Kasymov&Gasanov.1987. Effect of oils and oil-products on crustaceans

E F F E C T OF O I L S AND O I L - P R O D U C T S ON C R U S T A C E A N S
A. G. K A S Y M O V
and V. M. G A S A N O V
The Caspian Sea Biological Station, Institute of Zoology of the Azerbaijan SSR (Baku) Academy of
Sciences, U.S.S.R.
(Received August 17, 1986; revised April 16, 1987)
Abstract. The effect of oil and oil products on the 5 species of crustaceans in the Caspian sea was
investigated. Two species of shrimp (Palaemon elegans, P. adspersus), crab (Thithropanopeus harrisii
tridentatus), amphipoda (Pontogammarus maeoticus), and cirripeda crayfish (Balanus improvisus) are classified
among them. Various oil products (oil, phenol, fuel oil, xerosene, gasoline, solar oil) were used in the
experiments. The influence of oil on the respiration and mass increase, quality of generation, and larval
stages of the crustaceans was studied. Minimal critical concentrations for the crustaceans are 0.001 mg L - 1
of fenol, 0.4 mg L - 1 of oil, 0.1 mg L - 1 of solar Oil, 0.01 mg L - 1 of gasofine and fuel oil.
1. Introduction
The expansion of the oft-products facilities and sea transport and oft exploration on the
continental shelf produce pollution of the littoral and offshore areas. Thus, it is
important to study the effect of different softs and oil-products on sea organisms. The
effect of oils and oil-products on crustaceans was the purpose of this investigation.
Samples of organisms were collected in the Caspian sea littoral area of Apsheron
peninsula. There organisms consisted of two kinds of shrimps (Palaemon elegans,
P. adspersus), a crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus), amphipoda (Pontogamrnarus
maeoticus) and cirripedia crayfish (Balanus improvisus).
2. Methods and Materials
Experiments with the crayfish were carried out in 1977-1983 at Shikhov substation of
the Caspian Sea biological station of Institute of Zoology of the Azerbaljan SSR
Academy of Sciences.
The experiments were conducted in Koch flasks and up to 10 L aquaria. The crayfish
were provided with mixed food of sea algae and mollusk flesh. Water in aquaria was
changed every two days and sometimes daily. The water temperature and the oxygen
content were measured three times a day.
An electric mixer was used to make a water-oft emulsion which was presettled for half
an hour and then filtered through cotton and paper filters. The dissolved oil concentration in working solutions was determined by the weight method.
The toxicity of oils and oil-products in the water medium was determined by short
(< 100 hr) and long-time tests (up to 3 mo). The C15ofor short-time tests (24, 48, and
96 hr) in oils were determined by the Lukyanenko (1967) method:
C15o =
(a + b) (M - H)
2OO
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 36 (1987) 9-22.
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.
10
A. O. KASYMOV AND V. M. GASANOU
where:
a - calculating concentration;
b - previous concentration;
M - percent of dead species at calculating concentration and
H - percent of dead species caused by previous concentration.
The test sea water was pre-kept in a room during 24 hr. The oxygen consumption
activity was estimated by:
60
OCA (mg g - 1 h r - 1) = (n 2 _ n l ) _ _ ,
mt
where:
n I -- 0 2 quantity (mg) in a respiration vessel before test;
n 2 - 0 2 quantity (mg) in a vessel after test;
m - mass of tested crustaceans (g); and
t - test time (rain).
The obtained test data were statistically processed by the method of small samplings
(Rokitsky, 1967). The statistical criteria were calculated at 0.05 of significance level.
For the tests oils from oil-fields of 'Neftyany Kamni', Artem island and
'Sangachaly-More' were used. The oil composition is given in Table I.
TABLE I
Composition of oils used in tests with crustaceans
Oil-field
Density
P4
Kinematic
viscosity
a t 2 0 °C
Composition, ~o in oil
Excise
tars
Silicageltar
S
N
Paraffin
Naphthenic
acid
Neftyany
Kamni
0.8870
29.80
24.0
9.0
0.20 0.16 1.0
1.22
Artem
island
0.8870
33.0
22.0
10.0
0.32 0.20 1.6
0.26
SangachalyMore
0.8807
36.25
44.0
17.0
0.26 0.31 1.2
0.54
3. Oil Effect on Crustaceans
3.1. O I L E F F E C T O N SURVIVAL R A T E O F C R U S T A C E A N S
For the chronic tests, the lethal, sublethal, and vital concentrations of oils were
determined. The lethal (10 to 25 mg L - a) sublethal (5 mg L - 1) concentrations during
short and sub-short time tests depended on the shrimp kind and oil type. During short
and sub-short time tests toxic effects o f 0.1 to 5.0 mg L - 1 concentrations were not
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
11
observed. P. elegans was more sensitive to the oil toxicity than P. adspersus as 100~o
of its species died per day at 20 mg L - 1 concentration of oil taken from the oil-field
'Neftyany Kamni' (Table II) and 100~o of shrimp died by 27 days at 5 mg L -1
concentration. The mean survival rate for both kinds of shrimp does not differ from the
mean survival rate in controlled conditions at 1 mg L - 1 concentration in oil solution
of 'Neftyany Kamni' and Artem island oil-fields.
The paper by Kasymov and Granovsky (1970) points out that among oils from the
above mentioned oil-fields the oil from Bulla-Duvany oil-field is the most toxic for
P. maeoticus: the mean survival rate for these crayfish was 17 days at 0.1 mg L - 1 oil
concentration and 10 days at 1.0 mg L - 1 oil concentration.
The oil from Artem island oil-field is the most toxic for larvas of Chironomus albidus
and less toxic for Nereis diversicolor and mollusks Abra ovata (Kasymov and
Aliev, 1973).
Comparing degree of toxicity for different oils one can point out that among the
studied oils the most toxic is the oil from 'Neftyany Karnni' oil-field and the less toxic
is the oil from Sangachaly-More oil-field. The mean daily survival rate of shrimp in the
oil solution from 'Neftyany Kamni' was 2.8 at 10 mg L - 1 concentration, from Artem
island - 5.4, from S angachaly- 18.1 days. The high survival rate of shrimp (80 to 100Yo)
was observed at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg L-1. B. improvisus was the most
resistive to the oil toxicity, it showed the high survival rate at oil concentrations from
0.1 to 5 mg L - 1 At 10 mg L - 1 concentration 40~o of species survived to the end of
the test and at 220 m g L -1 concentration only 10~o of species survived. 50 to
90 mg L - 1 oil concentrations were lethal for B. improvisus.
Among crustaceans a crab is distinguished by its high resistivity to oil toxicity. Its high
survival rate was observed at 0.1 to 1 0 m g L -1 oil concentration and 2 0 m g L -1
concentration was highly toxic for crabs.
3. 2.
O I L E F F E C T ON R E S P I R A T I O N A N D MASS I N C R E M E N T OF S H R I M P S
Sublethal oil concentrations effect the 02 consumption by shrimp. For the first days
1 mg L - 1 concentration decreased the 02 consumption by 43 ~o. On the third day the
respiration intensity increased and by the end of the test its intensity constituted 75.4 ~o
compared to the control. For the first days 5 mg L - 1 oil concentration caused abrupt
disorder of the respiration intensity and the 0 2 consumption decreased 6 0 ~ . On the
third day the O z consumption increased almost two times and by the end of the test
the stable decreasing of the gas exchange intensity was observed. On the 25th day the
0 2 consumption intensity decreased more than 75 ~o. Therefore, 5 and 10 mg L - 1 oil
concentrations effect the respiration of shrimp suppressing the 0 2 consumption
intensity.
The oil effect on the shrimp mass increment was also studied in process of experiments
(Figure 1). The average increment of the shrimp mass differed from the average weight
of the control group at 2.5 mg L - 1 oil concentration. At all concentrations within 0.1
to 2.5 mg L - 1 the tendency of the mass increment to decrease was observed; the
statistically true suppression developed only at 2.5 mg L - 1
12
A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU
TABLE II
Mean daily survival rate (days) for crustaceans at effect of different oils
Oil concentration
(mg L - 1)
1
Oil type
Neftyany Kamni
Artem
Sangachal-more
2
3
4
Palaemon elegans
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
Control
C15o/60 mg L - 1
60.0 +
59.5 +
59.4 +
60.0 +
59.3 +
43.7 +
14.7 +
2.8 +
1.0 +
60.0 +
2.35
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.6
3.3
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
59.0 + 0.7
60.0 + 0.0
59.1 + 0.7
59.2 +_ 0.6
56.4 + 2.6
45.1 + 2.7
13.1 + 1.6
5.4 + 0.8
2.4 + 0.2
59.0 + 0.9
3.15
50.0 +
58.7 +
57.0 +
60.0 +
60.0 +
53.9 +
45.5 +
18.1 +
10.6 +
60.0 +
6.80
0.0
2.8
2.9
0.0
0.0
3.3
4.1
2.3
0.8
0.0
Palaemon adspersus
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Control
C15o/60 mg L - 1
59.5 +
59.6 +
57.2 +
58.4 +
48.7 +
26.8 +
11.4 +
1.2 +
59.4 +
2.10
0.4
0.4
1.8
1.7
3.3
3.1
0.9
0.01
0.1
0.4
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Control
C15o/6o mg L - 1
60.0 + 0.0
59.1 + 0.7
58.6 + 1.3
45.5 _+ 2.7
40.4 _+ 3.1
31.6 + 2.4
14.1 _+ 0.9
7.1 + 0.9
1.0 + 0.03
60.0 _+ 0.0
10.30
0.5
60.0
59:6
59.2
57.1
56.2
30.1
11.2
4.2
1.1
+ 0.0
+ 0.2
+ 0.8
+ 2.8
+ 3.8
+ 2.7
+ 1.3
_+ 0.3
+ 0.01
59.4 + 0.3
2.80
59.1 _+ 0.8
59.8 + 0.1
59.4 + 0.6
58.1 + 1.9
59.2 + 0.6
52.2 + 2.4
40.2 + 3.1
16.7 _+ 1.1
9.1 + 0.8
3.8 + 0.3
59.6 + 0.4
5.14
Balanus improvisus
59.6 + 0.3
60.0 + 0.0
56.2 + 2.1
55.2 + 2.6
46.8 + 3.4
38.4 _+ 1.8
18.1 + 2.1
18.4 _+ 1.7
5.6 + 0.9
2.0 + 0.04
0.9 _+ 0.01
59.2 _+ 0.8
12.15
60.0 + 0.0
58.4 + 1.5
59.1 + 0.7
55.4 + 2.1
44.8 + 2.9
43.6 + 1.93
20.4 + 2.1
21.6 _+ 1.8
14.4 _+ 1.3
12.6 _+ 0.7
8.4 + 1.1
60.0 + 0.0
16.10
Rhithroponapeus harrisii tridentatus
0.1
1.0
59.4 + 0.6
59.1 + 0.7
60.0 + 0.0
59.1 + 0.6
60.0 + 0.0
59.2 + 0.7
13
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
Table 1I (continued)
Oil concentration
(mg L - 1)
Oil type
Neftyany Kamni
Artem
Sangachal-more
1
2
3
4
5.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
59.1 +
60.0 +
56.7 +
39.0 +
22.4 +
3.8 +
1.2 +
59.2 +
22.82
Control
Clso/6o mg L - '
0.7
0.0
3.4
4.1
2.1
0.1
0.1
59.1 +
57.1 +
56.8 +
38.1 +
24.6 +
10.2 +
3.4 +
2.7 +
60.0 +
25.10
0.8
0.7
2.7
2.6
3.3
1.8
1.6
0.5
0.4
0.0
60.0 + 0.0
59.1 + 0.7
58.1 + 1.1
44.1 + 3.4
31.2 + 2.7
16.1 +_ 1.1
8.1 + 0.7
4.1 + 0.6
59.3 + 0.7
28.14
By the end of the test 20 ~o of crabs survived. The lethal concentrations were 60 to 70 mg L - ~.
#w
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,,,,,,,
0
|
l
laours
Oj~
,,
S
10
+------------_L__÷
2.,
20
Fig. 1.
3.3.
m.
Effect of different concentrations of oil (rag L - l ) from Artem island oil-field on mass increment
of Palaemon elegans.
O I L EFFECT ON THE POSTERITY QUALITY
The tests were carded out with amphipoda Pontogarnmarus maeoticus during
May-August. In the process of chronic tests with small concentrations of Sangachaly
oil (up to 1 mg L - 1) the first generation did not show a significant difference from the
behavior of the control amphipoda (Table III).
At 0.1 to 0.8 mg L - 1 the death of the first generation species was within 34 to 4 1 ~
and at 0.1 to 0 . 4 m g L -1 it was within 25 to 30.3~o. The toxic effect on the first
generation of amphipoda does not develop at oil concentrations up to 0.8 mg L - l ;
species behave similar to the control group but the lethal effect of oil develops in the
second generation. Table III shows that in the second generation of amphipoda a high
14
A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU
TABLE III
The effect of Sangachaly oil on the posterity of Pontogammarus maeoticus
Indicies of the posterity
quality
Quantity of new born
stock of the I generation
Quantity of remained
young stock in 10 days
In 20 days
In 30 days
In 40 days
In 50 days
Deatg ~ of the I generation
Quantity of new born
stock of the II generation
Quantity of remained
young stock:
In 10 days
In 20 days
In 30 days
In 40 days
In 50 days
Death ~o of the II generation
Oil concentration, mg L -
x
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Control
120
135
115
140
145
150
132
121
104
92
86
82
41.4
119
109
98
93
89
38.6
120
102
86
72
60
60.0
107
103
92
86
80
39.4
118
136
108
134
104
81
64
41
36
73.5
86
56
32
12
100
116
113
109
103
98
26.8
96
89
84
78
74
38.3
108
91
89
88
85
80
25.9
115
106
96
90
86
36.3
90
85
81
77
75
34.8
126
132
106
102
98
93
91
27.8
116
109
104
100
92
30.3
93
74
63
55
32
72.9
percent o f d e a t h is o b s e r v e d at 0.6 to 0.8 nag L - 1 concentrations. A t 1 mg L - 1
concentration the new b o r n species died completely. The high death percent o f
a m p h i p o d a is c a u s e d by the toxic effect o f oil.
In the tests with Sangachaly oil (0.1 to 1.0 nag L - ~) the first generation behavior did
n o t differ from a m p h i p o d a o f the control group. In the aquarium for the first minutes
species showed a high activity, they m o v e d vigorously in water a n d then in 10 to 20 min
they completely i m m e r s e d themselves in sand. The s e c o n d generation starting with the
s e c o n d d e c a d e showed the suppression o f the m o t i o n activity at 0.8 to 1.0 mg L - ' oil
concentration. During those tests the changing o f the m e t a b o l i s m intensity o f a m p h i p o d a
was studied. Thus, d i m e n s i o n s a n d m a s s o f a m p h i p o d a grown at 0.6 to 0.8 nag L - ' oil
c o n c e n t r a t i o n were almost one half that o f the control group. It was possible to assume
that oil reduces the growth rate o f a m p h i p o d a (Figure 2).
Thus, the chronic tests at low oil concentrations (0.1 to 0.4 m g L - 1) showed that the
survival rate a n d health o f the s e c o n d generation o f a m p h i p o d a did n o t differ from the
control group. A t 0.6 mg and higher oil concentrations the death percent o f the s e c o n d
generation increased at 1 mg L - ' a n d the d e a t h o f all species was observed.
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
15
A
a L , Y,
o~
i
,°t
tO
20
]0
I ~ ~ ,
|
\\\
2o
30
i
I i
.....
i
, I
I
,
I
I
I
I
"~.~-..
50
40
j'
j
i
I ~
/
I
-
-
_. -
Z4JrlourS
OO|T"*
I-
30
40
~'~
_SO
~
0~8
AM, %
B
t0
~
,
20
30.
*
:
,
!
40,
,~~',
so 24hours
I
i
I
I 0'1
t0
2O
5O.
Fig. 2.
Effect of different concentrations of oil (mg L - l) from Sangachaly oil-field on dimension (a) and
weight (b) of Pontogammarus maeotieus.
3.4. T H E OIL EFFECT ON LARVA STAGE OF CRUSTACEANS
Larva for tests were obtained in laboratory conditions. The duration test with the shrimp
P. elegans was 40 days, the mean survival rate was maximum in the control group and
minimum at 5 mg L - 1 oil concentration (Table IV).
The survival rate of larva at 0.1 to 0.2 mg L - 1 concentrations of 'Neftyany Kamni'
16
A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. G A S A N O U
T A B L E IV
Effect of different oils on survival rate (average daily) for larva of crustaceans
Organisms
(larva)
Oil
concentration
(mg L - 1)
Oil type
Neftyany K a m n i
Survival rate
t
(M + m)
1
2
3
Palaemon elegans
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
Control
21.2
20.4
14.9
13.4
6.8
4.7
1.1
22.7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12.6
11.2
11.2
7.8
7.6
3.1
1.4
20.2
Palaemon adspersus 0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
Control
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tn'dentatus
B alanus improvisus
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
Control
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0
Control
Artem island
Survival rate
Sangachaly-More
t
(M + m)
4
5
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.2
2.6
0.47
0.69
2.80
3.25
5.84
6.75
8.28
-
22.6
21.4
15.8
14.1
6.2
3.8
1.2
21.4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1.5
1.3
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.2
2.2
11.2
10.1
7.2
5.9
5.8
1.1
0.5
12.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12.8
9.8
8.3
4.1
4.1
1.6
0.4
13.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Survival rate
t
(M + m)
6
7
+ 2.1
+ 2.3
_+ 1.4
_+ 1.2
+ 0.8
+ 0.4
+ 0.3
_+ 2.1
0.40
0
2.21
3.02
6.76
8.23
9.52
-
22.8
21.6
21.8
12.6
7.2
4.2
1.3
23.6
+ 1.8
+ 1.4
+ 2.1
+ 1.5
+ 0.9
_+ 0.3
+ 0.05
+ 2.2
2.85
14.5
3.52 11.6
3.45
9.1
5.305.127.2
7.41
6.9
8.51
2.7
1.1
18.8
+ 1.3
+ 1.2
+ 0.8
+ 1.0
_+ 0.7
+ 0.4
+ 0.2
_+ 2.1
1.74
2.98
4.32
4.99
5.38
7.53
8.86
-
18.8
12.3
11.4
8.1
7.2
4.1
1.8
19.1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2.1
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.I
1.9
0.11
2.95
3.51
5.23
5.77
7.72
9.02
-
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.1
0.8
0.3
0.04
1.8
0.41
2.28
2.43
2.94
3.20
6.03
6.44
-
10.6
10.9
8.4
6.3
5.2
1.0
0.9
11.8
+ 1.8
+ 1.3
_+ 1.3
+ 0.9
+ 0.7
+ 0.2
+ 0.1
+ 2.1
0.43
0.36
2.47
2.41
2.98
5.12
5.18
-
11.8
11.8
10.1
8.4
5.8
1.8
1.0
12.2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.2
2.2
0.14
0.13
0.84
1.49
2.84
4.65
5.07
-
1.7
1.3
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.05
1.3
0.14
1.79
2.97
6.62
6.75
8.74
9.76
-
11.6
9.2
7.5
5.1
3.9
1.3
0.9
12.6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0.36
1.40
2.27
3.34
4.52
5.82
6.31
-
12.3
11.9
10.8
6.8
5.0
7.0
1.1
12.5
+ 2.1
+ 1.8
+ 1.5
+ 0.9
+ 0.8
+ 0.4
+ 0.2
_+ 2.1
0.07
0.22
0.66
2.49
3.34
4.91
5.40
-
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.2
0.3
0.4
0.05
1.9
8
0.28
0.77
0.59
4.13
6.90
8.74
10.13
-
Note: (t) in columns 4, 6, 8 denotes the test certainty difference from the control.
oil d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . T h e t o x i c oil e f f e c t w a s
o b s e r v e d a t 0 . 4 m g L - 1 a n d b y t h e e n d o f t h e t e s t t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e w a s 4 0 . 3 ~o. 2 . 5 a n d
5.0 mg L- 1 concentrations
concentrations
caused
100~o death of organisms
( 0 . 8 t o 1.0 m g L - 1) c a u s e d
100~
on the second day. Less
death of larva on the 6 to 12th day.
17
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
TABLE V
Phenol effect on survival rate of crustaceans
Organisms
Palaemon elegans
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tridentatus
Concentration
(mg L - 1)
(~o)
Average daily
survival rate (~o)
0.01
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
Control
93.3 + 3.53
78.7 + 4.0
32.0 + 4.0
0
0
100
36.8 +
31.4 +
21.2 +
8.2 +
1.2 +
40
1.4
2.6
1.8
1.1
0.4
92.0
72.0
34.6
16.0
0
100
35.4
30.1
23.1
14.2
1.8
40
2.7
2.2
2.2
1.6
0.3
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
Control
Survival rate
+
+
+
+
4.0
4.6
2.7
2.3
+
+
+
+
+
K
100
BO
O
~' 40
S.,
20
0
t
i
I
I
~,I
I
\"
24
Fig. 3.
I
,S
'10
.,
I
~S
hours
Phenol effect ( 1 0 m g L -~) on survival rate on grown up species (I) and young stock(2) of
crabs.
18
A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. G A S A N O U
The survival rate of shrimp larva at 0.1 mg L - ~ concentration of Artem and Sangachaly
oils was 65 and 61 ~o, respectively, and at 0.2 mg L - 1 concentration it was 58 and 6 2 ~ o .
The test duration with crab larva was 24 days. Their 100K death was observed at
0.8 to 5.0 mg L - 1 concentrations. The true deviation of the mean survival rate for crab
larva from the control group was observed starting with 0.4 mg L - 1 concentration of
'Neftyany Kamni' oil and 0.6 mg L - 1 concentration of Artem and Sangachaly oils.
In process of the tests (24 days) with B. improvisus the mean survival rate of larva
depended on different concentration of oils. Thus, in oil solutions from 'Neftyany
Kamni' within 0.2 mg L - 1 concentrations the mean survival rate of larva B. improvisus
did not differ from the control group and the difference was observed only at 0.6 to
0.8 mg L - 1 concentrations. So, the larva of the tested crustaceans were more sensitive
to the oils than their grown up stages. Similar data were also obtained for shrimps and
crabs populating in littoral waters of Alaska (Brodersen et al., 1977).
3.5. PHENOL EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS
One hundred ~o death of shrimp was observed during one day in process of tests at
10 mg L - 1 phenol concentration but at 5 mg L - 1 concentration 2 0 ~ of alive shrimp
TABLE VI
Mazut effect on survival rate of crustaceans
Organisms
Palaemon elegans
Concentration
(mg L - 1)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
Palaemon adspersus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
Pontogammarus maeoticus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tridentatus
0.01
0.I
1.0
10.0
20.0
Control
(%)
Survival rate
Average daily
survival rate (}'o)
100
76.2 + 4.15
33.2 + 4.15
0
100
50
41.9 + 2.50
26.4 + 2.48
0.9 + 0.05
50
100
84.4 + 4.04
38.8 + 0.84
0
97.8 + 1.83
50
44.2
30.3
0.8
47.1
+
+
+
+
2.01
2.1
0.12
2.9
39.1
31.7
31.7
3.1
39.4
+
+
+
+
+
1.8
2.2
2.2
0.8
1.7
50
41.4
34.1
23.6
3.9
50
+ 2.6
+ 1.88
+ 2.38
_+ 0.6
63.3
58.9
51.1
0
72.2
+ 5.1
_+ 3.4
+ 2.94
+ 4.0
100
85.3 + 4.8
50.0 + 4.16
14.6 + 3.52
0
100
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
19
remained on the 15th day (Table V). The 50~o survival rate was observed at 1 mg L - 1
phenol concentration and up to 100~ survival rate was distinguished for growns up
species at 0.01 to 0.1 mg L - 1 phenol concentrations.
Five and 10 mg L - i phenol concentrations were lethal for shrimp but the survival rate
for crabs at this concentration was 35~o by the end of the tests. The high survival rate
for crabs was observed within 0.1 to 1.0 mg L - 1 phenol concentration. The high death
rate for crabs (about 20~o) was observed on the 6th and 13th day at mg L - 1 phenol
concentration. At 20 mg L - 1 phenol concentration 50~o of crabs died after two days
and 100~/o death was observed on the 4th day.
In general, grown up crabs were more resistant to phenol than young species. Young
crabs of 155 to 190 mg died on the 6th day (100~o) at 10 mg L - 1 phenol concentration
and a part of grown up species (40~o) survived to the end of the test at the same
concentration (Figure 3).
3.6.
M A Z U T EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS
The suppression of the tested crustaceans started at 0.1 mg L - 1 mazut concentration
(Table VI). Thus, the survival rate of shrimps P. elegans reduced 23.8 ~o at 0.01 mg L - 1
TABLE VII
Kerosene effect on survival rate of crustaceans
Organisms
Concentration
(rag L - 1)
Survival rate
(~)
Average daily
survival rate (~o)
Palaemon elegans
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
100
82.2 + 4.0
46.7 + 3.3
0
100
55
50.2 + 2.9
38.8 +_ 2.4
1.8 + 0.2
55
Palaemon adspersus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
100
81.1 + 4.9
54.4 + 2.9
0
100
55
48.6 + 2.6
41.6 + 2.1
1.4 + 0.2
55
Pontogammarus maeoticus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tridentatus
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
20.0
Control
76.7
71.1
40.0
0
80.0
+ 3.8
+ 5.6
+ 3.8
+ 5.7
46.6
44.2
36.7
1.4
50.7
+ 2.9
+ 2.9
+ 2.6
+ 0.4
_+ 3.5
100
83.3 + 3.9
70.0 + 6.9
34.4 _+ 2.9
0
100
55
50.1
43.6
29.8
3.1
55
+ 3.5
+ 2.7
+_ 2.4
+ 0.8
20
A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. GASANOU
concentration a n d average daily survival rate reduced 8 days. P. adspersus showed in
some extent more resistance to mazut. The survival rate of these species reduced
2.5 times at 0.1 mg L - 1 concentration.
A m p h i p o d a P. maeoticus were more resistant to the toxic effect o f m a z u t . A b o u t 50
of the species survived at 0.1 mg L - 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration was
absolutely lethal for them. The crab was more resistant to mazut. Its species survived
within 10 mg L - 1. However, it concerns some separate species. Only half population
of crabs survived at 1.0 mg L - a concentration.
3.7. KEROSENE EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS
A 0.001 mg L - 1 kerosene c o n c e n t r a t i o n did n o t cause a significant toxic effect on
crustaceans (Table VII). At increased kerosene concentration to 0.01 mg L - 1 the health
suppression was observed as some reduction of the survival rate. A 0.1 m g L - 1
kerosene concentration was toxic for all kinds of crustaceans but a m o n g them P. elegans
and P. maeoticus were the most sensitive. The crab was the most resistant which
survived n o t only at 1.0 mg L - 1 kerosene concentration. At 10 mg L - 1 concentration
its survival rate reduced 6 5 ~ . A 1.0 mg L - 1 kerosene concentration was absolutely
lethal for shrimp and amphipoda.
TABLE VIII
Gasoline effect on survival rate of crustaceans
Organisms
Palaemon elegans
Concentration
(rag L- 1)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Survival rate
(~)
92.2 4` 4.8
65.6 4` 2.94
23.3 + 1.9
-
Average dally
survival rate (~o)
56.2 + 2.2
46.6 + 3.5
18.3 + 1.3
1 . 4 4` 0 . 1
Control
100
60
Palaemon adspersus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
90.6 _+4.2
58.6 4` 3.5
18.7 _+ 1.3
100
52.8 + 4.09
39.7 4` 2.2
16.8 + 1.7
1.0 + 0.2
60
Pontogamrnarus maeoticus
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
76.2 + 3.4
42.8 + 4.2
18.1 + 2.5
47.2 + 1.6
30.8 + 2.7
14.8 _+ 1.5
0 . 8 + 0.1
48.9 4` 2.4
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tn'dentatus
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
20.0
Control
-
79.9 _+4.4
1O0
9.07 _+4.7
65.3 4- 3.5
18.7 +_ 1.6
-
1O0
60
54.5 _+2.8
42.3 4- 2.9
15.7 +_ 1.6
2.3 _+0.5
60
EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS
21
3.8. GASOLINE EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS
A 0.001 mg L - 1 gasoline concentration tends to reduce the survival rate of crustaceans
except crab (Table VIII). The gasoline concentration increasing to 0.1 mg L - 1 caused
the mass elimination of shrimp and amphipoda. In such conditions the crab survival
rate did not differ from the control grown up. For this kind the gasoline toxicity effected
at 1 mg L - 1 concentration. If shrimp and amphipoda died at the same time (about a
day) at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration then crabs showed a high survival rate at the same
concentration. 20.0 mg L - 1 gasoline concentration was absolutely lethal for crabs.
3.9. SOLAR OIL EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS
Tests with solar oil showed that it was relatively less toxic for crustaceans (Table IX).
Shrimp P. elegans withstood the increasing of the solar oil concentration up to
0.01 mg L - 1 and at 0.1 mg L - 1 concentration the survival rate of shrimp abruptly
reduced. One hundred ~o death came at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration. Close results were
also obtained with P. adspersus. The amphipoda were less sensitive to solar oil. The
suppression of the survival rate was already observed at 0.01 mg L - 1 concentration.
63~o of crabs survived at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration and 44~o survived at 10:0 mg L concentration.
TABLE IX
Solar oil effect on survival rate of crustaceans
Organisms
Palaemon elegans
Palaemon adspersus
Pontogammarus maeoticus
Rhithropanopeus
harrisii tridentatus
Concentration
(mg L - 1)
Survival rate
(~o)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
97.0
81.8
50.5
0
97.0
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
86.8
84.8
60.6
0
98.0
+ 3.6
+ 3,0
+ 6.3
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Control
78.1
63.8
40.9
0
89.5
+ 4.2
+ 3,4
+ 4.1
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
20.0
Control
96.4
100
90.5
63.1
44.0
0
100
+ 1.8
+ 6.3
+ 3.6
+ 1.8
+ 1.0
+ 5,0
+ 2,1
+ 3.7
+ 5.2
+ 4.3
Average daily
survival rate (~o)
44.0
35.5
25.3
2.3
44.0
+ 0.5
+ 3.8
+ 2.5
_+_0.4
+ 0.5
35.9
35.2
26.4
2.0
44.2
+
+
+
+
+
3.7
3.7
3.1
0.2
0.5
36.0
31.8
25.8
1.8
41.2
+
+
+
+
+
2.7
2.0
3.0
0.2
2.6
43.8
45
41.4
33.8
25.5
4.1
45
+ 0.7
+
+
+
+
1.4
2.0
2.3
0.5
22
A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU
4. Conclusions
Ten to 25 mg L - 1 oil concentrations are considered as lethal rates for shrimp.
Five mg L - 1 oil concentration.is considered as sublethal. Among crustaceans Balanus
and crab are more resistant to oil pollution. 5 to 10 mg L - 1 phenol concentrations were
lethal for shrimp but crabs survived (35 ~ ) at this concentration by the end of the test.
Larva of crustaceans are more sensitive to oil and oil-product effect than their grown
up species.
The minimum critical concentrations for studied kinds of crustaceans are
0.001 mg L - ~ phenol, 0.4 mg L - 1 oil, 0.01 mg L - ~ gasoline and mazut, 0.1 mg L kerosene and solar oil.
References
Brodersen, C. C., Rice, S. D., Short, I. W., Mecklenburg, T. A., and Karinen, I. F.: 1977, Sensitivity of Larval
and Adult Alaskan Shrimps and Crabs to Acute Exposures of the Water-Soluble Fraction of Cook Inlet Crude
Oil, Oil Spill Cont. Proc. Prey. Behav., Confr., Cleanup New Orleans, 1977, Washington, pp. 575-578.
Kasymov, A. G. and Aliev, A. D.: 1973, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 2, 235.