Irregular verbs INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SYNONIM TRADUCTION Arise Awake Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bet Bind Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Build Burn Brust Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Creep Cut Deal Dig Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fling Fly Forbid Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grind Grow Arose Awoke Was / Were Bore Beat Became Began Bent Bet Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Built Burnt Brust Bought Caught Chose Came Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Did Drew Dreamt Drank Drove Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Flew Forbade Forgot Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Ground Grew Arisen Awaked Been Borne / Born Beaten Become Begun Bent Bet Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Built Burnt Brust Bought Caught Chosen Come Cost Crept Cut Dealt Dug Done Drawn Dreamt Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Flown Forbidden Forgotten Forgiven Frozen Got Given Gone Ground Grown Wake up, get up Wake up Tolerate, endure Stroke, hammer, hit Turn into grow Start Fold Guess, chance Tie up, fasten Chew Hemorrhage Exhale, breath out Shatter Procreate, give birth Carry, transport Construct Explode Purchase Grab Pick, select Approach Price, expense Craw Slice Agreement Excavate, shovel out Execute, carry out Sketch Desire, aspiration, goal, wish Beverage Pilot, ride, steer Consume, taste Drop, decrease Give food to Stroke, caress Battle, combat Discover, locate Escape, run away Throw, toss Wing, launch Prohibit, ban, disallow Unable to recall Pardon, exonerate Be cold Obtain, acquire Bestow, import Leave, deport Crush, powder, grind Widen, cultivate Hang Hung Hung Sling, dangle, suspend Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Know Lay Lead Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Knew Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lay Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Known Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lain Possess, own Perceive Cover, camouflage Punch Grasp, grip Wounded, injured Retain Go down on your knees Be aware of, have knowledge Put, set, place Guide, show the way Jump Know Exit Give Allow Recline Levantarse, surgir Despertarse Ser, estar Llevar, soportar (to be born, nacer) Batir, golpear, latir Llegar a ser, hacerse, convertirse Empezar Doblar Apostar Atar, encuadernar Morder Sangrar Soplar Romper Criar, engendrar Traer Edificar, construir Arder, quemar Estallar Comprar Atrapar Escoger Venir Costar Arrastrarse Cortar Tratar Cavar Hacer Trazar, dibujar, sacar, tirar Soñar Beber Conducir Comer Caer Alimentar, dar de comer Sentir, palpar, tocar Luchar Encontrar Huir Lanzar Volar Prohibir Olvidar Perdonar Helar Conseguir, obtener, llegar Dar Ir Moler Crecer, cultivar Colgar (con el significado de “ahorcar” es regular) Haber, tener Oír Esconder Golpear Sostener, agarrar Hacer daño, doler, herir Guardar, conservar Arrodillarse Saber, conocer Poner Guiar Saltar Aprender Dejar, salir Prestar Permitir, dejar, alquilar Yacer, tenderse Light Lose Make Mean Meet Mislead Mistake Misunderstand Mow Overcome Overtake Pay Put Read Ride Ring Rise Say See Seek Sell Send Set Shake Shine Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Slide Smell Speak Spell Spend Spill Spit Split Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink Strike Swear Sweep Swell Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Tread Understand Upset Wake Wear Weep Win Wind Write Lit Lost Made Meant Met Misled Mistook Misunderstood Mowed Overcame Overtook Paid Put Read Rode rang Rose Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Shook Shone Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Slid Smelt Spoke Spelt Spent Split Spat Split Spoilt Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stang Stank Struck Swore Swept Swelled Swam Took Taught Torn Told Thought Threw Trod Understood Upset Woke Wore Wept Won Wound Wrote Lit Lost Made Meant Met Misled Mistaken Misunderstood Mown Overcome Overtaken Paid Put Read Ridden Rung Risen Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Shaken Shone Shot Showed Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Slid Smelt Spoken Spelt Spent Split Spat Split Spoilt Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk Struck Sworn Swept Swollen Swum Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Trod, troden Understood Upset Woken Worn Wept Won Wound Written Illuminate Miss, waste Produce, manufacture Imply, suggest Come across Deceive Error Misinterpret, misconstrue Cut Succeed Pass, go by Wage, salary Place, set View Be taken Sound Ascension, rise up Speak, utter Look, perceive Look for Vend, retail Dispatch, give out, deliver Establish Tremble, quiver Glow, radiate Pull the tigger, blast Exhibit, presentation Became smaller, contract Closed, locked, fastened Chant, perform Descend Sit down, take a seat Rest, snooze Glide, slip, drift Fragrance, scent Talk, vocalize, chatter Charm, curse Pay Overflow, decay Slobber, spittle Tear/come/break apart Rot, mould Expanse, extent, distribute, spread out Jump Get up, get on your feet Snatch, loot Adhere, twig Prick, stab Funk, smell up Hit, blow, whack Curse, cuss Brush, clear up, tidy Enlarge, puff up Paddle Gather up Educate, instruct Split, shred Explain, state Believe, comprehend Toss Step on, walk Comprehend, figure out, grasp Distressed, bothered Arouse Be clothed Cry, sob, blubber Victory, triumph, blowout Draft, breeze Scrawl, scribble Iluminar, alumbrar Perder Hacer Querer decir, significar Encontrar, conocer (personas) Despistar, llevar a engaño Equivocarse Entender mal Segar Superar dificultades, vencer Adelantar (en carreteras o carreras) Pagar Poner Leer Montar, cabalgar Sonar, tocar el timbre Levantarse Decir Ver Buscar Vender Enviar Poner, establecer Sacudir, agitar Brillar Disparar Mostrar Encoger (se) Cerrar Cantar Hundir, sumergirse Sentarse Dormir Deslizar (se) Oler Hablar Deletrear. Hechizar Pasar (tiempo), gastar (dinero) Derramar Escupirse Dividir, separar, rajar Estropear, mimar Extender Saltar (por encima de) Estar o ponerse de pie Robar Pegar, meter Picar, escocer Apestar Golpear, atacar Jurar Barrer Hincharse Nadar Tomar, llevar Enseñar Rasgar Decir, contar Pensar, creer Tirar, arrojar Pisar Comprender Trastornar, alterar Despertar Llevar puesto, usar Llorar, sollozar Ganar (premio, trofeo) Dar cuerda (al reloj) Escribir Adjectives ADJECTIVES DEFINITION TRADUCTION Blunt (-/+) if sb is blunt, they saw what they really think, even if what they say is impolite and will hurt or offend someone Brash (-) if sb is brash, they are annoyingly loud, overconfident and aggressive Calculating Callous Cantankerous Cheerful Curt Fickle (-) if sb is calculating, they get what they want by careful and clever planning, without caring about anyone else (-) if sb is callous, they are cruel and heartless (-) if sb is cantankerous, they are bad-tempered and tend to argue with people about insignificant things (+) if sb is cheerful, they are happy and in a good mood (-) if sb is curt, they are very abrupt (and rude, as a result) when they talk to another person (-) if sb is fickle, they are not faithful or loyal to their friends (-) if sb is inquisitive, they are always trying to find about other people’s lives, often by asking a lot of questions (+) interest in many things and always waiting to know more about them (often used about children) (-/+) if sb is meticulous, they are very careful about what they do, paying attention to small details and making sure everything is correct or in order (-/+) if sb is persistent, they refuse to give up, despite difficulties or opposition (-) if sb is reckless, they do dangerous things without thinking about the consequences of their actions Franco Temerario, descarado Calculador Insensible Cascarrabias Alegre Brusco Veleidoso Inquisitive Meticulous Persistent Reckless Reckless driving Ruthless Also used to describe actions Sullen (-) if sb if ruthless, they are cruel and cold and have no mercy or feeling for others (also used to describe actions) (-/+) if sb is squeamish, they do not like the sight of, and are usually upset by, unpleasant things such as blood or needles (-) if sb is sullen, they are bad tempered and do not speak much Unscrupulous (-) if sb is unscrupulous, they are prepared to act in an immoral and dishonest way to get what they want Volatile Withdrawn (-) if sb is volatile, they lose their temper very quickly and very easily (-/+) if sb is withdrawn, they are very quiet and do not like talking to others Squeamish Curioso Meticuloso Persistente Imprudente Conducción temeraria Implacable Remilgado, quisquilloso Hosco, resentido Poco escrupuloso, desaprensivo Volátil Retirado ADJECTIVES IN COLLOCATIONS DEFINITION TRADUCTION Avid Blatant Breathtaking Gripping Harrowing Lax Very enthusiastic (for people) Very obvious, done without shame or embarrassment (to describe bad things) Very beautiful, surprising or impressive Very exciting (for films and books) Shocking, making you feel upset (not used to describe people) Not strict or not careful enough (for safe measures, security, moral, discipline, laws…) Not strict (used to describe people in a position to punish = parents, teachers…) Very sudden and very quick (generally used with the noun rise) Giving the wrong idea or impression Loud and high-pitched (for noises) Producing a large number of works (for artists, composers and writers) Happening at irregular intervals Very loyal Too general and therefore not valid (for statements and generalisations) Large and affecting everyone (for changes and reforms Impossible to prove wrong or ague against Ávido, ansioso Evidente Asombroso Fascinante Horroroso Flojo Lenient Meteoric Misleading Piercing Prolific Sporadic Staunch Sweeping Watertight Indulgente meteórico Engañoso Penetrante Prolífico / fecundo Esporádico Firme / incondicional General, dramático, profundo Impermeable ADJECTIVES WITH SIMILAR MEANINGS DEFINITION TRADUCTION Dreary Dull Mundane Tedious Atrocious Dreadful Lousy Flawless Impeccable Unblemished Arduous Gruelling Strenuous Bedraggled Disheveled Scruffy Astute Crafty Shrewd Wily Conventional Mainstream Middle of the road Run of the mill Boring and depressing Boring without life, excitement or colour Ordinary, boring, giving little satisfaction (used to describe jobs) Boring and often frustrating Extremely bad Very bad Very bad (informal) Perfect, with no faults Perfect, faultless Sth that has not been spoilt or harmed Tiring and involving a lot of effort Tiring and difficult Needing a lot of effort Untidy, dirty (for people) Untidy Untidy (for people), old and worn (for food) Clever (for people and situations) Clever and good, deception to achieve … Clever and show judgement of other person situations Clever and experienced Ordinary Ordinary, conventional, neither strange or extreme Ordinary, extreme Ordinary and special Triste, monótono Aburrido, tedioso Vulgar, trivial, mundano Latoso, prolijo, tedioso Atroz Terrible, espantoso malísimo, horrible Perfecto Intachable Inmaculado Difícil, riguroso Agotador, riguroso Agotador En ruinas Desaliñado, despeinado Desaliñado Astuto, perspicaz Astuto, pícaro Listo, hábil, perspicaz Astuto, bribón Convencional, tradicional Convencional Moderado Común y corriente ADJECTIVES Accessible Accurate Apologetic Arguable Argumentative Coherent Decisive Discreet Excessive Knowledgeable Legible Logical Loyal Normal Obedient Official Orthodox Plausible Polite Practical Precise Preferential Replaceable Responsible Ripe Scrupulous DEFINITION Sth that can be easily reached/entered/obtained/used; accessibly (n). Opp: inaccessible, inaccessibility (n) Precise/correct; accuracy (n). Opp: inaccurate, inaccuracy (n) To say or show you are sorry for doing sth Debatable, may be questioned (note: it is arguable that: it can be argued that) Quarrelsome; always ready to disagree Well-planned, clear and sensible; coherence (n). Opp: incoherent, incoherence (n) Able to make quick decisions in a difficult situation; decisiveness (n). Opp: indecisive, indecision (n) Careful in order to avoid embarrassing or offending sb; discretion (n). Opp: indiscreet, indiscretion (n) More or higher than is necessary or reasonable Well informed Clear enough to read; legibility (n). Opp: illegible, illegibility ((n) not common) Reasonable/sensible; logic (n). Opp: illogical Faithful; loyalty (n). Opp: disloyal, disloyalty (n) Usual/ordinary; normality (n). Opp: abnormal, abnormality (n) Sb who does what they are told to; obedience (n). Opp: disobedient, disobedience (n) Approved by sb in authority. Opp: unofficial Accepted or used by most people, orthodoxy (n). Opp: unorthodox, unorthodoxy (n) Likely to be true, valid; plausibility (n). Opp: implausible, implausibility (n) With good manners, courteous, politeness (n). Opp: impolite, impoliteness (n) Down-to-earth (for people); effective/likely to be successful; practically (n). Opp: impractical, impracticality (n) Exact, precision (n). Opp: imprecision (n) (To be) treated better than other people Disposable. Opp: irreplaceable Behaving sensibly and properly; responsibility (n). Opp: irresponsible, irresponsibility (n) Fully grown, ready to eat (fruit, grain); ripeness (n), ripen (v). Opp: unripe, unripeness ((n) not common) Sb who takes great care to do what is fair, honest or morally right; scruples (n). Unscrupulous TRADUCTION Accesible, asequible Preciso, exacto Que se excusa, apologético, compungido Discutible, defendible Discutidor, argumentador Coherente Decisivo Discreto, prudente Excesivo, desmedido Experto, entendido, erudito Legible Lógico Leal Normal Obediente Oficial Ortodoxo Plausible, verosímil Cortés, educado Práctico Preciso Preferente Reemplazable Responsable Maduro Escrupuloso
