Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 849–851 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr Sustainability in construction industry through zero waste technology in India M. Nithya a,⇑, Muthukumaran Ramasamy b a b Department of Civil Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 501401, Telangana, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 501401, Telangana, India a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 14 December 2020 Received in revised form 14 December 2020 Accepted 19 December 2020 Available online 10 February 2021 Keywords: Construction Demolition waste Zero waste Sustainability a b s t r a c t Construction sector, a key driving factor for socio-economic development of a country, also generates an enormous amount of Construction and Demolition waste. Sustainability in construction industry can be achieved through effective adoption of zero waste management techniques. This paper provides an overview of different types of wastes generated during construction activities; challenges faced by construction industry towards sustainability with respect to Indian scenario. The article also emphasis on various activities being initiated by the Indian Government for implementation of zero waste strategy in construction sector. Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Manufacturing Material Science and Engineering. 1. Introduction Hyper Urbanization is a driving factor for environment degradation and unsustainability. A major contribution for a nation’s development and urban growth is obtained due to boom in construction sector activities. India, as one of fastest developing country, depends on the construction industry for infrastructure development. The construction industry has started over exploitation of natural resources in order to meet the exponential demand. In addition, huge amount of Construction and Demolition waste (CD waste) being generated every year across the world is sent to land fill as dumps causing numerous environmental problems. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India estimates CD waste generation across India as 44 million tonnes which accounts for 175 kg per capita per year [14]. The estimated amount of CD waste may get doubled by the end of the year 2025. The CD is waste generated during various construction activities such as site clearance, excavation, renovation, demolition, natural and manmade disasters, road construction. It includes different types of materials such as Earth, stone, sand, mixed soil during excavation, contaminated wood, bricks, tiles, concrete with or without reinforcing materials, insulation and roofing materials, salvaged building components, plumbing fixtures, asphalt during road repair and ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Nithya). other waste materials [6]. The types of waste composition are more complicate to analyze and manage but over 90% of the waste can be reused and recycled. The complexity in waste generation depends on various factors such as climate, lifestyle, income, consumption behavior [12]. The CD waste disposal has a serious threat of landslide if it stored as pile. However, zero waste strategy developed during the recent past focuses on the principles such as reuse, reduce, recycle, recover and residual management as shown in Fig. 1 can be adopted in construction industry. 1.1. Literature review Globally, Construction and Demolition waste management techniques were discussed by many of the researchers [1–4,7– 9,11] with respect to their countries. In Indian context, only a few researches [5,10,13,15] have focused on the challenges faced and strategies to be adopted for sustainable growth in construction industry. Moreover, there is uncertainty in the estimate of CD waste being generated in the country and it is evident from the data given by various organizations. This paper articulates an overview of different types of wastes generated during construction activities, challenges faced by construction industry towards sustainability and implementation of zero waste strategy in construction sector with respect to Indian scenario. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.851 2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Manufacturing Material Science and Engineering. M. Nithya and M. Ramasamy Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 849–851 Fig. 2. Quantity of waste generated in various cities of India. economic viability. In addition, there existed policy road blocks such as very weak national laws and legal frame work for recovery of CD waste. Even the IS 383: 1970 has directed to use natural resources as aggregate which did not allow the use of recycled aggregates in concrete until the revision of code in the year 2016. After the revision, IS 383 has incorporated recycled aggregate as replacement for natural aggregate up to 25% for plain concrete and 20% for M 25 grade RC (reinforced concrete) and 100% for in M 15 grade lean concrete. Fig. 1. Principles of Zero waste. 2. CD waste composition, generation & application A typical composition of CD waste generated in India include the materials in different composition as shown in Table 1. Top cities generating enormous amount of CD waste is shown in Fig. 2. Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata are ranked top in the list of cities followed by Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune. CD waste finds its major applications in sub-base layer for road construction and replacement for natural aggregate as Recycled Concrete Aggregate RCA for non-load bearing structures. Also, Manufactured sand is produced by crushing CD waste and fine fraction is used to replace fine aggregate for non-load bearing structures. 4. Initiatives towards zero CD waste in India The Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules was notified in the year 2016 by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). In the year 2018, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has published ‘‘Strategy for Promoting Processing of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste and Utilisation of Recycled Products” draft copy to promote the recycled products manufactures from CD waste. The key initiatives of the CD waste management rules 2016 are stated below, (1) It has mandated all local bodies to utilize 10 – 20% of recycled products in contracts of municipal and government construction. (2) Suggested to review the terms and conditions along with revision of tipping fee for delivery of CD waste to lower the price of CD waste recycled products by 20% than the conventional products. (3) All large developers are responsible for collection and disposal of C&D waste. (4) Recommended to provide necessary incentives to waste generators for salvaging, processing, and recycling, preferably in situ. (5) Insisted to maintain a up to date database above the waste generators and use of recycled products by various government contracts. (6) All renovation projects involving demolition, even in the private sector, may be mandated to use at least 20 per cent of recycled C&D waste products. 3. Challenges faced by construction industry The CD waste has been considered as one of the resources in many parts of the world in early 2000 but still India has started realizing the importance of CD waste only in late 2000. Delhi and Mumbai being the large generators of CD waste, initiated small steps even before the framing of CD waste policy in India. Mumbai City and Development Corporation along with Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) has decentralized debris management solution which paved way for recycling 1500 tonnes of waste during the year 2002 – 2006. Municipal Corporation of Delhi collaborated with IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd to develop a pilot project which began its operation in 2009 with a capacity of 500 tonnes per day. The major challenge faced by the CD waste processing unit was due to lack of confidence and knowledge in reuse of CD waste; and recycled CD waste products has less 5. Conclusion As a great imitative and role model for utilization of CD waste in real time construction, few construction projects viz., as New Supreme Court complex and Express Road in north Delhi utilised recycled CD waste for construction. It is also proposed to have two approaches to enhance the market for recycled products from CD waste such as 1. Privileged buy back policies from government and private organisations 2. Eco-product labelling and green certification to the products will enhance the recycled product selling. Table 1 Composition of CD waste in India (Source: TIFAC 2001). Sl. 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