demonstration of the Physical Properties of selected hydrocarbons Exercise Objective The students will be able to discriminate between 4 different types of typical oils (listed above) and will be able to list physical properties of the 4 oil types. They will also be able to select the correct type of skimmers according to physical oil properties and to identify health and safety hazards of the oil types. 1. Instructor takes small samples of each type of oil. 2. Classification by appearance / colour. Oil types are named. 3. Estimation of viscosity. Change temperature with dry ice and show decrease in viscosity. 4. Identification of vapour pressure. Use sense of smell for non-toxic samples. 5. Measure specific gravity with a densiometer. 6. Apply small quantities to salt water both with a suitable pipette to illustrate surface tension phenomena. 7. Demonstrate change in pour points for one of the samples using dry ice and a thermometer. 8. Instructor demonstrates explosimeter. Remember. No smoking or open flames allowed during the exercise. 21 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 2 - HEALTH AND SAFETY LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson the students will be aware of the potential influence of oil spills on human health. The students will also be able to explain and list working safety precautions related to the work in an oil polluted area. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO1 Explain how to identify health hazards and how to follow health precautions for oil spills. EO2 Explain how to identify safety hazards and how to follow safety precautions for oil spills. LESSON DURATION Lecture Exercise 30 minutes. nil EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. LINK A general understanding of working safety and health hazards in oil contaminated areas is crucial for carrying out an oil spill response safely. This module is NOT concerned with normal working safety aspects, which should be known by the students. This module deals with health and safety aspects specifically related to hydrocarbons only, and the associated health and risk aspect. MOTIVATION Human safety is the most important factor in any oil spill response. 22 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY AND IMPACTS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson the students will be to list the most important environmental impacts of oil spills at sea. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO1 List the most common environmental effects of common oil spills. LESSON DURATION Lecture Exercise 30 minutes. nil EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. LINK An early identification of the potential environmental impacts of an oil spill and the sensitive resources which are likely to be affected is necessary to respond effectively. MOTIVATION The environmental impacts of oil spills, both at sea and especially in near shore zones and on shorelines, is the major reason for oil response actions. 23 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 4 - RESPONSE ORGANISATION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson the participants will be able to identify the key elements in a response organisation. They will also have a basic knowledge of oil spill control strategies. The participants will also be able to respond correctly to requests from the news media. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to identify the basic components in an oil spill response organisation. EO 2 Be able to explain oil spill control strategies and how to apply different response options to oil spills. EO 3 Explain how to act when addressed by the news media. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. LINK The response organisation must be able to react with short notice for an effective response to oil spills at sea. Responsibilities, lines of command and communication must be clearly identified. A Control Strategy defines when, where and how to combat the oil spill. Responders on all levels must also be prepared to deal with the press at any time of an incident, even though this is not normally the responsibility of First Responders. MOTIVATION A basic knowledge of the response organisation and the response strategies is essential for a quick and effective response and for responders to be able to carry out tasks as effectively as possible. Note: Incident Command System Although not a universal “international” system, the ICS extends to all the Americas and is followed in other parts of the world. Course Directors may wish to wish use the enclosed PowerPoint presentation on the ICS as an alternative to the main presentation on Response Organisation and Control Strategies. 24 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POST-MODULE WRITTEN TEST Module 1 Note: answers in bold type. 1.1 Give some typical refined products which can be found in oil spills. Gasoline Diesel Bunker C/ No. 6 fuel oil 1.2 Why is knowledge of the asphaltene content of the spilt oil of importance to combating teams? High asphaltene content enhances the formation of stable oil/water emulsions (chocolate mousse) 1.3 The spreading rate of oil is dependent on which external factors? Temperature, wind velocity, wave movements, current. And the actual volume of the spill. 1.4 Give the technical description of oil slicks with the following appearance: Oil Sheen approximately 0.0001 mm thick Oil Sheen approximately 0.0003 mm thick Crude Oil approximately 0.1 mm thick Water/oil Emulsions 1-4 mm thick or more SILVERY IRRIDESCENT BLACK/DARK BROWN BROWN/ORANGE 2.1 What are the three main ways in which toxins in oil products enter the body? Aspiration (inhalation) Through the skin Ingestion (through the mouth/digestive tract) 2.2 Identify two chemicals, which are particularly dangerous in connection with oil spills. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Benzene Toluene/xylenes 2.3 What areas may “collect “ extra concentrations of gases and fumes? Low lying areas Downwind Under piers and wharves 25 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.4 What should you do if you suspect inflammable vapours? Evacuate the area Work upwind Test using explosimeter No flames No radio transmission or electrical tools No ferric hand tools No smoking 2.5 What items of personnel protective equipment should be available? Hearing protection Head protection Eye protection Suitable gloves Protective footwear Oil resistant coveralls Lifejackets Insulating clothing Respiratory protection (filters or air canisters) 3.1 Identify which of the two organisations (Permanent and Ad Hoc) is responsible for the following activities: Maintaining 24 hours duties 7 days a week Making contingency plans Insignificant episodes Major Oil spills International Activities Risk Analyses Spill related contact with experts Co-ordinate with other authorities during a major spill Permanent Permanent Permanent Ad Hoc Permanent Permanent Ad Hoc Ad Hoc 3.2 What could be the reasons for a decision to “do nothing” about an oil spill at sea) Size (very limited oil spill) Type of oil (evaporates before reaching shore) Only non-sensitive environmental area are threatened Current weather conditions makes effective response impossible Geographical location makes effective response impossible 3.3 Which of the following statements are correct about what a staff member should say to a member of the press? a. If you are unable to answer a technical question refer to a member of the staff who might be able to help. Yes 26 Course Director’s Manual b. c. d. e. OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Stick to your area of responsibility Yes Give your views as to the source of the pollution No Make sure that the visiting press follow safety instructions Yes Give all information, including negative and positive points Yes 27 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder MODULE 2 Lesson 1 - OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the participants will be able to distinguish between standard types of containment booms and describe their main characteristics. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO1 Be able to explain the purpose of using an Oil Containment Boom. EO2 Be able to describe the basic design of a Curtain Boom and its physical characteristics. EO3 Be able to describe the basic design of a Fence Boom and its physical characteristics. EO4 Be able to describe the basic design of a Beach Sealing Boom and its the physical characteristics. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. AIM The lesson explains how to distinguish between the various types of Containment Booms in order to choose the optimal boom type suitable for a given environment. MOTIVATION The ability to determine the optimum boom type has a major influence on the success or failure of the oil spill recovery operation. 28 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 2 - FAILURES OF CONTAINMENT BOOMS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the participants will be able to identify and suggest corrective actions for typical failures of Containment Booms which can occure during operation. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 EO 2 EO 3 EO 4 EO 5 EO 6 Be able to identify and suggest corrective action for entrainment failure. Be able to identify and suggest corrective action for drainage failure. Be able to identify and suggest corrective action for splash-over failure. Be able to identify and suggest corrective action for submergence failure. Be able to identify and suggest corrective action for planing failure: Be able to identify structural failure and calculate the forces acting on containment booms. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. AIM The lesson covers how to avoid problems with boom handling and how to identify and correct failures if they should occur. MOTIVATION Incorrect operation of an oil boom or uncorrected failures can jeopardise the entire operation. 29 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 3 - BOOM SELECTION LESSON OBJECTIVE Given the environment where the containment boom has to be deployed the participants will be able to make a qualified selection of boom type. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to select the most suitable boom type for the specific physical conditions in the marine environment. LESSON DURATION Lecture 30 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. AIM The lesson explains the fundamental principles for choosing the boom type best suited for the specific environment. MOTIVATION For a successful clean-up operation it is essential to use the most suitable type of equipment. The lesson provides the essential knowledge for making a qualified selection of a boom to be used in a specific environment. 30 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 4 - DEPLOYMENT, RECOVERY AND CONFIGURATIONS OF OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the participants will be able to describe the principles of boom deployment, recovery and composition of standard boom configurations. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to describe deployment and recovery of a containment boom from a vessel. EO 2 Be able to describe standard boom configurations in open waters. EO 3 Be able to describe deployment and recovery of a containment boom from a shoreline. EO 4 Be able to describe standard boom configurations near shore and in rivers. EO 5 Be able to explain the basic principles in boom anchoring. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. AIM The lesson explains the fundamental principles for the deployment, recovery and configuration of booms under different conditions. MOTIVATION For a successful operation it is necessary to be familiar with the procedures for boom deployment and recovery. 31 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 5 - OIL SKIMMERS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the participants will be able to distinguish between standard types of skimmers and describe their advantages and disadvantages. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to describe the three factors which determine skimmer efficiency. EO 2 Be able to identify the four most common types of oil skimmers and list their major advantages and disadvantages. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. AIM The lesson explains the fundamental principles of skimmer performance and describes the principal types of skimmers with their advantages and disadvantages. MOTIVATION Removal of oil from the water surface is one of the principal means in combating oil pollution. Skimmers are used for the physical removal of oil. This method is generally considered as being the least damaging to the marine environment. A basic knowledge of skimmer construction and performance is necessary in order to handle and deploy this type of equipment correctly. 32 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 6 - DEPLOYMENT AND OPERATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SKIMMERS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to describe the use of skimmers under different conditions. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to describe deployment and use of skimmers in open sea operations. EO 2 Be able to describe deployment and use of skimmers in shallow waters and from shorelines. EO 3 Be able to describe deployment and use of skimmers for onshore operations. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION The success of any oil spill recovery operation will depend on the amount of oil collected compared to the total oil spilled. As important oil combating equipment, skimmers are often deployed in combination with oil containment booms. Responders must be able to select, deploy and operate the right type of skimmer for successful and efficient recovery. 33 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 7.1 - STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF RECOVERED OIL LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the participants will be able to suggest options for storage of oil recovered at sea. They will know the principles of separating oil from water, and they will be able to suggest safe ways of transporting the recovered oil from the spill area. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to name options for containing recovered oil/water. EO 2 Be able to describe how to minimise water content in oil/water mixture. EO 3 Be able to list typical problems and safety risks related to transfer and transportation of recovered oil. Further, be able to suggest suitable solutions. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION The actual volume of the recovered oil/water mixture will give first responders an immediate problem of storing, handling and transporting the recovered material. The responders need to prepare appropriate facilities for dealing with the oil on board the skimming vessel or on shore, as well as providing safe ways of transporting the mixture away from the spill area for further treatment or final disposal. 34 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 7.2 - DEMONSTRATIONS OF EQUIPMENT, STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE LIST OF EQUIPMENT - Communications equipment. - 120 meter of inflatable boom on winder. (2 x 50m + 1 x 20m) - Anchoring equipment (pennant/anchor ropes 35 kg anchor, 110 l anchor buoy 35 l pennant buoy). (2 sets). - Open Sea weir skimmer (vacuum weir)(with 30 meters of hydraulic/discharge hoses). - 10 kW power pack (100 bar - flow rate 40 l /min.). (Air blower and Hydraulic pump). - Fence boom 60m. - 2x10 m Beach sealing boom. - Disc type skimmer. - Rope mop skimmer (30m rope and recovery tank). - 3x5 sorbent booms. - Sets of hand tools. - Heavy duty plastic sheeting. - Personal safety equipment. - Cleaning equipment for booms. - Support equipment/materials for Power Pack. - Hydraulic oil - Servicing tools (Spanners, grease gun) - Lubricants (Sump and air blower) - Fuel. - Service/Repair Logs for - Booms - Skimmer - Power Pack - Storage tank (erectable - at least 2 units). - Power Vacuum System 35 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder INTRODUCTION TO EQUIPMENT/PROCEDURE DEMONSTRATIONS This instructor demonstration of equipment/procedures is carried out at the conclusion of Module 2 and covers the topics of Module 2 Lessons 1-7. These demonstrations have been “saved up” until the end of Module 2 because the time involved in carrying out a series of single demonstrations at different times during the 7 Lessons in a location which would probably be at some distance from the training room would be prohibitive. This means that some items will have been covered in Lessons up to 24 hours earlier in the course. The list of demonstrations follows the presentation sequence within Module 2. Course Directors will need to allocate sufficient time for the demonstrations, depending on local circumstances; the time allocated may well exceed the 1¼ hours allotted in the draft timetable. This series of demonstrations is probably going to be carried out in the open air and without the assistance of audio-visual media. In these circumstances it is extremely difficult to maintain the attention of participants for more than a few minutes at a time. The demonstrations should be broken down into small segments. DEMONSTRATION GUIDE FOR INSTRUCTORS Before the arrival of the trainees, the equipment should be inspected and arranged physically in the order in which they are dealt with in the demonstration. CONTAINMENT BOOMS Demo 1 - The structure of the displayed booms: - Fence - Inflatable (initiate during demonstration) - Beach sealing (inflate/fill with water during demonstration). Stress safety precautions anchoring of reel units - Deployment of these booms (inflation, removal from storage unit). - Identification of all parts in each boom. - Identification of potential damage areas. - Comment on what types of boom exist other than these three. - Reiterate concepts of Freeboard/Draught/Buoyancy. - Advantages/Disadvantages. 36 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Demo 2 - Use of anchoring systems - Attachment of anchors to booms - Service. Demo 3 - Cleaning of these 3 boom types. - Storage of these boom types. Check identification numbering. - Completion of boom logs. OIL SKIMMERS/POWER-PACK/VACUUM SYSTEM Demo 1 Identification of - Open sea Weir Skimmer. - Disc type Skimmer - Rope Mop Skimmer - Power Pack and anciliaries needed to support these skimmers. Demo 2 - Components of Weir Skimmer - Operational set-up inside a temporary storage tank partly filled with water - Identification of potential damage areas. - Service. Demo 3 - Components of Disc Skimmer - Operational set-up. - Identification of potential damage areas. - Service 37 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Demo 4 - Components of Rope Mop Skimmer - Operational set-up - Identification of potential damage areas. - Service. Demo 5 - Components of Power Pack - Operational set-up - Identification of potential damage areas. - Service. Demo 6 - Components of Vacuum System - Operational set-up - Identification of potential damage areas. - Service. STORAGE/SAFETY Demo 1 How to erect a temporary storage tank. Use of sheeting material. Demo 2 Show the personal safety equipment available for use in Module 5. 38 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POST-MODULE WRITTEN TEST Module 2 Note: answers in bold type. 1.1 What are the three main uses to which a containment boom can be put? Give the title of these purposes or a sentence which describes these three uses? 1. Containment or Concentration (surrounds oil preparatory to the use of a skimming pump) 2. Deflection (protects certain sensitive areas from the bulk of the pollution which has occurred) 3. Protection (permanently or semi-permanently deployed containment booms around the areas where oil spills are likely- for instance, harbour areas) 1.2 Indicate the freeboard and the draft in the following diagram. Freeboard Float Total Draft Skirt Ballast Tension Member 1.3 Indicate which statements about curtain booms are true: They are always air filled No They have buoyancy ratios greater then 5:1 Yes It is irrelevant which side of the boom faces the oil spill Yes They have flexible skirts which move independently of flotation members Yes 39 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Inflatable curtain booms increase in height when inflated. No 1.4 Which statements about Fence booms are correct. Fence booms have low buoyancy because the amount of foam used is restricted to facilitate small storage volumes. Yes The skirt is rigid in the vertical direction Yes Due to their low buoyancy freeboard is 2/3 of the total height No They are simple to deploy Yes They are low costs items Yes Fence booms are designed for open sea operation No Tension line booms are more stable in currents Yes Booms with tension lines have less tendency to get tangled No 1.5 Which of the following statements about beach sealing booms are correct? It is important to fill the lower two tubes of a beach sealing boom to maximum capacity No Flexibility of the boom is important to secure the irregular beach level. Yes The beach boom is specifically designed to function in the inter-tidal zone Yes Beach boom can be connected to containment booms Yes 2.1 What causes entrainment failure? When the combined velocity of current and waves perpendicular to the boom is greater than 0.7 knot 40 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.2 How would you attempt to reduce entrainment failure when current/wave conditions are likely to cause it? In open Water Lower the boom velocity in relation to the current In fixed installations If possible change the angle of the boom in relation to the current 2.3 What causes submergence failure? The towing speed of the boom is too high 2.4 What is the approx. maximum speed with which a curtain boom with a buoyancy ratio of 10:1 can be towed without submergence failure approximately 3 knots ( 1.5 meters per second) 2.5 What conditions in open sea will cause boom planing? Strong winds and strong currents in reverse directions 3.1 What criteria should be used in selecting a boom suitable for use in open water? Boom Strength Ease of Deployment Limited storage volume 3.2 Which criteria should be used when selecting a boom to be used for rivers and shorelines? Puncture resistance Analysis of tides and currents in the deployment area 4.1 What is the most important preliminary precaution which must be kept in mind when equipment is taken on deck? Equipment must be securely attached to the vessel 4.2 Should an assisting vessel be used whenever possible? No. two or more vessels will always introduce more safety risks 41 Course Director’s Manual 4.3 OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Which is correct The vessel used near shores should not be too powerful as the booms used are sensitive to structural damage No The vessels used should have good engine power as there are strong tidal and current forces near shores Yes 4.4 What special equipment is used to compensate for changes in sea levels due to tides? Guide Roller or Tidal Compensators 4.5 List all the factors which influence the type size and number of anchors required in connection with a deployment sea bottom structure tides and currents (both direction and velocities) Total boom length Wind and wave strength Size of vessel used 5.1 Name the four major types of skimmer. Weir Skimmer Oleophilic skimmers Vacuum skimmers Mechanical skimmers 5.2 Which of the following statements about weir skimmers are correct? Good for all oil viscosity No Low efficiency in waves Yes High cost equipment No Not good in shallow water Yes Good recovery rate in thick slicks Yes Simple maintenance Yes 42 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Crane needed for operation Yes General debris causes no problem with operation No 5.3 Which of the following statements are correct about vacuum skinners? Expensive No Can be produced locally Yes Normally high recovery efficiencies No Small, handy sized units Yes 5.4 Why do disc skinner rotate downwards into the slick? So they don’t disturb the surface of the water/oil 5.5 What are the disadvantages of disc skimmers Usually low recovery Only suitably for low viscosity oil Sensitive to sea grass and waves. 5.6 Where are horizontal rope mop skimmers used? From the shore. 5.7 What are the advantages of rope mop skimmers High oil content Debris has little effect High recovery capacity Cover a large area Low price Easy maintenance Active material(ropes) can be used again and again 5.8 What are main advantages of mechanical skimmers? Readily available locally Not sensitive to Debris Can handle very heavy oil 43 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 6.1 What pre-deployment checks should be carried out on board before the deployment of a skimmer? Are the hydraulic hoses and couplings intact Are electrical cables intact Are connecting hoses /belts to the containment tanks correctly positioned Are pumps functioning correctly 6.2 What is the minimum storage capacity which must be present. Depends on the skimmer used. There must be enough for between 2 and 3 hours of skimming operation 7.1 What options are available for temporary storage in connection with shoreline recovery of oil? Self erecting Tanks Framed tanks Containers Plastic lined pits Metal Drums Heavy duty plastic bags 44 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder MODULE 3 Lesson 1 - USE OF DISPERSANTS LESSON OBJECTIVE After the lesson, the participants will be able to correctly describe when oil dispersants can be used technically and the equipment required for their use. Participants will also be familiar with the limitations and advantages of commonly used dispersant types, including health hazards and environmental concerns. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Describe how dispersants work, where and when they can be applied from the technical viewpoint, and limitations in their use. EO 2 Identify the types of dispersants used today. EO 3 Be aware of the health and environmental risks when using dispersants. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION The use of chemical dispersants may sometimes be the best way of handling an oil spill. It is essential to know where and how dispersants can be used, and what their limitations are. The possibility of using available dispersants should be considered at the contingency planning stage in order to ensure that appropriate approvals have been obtained and that sufficient equipment and dispersant stocks are in place. Familiarity with available dispersants and the equipment used in their application is essential for correct and safe operation. Operators and supervisors must know about the environmental concerns and health hazards connected with the safe and correct use of dispersants. 45 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 2.1 - USE OF ABSORBING MATERIALS LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the students will be able to identify different typical absorbing materials. They will also be able to suggest locally available alternative sorbents. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to list materials able to absorb oil (sorbents) EO 2 Be able to list common types of absorbing equipment EO 3 Be able to describe how to use natural vegetation in oil spill combating as well as other locally available materials. LESSON DURATION Lecture Exercise 45 minutes. 15 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. Sorbent samples. Exercise set. MOTIVATION An oil spill clean-up operation is not finalised until the last traces of oil have been removed from the contaminated area – provided this is compatible with the cleanup objectives. Removal of the last oil sheen on water will demonstrate to the public, the media and the authorities that the clean-up has been done professionally and successfully. 46 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 2.2 - EXERCISE - USE OF ABSORBING MATERIALS EXERCISE OBJECTIVE This exercise is designed to: - give participants knowledge of commercial and local natural absorbents. give experience in the use of commercial and local natural absorbents. EXERCISE SETS (SORBENTS) Each group set contains: - Glass jar (approx. 1 litre) Small samples of high /low viscosity oil (do not include oils with high toxicity or flammability) wooden spatulas or small bulb pipettes liquid waste container solid waste container safety equipment - eye wash - gloves - safety glasses - mask with suitable filter. SORBENT SAMPLE SET Each group receives a set of sorbents made of: - commercial granulate commercial sheets (small piece of) glass wool sawdust. In addition, the instructor must provide a few samples of locally available natural materials. For instance. - Grass - Straw. 47 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POST-MODULE WRITTEN TEST Module 3 Note: answers in bold type. 1.1 Which of the following criteria must be met in order to successfully deploy dispersants? Quick deployment is necessary (24 hours) for other than very light oils. Yes Must be in salt water. Yes Relatively limited oil spill Yes Viscosity must not exceed 500 cSt No. Limits are 3,000-5,000 cSt Seas must be calm. No. Wave energy is necessary to form the stable oil/water droplets. 1.2 What are the three ways in which a dispersant spraying system can be carried out? Ship, Beach and Airborne 1.3 In a laboratory test of a new dispersant 100 litres of oil were dispersed by 5 litres of the new agent. What is the recommended dosage for this dispersant? 1:20 1.4 Where would you start spraying dispersant in an open sea slick? Where the oil is thickest 1.5 If the use of dispersants is allowed in general by the national environmental agency, which area would you not spray due to environmental considerations? Give at least 5 types of areas. Aquaculture Stationary marine colonies (eg shellfish beds) Coral reefs 48 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Spawning grounds for fish Nursery grounds for fish Salt marshes River estuaries Water intakes for industrial processes (eg cooling water intakes; desalination plants) In non-saline and stagnant water environments Water depth less than 10-20 metres 1.6 Give at least four other alternative methods using chemical products. Emulsion breakers Surface collecting agents (or HERDERS) Gelling agents Visco-elastic additives Bioremediation agents (helping biodegradation) 2.1 Give examples of naturally occurring organic materials which can be used as sorbents Straw Peat Sawdust Chicken feathers Ground corn cobs Various carbon waste products 3.1 What is demanded of spilled oil in order that it can be recycled? Low content of debris Low content of sand Low salinity 3.2 Which factors will help biodegradation of collected oil? presence of water presence of air presence of normal temperatures (over 10 °C) presence of nutrients( nitrogen and phosphorous) 49 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder MODULE 4 Lesson 1 - SHORELINE CLEAN-UP LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the students will be able to describe the different types of shoreline and be able to plan and carry out the necessary clean-up techniques appropriate for each shoreline type. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to describe the necessary considerations regarding the environment when oil reaches shorelines. EO 2 Be able to describe a shoreline clean-up operation and the options to be considered. EO 3 Be able to describe the clean-up techniques suitable for various shorelines and the resulting environmental effects. EO 4 Be able to describe the organisation and tasks of a clean-up operation. EO 5 Be able to draw up an Operational Plan. EO 6 Be able to describe the health and safety aspects with regard to a shoreline clean-up operation. LESSON DURATION Lecture 1 hour. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. Shoreline Clean-up Handout MOTIVATION Most oil spills will result in at least some oil pollution contaminating the shoreline and causing environmental and/or economic damage. Visible oil pollution is also a matter of public concern. The selection and correct application of clean-up techniques, taking account of the sensitivities of the shoreline, are essential to minimise pollution damage. 50 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 2 - CLEANING, MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE OF EQUIPMENT LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of this lesson the students will be able to clean, store and maintain standard types of oil spill combating equipment. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Be able to clean oil spill combating equipment. EO 2 Be able to maintain oil spill combating equipment. EO 3 Be able to store oil spill combating equipment. EO 4 Be aware of the importance of collecting documentation of all expenses during clean-up operations LESSON DURATION Lecture 1 hour. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION When an oil spill operation has been completed a final vital task is the cleaning, maintenance and storage of the equipment which has been used. If these three activities are not carried out properly the next operation has a great chance of failure. In addition, costs due to, for instance, the need for replacement of equipment will be incurred. 51 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 3 - OIL SAMPLING, COST RECOVERY AND DOCUMENTATION LESSON OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson, the participants will understand the importance of taking oil samples in order to identify polluters, as well as the importance of keeping proper records and documentation in order to recover costs from the polluter and, where necessary, to prosecute discharge offenders. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 the basis of the international legal regime on liability and compensation EO2 the purpose of evidence gathering EO3 the key components of gathering oil samples EO4 the key components of photo evidence LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION Whether recording information for the purpose of making claims for compensation, or taking oil samples or gathering other evidence for the purpose of prosecuting discharge offenders, it is essential that First Responders understand the importance of keeping proper records of their actions. 52 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Lesson 4 - WILDLIFE CASUALTIES Note: This lesson is optional LESSON OBJECTIVE The objective is to give the participants a brief presentation on problems related to oil contamination of wildlife. ENABLING OBJECTIVES EO 1 Describe how to deal with oil polluted animals, in particular birds. LESSON DURATION Lecture 45 minutes. EQUIPMENT PowerPoint Projector. Blackboard/whiteboard or flip chart. MOTIVATION Cleaning of wildlife, in particular birds, is a job for experts. However, oil combating crews and teams and beach cleaning groups are often confronted with oil contaminated animals and should be prepared to carry out a first response. The aim of this lesson is to give basic information on how to deal with oil polluted animals, in particular birds. 53 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder POST-MODULE WRITTEN TEST Module 4 Note: answers in bold type. Shoreline Clean-up 1.1 What characteristics have to be considered when planning shoreline clean-up operations? Quantity of oil involved Type of oil (viscosity, toxicity) On site conditions (weather, season, tides and temperature) Shoreline type or combination of types Special considerations (for instance, details in National Contingency Plans and local plans, bird migrations) 1.2 What are the three stages in a shoreline clean-up? Removal of gross pollution and bulk oil Removal of beached oil Final polishing 1.3 An area of great natural beauty has been polluted by oil. This area is in the middle of a low-lying estuary and is visited by tourists from abroad because of the presence of a rare bird (a crane) which nests here but forages in the local inland marshes. You are unable to contact experts at the moment. What do you do? Do not clean at the moment Yes Clean to a minimum level No Clean to full restoration No Clean to pristine level No Note: this bird is long legged and doesn’t seek food in the water or shore area. 1.4 What are the three possible stages in cleaning man-made structures? Stage 1: 54 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Removal of floating oil using booms, skimmers and pumps Stage 2: High pressure cleaning. Steam cleaning. Or no cleaning. Stage 3: Use of dispersants or sorbents. Or no cleaning. 1.5 Which statements are correct in connection with cleaning sandy beaches? They have low self-cleaning abilities No Access with heavy mobile machinery is difficult No The amount of sand in collected oil makes the exercise easier No It is possible to dig trenches and flush out the oil in certain areas Yes Work groups should concentrate on completely cleaning sections of the beach at a time Yes The polluted foreshore can be ploughed under the water at high tide Yes Seaweed on the beach will act as sorbent materials and assist the operations No Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment 2.1 Which service checks should be carried out on the power pack when it is running? No service on the generating unit is possible because of safety risks. The operating of belts dryness of unit, and hydraulic systems can be visually checked 55 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.2 What are the three reasons for not carrying out cleaning procedures at sea on board a vessel? Additional pollution will occur Reduced space on deck creates difficult working environment with greater safety hazards Slippery deck surface 2.3 Identify likely boom damage areas with name on the following figure showing an inflatable boom section Air Vertical Section Connector Wear and Tear of Fabric Ballast 2.4 Chain State at least 5 maintenance procedures of power packs. Regular starts of diesel motor Check oil levels in sump Hose connections checked V belts checked and adjusted if necessary Pressure check of hydraulic systems Check hydraulic oil levels Top up system with appropriate oil Air blower lubrication Repair damage to paint Maintain and fill out a log book 56 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation 3.1 Why should oil samples be taken as soon as possible? Oil will become weathered and its properties will change Lighter components can evaporate 3.2 Where are the three areas from which samples should be taken? The polluted area Upstream from the pollution (that is, the pre-spill condition) Possible sources of the pollution 3.3 Which of the following material are suitable for collecting and storing samples? Glass jar with metal lid Yes Polypropylene jar with lid of same material No Hard plastic container with metal lid No Stainless steel container with screw top Yes PTFE (Teflon) coated container Yes 3.4 Give the items which should be included on the label of a sample which will ensure admissibility as evidence. Sample number When taken Where taken Description of sample Person taking sample Name of person in authority Wildlife Casualties 4.1 Why do birds covered in oil die? Drown Starvation Poisoned Low body temperature 57 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 4.2 What is the first action which must be carried out when oil damaged animals are encountered? Contact local experts (who will have knowledge of local volunteers) 4.3 What equipment will be required for a first response to an incident where quite a number of birds have been polluted? Many of these birds are already dead. Plastic sacks for dead bird storage (for later analysis) Personal protective equipment including gloves, overalls, slip-proof footwear and goggles Cardboard boxes with makeshift padding. Long handled net for catching mobile birds 58 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder MODULE 5 PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN OIL COMBATING GUIDANCE FOR THE COURSE DIRECTOR This module contains three different practical exercises which are designed to: − test and enhance the knowledge content of relevant earlier modules; − give participants practical experience in handling equipment and procedures; − give participants experience in some of the difficulties which are involved in combating real oil spills. In addition, the exercises will provide feed-back for the instructors as to how successful the training in the earlier modules has been and where there is a need for additional skills training. Performance will influence which option(s) should be selected during Module 6. Performance in these practical exercises is an excellent way of testing the practical and operational knowledge gained by students during the course. The exercises are designed to continue the learning experience beyond the classroom and the demonstrations in earlier modules - not to check whether the students have understood the content of the classroom sessions. The three exercises in this module are: 1. Deployment of a containment boom and skimmer from a vessel at sea (6 hours) 2. Deployment of a containment boom and skimmer in a non-tidal river (4 - 5 hours) 3. Shoreline clean-up (4 - 5 hours) All three exercises involve combating imaginary oil spills under real life conditions. The exercises will require: − that the relevant, specific knowledge modules have been covered in the course − that the necessary basic facilities (open sea, suitable river, transportation) are available for the successful completion within the envisaged time period (4-6 hours) for each exercise − that the students have the necessary basic, practical experience to operate on a ship, or clean a beach SELECTING THE NUMBER AND SEQUENCE OF THE EXERCISES The final selection of one, two or all exercises in any particular course must be based on the Course Director’s experience and the specific needs of the target group, which should be determined prior to the course and adjusted as necessary during its implementation. As described in the Course Introduction, the number and sequence of the exercises and other relevant modules covered during the course will be determined by the Course Director. The sequence of exercises may, of course, be changed to 59 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder allow for present and forecasted weather conditions. The Course Director must make contingency plans in case field exercises are impossible due to extreme weather conditions. If only one or two exercises are carried out, this will save time and allow for adjustments in the course plans. This module is evaluated by observing the teams On-The-Job. The instructors must observe the teams and the task leaders as they carry out their specific assignments, according to the following guidelines: For Team Leaders: - How tasks are assigned in the team - How instructions are given - Ability to praise and correct - Overall Performance For Teams: - How instructions are understood - How specific tasks are performed - How equipment is handled, cleaned, stored - Overall Performance The objective of the evaluation is not to test the individual, but to evaluate the performance of the teams. Note the name of all task team members and team leaders on simple log sheets. Review, appraise and correct during debriefing of the exercises, using the above outline. 60 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1 Deployment of containment boom and skimmer from a vessel at sea. Practical Exercise Objective After the exercise, the participants will be able to carry out on-site deployment of a containment boom around an oil spill and recovery of oil using a Weir Skimmer from a suitable vessel. Enabling objectives Common Enabling Objective for all 3 exercises Given the available equipment and an assigned team of first responders, task leaders will be able to lead and instruct the team in deployment/operation/ retrieval/cleaning, storage and inspection of the assigned equipment. The task leaders will be able to consult the instructor, but will be responsible for successful completion of the task within the time specified. EO 1 Given the selected containment boom and skimmer, the participants will be able to correctly deploy and operate the equipment. The participants will work in Task Forces under the supervision of one fellow participant, working as a task leader. EO 2 Given the deployed boom and skimmer, the participants will be able to retrieve, clean, store and inspect the equipment for damages in accordance with operational procedures. Length of Practical Exercise 6 hours. This includes a one hour briefing, 3 hours devoted to the on-site activities (preparing vessel, sailing to the spill site, deployment, operation and recovery, returning to base). One hour is assigned for cleaning, inspection and storage and preparation of log-report. One hour is assigned for de-briefing and evaluation at the conclusion of the exercise. This evaluation is best carried out at the training centre. Additional time may be required for transport to and from the vessel. Equipment/ Facilities Required − Open sea without traffic − Possibility of a selection of sheltered areas in order to counteract bad weather − One tug boat or similar with large open aft deck, BHP approx. 300, and experienced crew. Fitted with crane and hydraulic pumps for flushing equipment. Suitable free deck space should not be less than 7 x 3 m. − One ancillary vessel (BHP approximately 100) with experienced crew 61 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder − 120 m (2 x 50 m + 20 m) inflatable Open Sea Boom stored on a winder, incl. towing equipment. − Two sets of anchoring equipment with min. 35 kg anchor and mooring rope 3 x water depth, anchor rope 2 x water depth. A 110 l mooring buoy and 35 l anchor buoy preferable − Open Sea Weir Skimmer with hydraulic hoses and discharge hoses (min. 30 m) − Min. 10 kW power pack incl. hydraulic pump for winder and skimmer (Min. pressure 100 bar and min. flow 40 l/min.) Built-in air blower for inflation of boom − Portable communications equipment − Storage tank − Heavy, environmentally or neutral foam/popcorn. Guidelines for the Instructor, Practical Exercise 1 Appointment of Task Leaders Well before the exercise, the instructor should appoint a number of individual participants who will be allowed to function as Task Leaders at various stages during the operations. Students should be warned beforehand about this “switching” of task leaders. The most experienced participants should be designated the more difficult parts of the exercise. − − − − − Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Pre-departure check of vessels and equipment Preparation and deployment of 120 M inflatable open sea boom Preparation, deployment and operation of an open sea weir skimmer Recovery of boom and skimmer Cleaning, inspection, storage of equipment The different tasks include the following specific items and indicators: Task 1: Pre-departure check of vessels and equipment The vessels are checked for BHP and working deck space. Condition of booms/skimmers/power pack is checked. Equipment must be secured safely. Safety and communications equipment are checked. Duration for this task is in order of 30 minutes. Task 2: Preparation and deployment of 120 m inflatable open sea boom The boom is deployed in the water and in a J-configuration within 25 minutes from reaching the deployment area. Task 3: Preparation, deployment and operation of an open sea weir skimmer The skimmer is correctly deployed and has begun pumping within 15 min. of the Jconfiguration being obtained. The Skimmer is allowed to run for 20 minutes. 62 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Task 4: Recovery of boom and skimmer The whole system is recovered within 30 minutes including boom flushing. Task 5: Cleaning, inspection, storage of equipment The skimmer pump is flushed with fresh water and lubricated immediately on recovery. The boom is flushed with a high pressure cleaner, stored on wrench or on racks immediately on recovery. Boom is checked during recovery and the log report is available within one hour from return. Skimmer is cleaned and the power pack tested within ten minutes. Dry Run/Safety instructions Before the exercise - which involves a good deal of hectic transport and activity the tasks should be gone through in a classroom situation. An equipment list will be presented by the instructor. Equipment manuals and checklists should be consulted. Distribute the tasks and make sure that participants understand the delegation of duties between the course participants and the crew of the vessel to be used in the exercise. Finally, safety procedures and precautions - according to the type of equipment to be used - must be rehearsed (please refer to the relevant module). Special attention to personal safety wear should be given. Explain to participants before the exercise that the instructor will not carry out detailed tasks. His/her role is as an instructor who will give technical advice. He/she will get the team “started” on an activity and will intervene under certain conditions, such as: − Safety matters − Situations which will bring the equipment in danger or hamper the successful completion of the exercise Examination of suitability of Vessel and Check of Equipment The practical exercise begins when the participants arrive at the vessel. The type and condition of the vessel should of course be checked beforehand by the instructor(s). Oil combating equipment is either loaded prior to the exercise or available in a container on the quay/pier for immediate loading. The presence of all equipment on board the ship to be used in the exercise should be confirmed and the equipment inspected. Operational procedures for task 1: Task leader 1 takes charge: 1. Equipment is complete as inventory and free from obvious physical damage. 2. All ancillary items (cables, hoses etc.) are present and intact. 3. All equipment is in good working order. Check as many items as possible before departure from the dockside. 4. Dry run of skimmer and pumps is essential. Test run of power pack if necessary. 63 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 5. Items are mounted securely and in positions which will help rather than hinder activities at sea. 6. Check of all communication systems should be carried out. 7. Confirm safety equipment is adequate. Leaving the harbour and traveling to the location of the spill During the period of travel to the oil spill area (1-2 nautical miles) the following activities should be carried out under the supervision of the trainer. − − − − − Confirm the detailed activities of each individual task leader Final check of working areas and location of all personnel Test of communication equipment All equipment is securely tethered Personal safety equipment deployed. Operational procedures for task 2: Deployment and recovery of equipment Task leader 2 takes charge: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reduce speed to dead slow (max. 0.7 knots). The towing equipment is attached to the free boom connector. First 2 air chambers are rolled out on deck and inflated. The towing equipment incl. buoy is launched. More boom is unrolled and inflated. The first part of the boom is deployed. Deployment and inflation proceeds slowly and continuously. The boom at this stage is self-deploying. 7. When the last part of the boom has been deployed and the towing equipment attached, the ancillary vessel recovers the buoy attached to the first deployed towing equipment. 8. The formation of a J-configuration begins At least one person from the training team is onboard the ancillary vessel, and radio communication established. 9. The ancillary vessel proceeds with a slightly increased speed until the two vessels are in position (J-formation). An opening of about 40 m must be maintained. Operational procedure for task 3: Deployment and operation of skimmer Task leader 3 takes charge: 1. The hoses are supplied with floats and hose clamps and fitted on skimmer and power pack. 2. The skimmer is secured with a rope - make sure the rope cannot get tangled in the pump. 3. Ropes/wires are attached to the skimmer for launching. 4. The skimmer is launched using the crane of the vessel. 5. The skimmer is naturally guided into the apex of the J-formation due to the speed. 6. Adjust skimmer position using ropes and hoses. 7. After positioning the skimmer, the skimming begins operation. 64 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 8. The water/oil “mixture “ is visually checked by letting the discharge hose pump the mixture back behind the boom formation. 9. If available /necessary, weir lip position is adjusted to optimum using pneumatic system (check water oil mixture visually). Operational Procedures for task 4: Recovery of equipment Task leader 4 takes charge: Recovery is basically the deployment procedure in reverse order: 1. The skimmer is recovered. 2. The ancillary vessel releases the towing equipment. The boom will float in a line after the deployment vessel. 3. The boom is recovered (deflated and stored on winder). If possible, the boom and skimmer is flushed with fresh water when recovered. Operational Procedures for task 5: Cleaning, inspection and Storage Task leader 5 takes charge: The tasks 4 and 5 may be combined at this stage, with team 4 and 5 assisting each other in simultaneous recovery and flushing of equipment if working conditions on the vessel/weather conditions permit it. Part of task 5 must be carried out on return to harbour. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skimmer is flushed upon recovery. Pump is flushed and lubricated. Boom is flushed with fresh water as recovered and before deflation. Boom is inspected for tears and other damages and a log written up. Boom is correctly stored on winder or racks. Skimmer is cleaned and tested operational. All equipment is cleaned and stored in central storage. An equipment status report is available to instructor at end of operation. Note: Task Leader 5 ensures that entire crew assists in clearing deck and returning equipment to storage Additional training opportunities Although the exercise is complete at this stage there is an opportunity for the whole process to be repeated, that is, another oil spill is sighted by the instructor on the way back to the harbour. A decision to repeat the exercise must be based on the following reasons: − there is ample time left for a second attempt. − there are other participants who could function as a task leader. − the first attempt was not particularly successful due to mishap. The instructor believes that a second attempt would increase confidence in the use of oil recovery equipment. 65 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Exercise debriefing After the exercise, a one hour debriefing is conducted, preferably at the training centre. The instructor will have noted during the exercise what mistakes have been made and will appraise these in the session. A tentative list of issues arising from the exercise is provided below: − What other kinds of Containment Booms could have been used ? − What were the advantages /disadvantages of the boom actually used in the exercise given the weather conditions encountered? − What advantages/disadvantages would have been experienced with the use of other kinds of boom? − What other boom configurations could have been used? − What speeds (stresses) did the Boom experience during the exercise? − What other kinds of skimmers are available which would have been appropriate for the conditions to-day? − What kind of failures could have occurred (did occur) during the operations in the exercise? How could these failures have been rectified? − What are participants’ evaluation of the communications? − What safety aspects were involved in the exercise, especially as regards the use of a Skimmer with pump? 66 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder PRACTICAL EXERCISE 2 Deployment of a containment boom and skimmer in a non-tidal river Practical Exercise objectives After the exercise, the participants will be able to deploy a containment boom and skimmer in a non tidal river. Enabling objectives EO 1 Given the current in the river, a table indicating current and deployment angle, a protractor and a compass, participants will be able to determine the correct deployment angle (+/- 5() and the required length of the boom (+/1m) within 10 min. EO 2 Given the selected containment boom and skimmer and the conditions on site (banks, current, river bed, access, anchoring points etc.), the participants will be able to deploy boom in the river at the correct angle and in correct position. They will be able to place and operate the skimmer in the correct position EO 3 Given the deployed boom and skimmer, the participants will be able to recover, clean, store and inspect the equipment for damage in accordance with operational procedures. Length of Practical Exercise One hour briefing. 3 hours on at site. One hour is assigned for de-briefing and evaluation at the conclusion of the exercise. This evaluation is best carried out at the training centre. Additional time is required for transport to and from the river. Equipment/Facilities required A suitable site for the deployment of booms must be located in advance. − 1 small lorry for transportation of equipment and personnel transport for students/instructors. − Non-tidal river preferably not more than 50 m wide, with sufficient water depth, boom anchoring points on shore, good access roads and passable terrain along the river. In addition, the section chosen should have a suitable dead water area for collection of “oil”. − Small lightweight dingy (outboard engine, approx. 40 BHP). − 60 m solid float Fence Boom, incl. towing equipment. − 2 x 10 m Beach Sealing Boom. − Vacuum Weir skimmer, including min. 10 m suction hose. − Small rope mop skimmer incl. min.30 m mop rope and recovery tank. − Disc type skimmer incl. min. 10 m hydraulic hoses and 10 m suction hose. − Small diesel or hydraulic driven water pump. − 10 kW Power pack suitable for equipment ratings. 67 Course Director’s Manual − − − − − OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Portable communication equipment. Oil storage tank, drums. Anchors (from exercise 1) Buoys (from exercise 1) 2-300 l popcorn, peat or similar “pollutant”. Guidelines for the Instructor This exercise can, with advantage, be carried out subsequent to exercise 1 if more than one exercise is used on the course. Appointment of Task Leaders. It is proposed that task leaders be appointed to carry out the following component activities: − Task 1: Selection of containment area and plan for deployment of booms, location of skimmers and storage facilities. Check of equipment before departure from training centre. − Task 2: Deployment of 2 x 10 m beach sealing booms and 60 m solid float fence booms. − Task 3:Placement and operation of skimmers and storage tanks. Recovery of oil. − Task 4: Recovery, cleaning, inspection, storage of equipment. The different tasks have the following specific conditions and indicators. Task 1: Selection of area and deployment plan Deployment plan drawn up. Condition of the equipment is checked. Team leader is the total operational leader. Staff in team 4 will assist the other teams as requested during the exercise. Task 2: Deployment of booms The booms are placed at correct angle and in correct position within 45 minutes. Task 3: Placement and operation of skimmers and storage tanks. Recovery of oil The pollutant is recovered within 1 hour, adjusting the placement of skimmers and boom as necessary. − The skimmers are placed at optimal location and have begun operation within 15 min. from placement of the boom configuration. − The skimmers are allowed to run for a min. of 20 minutes. 68 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Task 4: Recovery, cleaning, inspection, storage of equipment The whole system is recovered within 30 min. − The skimmer pumps are flushed with fresh water and lubricated immediately on recovery. − Mop skimmer ropes are stored in sealed plastic bags. − The booms are flushed with a high pressure cleaner, deflated and stored on wrench or on racks immediately on recovery. − Booms are inspected and an inspection report log available. − Skimmer is cleaned and tested operational. Briefing meeting This meeting should take place in a suitable classroom before departure to the river. The instructor introduces the four phases which each have a separate Task leader. Each phase has its own task activity (lists). The role of the Instructor is to answer technical questions, intervene when decisions or actions can seriously diminish the value of the exercise and to initiate the ‘pollution’. He must give sufficient helping instructions so that the teams are able to start and complete their tasks. The instructor provides a map, containing details about access roads and pathways, riverside terrain (meadows, habitation, fish farms), river current speed, river bed and vegetation. The participants’ knowledge of the locality should - to the extent possible - be utilised in the exercise, especially location of still areas, suitable bends etc. The simulated oil spill size, velocity and type of oil is described. The list of equipment and transportation available is distributed. Following this introduction, the first appointed Task Leader takes over. His job is to assign staff to the various activities throughout the exercise and lead the discussion on the logistics of where to park vehicles and when to establish the boom and place ancillary equipment. He must make a preliminary layout of the equipment at the chosen place in the river. The briefing ends with a reiteration of the safety aspects and the need to minimise damage to the environment (areas surrounding rivers very often have very soft topsoil). Before departure The team assigned to task activity 1 must check the equipment. This includes all items listed, including storage tanks: 1. The condition of equipment must be examined and the power pack and fuel must be checked in operation. 69 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2. The dingy must be examined and judged suitable for the planned operation. 3. Communication equipment must be issued and tested. 4. Agree transport route, meeting places and eventual alternative procedures in case of unforeseen events. The instructor must confirm that the change of command to the new Task Leader takes place. He must be present to answer technical questions and help with installation of equipment. He should only change the trap design if he judges that the trap will allow a lot of the spill to pass. Operational procedures for task 1: Selection of area and plan for deployment) Task Leader 1 continues: 1. 2. 3. 4. The site is inspected. Deployment angle and precise placement and anchoring of booms determined. Optimal placement of skimmers determined. Final plan is drawn up and the rest of the group briefed on their specific tasks. Operational procedures for task 2: Deployment of booms Task Leader 2 takes charge: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Top chambers of beach sealing booms are inflated. Beach sealing boom is placed manually and by using the dingy. Ballast chambers are filled with water. Boom is secured (anchored). Solid float fence boom is deployed in correct angle manually and by using the dingy. 6. Boom is secured (anchored). 7. An appropriate opening is maintained on the fence boom using the dingy, anchoring, fixation to tree or similar. Deployment and recovery of equipment When the installation is nearing completion an assistant should proceed up stream with the simulation pollutant (popcorn or peat). The pollutant should be dispersed so as to create varying levels of pollution with periods of clean water. If the instructor considers the design of the trap is not efficient a longer period of time should be allowed for adjustment of the boom and skimmers. Operational procedures for task 3: Deployment and use of skimmers Task Leader 3 takes charge: 1. 2. 3. 4. Storage tanks placed. Skimmer 1 (weir): Connecting hoses fitted. Skimmer 1 (weir) is secured and launched manually as indicated on plan. Skimmer 2 (disc) is secured and launched manually as indicated on plan. 70 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 5. Skimmer 2 (disc): Connecting hoses fitted. 6. Skimmer 3 (mop rope). Mop rope threaded, and skimmer fitted on storage tank. 7. Skimmer 3 (mop rope) Mop rope launched and far end of loop fitted to tree or dingy if necessary. 8. Skimmer 3 secured on bank. 9. Oil is recovered (Popcorn, peat). 10.Skimmers are allowed to operate for approx. 20 minutes. Operational procedures for task 4: Recovery, cleaning, inspection and storage Task Leader 4 takes charge: This final change in tasks concludes the practical part of the exercise, once the instructor deems that the pumping/recovery has been operating satisfactorily for some time. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Skimmers are flushed upon recovery. Pumps are flushed and lubricated. Boom 1 (beach sealing) is recovered and flushed as necessary before deflation. Boom is inspected for tears and other damages. Boom is correctly stored on winder. Boom 2 (fence) is recovered and flushed as necessary. Boom is inspected for tears and other damages. Boom is correctly stored on racks/in container. Skimmers are cleaned and tested operational. Mop skimmer ropes are stored in sealed plastic bags. All equipment is cleaned and stored in central storage. An equipment status report log is available to instructor at end of operation. Task leader team 4 ensures that entire crew assists in all phases of recovery and returning equipment to storage. Exercise debriefing After the exercise, a one hour debriefing is conducted, preferably at the training centre. The instructor will have noted during the exercise which mistakes might have been made and appraise these in the session. The list of issues arising from the debriefing after Exercise 1 can be used. In addition, Exercise 2 may give rise to the following issues: • • • • choice of trap location. design of trap. removal and storage of collected oil. calculation of correct angle and length of boom, the use of other types of containment booms and the effects of increased/reduced flow and other parameters of the river on design of trap. 71 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder PRACTICAL EXERCISE 3 Shoreline Clean-up Practical Exercise objectives After this exercise, the participants will be able to clean up a sandy beach area to minimum level Enabling objectives EO 1 Given a selection of suitable beach cleaning equipment, and approx. 50 m of suitable sandy beach, the participants will be able to clean up floating and beached oil (imaginary or substitute oil pollutant) to minimum level. Beach sealing booms, fence containment booms and skimming equipment will be deployed correctly. EO 2 Given suitable hand tools and sorbents, the participants will be able to collect the oil pollutant manually, and/or clean the beach with high pressure cleaners. EO 3 Given the equipment used, the participants will be able to correctly recover, clean, store and inspect the equipment for damages. Length of Practical Exercise One hour briefing session. 4 hours on site. One hour is assigned for de-briefing and evaluation at the conclusion of the exercise. This evaluation is best carried out at the training centre. Additional time is required for transport to and from the shoreline. Equipment/Facilities required Equipment list is similar to river deployment, except the additional: − 40 meter fence containment boom. − 3 x 5 m sorbent booms and local sorbent material if available. − A selection of hand tools (shovels, wheelbarrows, rakes etc.). − Plastic bags and drums for collected oil/sand. − Heavy duty plastic sheeting. − Anchors and buoys This exercise will take place in realistic locations with simulated oil deposits on the beach. The exercise is thus divided into four tasks − Task 1: Planning of oil traps and containment booms. Deployment of beach sealing booms and skimmers. − Task 2: Recovery of beached oil, manual collection. − Task 3: Recovery of floating oil (pumping, skimming and manual collection). − Task 4: Recovery and cleaning of equipment. 72 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder The different tasks have the following specific conditions and indicators. Task 1: Deployment of beach sealing booms, fence containment booms and skimmers Draw up a plan for sealing booms along a section of the beach with fence containment booms at right angles to the shoreline. The booms are deployed in the water within 45 min, from reaching the deployment area. Task 2: Recovery of beached oil, manual collection. Use of sorbents. Sorbents are applied as per handling instructions, the beach is raked, flushed and high pressure cleaned as necessary within 2 hours from arrival at the beach. Temporary storage pits are dug and lined. Tar balls and beached oil being manually collected using pumps, hand tools within 15 min. from start of operation. Task 3: Recovery of floating oil (pumping, skimming and manual collection) The Skimmers are correctly deployed and have begun pumping within 15 min. of the boom configuration being laid out and the pits and trenches being dug. The Skimmers are allowed to run for 20 minutes. Note: it is advisable to use only one or max. two types of skimmers for this exercise. Task 4: Recovery and cleaning of equipment The skimmers are flushed with fresh water and skimmers lubricated on recovery. The boom is flushed with a high pressure cleaner, stored on winder or on racks immediately on recovery. Booms are inspected and inspection log should be available before departure return. Skimmers are cleaned and tested operational. Introductory session and appointment of task leaders As in the other exercises, the participants should be divided into a number of groups and task leaders should be appointed. The instructor presents the available data about the oil deposits on local beaches/shorelines. Several areas with different type of coastline have been affected. These include still water marsh area, bird sanctuary, rocky shore and two beach areas. One of these beaches is a popular holiday area for tourists from abroad. The type of pollution at present is also presented. The Task Forces are asked to make a priority list with this information and the equipment they have at their disposal to-day. 73 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder They should all select the amenity beach area. This is the only site which is realistically described in the background information (map) which follows. An oil slick has reached the shoreline. The viscosity of the oil is very high. The total amount of oil reaching this single beach is approximately 5 tons. Approximately 40% of the oil can be removed directly mechanically with vacuum equipment. The rest of the oil has to some extent penetrated the sand to a depth of 5-10 cm. The area with penetration is above the high tide mark for this time of year. Approximately 50% of the oil is still on the water surface. It is expected that the oil will drift along the coast. The instructor should present a schematic map of the beach area with access roads and current oil pollution. This map should be based on his visit to the area chosen but does not need to be completely factual, for instance, about prevailing currents along the shoreline. Each group is asked to make a written plan (on a copy of this map) about how they will tackle their specific task. Additional material is a list of available equipment. Following group work on these plans (allow 20 minutes) a plenary session goes through all group suggestions. A compromise total plan of action is drawn up. Pre-departure check All Task leaders inspect the equipment before departure and checks for correct condition and function of equipment and ensures safety clothing and equipment for his/her task force. On the Beach The Instructor acts as a roving instructor and technical consultant. The presence of the oil can be simulated, e.g. by the use of sand of a different colour than that present on the beach or spread peat or popcorn as for exercise 2. Intervention must be made by the instructor if safety equipment (clothing) is not used appropriately, tanks (pits) are located incorrectly, booms wrongly deployed or skimmers are used incorrectly etc. Deployment and recovery of equipment, beach cleaning − Task 1: Deployment of beach sealing booms, fence containment booms and skimmers − Task 2: Recovery of beached oil, manual collection. − Task 3: Recovery of floating oil (pumping, skimming and manual collection) − Task 4: Recovery and cleaning of equipment Note: the beach cleaning exercise requires co-operation between all 4 task teams. The task descriptions have to be adjusted to how the instructor plans the exercise and how the site is ‘polluted’. Task 1 and task 4 teams should be involved in tasks 74 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2 and/or 3. Similarly all teams should be utilised in connection with task 4 - the recovery and cleaning of equipment Operational procedures, tasks 1: deployment of booms and skimmers on site Task leader 1 takes charge: − The tasks are almost similar to river deployment, task 2 and 3. Please refer to Exercise 2 and adjust as necessary. − The solid float fence booms are manually connected to the two Beach Sealing Booms in order to encapsulate a section of the beach (approx. 40 meters). Operational procedures, tasks 2: Recovery of beached oil, manual collection. Preparing of temporary storage. Task leader 2 takes charge: − All contaminated debris and tar balls are manually removed by using shovels, wheel barrows. − Larger items are cleaned with high pressure cleaners. − Top layer of sand (heavily contaminated) is manually removed. − Pits and trenches should be dug and lined with plastic for use as temporary storage. − Oiled sand is stored in bags or drums. − Beach is raked. − A section of the beach is flushed using the high pressure cleaner and water pumps. Operational procedures, Task 3: Recovery of floating oil Task leader 3 takes charge: − The working area is encapsulated by using beach sealing and fence containment booms. − The oil is concentrated using sorbent booms. − Oil/water mixture is stored in pits using the vacuum or other skimmers. − Oil is collected into storage tanks. Operational procedures, Task 4:Recovery and cleaning of equipment Task leader 4 takes charge: Similar to Exercise 2, Task 4 Exercise debriefing After the exercise, a one hour debriefing is conducted, preferably at the training centre. The instructor will have noted during the exercise which mistakes might have been made and appraise these in the session. The list of issues arising from 75 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder the debriefing after Exercise 1 can be used. In addition, Exercise 3 may give rise to the following issues (please refer to the list under exercise debriefing, exercise 1 and adjust as appropriate): − − − − − − Effectiveness of containment and sealing boom design Time required and effectiveness of beach cleaning When has a satisfactorily cleaning level been reached Transport and storage of contained sand/oil Access to the area and within area How beached oil spill will affect other types of shorelines 76 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder TRAINING COURSE EVALUATION EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRES Course Directors will wish to assess the effectiveness of the training course which has been delivered. Two evaluation questionnaires are attached. The first (Example1) is a more general questionnaire which has been designed to assess the effectiveness of the course overall. The second questionnaire (Example 2) was developed when the Model Courses were being designed in order to evaluate individual lesson modules. The OPRC Working Group decided that both questionnaires should be retained and that Course Directors should be free to choose the evaluation questionnaire which is most suitable for their circumstances. 77 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Example 1 COURSE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE 1. How did the course compare with what you expected? Better than expected: More or less as expected: Not as good as expected: Comments: 2, Overall, what did you think of the quality of the lectures? Very good: Good: OK: Not good enough: Comments: 3. Did you find the practical demonstrations interesting? Very interesting and informative: OK: Not helpful: Comments: 4. Did you find the practical exercises useful in improving your technical knowledge? Very useful experience: OK: Not very helpful: Comments: 78 Course Director’s Manual 5. OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder What did you think of the visual aids? Very well prepared; they helped to increase my understanding: OK: Not very good: Comments: 6. What did you think of the Students’ Workbooks? Very good; they contain a lot of useful information: OK: Not good enough: Comments: 7. Did you find the video helpful and interesting? Very interesting: OK: It did not add anything: Comments: 8. Have you learned much new material during this course? Very much: Some: Not much: Comments: 9. Will the information you have learned help you in your present job? Very much: Some help: Not much help: Comments: 79 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 10. Which sessions did you find the most helpful? 11. Which sessions did you find the least helpful? 12. Did you think the sessions were the right length? Too long: About right: Not long enough: Comments: 13. Did you have enough opportunity for questions? Yes: No: 14. Overall, how satisfied are you with the course? Very satisfied: I found it very helpful: OK: I learned some new things Not very satisfied: 15. Please add any additional comments below. 80 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder Example 2 COURSE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE Course Title: Course No: Course Period: Course Venue: Training Staff: INTRODUCTION We would like you to complete this end of course questionnaire as comprehensively as you can. The objective of the questionnaire is to collect the views of participants and use the results so that we can improve the training course for future participants. Please give the completed questionnaire to a member of staff. We do not require you to put your name on the questionnaire: 81 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 1. Course Objectives 1.1 Were the objectives of the course clear to you ? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 If not, please elaborate 1.2 Were these course objectives met ? No Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 If not, please elaborate 82 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2. Contents of Each Module 2.1 What was your view (general assessment) of the contents of each module ? Poor Acceptable Very Good M1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate; Health and Safety; Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts; Response Organisation and Control Strategies M2: Mechanical Containment and Recovery; Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil M3: Use of Dispersants; Use of Absorbing Materials M4: Shoreline Clean-up; Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment; Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation; Wildlife Casualties M5: Practical Exercises in Oil Combating M6: Supplementary Lessons and Exercises (if used) 83 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.2 Were the contents of each module relevant for you ? No Yes M1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate; Health and Safety; Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts; Response Organisation and Control Strategies M2: Mechanical Containment and Recovery; Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil M3: Use of Dispersants; Use of Absorbing Materials M4: Shoreline Clean-up; Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment; Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation; Wildlife Casualties M5: Practical Exercises in Oil Combating M6: Supplementary Lessons and Exercises (if used) 84 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.3 Was the time allocated to each lesson within the module sufficient to achieve the objectives? No Yes M1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate; Health and Safety; Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts; Response Organisation and Control Strategies M2: Mechanical Containment and Recovery; Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil M3: Use of Dispersants; Use of Absorbing Materials M4: Shoreline Clean-up; Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment; Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation; Wildlife Casualties M5: Practical Exercises in Oil Combating M6: Supplementary Lessons and Exercises (if used) 2.4 Please elaborate for the last three questions (2.1 - 2.3) if your answer is negative 1. General Assessment 2. Relevance 3. Duration 85 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.5 Were the specific teaching methods employed in each module sufficient to enable you to achieve the learning objectives? No Yes M1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate; Health and Safety; Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts; Response Organisation and Control Strategies M2: Mechanical Containment and Recovery; Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil M3: Use of Dispersants; Use of Absorbing Materials M4: Shoreline Clean-up; Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment; Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation; Wildlife Casualties M5: Practical Exercises in Oil Combating M6: Supplementary Lessons and Exercises (if used) If not, please elaborate 86 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.6 Did you find the class exercises and practical exercises relevant? No Yes M1: Oil Spill Properties, Behaviour and Fate; Health and Safety; Environmental Sensitivity and Impacts; Response Organisation and Control Strategies M2: Mechanical Containment and Recovery; Storage and Transportation of Recovered Oil M3: Use of Dispersants; Use of Absorbing Materials M4: Shoreline Clean-up; Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage of Equipment; Oil Sampling, Cost Recovery and Documentation; Wildlife Casualties M5: Practical Exercises in Oil Combating M6: Supplementary Lessons and Exercises (if used) 2.7 List the modules, lessons and exercises in the course which you found most valuable 87 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 2.8 List the modules, lessons and exercises in the course which you found least valuable 2.9 Was the balance between practical exercises, demonstrations and the theoretical formal classroom sessions appropriate? 88 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 3. The Training Staff 3.1 How did you find the general attitude of the training staff? Name: Negative Positive 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.2 How do you rate their Language proficiency? Name: Fair Excellent 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 89 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 3.3 How do you rate their ability to instruct Name: Fair Excellent 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.4 How do you rate their ability to appraise and correct? Name: Fair Excellent 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 90 Course Director’s Manual OPRC Model Course - Level 1, 2nd Edition First Responder 4. Other General Comments Other general comments about other factors which contributed to or detracted from the success of the Course: Include your opinions of the suitability of the training rooms and exercise locations: 91
