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ZKAIHI = AKNJKAJSÆH IJ@ _SGQJMYG @h Aknjkaj Aknjkajræ ræh h ij` prgyjm prgyjmtg tg ijcj ijcj mgktjf mgktjfp`hr p`hr iav iavjrs jrsgs gs j`jfjk j`jfjktgs tgs th` th`js js mgfg5 mgfg5 ijbakam ijbakamaýk aýk támkamh támkamh ij` prgium prgiumtg, tg, p`hkgs p`hkgs y jspjmabamhmagkjs, ijsmrapmaýk y iasjøg ij` prgmjsg, sj`jmmaýk ij tjmkg`gnæh, fhtjrah prafh, rjmursgs lufhkgs, fhquakhrah y jquapg, jiabamags j aksth`hmagkjs. Ijbakamaýk támkamh ij` prgiumtg @h ijbakamaýk támkamh ij` prgiumtg js ukh ijsmrapmaýk quj lhmjfgs ij uk gcejtg jspjmæbamg, mgk sus muh`aihijs y mhrhmtjræstamhs, pgr jejfp`g5 Hrtæmu`g5 Hutgfýva` Fhrmh5 Lgkih Yapg5 ]jihk Fgij`g5 ]a Høg5 3??> M`hvj ý ]jraj5 :YE]^\<:8K]ED12 @h ijsmrapmaýk pujij sjr ij muh`quajr mgsh, mgfg pujij sjr ij uk hutg, camam`jth, fgtgmam`jth, jtm. _`hkgs @gs p`hkgs ij prgyjmtg sgk igmufjktgs ij` mgktrhtg , igkij sj fujstrhk mgk m`hraihi j` iasjøg, `h ucamhmaýk, `hs iafjksagkjs y sus rj`hmagkjs quj jstj pujih tjkjr mgk gtrgs j`jfjktgs ij` prgyjmtg. H jstg thfcaák sj `j pujij kgfcrhr g ijmar p`hkgs ij trhcheg. Jspjmabamhmagkjs @hs jspjmabamhmagkjs ij` prgyjmtg fujstrh h ijth``j `g quj mgktajkj j` prgyjmtg, tgigs `gs ijth``js quj pujih tjkjr, yh quj hsæ `gs aktjrjshigs shcrèk mgk m`hraihi `g quj vh h mgktjkjr. Jk pgmhs ph`hcrhs `hs jspjmabamhmagkjs sgk tgihs `hs mhrhmtjræstamhs ij` prgmjsg ij` prgiumtg mgfg h `hs fhtjrahs prafhs. Ijsmrapmaýk @h ijsmrapmaýk ij uk prgyjmtg js uk igmufjktg jk j` muh` sj ijcj rjihmthr ij fhkjrh crjvj y m`hrh `g quj vh mgktjkjr iamlg prgyjmtg, akm`usg pujij mgktjkjr j` tajfpg quj vh h thrihr rjh`azhr j` prgyjmtg. Iasjøg ij` prgmjsg. J` iasjøg ij` prgmjsg js j` quj jsthc`jmj `h fgih`aihi ij ijshrrg``g ij `hs hmtavaihijs prgiumtavhs jk bu bukm kmaý aýk k ij ij`` tatapg pg ij prgi prgium umtg tg h j`hc j`hcgr grhr hr y mgki mgkiam amag agkh khig ig pg pgrr `hs `hs tj tjmk mkg` g`gn gnæh æhss sj`j sj`jmm mmag agkh khih ihss phrh phrh ``jv ``jvhr hr h mhcg mhcg iamlh iamlhss gpjrhmagkjs. ]j`jmmaýk ij tjmkg`gnæh Js uk prgmjsg fjiahktj j` muh` `hs jfprjshs quj quajrjk hiquarar kujvh tjmkg`gnæh mgk `h bakh`aihi ij pgijr mrjmjr mgfg jfprjsh y pgijr hihpthrsj h `gs mhfcags ij` jktgrkg prgiumtavg. Yajkjk quj mgfphrhr tgigs `gs prjmags ij` fjrmhig, fhrmhs y fgij`gs phrh hsæ pgijr j`jnar `hs quj q uj fès `js mgkvjknh. Fhtjrah prafh (F_) Js thfcaák ``hfhih fhtjrah cruth, `h muh` sj pujij ijbakar mgfg tgih susthkmah hmtavh g akhmtavh jfp`jhih quj mgfpgkj `gs mujrpgs mujrp gs bæsamgs, jk njkjrh` njkjrh` js mhih ukh ij `hs fhtjrahs quj jfp`jhrè jfp`jhrè `h akiustrah akiustrah phrh `h mgkvjrsaýk ij prgiumtgs prgiumtgs j`hcgrhigs. j`hcgrhigs. Njkjrh`fjktj , `hs fhtjrahs prafhs sgk jxtrhæihs ij `h fasfh khturh`jzh, tgig jstg sgfjtaákig`hs `ujng h uk prgmjsg ij trhksbgrfhmaýk quj ijsjfcgmhrè jk `h j`hcgrhmaýk ij prgiumtgs ij mgksufg. Lhrkjmdjr ., F.(8121).@gs mgkmjptgs j`jfjkth`js ij` fhtjrah`asfg lastýramg.(8jrh Ji). Fáxamg, I.B5 Jiatgrah` ]an`g \\A Jiatgrjs. Ji atgrjs. Sjmursgs lufhkgs @gs rjmursgs lufhkgs sj pujijk ijbakar mgfg `h grnhkazhmaýk y trhth ij `hs pjrsgkhs jk j` trhcheg , ij fhkjrh quj ijshrrg``jk p`jkhfjktj sus mhphmaihijs y mgktracuyhk h` `gnrg ij gcejtavgs ij `h jfprjsh y h` fasfg tajfpg thfcaák pujihk gctjkjr, fjiahktj `h hmtavaihi quj jejmuthk , su prgpah rjh`azhmaýk mgfg sjrjs lufhkgs. Fhquakhrah y jquapg @h fhquakhrah y jquapg sgk tgigs hquj``gs nhstgs yh sjhk hnrgpjmuhrags, akiustrah`js, ij sjrvamag, jktrj gtrgs. Akm`uyj `gs nhstgs mgk hmmjsgrags. Jk njkjrh` sj pujij ijmar quj jstj nrupg akm`uyj tgigs `gs jnrjsgs pgr hiquasamaýk ij fhquakhrah y/g jquapg, y `hs ij hmmjsgrags y hiathfjktgs quj sj ukhk g mgfp`jfjktjk jk `h ukaihi prakmaph`, hsæ mgfg `gs nhstgs ij trhkspgrtj j aksth`hmagkjs vakmu`higs h `h hiquasamaýk. Jiabamags j aksth`hmagkjs @gs Jiabamags j aksth`hmagkjs sgk hquj``gs quj pjrfatjk ijshrrg``hr `h hmtavaihi yh sjh hifakastrhtavh jiumhtavh y igmjktj, jktrj gtrgs, `hs muh`js ijcjk jsthr iasjøhihs y mgkstruaihs ij bgrfh quj sj jvatjk `gs hmmaijktjs g prgc`jfhs, hijfès ij rjspjthr `h kgrfhtavh vanjktj jk fhtjrah ij sjnuraihi. =.8. YHFHØG J` thfhøg ij` prgyjmtg, prgyjmtg, jxprjsh `h mhktaihi ij prgiumtg g sjrvamag, pgr ukaihi ukaihi ij tajfpg, pgr jstg `g pgijfgs ijbakar ijbakar jk bukmaýk ij su mhphmaihi ij prgiummaýk ij cajkjs g prjsthmaýk prjsthmaýk ij sjrvamags, iurhktj u uk k pjrægig ij tajfpg ijt ijtjrfakhig. jrfakhig. _gr jejfp`g5 phrh j` mhsg mhsg jspjmæbamg ij uk prgyjmtg phrh `h bhcramhmaýk ij rjbrjsmgs, sankabamh sjøh`hr j` vg`ufjk ij prgiummaýk ij rjbrjsmgs, jk uk pjrægig ij tajfpg ijtjrfakhig. (Fakutg, lgrh, iæh, fjs, høg), pgr `g quj sjræh5 ==2 cgtj``hs/fakutg, g 89 mhehs/fakutg, g <9? mhehs/lgrh, g 2,>3? mhehs/iæh, g 82<,??? mhehs/fjs, g 3, ?82,??? mhehs/høg. Lhy quj tjkjr jk mujkth `h khturh`jzh ij` prgyjmtg phrh ijbakar j` thfhøg4 mgfg j` mhsg ij uk prgyjmtg ij trhkspgrtj ij phshejrgs5 phshej rgs5 sjræh `h mhphmaihi mhphmaihi phrh trhkspgrt trhkspgrthr hr fa` phshejrgs pgr iæh uta`azhkig iajz vjlæmu vjlæmu`gs4 `gs4 y `h mhphmaihi mhphmaihi ij uk jsthiag jsthiag ijpgrtavg sjræh5 j` kõfjrg ij sa``hs iaspgkac`js phrh `gs jspjmthigrjs. Ijcjfgs cusmhr sajfprj uk thfhøg ýptafg, js ijmar j` `quj hsjnurj `h fès h`th rjkthca`aihi ijsij j` puktg ij vasth pravhig g `h fhygr iabjrjkmah jktrj cjkjbamags y mgstgs sgmah`js. RHSAHC@J] IJ@ YHFHØG IJ@ _SGQJMYG @gs Bhmtgrjs quj ijtjrfakhk g mgkiamagkhk j` thfhøg ij ukh p`hkth quj sj afp`jfjkthrè mgk `h prgpujsth ij` prgyjmtg, js ukh thrjh `afathih pgr `hs rj`hmagkjs rjmæprgmhs quj jxastjk jktrj j` thfhøg y `h ijfhkih, `h iaspgkaca`aihi ij `hs fhtjrahs prafhs, `h tjmkg`gnæh, `gs jquapgs y j` bakhkmahfajktg. Ygigs jstgs bhmtgrjs mgktracuyjk h safp`abamhr j` prgmjsg ij hprgxafhmagkjs sumjsavhs, y `hs h`tjrkhtavhs ij thfhøg jktrj `hs muè`js sj pujij jsmgnjr, sj vhk rjiumajkig h fjiaih quj sj jxhfakhk `gs bhmtgrjs mgkiamagkhktjs fjkmagkhigs, y quj ijth``hrjfgs h mgktakuhmaýk. IAFJK]AGKJ] IJ@ FJSMHIG Ij hmujrig h` sjnfjktg ij` fjrmhig quj sj gctuvg fjiahktj j` jstuiag ij fjrmhig, sj ijtjrfakh `h mhktaihi ij prgiumtgs h prgiumar y hsæ j` thfhøg ij `h p`hkth, sj pujij thfcaák chshr thktg jk `h ijfhkih prjsjktj y jk `h buturh. @H MH_HMAIHI IJ BAKHKMAHFAJKYG Jsth ]jnukih vhrahc`j quj mgkiamagkh j` thfhøg ij` prgyjmtg, js `h mhphmaihi ij bakhkmahfajktg ij `gs njstgrjs ij` prgyjmtg4 lhy quj tjkjr jk mujkth quj j` prgyjmtg kg sg`g sj pujij ijshrrg``hr mgk rjmursgs prgpags, sakg quj thfcaák js pgsac`j hmuiar h `hs iabjrjktjs bujktjs ij bakhkmahfajktg quj prgpgkj j` sjmtgr bakhkmajrg ij` phæs, pjrg sajfprj tjkajkig jk mujkth `hs sanuajktjs mgksaijrhmagkjs5 Muhkig `gs rjmursgs prgpags y `gs bakhkmahigs kg sgk subamajktjs phrh htjkijr `hs jxanjkmahs ij` thfhøg fækafg h prgiumar, sj lhmj afpgsac`j `h afp`jfjkthmaýk y gpjrhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg. Muhkig jstgs igs rjmursgs (`gs prgpags y `gs ij` mráiatg), sg`g rjspgkijk pgr uk thfhøg fækafg, sj pujij hmjpthr, `h afp`jfjkthmaýk y gpjrhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg, pjrg pgr jthphs, akamahkig mgk uk thfhøg fækafg yj ar`g hfp`ahkig jk trhksmursg ij` tajfpg, jk `h fjiaih quj sj vhyhk supjrhkig `gs prgc`jfhs bakhkmajrgs. Muhkig `gs rjmursgs bakhkmajrgs sgk subamajktjs y bhma`athk `h sj`jmmaýk ij` fjegr thfhøg, sj tjkirè ukh bakhkmahmaýk mýfgih y mgkbahc`j ij` prgyjmtg. @H YJMKG@GNÆH ZYA@AUHIH Jsth gtrh vhrahc`j mgkiamagkhktj ij` thfhøg, tajkj quj vjr mgk majrtgs prgmjsgs tjmkg`ýnamgs quj jxanjk uk vg`ufjk fækafg ij prgiummaýk quj pujij sjr supjragr `hs kjmjsaihijs y prgnrhfhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg, ij th` fhkjrh quj `gs mgstgs ij gpjrhmaýk pujijk rjsu`thr fuy j`jvhigs, quj kg pjrfatjk `h afp`jfjkthmaýk y pgr jkij `h gpjrhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg. IA]_GKACA@AIHI IJ AK]ZFG] Jsth gtrh vhrahc`j ijtjrfakhktj ij` thfhøg, y kgs gc`anh hkh`azhr `h gbjrth hmtuh` y buturh ij `gs aksufgs fès afpgrthktjs, mgk j` bak ij mgkgmjr h mgrtg y `hrng p`hzg su jxastjkmah4 jxastjkmah4 h ijfès sj ijcj ijcj jvh`uhr jvh`uhr `h pgsaca`aih pgsaca`aihi i ij jfp`jhr aksufgs aksufgs sustatutgs sustatutgs sa j` prgyjmtg `g pjrfatj. _gr `g thktg, ijcjfgs tjkjr sjnuraihi ij mgksjnuar `hs fhtjrahs prafhs jk muh`quajr fgfjktg phrh ihr`j mgkbahca`aihi h` prgyjmtg y hsæ pgijr ijbakar mgk tgih sjnuraihi su thfhøg. @H IA]YSACZMAÝK NJGNSÈBAMH IJ@ FJSMHIG Anuh`fjktj, sj ijcj tjkjr jk mujkth `h ucamhmaýk njgnrèbamh ij `gs mgksufaigrjs y / m`ajktjs i ij` j` prgyjmtg, phrh pjkshr jk5 Zkh sg`h ukaihi prgiumtavh phrh htjkijr tgig j` fjrmhig. Rhrahs ukaihijs ij prgiummaýk, ucamhihs jk iabjrjktjs zgkhs njgnrèbamhs phrh htjkijr `hs kjmjsaihijs ij mhih ukh. Zkh ukaihi prgiumtavh mjktrh`, y vhrahs ukaihijs shtá`atjs ij fjkgr thfhøg phrh mucrar mgk `hs jxanjkmahs ij` fjrmhig jk `hs iabjrjktjs zgkhs. RHSAHC@J] J]YHMAGKH@J] Yajkj quj vjr mgk j` mgfpgrthfajktg ij `h ijfhkih ij `gs aksufgs prakmaph`js jk j` trhsmursg ij` høg, prgvgmhih pgr pjrægigs ij ``uvah g sjquæh4 thfcaák `hs fhrmhihs pgr `hs bjstavaihijs trhiamagkh`js, mgfg pgr jejfp`g `h sjfhkh shkth y `h khvaihi jktrj gtrhs. =.3 @GMH@AUHMAGK Q IJ]MSA_MAGK J]_JMABAMH IJ@ ]AYAG IJ@ _SGQJMYG. @h `gmh`azhmaýk tajkj pgr gcejtg hkh`azhr `gs iabjrjktjs `unhrjs igkij js pgsac`j ucamhr j` prgyjmtg, mgk j` bak ij jsthc`jmjr j` `unhr quj gbrjmj `gs fèxafgs cjkjbamags, `gs fjegrjs mgstgs, js ijmar jk igkij sj gctjknh `h fèxafh nhkhkmah, sa js ukh jfprjsh pravhih, g j` fækafg mgstg ukathrag, sa sj trhth ij uk prgyjmtg sgmah`. Jk jstj jstuiag ij `gmh`azhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg, sj ijcj tjkjr jk mujkth igs hspjmtgs5 @h fhmrg`gmh`azhmaýk `h muh` mgksastj jk jvh`uhr j` satag quj gbrjmj `hs fjegr mgkiamagkjs phrh `h ucamhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg, jk j` phæs g jk j` jsphmag rurh` y urchkg ij h`nukh rjnaýk y @h famrg`gmh`azhmaýk, quj js `h ijtjrfakhmaýk ij` puktg prjmasg igkij sj mgkstruarè `h jfprjsh ijktrg ij `h rjnaýk, y jk ásth sj lhrè `h iastracumaýk ij `hs aksth`hmagkjs jk j` tjrrjkg j`jnaig. Jxastjk majrtgs bhmtgrjs quj ijtjrfakhk `h ucamhmaýk, `gs muh`js sgk ``hfhigs bujrzhs `gmhmagkh`js, quj akb`uyjk ij h`nukh fhkjrh jk `hs akvjrsagkjs ij` prgyjmtg, y ij i j `hs muh`js pgijfgs jvh`uhr5 _hrh `h fhmrg`gmh`azhmagk, sj ijcj hkh`azhr jk jsths zgkhs h sj`jmmagkhr, `hs quj gbrjzmh `hs fjegrjs mgkiamagkjs mgk rjspjmtg h5 Zcamhmaýk ij `gs Mgksufaigrjs g usuhrags @gmh`azhmaýk ij F._. y ijfès aksufgs Ræhs ij mgfukamhmaýk y fjiags ij trhkspgrtj Akbrhjstrumturh ij sjrvamags põc`amgs _g`ætamhs, p`hkjs g prgnrhfhs ij ijshrrg``g Kgrfhs y rjnu`hmagkjs jspjmæbamhs Yjkijkmahs ij ijshrrg``g ij `h rjnaýk Mgkiamagkjs m`afètamhs, hfcajkth`js, suj`gs... Aktjrás ij bujrzhs sgmah`js y mgfukathrahs. _hrh `h famrg`gmh`azhmagk, sj tjkirèk jk mujkth `gs sanuajktjs bhmtgrjs5 Iaspgkaca`aihi y Mgstgs ij Sjmursgs5 Fhkg ij ij gcrh, fhtjrahs praf prafhs, hs, sjrvamags y mgfukamhmagkjs. Gtrgs Bhmtgrjs5 Zcamhmaýk ij `h mgfpjtjkmah, `afathmagkjs tjmkg`ýnamhs y mgksaijrhmagkjs jmg`ýnamhs. Mgstgs ij trhspgrtj ij aksufgs y ij prgiumtgs, pgr jejfp`g `gs mgstgs ij trhksbjrjkmah h `h mujkth ij b`jtjs5 Mgfprjkij `h sufh ij mgstgs ij trhkspgrtj ij aksufgs y prgiumtgs. Jxastjk támkamhs muhktathtavhs y muh`athtavhs, jk igkij sj tajkj jk mujkth `gs bhmtgrjs hktjragrfjktj jxpujstgs, h `gs muh`js sj `js hsankh uk vh`gr kufáramg, ij hmujrig hmujrig h `gs fjegrjs cjkjbamags quj gbr gbrjmj jmj h` prgyjmtg jk `h `gmh`azhmaýk, jst jstg g sj lhmj ijktrg ij ukh jsmh`h mgfõk phrh tgigs `gs bhmtgrjs, pgr jejfp`g ij ? h 8?, y j` satag quj sj sj`jmmagkhrè, phrh `h rjh`azhmaýk ij` prgyjmtg, sjrè hquj` quj gctjknh `h fhygr fhygr puktuhmaýk, ijktrg ij `hs igs g trjs, jtm. rjnagkjs rjnagkjs jvh`uhihs. =.= FHYJSAH] _SAFH] _hrh tgig prgyjmtg js afpgrthktj tjkjr ukh mhrtjrh hfp`ah ij prgvjjigrjs ij fhtjrah prafh, yh quj jstg pjrfatarè kg ijpjkijr ij `h jxastjkmah jk uk sg`g `unhr. _gr jejfp`g jk uk prgyjmtg h ijshrrg``hrsj rjbjrjktj h `h j`hcgrhmaýk ij fjrfj`hih ij Kgph` sj tuvg quj akvjstanhr `hs zgkhs jk igkij sj prgiumj jstj vjnjth`. ‐_SGIZMMAGK IJ@ KG_H@ JK FJ\AMG . @gs jsthigs quj sj fjkmagkhrhk h mgktakuhmaýk sgk `gs quj mu`tavhk j` kgph` vjriurh jk kujstrg phæs5 Iastratg bjijrh`. ]j mu`tavh j` kgph` ijsij hktjs ij `h mgkquasth jk j` fasfg `unhr, hlgrh mgkgmaig pgr j` kgfcrj ij Fa`ph H`th. Jstj fukamapag js j` fhygr prgiumtgr ij kgph` jk kujstrg phæs. Jk jsth rjnaýk sj mh`mu`hk ukhs 3>,??? p`hkths ij kgph` pgr ljmtèrjh tgfhkig jk mujkth quj sgk h`rjijigr ij ukhs >,:?? lh. Fa`ph H`th jsth h ukh h`turh ij 3,93? fskf mgk ukh prjmapathmaýk prjmapathmaýk hkuh` ij >:2.8 ff y ukh tjfpjrhturh prgfjiag prgfjiag ij 8:.1 µM . Fgrj`gs5 Jk jstj jsthig j` prgiumtgr fès afpgrthktj js j` fukamapag ij Y`h`kjphkt`h mgk mjrmh ij =:? lh. y 9:? prgiumtgrjs ij kgph` vjriurh. ]u h`turh js ij 3,?9? f sgcrj j` kavj` ij` fhr, y mgk ukh tjfpjrhturh ij 8< µM. _ujc`h5 Jk j``h lhy igs jktaihijs jktaihijs kgph`jrhs kgph`jrhs `h prafjrh mgfprjkij mgfprjkij jktrj `gs fukamapags Ht`axmg y Mlg`u`h, Mlg`u`h, `h sjnukih jsth jk j` fukamapag ij Hmhtzakng, jk jsths jktaihijs sj mu`tavh j` kgph` trujkg. @h prafjrh zgkh jstè h ukh h`turh ij 3,??? fskf y su tjfpjrhturh prgfjiag js ij8> nrhigs mjktænrhigs, mgk ukhs prjmapathmagkjs ij <?< ff. @h sjnukih zgkh tajkj ukh h`turh h` turh ij 3,3?? fskf, mgk ukh prjmapathmaýk hkuh` ij >:> ff y ukh tjfpjrhturh ij 8> nrhigs mjktænrhigs. Famlghmèk5 @h prgiummaýk ij kgph` vjriurh kg jstè mgkmjktrhih jk uk sý`g `unhr sakg quj sj jxphkij pgr tgig j` jsthig. ]ak jfchrng, sgcrjsh`j Zruhphk quj sj jkmujktrh h` sur ij` jsthig, mgk 3:? lh. Jk j``h sj mu`tavh jk uk 1?% j` kgph` c`hkmg y jk uk 8?% j` kgph` kjnrg g vjrij. @h rjnaýk tajkj ukh h`turh ij 8=??fskf, mgk ukh prjmapathmaýkij8,3??ffyukh tjfpjrhturh ij 3? µM. Nuhkheuhtg5 Jk jstj jsthig h` anuh` quj jk Famlghmèk sj prgiumj j` kgph` jk fumlhs pjqujøhs èrjhs jsphrmaihs pgr tgig j` jsthig, pjrg mujkth mgk ukh jktaihi ``hfhih Rh`tajrra``h quj tajkj hprgxafhihfjktj 3:? lh, jk j``h y jk tgig j` jsthig sj mu`tavh j` kgph` pj`ýk, j` ij lu`j g j` kgph` kjnrg. Jsth rjnaýk jstè h ukh h`turh ij 8,>3? fskf mgk ukh prjmapathmaýk ij 2<? ff y ukh u kh tjfpjrhturh ij 8>.> µM. Cheh Mh`abgrkah5 Js `h jxmjpmaýk ij `gs jsthigs ij` kgrtj, pujs js j` õkamg jk prgiumar kgph` y kg mgksufar`g. Jk jstj jsthig sj prgiumj kgph` pgr igs rhzgkjs5 @h prafjrh js phrh jxpgrthr`g h `gs J.Z.H. pgr `hs pjrsgkhs quj jfanrhk h jstj phæs y `h sjnukih js phrh iastracuar`h pgr `gs nrhkijs kõm`jgs ij pgc`hmaýk jsthigukaijksj ij granjk fjxamhkg quj mgksufj kgph` vjriurh jk j` jsthig ij Mh`abgrkah. Jk jsth rjnaýk sj prgiumj kgph` vjriurh jk muhtrg fukamapags5 Fjxamh`a, Yaeuhkh, Jksjkhih, y Yjmhtj. Eh`asmg5 ]gk pjqujøhs zgkhs kgph`jrhs, `h fès afpgrthktj sj jkmujktrh mjrmh ij `hng ij Mlhph`h, su h`turh js ij 8,::? fskf, mgk ukh prjmapathmaýk hkuh` ij <<? ff y ukh tjfpjrhturh ij 3? µM. Ghxhmh5 Hquæ `h prgiummaýk ij kgph` sj mgkmjktrh jk `gs vh``js ij` mjktrg, jkmgktrèkigsj h ukh h`turh prgfjiag ij 8,::? fskf, mgk prjmapathmagkjs ij 2:? fskf,y uk m`afh ij 3?.: µM.‖ =.9 _SGMJ]G IJ _SGIZMMAÝK Jxastjk iavjrsgs tapgs ij prgmjsgs ij prgiummaýk ij `gs muh`js pgijfgs fjkmagkhr5 _gr aktjrvjkmaýk ij `h njktj5 Fhkuh`5 J` fhs uta`azhig pgr `gs hrtjshkgs, hukquj kg lhy quj g`vaihr quj lhy prgiumtgs fuy rjmgkgmaigs jk j` fjrmhig quj kg sj mgksaijrhk ukh hrtjshkæh, h pjshr quj `h fhygr phrtj ij su j`hcgrhmaýk js fhkuh`, mgfg pgr jejfp`g `gs rj`gejs suazgs. ]jfahutgfètamg5 Jk kujstrg phæs jxastjk iavjrshs jfprjshs quj uta`azhk jstj prgmjsg, mgfg `hs afprjkths. Hutgfètamg5 ]gk jfprjshs tgth`fjktj hutgfhtazhihs, mgfg _hkhsgkam. _gr `h Mgktakuaihi ij` prgmjsg tjkjfgs5 Mgktakug5 ]gk prgiumtgs quj sj bhcramhk jk sjraj y ij fhkjrh fhsavh, kg jxastj `h kjmjsaihi ij mhfcahr `h sjmujkmah ij` prgmjsg. Sjpjtatavg5 J` prgmjsg sajfprj sj rjh`azh ij `h fasfh fhkjrh. Aktjrfatjktj5 ]j ih muhkig jk ukh fasfh `ækjh ij prgiummaýk, sj bhcramh fhs ij uk prgiumtg. _hrh `gs prgmjsgs sgk fuy õta`js `gs iahnrhfhs5 Iahnrhfh ij c`gqujs5 jsqujfh g iacueg. _ajzh Kg _hrtjs fhtjrah` gpjrhmagkj s fèquakh 8 Hsajktg _`èstamg h)Akyjmmaýk Fg`ijs c)@afpajzh akyjmtgrh m) akspjmmaýk ij p`èstamg h)mgrtj mgrthigrh c)Igc`jz igc`higrh 3 Rg`hktj Lajrrg m)mrgfhr i)akspjmmaý k Mursgnrhfh hkh`ætamg Mursgnrhfh hkh`æmg Fátgig hmtuh` bjmlh Fátgig prgpujstg j`hcgrý Kg ij mht. Ijth``js ij` Yajfp g Iasthkma h Gcsjrvhmagkj s fátgig H mgktakuhmaýk sj ijshrrg``h uk jejfp`g, phrh mh`mu`hr `h kjmjsaihi ij fhquakhs. Jk `h prgiummaýk prgiummaýk ij shmgs ij phpj` bgkijhigs bgkijhigs sj rjquajrjk rjquajrjk ij fèquakhs fèquakhs thcu`higrhs. thcu`higrhs. ]j ijsjh ijtjrfakhr muèkths thcu`higrhs sj kjmjsathk phrh prgiumar 883<???? shmgs sa5 @h thsh rjnu`hr js ij :<>: tucgs pgr lgrh. @h thsh ij uta`azhmaýk js ij 1?% Kõfjrg ij lgrhs ij trhcheg pgr høg js ij 813?. \ thsh rjh` :<>: ?,1 :3<>,: ukaihijs/lgr h M rjh` :3<>,: 813? 8?8:3??? pgrthktg iavasaýk K =.: 883<?? ?? 8?8:3? ?? 8,888888 88 3 fèquakhs Fhquakhrah y jquapg @h sj`jmmaýk ij `h fhquakhrah y jquapg js fuy afpgrthktj, j`jnar `h fhquakhrah hijmuhih h `hs kjmjsaihijs ij bhcramhmaýk, pjrfatj quj sj `gnrj `h prgiumtavaihi y jbamajkmah. Jk chsj h `gs prjsupujstgs ij prgiummaýk sj ijcj mh`mu`hr muhkth fhquakhrah sj ijcj hiquarar, yh quj kg sj pujij mgfprhr fhquakhrah quj vh``h h jsthr gmagsh, yh quj hufjkth `gs mgstgs ij akvjrsaýk akamah`. ]j pujij ``jkhr uk bgrfhtg, phrh mgfprhr ij fhkjrh hijmuhih `h fhquakhrah y jquapg. =.: IA]YSACZMAÝ IA]YSACZMAÝK K JK _@HKYH. Jsths sj rjh`azhrèk ij hmujrig h `hs jspjmabamhmagkjs támkamhs quj sjøh`j `h jfprjsh brhkquamahigrh, sanuajkig su prgpag ‐`hy gut‖ chsèkigsj jk `h jxpjrajkmah ij hktjragrjs prgyjmtgs, `h muh` sj jkmhrnhrè ij supjrvashr y iaranar `h mgkstrummaýk, hsæ mgfg j` fgkthej y iastracumaýk bukmagkh` ij mhih ukg ij `hs fèquakhs y jquapgs ij jfcgtj``hig. ‐@h fasaýk ij` iasjøhigr js jkmgktrhr `h fjegr grijkhmaýk ij `hs èrjhs ij trhcheg y ij` jquapg jk hrhs h mgksjnuar `h fèxafh jmgkgfæh jk j` trhcheg h` fasfg tajfpg quj `h fhygr sjnuraihi y shtasbhmmaýk ij `gs trhchehigrjs.‖ @h iastrac iastracuma umaýk ýk jk p`hkth p`hkth afp`am afp`amh h `h grijkh grijkhmaý maýk k ij jsphma jsphmags gs kjmjsh kjmjshrag ragss phrh phrh fgvafa fgvafajkt jktg g ij fhtjra fhtjrah`, h`, h`fhmjkhfajk h`fhmj khfajktg, tg, jquapgs jquapgs g `ækjhs ij prgiummaýk prgiummaýk,, jquapgs jquapgs akiustrah`js akiustrah`js,, hifakastrh hifakastrhmaýk, maýk, sjrvamags phrh j` pjrsgkh`, jtm. @gs gcejtavgs ij `h iastracumaýk jk p`hkth sgk5 8. Aktjnrhmaýk ij tgigs `gs bhmtgrjs quj hbjmtjk `h iastracumaýk. 3. Fgvafajktg ij fhtjrah` sjnõk iasthkmahs fækafhs. =. Marmu`hmaýk ij` trhcheg h trhvás ij `h p`hkth. 9. Zta`azhmaýk ‐jbjmtavh‖ ij tgig j` jsphmag. :. Fækafg jsbujrzg y sjnuraihi jk `gs trhchehigrjs. 2. B`jxaca`aihi jk `h grijkhmaýk phrh bhma`athr rjheustjs g hfp`ahmagkjs. _rakmapags cèsamgs ij `h iastracumaýk jk p`hkth. (Yrujch Ehakhnh, E.A.) 8. _rakmapag ij `h shtasbhmmaýk y ij `h sjnuraihi. H anuh`ihi ij mgkiamagkjs, sjrè sajfprj fès jbjmtavh `h iastracumaýk quj lhnh j` trhcheg fès shtasbhmtgrag y sjnurg phrh `gs trhchehigrjs. 3. _rakmapag ij `h aktjnrhmaýk ij mgkeuktg. @h fjegr iastracumaýk js `h quj aktjnrh h `gs lgfcrjs, fhtjrah`js, fhquakhrah, hmtavaihijs huxa`ahrjs y muh`quajr gtrg bhmtgr, ij fgig quj rjsu`tj j` mgfprgfasg fjegr jktrj tgihs jsths phrtjs. =. _rakmapag ij `h fækafh iasthkmah rjmgrraih. H anuh`ihi ij mgkiamagkjs, js sajfprj fjegr `h iastracumaýk quj pjrfatj quj `h iasthkmah h rjmgrrjr pgr j` fhtjrah` sjh `h fjkgr pgsac`j. 9. _rakmapag ij `h marmu`hmaýk g b`ueg ij fhtjrah`js. Jk anuh`ihi ij mgkiamagkjs, js fjegr hquj``h iastracumaýk quj grijkj `hs èrjhs ij trhcheg ij fgig quj mhih gpjrhmaýk g prgmjsg jstá jk j` fasfg grijk g sjmujkmah jk quj sj trhksbgrfjk, trhthk g fgkthk `gs fhtjrah`js. _rakmapag ij` jsphmag mõcamg. @h jmgkgfæh sj gctajkj uta`azhkig ij uk fgig jbjmtavg tgig j` jsphmag iaspgkac`j, thktg jk lgrazgkth` mgfg jk vjrtamh`. 2. _rakmapag ij `h b`jxaca`aihi. H anuh`ihi ij mgkiamagkjs sjrè sajfprj fès jbjmtavh `h iastracumaýk quj pujih sjr heusthih g rjgrijkhih mgk fjkgs mgstg g akmgkvjkajktjs. Yapgs ij iastracumaýk jk p`hkth. Iastracumaýk pgr pgsamaýk baeh. J` fhtjrah` pjrfhkjmj jk satuhmaýk baeh y sgk `gs lgfcrjs y `h fhquakhrah `gs quj mgkb`uyjk lhmah á`. H.- _rgmjsg ij i j trhcheg5 Ygigs `gs pujstgs ij trhcheg sj aksth`hk mgk mhrèmtjr prgvasagkh` y euktg h` j`jfjktg prakmaph` ý mgkeuktg quj sj bhcramh g fgkth. C.- Fhtjrah` jk mursg ij bhcramhmaýk5 J` fhtjrah` sj ``jvh h` `unhr ij fgkthej ý bhcramhmaýk. M.- Rjrshta`aihi5 Yajkjk hfp`ah vjrshta`aihi, sj hihpthk mgk bhma`aihi h muh`quajr vhrahmaýk. I.- Mgktakuaihi ij bukmagkhfajktg5 Kg sgk jsthc`js ka `gs tajfpgs mgkmjiaigs ka `hs mhrnhs ij trhcheg. _ujijk akb`uar akm`usg `hs mgkiamagkjs m`afhtg`ýnamhs. J.- Akmjktavg 5 Ijpjkij ij` trhcheg akiavaiuh` ij` trhchehigr. B.- Muh`abamhmaýk ij `h fhfg ij gcrh5 @gs jquapgs suj`jk sjr fuy mgkvjkmagkh`js, akm`usg hukquj sj jfp`jj ukh fèquakh jk mgkmrjtg kg suj`j sjr fuy jspjmah`azhih, jspjmah`azhih, pgr `g quj kg lh ij sjr fuy muh`abamhih. muh`abamhih. Jejfp`g5 Fgkthejs ij mh`ijrhs, jk jiabamags, chrmgs. tgrrjs ij tjkiaig j`ámtramg y. jk njkjrh`, fgkthejs h paj ij gcrh. Iastracumaýk pgr prgmjsg. @hs gpjrhmagkjs ij` fasfg tapg sj rjh`azhk ijktrg ij` fasfg sjmtgr. H.- _rgmjsg ij trhcheg 5 @gs pujstgs ij trhcheg sj satõhk pgr bukmagkjs lgfýkafhs. Jk h`nukhs sjmmagkjs `gs pujstgs ij trhcheg sgk anuh`js. y jk gtrhs, tajkjk h`nukh mhrhmtjræstamh iabjrjkmahigrh, mýfg pgtjkmah, r.p.f.,... C.- Fhtjrah` jk mursg ij bhcramhmaýk5 J` fhtjrah` sj ijsp`hzh jktrj pujstgs iabjrjktjs ijktrg ij ukh fasfh sjmmaýk. ý ijsij ukh sjmmaýk h `h sanuajktj quj `j mgrrjspgkih. _jrg j` atakjrhrag kukmh js baeg. M. Rjrshta`aihi5 Js fuy vjrsèta`. sajkig pgsac`j bhcramhr jk j``h muh`quajr j`jfjktg mgk `hs `afathmagkjs akljrjktjs h `h prgpah aksth`hmaýk. Js `h iastracumaýk fès hijmuhih phrh `h bhcramhmaýk aktjrfatjktj ý cheg pjiaig, bhma`atèkigsj `h prgnrhfhmaýk ij `gs pujstgs ij trhcheg h` fèxafg ij mhrnh pgsac`j. I.- Mgktakuaihi ij bukmagkhfajktg5 Mhih bhsj ij trhcheg sj prgnrhfh phrh j` pujstg fès hijmuhig. Zkh hvjræh prgiumaih jk uk pujstg kg akmaij jk j` bukmagkhfajktg ij `gs rjsthktjs, pgr `g quj kg sj mhushk rjtrhsgs hmushigs jk `h bhcramhmaýk. J.- Akmjktavg5 J` akmjktavg `gnrhig pgr mhih gpjrhrag js õkamhfjktj bukmaýk ij su rjkiafajktg pjrsgkh`. B.- Muh`abamhmaýk ij `h fhkg ij gcrh.5 H` sjr ku`gs, ý mhsa ku`gs, j` hutgfhtasfg y `h rjpjtamaýk ij hmtavaihijs. ]j rjquajrj fhkg ij gcrh fuy muh`abamhih. Jejfp`g5 Yh``jr ij bhcramhmaýk fjmèkamh, jk j` quj sj hnruphk pgr sjmmagkjs5 tgrkgs, fhkirakhigrhs, brjshigrhs, th`hirhigrhs.... Iastracumaýk pgr prgiumtg. J` fhtjrah` sj ijsp`hzh ij ukh gpjrhmaýk h `h sanuajktj sak sg`umaýk ij mgktakuaihi. (@ækjhs ij prgiummaýk, prgiummaýk jk mhijkh). H.-_rgmjsg ij trhcheg5 @gs pujstgs ij trhcheg sj ucamhk sjnõk j` grijk afp`æmathfjktj jsthc`jmaig jk j` iahnrhfh hkh`ætamg ij prgmjsg. Mgk jsth iastracumaýk sj mgksanuj fjegrhr j` hprgvjmlhfajktg ij `h supjrbamaj rjqujraih phrh `h aksth`hmaýk. C.-Fhtjrah` jk mursg ij bhcramhmaýk5 J@ fhtjrah` jk mursg ij bhcramhmaýk sj ijsp`hzh ij uk pujstg h gtrg, `g quj mgk``jvh `h fækafh mhktaihi ij` fasfg (kg kjmjsaihi ij mgfpgkjktjs jk stgmd) fjkgr fhkapu`hmaýk y rjmgrraig jk trhkspgrtjs, h `h vjz quj hifatj uk fhygr nrhig ij hutgfhtazhmaýk jk `h fhquakhrah. M.-Rjrshta`aihi 5 Kg pjrfatj `h hihpthmaýk akfjiahth h gtrh bhcramhmaýk iastakth phrh `h quj buj prgyjmthih. I.-Mgktakuaihi ij bukmagkhfajktg 5 J` prakmaph` prgc`jfh pujij quj sjh `gnrhr uk jqua`acrag ý mgktakuaihi ij bukmagkhfajktg. _hrh j``g sj rjquajrj quj sjh anuh` j` tajfpg ij `h hmtavaihi ij mhih pujstg, ij kg sjr hsæ, ijcjrè iaspgkjrsj phrh `hs hmtavaihijs quj `g rjquajrhk ij vhrags pujstgs ij trhcheg anuh`js . Muh`quajr hvjræh prgiumaih jk `h aksth`hmaýk gmhsagkh `h phrhih tgth` ij `h fasfh, h fjkgs quj sj iup`aquj `h fhquakhrah. Muhkig sj bhcramhk j`jfjktgs has`higs sak hutgfhtazhmaýk `h hkgfh`æh sg`hfjktj rjpjrmutj jk `gs pujstgs sanuajktjs ij` prgmjsg. J.-Akmjktavg5 J` akmjktavg gctjkaig pgr mhih ukg ij `gs gpjrhrags js bukmaýk ij` `gnrhig pgr j` mgkeuktg, yh quj j` trhcheg jstè rj`hmagkhig ý æktafhfjktj `anhig. B.-Muh`abamhmaýk ij fhkg ij gcrh5 @h iastracumaýk jk `ækjh rjquajrj fhquakhrah ij j`jvhig mgstg pgr tjkijrsj lhmah `h hutgfhtazhmaýk. pgr jstg, `h fhkg ij gcrh. kg rjquajrj ukh muh`abamhmaýk prgbjsagkh` h`th. N.-Yajfpg ukathrag5 ]j gctajkjk fjkgrjs tajfpgs ukathrags ij bhcramhmaýk quj jk `hs rjsthktjs iastracumagkjs. Jejfp`g5 aksth`hmaýk phrh ijmhphr mlhph ij hmjrg. GCSH MARA@ Q MGK]YSZMMAGKJ] Q SJMZS]G] LZFHKG] Mgstg ij `h FGI y j` kavj` ij mhphmathmaýk quj sj rjquajrj jk jsth. ]j rjbajrj h quj h`nukgs jquapgs sgk mhphmjs ij rjh`azhr gpjrhmagkjs y prgmjsgs ukathrags jk majrtg rhkng y prgvgmhk jk j` fhtjrah` mhfcags bæsamgs, quæfamgs g fjmèkamgs jk iastaktgs kavj`js. Mgstg hkuh` H`nukgs jquapgs rjquajrjk h`nukhs akbrhjstrumturhs akbrhjstrumturhs jspjmah`js. Lhy fhquakhs quj rjquajrjk harj h prjsaýk, hnuh bræh g mh`ajktj y prgpgrmagkhr jstgs jquapgs hiamagkh`js js h`ng quj qujih bujrh ij` prjmag prakmaph`. Ijcj vjrabamhrsj sa sj akm`uyj jk j` prjmag granakh` y h muhktg hsmajkij. *Js kjmjshrag kjmjshrag prjsjkthr prjsjkthr uk grnhkanrhf grnhkanrhfh h ij `h jfprjsh, jfprjsh, j` gcejtavg gcejtavg ij j``g, js ijtjrfakhr ijtjrfakhr `h mhktaihi mhktaihi ij pjrsgkh` quj trhchehrè trhchehrè phrh `h kujvh jfprjsh, yh sjhk aktjrkgs g mgfg sjrvamag jxtjrkg. *Jsth mhktaihi ij pjrsgkh` js `h quj sj vh h mgksaijrhr jk hkè`asas jmgkýfamg phrh akm`uarsj jk `h kýfakh ij phng.