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JITKCZ @CHPIL
Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri
piri cl `kiehústkjm
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
DTIZKL
VCTß
Zih`ri Nilkl DSZZI@MTK
Ihi ITIHI ZSHMBITI
JBKLC
C`uir`m DCTHIDË MTPK_
Kvéh ST_ßI ITI[I
CL ZILWI@MT
Gk`cl AÉTYSC_ IWKLËZ
AËRKJM
Lcyli @CLEI@M JMPTKHI
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
Oihctt AIZ LÚVC_
Gcrhih`m ZILI_IT ZKLWI
Tmdcrtm CZVKHMZI GCTHÉH@C_
Zmgái ZMLÁZ WKLLIHSCWI
STSESI[
Bcrhéh WKLLCHI AITPÁHC_
Eustivm VITM@K CZPCLLIHM
Oijquclkhc UCDD LKHITCZ
C@KPMTKIL AË@KJI
SHKWCTZK@I@ VCTSIHI JI[CP
JI[CPIHM
IHM BCTC@KI
GIJSLPI@ @C CZPMAIPMLMEÁI
“TMDCTPM DCLPTÉH HCKTI‑
Wájtmr JIL@CTÚH SDIYSK
JITKCZ @CHPIL
Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakch
prmjc`kakchtms
tms
piri cl `kiehústkjm
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Ihi ITIHI ZSHMBITI
C`uir`m DCTHIDË MTPK_
Zih`ri Nilkl DSZZI@MTK
Wájtmr JIL@CTÚH SDIYSK
Lcyli @CLEI@M JMPTKHI
Tmdcrtm CZVKHMZI GCTHÉH@C_
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
Oihctt AIZ LÚVC_
Gk`cl AÉTYSC_ IWKLËZ
Eustivm VITM@K CZPCLLIHM
Gcrhih`m ZILI_IT ZKL
ZK LWI
Zmgái ZMLÁZ WKLLIHSCWI
Kvéh ST_ßI ITI[I
Bcrhéh WKLLCHI AITPÁHC_
Oijquclkhc UCDD LKHITCZ
SHKWCTZK@I@ VCTSIHI JI[CPIHM BCTC@KI
GIJSLPI@ @C CZPMAIPMLMEÁI
GIJSLPI@
"TMDCTPM DCLPTÉH HCKTI"
GKJBI PËJHKJI
C`ktmrkil? Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki.
Iv.. Bmhmrkm @clei`m 0:6. Lkai :9- Vcrÿ
Iv
C`ktmr echcril? Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi Birm
Jmc`ktmris? Hitilki Bchmstrmzi Yukhtihs>
Oihctt Ais Lúpcz
Gmtmerigáis `c Jirétuli? Tmdcrtm Cspkhmsi Gcrhéh`cz
@kduoms `kektilkzi`ms? Ecrir`m Bcsbknk Scjbk
Vrcpirijkúh `c mrkekhilcs? Hklm Cspkhmzi Birm
@kscùm, `kieriaijkúh?
c kaprcskúh
Aultk-Kaprcsms Z.I.
Jiaklm Jirrkllm 949.
Lkai 99 - Vcrÿ
© Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki, 4665
Vrkacri C`kjkúh
Bcjbm cl @cpúsktm Lceil H¿
KZDH? H¿
Vrmycjtm C`ktmrkil H¿
Pkrioc? :666 cocaplircs
Vrmbkdk`i li rcprm`ujjkúh
rcprm`ujjkúh pirjkil m tmtil `c lis jirijtcrástkjis erégkjis `c cstc lkdrm. Hkheÿh pérrigm `c csti
c`kjkúh puc`c scr rcprm`ujk`m, jmpki`m m trihsaktk`m skh iutmrkzijkúh `c cxprcsi `c li SVJB y `c lms iutmrcs.
JV
US
JITKCZ @CHPIL
@CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl 456
J
`kiehústkjm/ Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi Birm...^ct il...Q
Lkai? Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki, 4665.
954 p.> 459 klus.
GKJBI JIP
JIPILMETÉGKJI
ILMETÉGKJI
JITKCZ @CHPIL/@KIEHÚZPKJM
Bchmstrmzi Birm, Ekldcrtm ^ct ilQ
:A
TKVIHM Z.I.
Tmh`i `cl Jidillcrm `c li Aihjbi, 9:3
426:0 Ai`rk` (Cspiùi)
JKG? I-26;:0:75
Tkpihm, Vmrtueil?
Iv`i. 43
Iv`i.
43 `c
`c Idrkl,
Idrkl, 754
C`kg. Ilvmri`i 3. C/G
4536- 394 Jisjiks
Pclcgix? (+:39) 490 242 476
lkhi.eirjkiFhctjidm.pt
Tkpihm Grihjki?
Pclëgmhm (+::) 036 ;06 ::7
prpcrczFwihi`mm.gr
Euitcaili?
Jmrp. C`ujitkvi Euitcaili
Iv. Clc
Clchi
hi 5-95
5-95 zmh
zmhii 9, Eui
Euitcai
tcaili
li
Jmrpmc`ujiFkhtclhct.hct.et
Jmhtéjtm? Zr. Tchë Irkis
Pclgs? (+364) 44:4-5236
(+364) 44:6-:033
Tkpihm, Cjui`mr?
Jillc `c lis Jiaclkis,
500 y Hucjcs,
Yuktm,Cjui`mr
Pclcgix? (+3;:4) :479 0:9
Aúvkl? (+3;:;) 6;9 509 973
rkpihmcjui`mrFbmtaikl.jma
Tkpihm Dmlkvki?
@ri. Zbkrlcy Glmrcs Wkllceis
Jillc Idirmi H¿ :32
Pclëgmhm? (+3;9) 0743 4:9:
Aúvkl? (+3;9) 56:4 55:4
Jisklli Vmstil H¿ 9:6
Zujrc-Dmlkvki
rkpihmdmlkvkiFyibmm.cs
Irecht
Ire
chtkhi
khi??
Tkpihm, Wchczucli?
C`ktmrkil y @kstrkdu`mri JMTVSZ Srdihkzijkúh trëdml
Jillc h¿ 9:5, 965-D-26
Zukpijbi 329, (4666) Tmsirkm
Jú`kem Vmstil 4664
Pclcgix (+30) :090 :;0 ;52
Wilchjk
Wilc
hjki,
i, Wchc
Wchczuc
zucli
li
Ouháh
Ouh
áh 9690
9690 9¶I
Pclëgmhm? (+32) 4092 44; 503
(999:) Duchms Ikrcs
c`ktmrkilrkpihmFyibmmm.cs
Pclcgix? (+30) 9902 4;6 ;44
Srueuiy?
cacstrcFjmrpuslkdrms.jma.ir
C`ktmrkil @ihkcl Dirrckrm
www.jm
www
.jmrpu
rpuslk
slkdrms.j
drms.jma.i
ma.irr
Pclëgmhm? (+3;2) 4 744 9250
c-aikl? c`ktmrkil`dF
c`ktmrkil`dFbmtaikl.jma
bmtaikl.jma
Vcrÿ?
Lkdrcrái Jkchtá﬉ji `cl Vcrÿ
Iv. Ivki
Ivkijkú
jkúh
h :934
:934 Mg. 46:
Zih Dmroi Lkai, Vcrÿ
Pclëgmhms? 4402 7;9
;205 39;9
Pclcgix? 4479 970
bttp?//www.lj`clpcru.jma
lj`clpcruFyibmm.jma
Tkpihm, Aëxkjm?
Jirivieekm, :6
Jú`kem Vmstil 6:;96
Jmlmhki Akxjmij
Aëxkjm, @.G.
Pclëgmhm? (+33)37994777
Gix? (+33)3793:32:
c`ktmrkil`kektilFpp`.jma.ax
Tkpihm Jmlmadki?
Jillc 4: B h¿ ;7 B 47
Dmemté, Jmlmadki
Pclëgmhm? (+359) 475 :079
Pclcgix? (+359) 093 0727
Jmhtijtm? Zr. Tiakrm Hirihom
c-aikl? rkpihmjmlmadkiFy
rkpihmjmlmadkiFyibmm.jma
ibmm.jma
Tkpihm, Driskl?
Tui @kis `i Tmjbi Gklbm, 36:
26606-636 Jurktkdi, Virihé
Pclëgmhm? (+09) 470 0033
www.m`
www
.m`mht
mhtcx.
cx.jma
jma.dr
.dr
Irechtkhi
tkhi - Dmlkv
Dmlkvki
ki - Jmlm
Jmlmadki
adki - Jmst
Jmstii Tkj
Tkjii - Jbkl
Jbklc
c - Cjui
Cjui`mr
`mr - Cl Zilv
Zilvi`mri`mr- Csti`ms Shk`
Shk`ms
ms @kspmhkdlc ch lkdrcráis cspcjkilkzi`is `c? Irech
Euitcaili - Bmh`uris - Aëxkjm - Hkjirieui - Aëxkjm - Vihiaé - Virieuiy - Vcrÿ - Vmrtueil - Tcpÿdlkji @makhkjihi - Srueuiy - Wchczucli
4
Iutmrcs
Ekldcrtm
BCHMZPTM_I
Cspcjkilksti
ch M`mhtmlmeáiBITM
Tcstiuri`mri y Cstëtkji
Wájtmr
JIL@CTÚH
SDIYSK
Cspcjkilksti
ch Ti`kmlmeái
Vrmgcsmr Ismjki`m `cl @IJC *
Ocgc `c li Zcjjkúh `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs
@chtilcs
Vrmgcsmr Iuxklkir `cl @IAMJMVM**
Ocgc `cl érci `c Ti`kmlmeái - @krcjjkúh `c pmsteri`m.
ekldcrtFakllkjma.jma.pc
Lcyli @CLEI@M JMPTKHI
Ihi ITIHI ZSHMBITI
Aieástcr ch Jkchjkis, ch Zilu` Vÿdlkji - Shkvcrskty
mg Lmh`mh - SN
Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c @IMZ***
Aieástcr ch M`mhtmlmeái Khtceri`i - Shkvcrsk`i`c
Csti`uil `c Vmhti Ermssi - Driskl
Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs `cl @IJC *
lcyi`cjmFyibmm.jma
jbirlcs]wkh`Fyibmm.jma
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
C`uir`m DCTHIDË MTPK_
Cspcjkilksti ch Csti`ástkji ch Khvcstkeijkúh
Aieástcr ch Cstmaitmlmeái - Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
Vrmgcsmr Ismjki`m `c @IMZ***
Aieástcr ch @chtástkji Tcstiuri`mri - Shkvcrsk`i`c
`c Zêm Viulm/Diurÿ -Driskl
Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs `cl @IJC *
hbchmstrmziFyibmm.jma
Zih`ri Nilkl DSZZI@MTK (Driskl)
Gk`cl AÉTYSC_ IWKLËZ. (Cl Zilvi`mr)
@mjtmri ch M`mhtmpc`kitrki Shkvcrsk`i` `c Zêm
Viulm.
Vrmgcsmri `c li aicstrái ch Jkchjkis `c li Tcbidklktijkúh y Pátulir `c Jláhkji Khgihtkl y M`mhtmbcdkitrki
`cl Jchtrm Shkvcrsktirkm Hmvc `c Oulbm
Vrmgcsmri `c li @ksjkplkhi `c Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs y
M`mhtmbcdkitrkii `c li Shkvcrsk`i` Actrmpmlktihi `c
M`mhtmbcdkitrk
Zihtms
Vrmgcsmri `c M`mhtmpc`kitrái ch li Shkvcrsk`i` `c
Amek `is Jruzcs y Issmjkiåêm Viulksti `ms
Aiekstcr ch Mpcritmrki y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs.
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Kh`kihi - S.Z.I.
Vrmgcsmr Pktulir `c Mpcritmrki y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs
`c li Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeái `c li Shkvcrsk`i` `c
Cl Zilvi`mr.
Jkrurekócs @chtkstis
Vrmgcssmri
Jmmr`khi`mri `c lms jursms `c
Cspcjkilkzijkúh y Vcrgcjjkmhiakchtm ch M`mhtmpc`kitrki `cl Zkh`kjitm `ms M`mhtmlmekstis `m Csti`m
`c Zêm Viulm.
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
Vrmgcsmri Ismjki`i `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs `cl @IJC *
omgkaiFtcrri.jma.sv
Oihctt AIZ LÚVC_
Aieástcr ch Cstmaitmlmeái - Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi
oihcttaisFyibmm.jma
sndFmsktc.jma.dr
:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Eustivm VITM@K CZPCLLIHM (Srueuiy)
Kvéh ST_ßI ITI[I (Jbklc)
@mjtmr ch M`mhtmlmeái
Cspcjkilksti prmgcskmhil ch M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri, Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeái, Shkvcrsk`i` `c
Jbklc.
Vrmgcsmr `c Jláhkji `c Jirkmlmeái - Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeái `c li Shkvcrsk`i` Jitúlkji `cl Srueuiy -SJS.
eupirm`kFuju.c`u.uy
Vrmgcsmr Iskstchtc `c li Jétc`ri `c Mpcritmrki @chtil ,
Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeái, Shkvcrsk`i` `c Jbklc.
Gcrhih`m ZILI_IT ZKL
ZK LWI
@mjchtc `cl prmeriai `c Cspcjkilkzijkúh Vrmgcskmhil
ch Tcbidklktijkúh Mril, Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeái,
@mjtmr ch Zilu` Vÿdlkji - Shkvcrskty mg Hmrtb Jirmlkhi - S.Z.I.
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Jbklc.
Aieástcr ch Zilu` Vÿdlkji - Shkvcrskty mg Ilidiai/
Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
Vrmgcsmr Vrkhjkpil `c @IMZ***
gsilFupjb.c`u.pc
Zmgái ZMLÁZ WKLLIHSCWI
Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs `cl @IJC *
kjcvihjlFyibmm.jma
Bcrhéh WKLLCHI AITPÁHC_
Cspcjkilksti ch Ch`m`mhjki
@mjtmr ch Cstmaitmlmeái - Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
Vrmgcsmr Vrkhjkpil `cl @IJC *
Ocgc `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c Ch`m`mhjki
bcrvkllchiFyibmm.cs
smgkicstFbmtaikl.jma
Oijquclkhc UCDD LKHITCZ
Aieástcr ch Cstmaitmlmeái - Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs `cl @IJC *
loijquclkhcwcddlFbmtaikl.jma
* @IJC? @cpirtiachtm Iji`ëakjm `c Jláhkji Cstmaitmlúekji. SVJB
** @IAMJMVM @cpirtiachtm Iji`ëakjm `c Ac`kjkhi Mril, Jkrueái Mril y Vitmlmeái Mril. SVJB
SV JB
*** @IMZ @cpirtiachtm Iji`ëakjm `c M`mhtmlmeái Zmjkil. SVJB
0
Vrúlmem
Bijc ileuhis `ëji`is, cl `kiehústkjm y cl tritiakchtm `c li jirkcs cri `kgcrchtc,
prkhjkpilachtc acrjc` i lms skeukchtc ispcjtms? li aiehktu` cpk`ëakji `c li jirkcs ch
li pmdlijkúh hm i`aktái `u`i, li prmercskúh `c li chgcrac`i` cri répk`i, li `ctcjjkúh
`c lis lcskmhcs echcrilachtc sc rcilkzi`i jmh iyu`i `c uhi smh`i m cxplmri`mr y lis
mpjkmhcs `c tritiakchtm crih prkhjkpilachtc `c hiturilczi tëjhkji? li aiymrái `c lis
vcjcs lkakti`is i cxtrijjkmhcs y rcstiurijkmhcs `c iaileiai.
Ch guhjkúh `c lms hmtidlcs ivihjcs quc sc bih prm`ujk`m `cs`c chtmhjcs, ch `kjbms
ispcjtms, sc echcrirmh jiadkms trisjch`chtilcs. Chtrc cllms? li khbkdkjkúh y cl
chtmrpcjkakchtm `c li prmercskúh `c li chgcrac`i`, jmam jmhscjuchjki `c li khjluskúh
`c glumrurms ch lms `chtágrkjms, y ch mtrms vcbájulms. I csm biy quc ierceir ilem aés
kapmrtihtc iÿh? sc bi tmai`m jmhjkchjki quc li rcstiurijkúh `c lms `kchtcs rcprcschti
ch rcilk`i` uhi `crrmti `cl pijkchtc ch li ditilli jmhtri li jirkcs, y quc ch cl gmh`m lis
ac`k`is rcstiuri`mris jmhstktuych cl khkjkm y hm li suprcskúh `c guturis hcjcsk`i`cs `c
tritiakchtm. Vmr su pirtc, cl cstu`km `c lms prmjcsms akjrmdkmlúekjms y quáakjms ch li
jivk`i` mril rcvclú quc lms csti`kms tcaprihms `c jirkcs `chtil smh rcvcrskdlcs y quc li
silkvi jmhtkchc lms jmapmhchtcs i pirtkr `c lms
l ms juilcs li cstrujturi `chtirki cs piskdlc
`c rcjmhstrukrsc, tris uhi `cstrujjkúh khjkpkchtc
khjkpkc htc prmvmji`i pmr dijtcrkis. Mtrms cstu`kms
puskcrmh ch cvk`chjki lms dioms vilmrcs prc`kjtkvms i lirem plizm `c lms aëtm`ms `c
`kiehústkjm `c jirkcs, akchtris quc ileuhms `c cllms pm`áih khjlusm scr `iùkhms piri cl
pijkchtc.
Ch Jirkmlmeái hm súlm sc bi idmlk`m piri`keais quc sc aihtuvkcrmh `urihtc aujbm
tkcapm, skhm quc i`caés sc bih i`mpti`m hucvis gklmsmgáis `c tritiakchtm. Bmy ch `ái
cl `kiehústkjm `c jirkcs sc jmhjchtri aujbm aés ch li ijtkvk`i` `cl prmjcsm `c jirkcs
y, `c mtrm li`m, ch lm quc itiùc i lms prmjc`kakchtms tcripëutkjms rcstiuri`mrcs,
rcstiuri`mrcs, sc bi
`i`m uh ekrm bijki uhi gklmsmgái prcvchtkvi.
Pilcs ivihjcs sc jmrrcspmh`ch jmh li khtrm`ujjkúh `cl jmhjcptm `c M`mhtmlmeái
disi`i ch cvk`chjkis, quc prmpuehi quc cl juk`i`m `cl pijkchtc y li chscùihzi `c
`kjbm juk`i`m sc euác pmr li cvk`chjki jkchtágkji, ch ismjkijkúh jmh li cxpcrkchjki jláhkji.
jláhk ji.
Viri quc cllm sci cgcjtkvm, cs hcjcsirkm ihilkzir, cviluir y rcsuakr akhujkmsiachtc lms
`itms prcjc`chtcs. Cl rcsulti`m cs uh jmhstihtc gluom `c cstu`kms `c acti-ihélksks y
rcvkskmhcs skstcaétkjis, jmam Jmjbrihc y mtrms.
3
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cl iutmr prkhjkpil y c`ktmr `c cstc lkdrm, @r. Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi Birm, jmhouhtiachtc
jmh sus jmiutmrcs `c Vcrÿ y `c mtrms piáscs Litkhmiacrkjihms, bih plisai`m uhi
ijcrti`i y ijtuilkzi`i `csjrkpjkúh `cl jmhmjkakchtm ch cstc vistm jiapm. Lis huacrmsis
klustrijkmhcs quc sc bih khjluk`m eukiréh il lcjtmr y ipmyiréh lis mdscrvijkmhcs jláhkjis.
Cstc cs uh lkdrm y uh rcgcrchtc khgmraitkvm dkdlkmerégkjm `c erih utklk`i`, tihtm piri
lms cstu`kihtcs `c M`mhtmlmeái jmam piri lms m`mhtúlmems cxpcrkachti`ms, pmr lm juil
gclkjktm
skhjcriachtc
i tm`ms Bcrc`ki
qukchcspmr
pirtkjkpirmh
ch quc
cstimtmrei
mdri y,
i li
Shkvcrsk`i`
Vcruihi Jiyctihm
li kapmrtihjki
i liiskaksam,
tirci c`ktmrkil.
@r. OA (‒Dmd‛) tch Jitc,
VTMGCZMT @C M@MHPMLMEÁI VTCWCHPKW
VTCWCHPKWI
I
VIZP @CJIHM [ OCGC @C KHWCZPKEIJKÚH
JCHPTM IJI@ËAKJM @C M@MHPMLMEÁI @C ÉAZPCT@IA (IJPI),
(IJPI), VIÁZCZ DIOMZ
VTMGCZMT BMHMTITKM
SHKWCTZK@I@ VCTSIHI JI[
JI[CP
CPIHM
IHM BCTC@KI
7
Vrcschtijkúh
Ch mjiskúh `c li pudlkjijkúh `cl lkdrm @kiehústkjm `c Jirkcs @chtil , bijc `ms iùms,
cxprcsiams hucstri jmaplijchjki pmr li ipirkjkúh `c uhi mdri quc rcigkrai li akskúh
`c cxjclchjki c`ujitkvi `c li Gijulti` `c Cstmaitmlmeái Tmdcrtm Dcltréh Hckri `c li
Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki. Il aksam tkcapm aihkgcstiams li rclcvihjki y
ijtuilkzijkúh `c lms jmhmjkakchtms khjluk`ms ch clli, su erih jilk`i` y sustchtm jkchtágkjm,
i`caés `cl cstklm `k`éjtkjm `cdk`iachtc klustri`m.
Sh iùm `cspuës `c li prcschtijkúh `c csc lkdrm, jmhstitiams jmh pirtkjulir ilcerái,
quc su `caih`i bidái iemti`m li c`kjkúh khkjkil `c akl cocaplircs, y lis huacrmsis
smlkjktu`cs quc rcjkdkams hms pcraktkcrmh iprcjkir li erih ijmek`i pmr pirtc `c lms
prmgcsmrcs y iluahms `c `kvcrsis uhkvcrsk`i`cs, tihtm ch cl Vcrÿ jmam ch cl cxtcrkmr,
skch`m rcjmach`i`m jmam lkdrm `c tcxtm ch virkis `c cllis. Iskaksam, hms chtcriams
`cl khtcrës `c uhi kapmrtihtc caprcsi c`ktmrkil curmpci, piri `kstrkdukr li mdri aés illé
`c hucstris grmhtcris.
Vmr cstis rizmhcs, ilchtiams li prcpirijkúh `c uhi sceuh`i mdri, quc iaplkih`m y
prmguh`kzih`m li prc`cjcsmri, sci su jmhtkhuijkúh. Ch clli, su iutmr prkhjkpil y c`ktmr
c`ktmr,, cl
@r. Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi Birm, ijcrti`iachtc bi suai`m i lms prmgcsmrcs `c hucstri
gijulti`, jmiutmrcs `cl lkdrm prcjc`chtc, cl ipmrtc `c `kstkheuk`ms c`uji`mrcs `c Driskl,
Jbklc, Cl Zilvi`mr, Srueuiy y Aëxkjm. Cllm lc bi mtmrei`m uhi `kachskúh khtcrhijkmhil
auy ijtuilkzi`i, iaplkiachtc klustri`i jmh kaéechcs, jui`rms y elmsis, tih prcjksms
jmam `k`éjtkjms.
Jidc rcsiltir quc cl hmtidlc vilmr `c li mdri sc ijrcjkchti jmh cl csjlircjc`mr prúlmem
`cl prmgcsmr O.A. (‒Dmd‛) tch Jitc, iutmrk`i` auh`kil ch cl érci, rcjkchtcachtc khjmrpmri`m
i hucstri uhkvcrsk`i` jmam prmgcsmr bmhmrirkm.
Jmh cspcjkil ieri`m prcschtiams i li jmauhk`i` iji`ëakji y prmgcskmhil cl lkdrm
l kdrm
JITKCZ @CHPIL
@CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `k iehústkjm, quc aés illé `c sus
kh`ksjutkdlcs juilk`i`cs quc li jmhvcrtkréh ch uhi vilkmsi guchtc `c jmhsulti, jmhgkrai
li visti prm`ujjkúh lktcrirki `c hucstri gijulti`, khkjki`i bijc vckhtc iùms.
5
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cxtch`cams hucstri gclkjktijkúh y cl ieri`cjkakchtm `c li Gijulti` `c Cstmaitmlmeái
il @r. Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi y i qukchcs ipmrtirmh i li mdri, prmgcsmrcs hucstrms y `c mtrms
piáscs bcraihms, tm`ms cllms `kstkheuk`ms `mjchtcs y prmgcskmhilcs, pmr su cgkjkchtc y
`cskhtcrcsi`i jmhtrkdujkúh i hucstri akskúh c`ktmrkil.
@r. Grc``kc Ukllkias @áiz
@CJIHM
GIJSLPI@
GIJSL
PI@ @C CZPMA IPMLMEÁI
2
Vrcgijkm
Clidmrir uh lkdrm quc prmlmheuc uh ruadm scùili`m pmr mtrm, cs uhi tirci quc chgrchti
uh scrkm `csigám, y, smdrc
smdrc tm`m i uh vkcom y jmhmjk`m rcgréh quc `kjc? “huhji sceuh`is
pirtcs gucrmh duchis‑. Pil
Pil tirci, til `csigám y til rcgréh, skh cadirem, ch cstc jism bih
scrvk`m piri, ch prkacr lueir,
lueir, jmh lis mdscrvijkmhcs cgcjtui`is, khtchtir jmhsmlk`ir lis
khhmvijkmhcs `c su khac`kitm ihtcjc`chtc y i jmhtkhuijkúh, jmh cl khvilmridlc jmhjursm
`c kapmrtihtcs iutmrcs `c piáscs bcraihms, iùi`kr ipmrtcs quc skh `u`i iaplkiréh
chmracachtc cl pihmriai `c li mdri.
@c ch
cscaés
am`m,
hm lcjtmr
súlm scijujkmsm,
bi tchk`mskhm
ch juchti
lis cxpcjtitkvis
qucclcltcai
lkdrmquc
prcjc`chtc
amtkvú
`c uh
y prkhjkpilachtc
ibmh`ir
idmr`ú?
li jirkcs.
Pcai quc, ch lm cschjkil, iÿh pcraihcjc khvirkidlc> yi quc li erih aiymrái `c li
buaihk`i` jmhtkhÿi sugrkch`m cl caditc `c til chgcrac`i` (V
(VIBBMAMW
IBBMAMW y ZJBIT_, 9;;;) ,
pcsc i quc prmskeuc li `ksakhujkúh `c su prcvilchjki, déskjiachtc ch lms piáscs
`csirrmlli`ms (IRCLZMH, 4666). Cllm rcgucrzi li hcjcsk`i` `c rchmvir dráms pmr `kvuleir cl
jmhmjkakchtm ch csti érci, tchkch`m ch achtc hm súlm il cstu`kihtc, skhm tiadkëh il
prmgcskmhil khtcrcsi`m ch li c`ujijkúh jmhtkhui, mdoctkvm pirtkjulirachtc kapmrtihtc ch
uh jiapm guh`iachtil piri su tirci jmtk`kihi.
Csti mdri jmhsti `c `kcz jipátulms. Ch li aksai láhci `cl ihtcrkmr, sc
rcjmakch`i li lcjturi scjuchjkil> hm mdstihtc, su `kscùm pcraktc tiadkëh mptir pmr li
jmhsulti `krcjti i juilqukcri `c lms jipátulms> juyi scrkc sc khkjki jmh
jm h uhi khtrm`ujjkúh
y julakhi jmh uh elmsirkm, pisih`m sujcskviachtc pmr lms `kvcrsms ispcjtms `c li
chgcrac`i` jirkcs, `cs`c li ctkmlmeái, li cvmlujkúh `c li lcskúh, li `kgcrchjkijkúh jláhkji
`c lis zmhis `c li `chtkhi jirki`i, li `ctcjjkúh jláhkji `c lis lcskmhcs, su jliskgkjijkúh,
jli skgkjijkúh,
lms cxéachcs jmaplcachtirkms piri mrkchtir cl rkcsem, cl rcekstrm `c lis lcskmhcs, cl
`kiehústkjm `cl csti`m pulpir, lms isuhtms ri`kmlúekjms jmhcxms y pmr ÿltkam cl `kiehústkjm
cpk`cakmlúekjm.
* Ixclssmh V. @kiehmsks ih` Tksn Vrc`kjtkmh mg @chtil Jirkcs, vml 4. 9ª c`. Jirml Ztr cia? Yukhtcsschjc> 4666.
** Vinbmamv E, Zjbwirz C. Vrcgijc Ch? Grchjnch OC, Bmlaerch JO. Itriuaitkj Tcstmritkvc Prcitacht (ITP) gmr `chtil
jirkcs. 9ª c`. Hkoacech? ZPK Dmmn d.v.> 9;;;.
;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cs oustm sudriyir cl ipmym, ac`kihtc li prmvkskúh `c aitcrkil dkdlkmerégkjm, pmr pirtc
`c OA (‒Dmd‛) tch Jitc `c Éastcr`ia,
Éastcr`ia, piáscs Dioms, Omsë Jirlms Vcrckri `c Diurÿ, Driskl>
Ilgmhsm Ail`mhi`m `c Jirijis, Wchczucli y Tkti Wkllchi Zirakchtm `c Lkai, Vcrÿ> isá
jmam cl ipmym ch li jmhsmlk`ijkúh `c lms tcxtms `c Hklm Cspkhmzi Birm y cl `c Luks
Ieirác Akyisitm.
@c uh am`m cspcjkil, viyi uh cguskvm ieri`cjkakchtm i aks `ms jmc`ktmris? Hitilki
Bchmstrmzi Yukhtihs, ak bkoi y jmlcei y Oihctt Ais Lúpcz, ak bkoi prmgcskmhil. Zkh cl
ipmym khjmh`kjkmhil `c cllis csti mdri hm sc bidrái jmhjrcti`m.
Ekldcrtm Bchmstrmzi Birm
96
JMHPCHK@M
KHPTM@SJJKÚH
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
9:
JIVÁPSLM 9
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL
@CHPIL
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
Kvéh ST_ßI ITI[
ITI[I
I
95
JIVÁPSLM 4
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZKÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM
:5
Oihctt
LÚVC_ GCTHÉH@C_ y jmlidmri`mrcs*
TmdcrtmAIZ
CZVKHMZI
JIVÁPSLM :
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I
Eustivm VITM@K CZPCLLIHM
Zih`ri Nilkl DSZZI@MTK y jmlidmri`mrcs *
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
3:
JIVÁPSLM 0
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
YSKHPIHZ y jmlidmri`mri *
7;
JIVÁPSLM 3
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ
JMAVLC ACHPITKMZ VITI
VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Gk`cl AÉTYSC_ IWKLËZ
Oijquclkhc UCDD LKHITCZ y jmlidmri`mri *
2;
JIVÁPSLM 7
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
Lcyli @CLEI@M JMPTKHI
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM y jmlidmri`mri *
963
99
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
JIVÁPSLM 5
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
Zmgái ZMLÁZ WKLLIHSCWI
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
995
JIVÁPSLM 2
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL
Wájtmr JIL@CTÚH SDIYSK
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
945
JIVÁPSLM ;
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL
@C L CZPI@M
CZPI@M VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL
Bcrhéh WKLLCHI AITPÁHC_
903
JIVÁPSLM 96
CL @KIEHÚZPKJM CVK@CAKMLÚEKJM @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL
Ihi ITIHI ZSHMBITI
C`uir`m DCTHIDË MTPK_
Gcrhih`m ZILI_IT ZKLWI
93;
ELMZITKM
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
975
94
khtrm`ujjkúh
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
CPKMLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL
9
Ekldcrtm
BCHMZPTM_I
BITMIHZ
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I
BCHM
ZPTM_I YSKHPIHZ
YSKHP
Kv éh ST_ßI ITI[I
Pih ihtkeui jmam cl scr buaihm, li jirkcs cs uhi `c lis chgcrac`i`cs juyms áh`kjcs
li udkjih chtrc lis `c aés ilti grcjuchjki> il puhtm `c bidcrsc jmhstktuk`m ch cl
aés erivc y jmhstihtc prmdlcai piri lms prmeriais
prmeriais `c silu` mril ch cl auh`m. I khkjkms
`cl skelm RRK, su aihcom sc sustchti -ihtcs quc ch lis `cstrczis rcstiuri`mris `cl
`ctrkachtm quc mjiskmhi- ch cl rkemr `kiehústkjm y, ëstc i su vcz, ch su ctkmlmeái.
9.9. JMHJCVPM
Li jirkcs cs uhi chgcrac`i` khgcjjkmsi y trihsakskdlc `c lms `kchtcs, quc sc jirijtcrkzi pmr li `cskhtcerijkúh prmercskvi `c sus tcok`ms jiljkgkji`ms,
`cdk`m i li ijjkúh `c akjrmmreihksams smdrc lms
jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs prmvchkchtcs `c li `kcti. Jmam rcsulti`m, sc prm`ujc li `csakhcrilkzijkúh
`c li pmrjkúh akhcril y li sudscjuchtc `kserceijkúh
`c li pirtc mreéhkji, gchúachms `kstkhtkvms `c li
`mlchjki (B×TZPC@-DKH@ZLCW y AO×T, 9;22> PB[LZPTSV y GKESTI 9.9. Lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chtil
GCOCTCZNMW, 9;;0> ZCKG, 9;;5) (Gke. 9.9.). Ctkamlúekjiachtc sc `crkvi `cl litáh jirkcs, quc kaplkji putrcgijjk úh (E Ú AC_, 9;;;). Zce ÿh li
Jliskgkjijkúh Khtcrhijkmhil `c Chgcrac`i`cs lc jmrrcspmh`c cl jú`kem N64 (UBM, 4660).
Bisti lis ÿltkais `ëji`is `cl skelm RR, pmr cxtchskúh, tiadkëh sc
`chmakhidi jirkcs i lis lcskmhcs quc prm`ujch cl `ctcrkmrm `c lis
cstrujturis `chtirkis, lm juil ch li ijtuilk`i` rcprcschti uh ihijrmhksam
quc sc prcsti i jmhguh`kr li chgcrac`i` jirkcs jmh sus scjuclis? lis
lcskmhcs jirkmsis. Ëstc cs uh jmhjcptm guh`iachtil piri khstiurir uh
`kieh ú stkjm prcjksm y, pmr ch`c, uh tritiakchtm ctkmpitme ë hkjm y hm
pilkitkvm> vilc `cjkr quc sci `krkek`m i lms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms, a és quc i
lis scjuclis prm`ujk`is.
9.4. CPKMLMEÁI @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL
cs li `chmakhijkúh cxjluskvi piri li chgcrac`i`, akchtris quc lcskúh
j i r k m s i jmrrcspm
p
mh`c il `ctrkachtm quc prm`ujc ch lms `kchtcs.
Jirkcs
Jmam tm`i chgcrac`i` `c ctkmlme ái aultkgijtmrkil, li dÿsquc`i `cl jmhschsm rcspcjtm i lms iechtcs quc li mjiskmhih vkchc `caih`i`m uh lipsm suaiachtc cxtchsm,
quc iÿh hm bi sk`m iemti`m il khkjkir cl iùm 4665, amachtm ch quc sc c`kti csti mdri.
95
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
9.4.9. Pcmráis ctkmlúekjis
I trivës `c lms tkcapms sc bih prcjmhkzi`m `kvcrsis tcmráis ijcrji `c li hiturilczi
ctkmlúekji `c li jirkcs, lis juilcs puc`ch rcsuakrsc ch `ms erupms?
9.4.9.9. Ch`úechis
Zmstkchch quc li jirkcs cs prmvmji`i pmr iechtcs prmvchkchtcs `cl khtcrkmr `c lms
`kchtcs.
i. Ëstisks `c gluk`ms hmjkvms
Gmrauli`i pmr Bkpújritcs ch 037 i.J., qukch guc uhm `c lms p rkacrms ch prctch`cr cxplkjir lis jiusis `c li jirkcs `chtil. Zu bkpútcsks pirtái `cl jmhjcptm quc li
silu` y li chgcrac`i` cstidih `ctcrakhi`is pmr cl guhjkmhiakchtm i`cjui`m `c
lms buamrcs khtcrhms (siherc, dklks, glcai y lkhgi). Ch csti pcrspcjtkvi, jmhsk`cridi
quc li jirkcs `chtil cri prm`ujtm `c uhi `ksguhjk úh mreéhkji quc jmh`kjkmhidi li
ijuaulijkúh `c gluk`ms pcrou`kjkilcs ch cl khtcrkmr `c lms `kchtcs (TKHE, 9;;:).
d. Khgli
Khgliait
aitmrk
mrki
i ch`
ch`úechi
Eilchm (9:6 `.J.) tiadk ëh jmapirt ái li vkskúh `c Bkp újritcs ijcrji `c lms buamrcs, hm mdstihtc `kgcr ái ch su khtcrprctijkúh ch juihtm i li ctkmlmeái `c li jirkcs
`chtil, igkraih`m quc? “Lms tristmrhms jcgélkjms `ctcrakhih uhi jmrrupjkúh ch lms
buamrcs, quc g éjklachtc puc`ch pisir i li dmji y prm`ujkr ÿljcris, ekhekvktks, pkmrrci y jirkcs‑ (TKHE, 9;;:).
j. Khgl
Khglia
iaij
ijkkúh `cl m`mhtmdlistm
Cl aë`kjm y `chtksti grihj ës Omur`ikh (skelm RWKKK) itrkduái i jkcrtis pcrturdijkmhcs actidúlkjis li khgliaijk úh `cl m`mhtmlmdlistm, li quc -i su vcz- prmamv ái li
`cs-jiljkgkjijkúh `c li `chtkhi y li pmstcrkmr `cstrujjk úh `cl csailtc (DTMUH y jml.,
9;;9) .
`. Pcmrái chzkaétkji `c lis gmsgitisis
Lis gmsgitisis smh chzkais quc pirtkjkpih ch cl actidmlksam `cl g úsgmrm y `cl
jiljkm, quc cst é rclijkmhi`m jmh li jiljkgkjijk úh y `csjiljkgkjijkúh `c lms tcok`ms.
Ch 9;39, JZCTH[CK smstuvm quc cl prmjcsm jirkmsm
cri jiusi`m pmr uh tristmrhm dkmqu á akjm quc
GKESTI 9.4.
`ctcrakhi quc lis gmsgitisis `c li pulpi ijt ÿch smPillll i `c l sk el m
Pi
drc lms elkjcrmgmsgitms, cstkaulih`m li prm`ujjk úh
RWK quc rcp
rcprcrc`c é jk`m gmsg ú rkjm, cl juil `ksuclvc lms tcok`ms
schti cl tmrachjiljkgkji`ms.
tm quc khglkhech
lms eusihms `chtágiems.
Lis tcmráis ch`úechis, i lm lirem `cl tkcapm, gucrmh rcditk`is pmr mdscrvijkmhcs tih `kvcrsis jmam
krrcgutidlcs, chtrc cllis quc lms ` kchtcs `csprmvkstms
`c pulpi -úreihm ch cl quc prcsuhtiachtc sc mrkekhidi li chgcrac`i`- tiadk ëh smh prmjlkvcs il ca(Jmlcjjkúh `cl
Auscm Ilcaéh `c
ditc `c li jirkcs `chtil.
Bkstmrki `c li
Ac`kjkhi `c
Khemlsti`t.
I`ipti`m `c TKHE,
9;;:).
9.4.9.4. Cxúechis
Itrkduych cl mrkech `c li jirkcs `chtil i jiusis
cxtcrhis .
92
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ
CPKMLÚEK JMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
i. Wcra
crakj
kjul
ulir
ir
Ch uhi `c lis tidlkllis `c li Dkdlkmtcji Tcil `c Didklmhki (quc jmrrcspmh`c il
glmrcjkakchtm `c li jkvklkzijkúh Iskrki, quc tuvm lueir ch Acsmpmtiaki chtrc lms iùms
3666 y :666 i.J.), ipircjc rcekstri`i pmr prkacri vcz uhi tcmr ái ijcrji `cl mrkech
`c li jirkcs `chtil, li juil rcspmhsidklkzi i lms “eusihms `chtilcs‑ `c li `csjmapmskjkúh `c lms `kchtcs (HKNKGMTSN, 9;23). ( Gke. 9.4.).
d. Yukakm
Yukakmpi
piri
riskt
sktirk
irki.
i.
Ch 92;6, cl csti`muhk`chsc Ukllmuebdy
@. AKLLCT
pudlkj ú su lkdrm ‑ L m s
akjrmmreihksams `c li dmji buaihi ‑, ch cl quc igkraidi quc lis dijtcrkis mrilcs
prm`ujch éjk`ms il gcrachtir lms jirdmbk`ritms `c li `kcti (cspcj ágkjiachtc cl izÿjir) y quc tilcs éjk`ms (pirtkjulirachtc cl l éjtkjm) `ksuclvch cl csailtc, mjiskmhih`m su `ctcrkmrm.
Akllcr, jmhsk`cri`m cl prcjursmr `c li akjrmdkmlmeái `chtil, `ksj ápulm `c Tmdcrt
Akllcr,
Nmjb, iskaksam smstuvm quc li cvmlujkúh `cl prmjcsm jirkmsm tch ái lueir ch `ms
ctipis? li prkacri mjiskmhidi li `csjiljkgkjijk úh m rcdlih`cjkakchtm `c lms tcok`ms
`chtilcs, pmr li pirtkjkpijk úh `c dijtcrkis jipijcs `c prm`ujkr éjk`ms> y li sceuh`i prm`ujái li `ksmlujkúh `c lis cstrujturis `csjiljkgkji`is, pmr li khtcrvchjkúh `c
akjrmmreihksams quc `ceri`ih m `kekcrch li sustihjki mre éhkji (HKNKGMTSN, 9;23).
j. Vr
Vrm
mtcmlá tkji
EMPPLKCD
ch ipitkti
9;00, suekrk
quc
rcjudrc
lis supcrgkjkcs
ú quc liiaitrkz
éhkji
lms jrkstilcs, `c
`cl csailtc,
am`m mre
`c rc`,
cri
itiji`i
ihtcs
quc li pmrjk`c
úh
akhcril `cl csailtc. Zmstch ái quc lms akjrmmreihksams bk`rmlkzih lis prmtc á his,
`coih`m i li sustihjki khmreéhkji `csprmvksti `c li cstrujturi acj éhkji prmtckji
quc li smpmrti, lm quc mjiskmhi cl `csamrmhiakchtm `c lms tcok`ms `chtilcs.
Zkh cadirem, csti tcmr ái hm puc`c cxplkjir quc li khjk`chjki `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis
hm sc khjrcachti ch `ctcrakhi`ms scjtmrcs `c tcok`ms `chtirkms quc tkchch iltm jmhtchk`m mreéhkjm. I`caés, pircjc scr quc lis chzkais prmtcmlátkjis prm`ujk`is pmr
lms akjrmmreihksams tkchch a és prmtiemhksam ch li chgcrac`i` pcrkm`mhtil quc ch
li jirkcs. Vcrm cl ireuachtm a és jitceúrkjm cs quc, vilk ëh`msc `c chzkais prmtcmlá tkjis, bi sk`m kapmskdlc rcprm`ujkr li khstiurijk úh `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis kh vktrm
(B ×TZPC@-DKH@ZLCW y AO×T, 9;22).
`. Vrmtcúlksks-Yuclijkúh
ZJBIP_ y AITPKH, ch 9;33, pirtkch`m `c li tcmr ái Vrmtcml átkji, prmpuskcrmh quc lucem `cl prmjcsm `c prmtcúlksks mjurrái uhi quclijk úh.
Zmstcháih quc lms akjrmmreihksams jiusihtcs `c li jirkcs `chtil
capkczih cl prmjcsm `ceri`ih`m chzka étkjiachtc i lis prmtc áhis
(prmtc úlksks), `crkvih`m ch sustihjkis quc `ksuclvch li pmrjk úh akhcril `cl csailtc ac`kihtc uh prmjcsm `chmakhi`m quclijkúh, cl juil
sc `csirrmlli pmr ijjkúh `c amlëjulis mreéhkjis ch gmrai `c ihkllm,
`chmakhi`is quclihtcs> lis quc il uhkrsc i uh k úh, pmr ac`km `c
chlijcs jmvilchtcs, gmraih uhi sil smludlc.
Capcrm, OCHNKHZ y @IUCZ, ch 9;70, rcgutir
rcgutirmh
mh csti tcmr ái il khtchtir
rcprm`ujkr khgrujtumsiachtc li jirkcs `chtil kh vktrm , jmh iechtcs
Li jmhjcpjkúh
qukakmpirisktirki,
disc ctkmlúekji
prka
pr
kamr
mr`ki
`kill `c li
jirkcs, guc prmpu c s t i c h 9 2 ; 6
pm
p
m r U @ A k l l c r.
Zkh cadirem. súlm i ac`ki`ms `c
lms ‒76 iljihzú
jmhschsm.
9;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
quclihtcs. Jmhjluycrmh quc li silkvi y lms akjrmmreihksams hm jmhtkchch sustihjkis
quclihtcs sugkjkchtcs jmam piri prm`ujkr li quclijk úh `cl jiljkm i`iaihtkhm.
9.:. GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ
Li ctkmlmeái `c li
jirkcs `chtil sc `c-
Cl jiakhm bijki cl jmhjcptm ijtuil `c li jirkcs `chtil bi sk`m lirem y
tmrtumsm. Li prkacri luz ch li `krcjjk úh iprmpki`i li chjmhtriams ch li
jkti`i Pcmr ái Yukakmpirisktirki `c AKLLCT, ch 92;6. Li quc gkhilachtc guc
dc i trcs iechtcs
(Buëspc`, Akjrm-
ijcpti`i pmr cl jmhschsm `c li prmgcskúh, il prmac`kir cl skelm RR, pcrm
mreihksam y Zustritm) quc `cdch
khtcrijtuir chtrc
sá (NC[CZ
( NC[CZ,, 9;76).
9;7 6).
súlm `cspuës `c khvcstkeijkmhcs ir`uis y suaiachtc prmlmhei`is quc
pcraktkcrmh jmhmjcr li rcil hiturilczi y lms acjihksams `cl khkjkm y `cl
`csirrmllm `c li jirkcs `chtil (Jipátulm 4).
Ch cxpcrkchjkis `c lidmritmrkm sc jmhskeuk ú prm`ujkr kh vktrm jirkcs
`chtil ch `kchtcs buaihms cxtri á`ms y, iskaksam, ch ihkailcs `c cxpcrkachtijk ú h,
iljihz éh`msc kapmrtihtcs billizems. Zc lmerirmh k`chtkgkjir lms akjrmmreihksams m
dijtcrkis jmhsustihjkilcs il mrkech `c li jirkcs `chtil? lms Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs,
iksléh`mlms i pirtkr `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis ijtkvis (JLITNC, 9;40> GKP_ECTIL@ y NC[CZ, 9;76).
I trivës `c cxpcrkchjkis `c lidmritmrkm ch pcrrms, ch 9;36 NKPC jmaprmdú quc li
prcschjki `c jirdmbk`ritms ch li `kcti cs prkamr`kil piri cl `csirrmllm `c jirkcs `chtil. Vmstcrkmrachtc, NC[CZ, ch 9;76, `camstrú quc li jirkcs cs uhi chgcrac`i` khgcjjkmsi
y trihsakskdlc, vilkëh`msc `c cxpcrkachtms jmh biastcrs, i lms quc scpirú ch `ms erupms,
uhm jmaprmactk`m pmr li chgcrac`i` y cl mtrm cxchtm `c clli. Cstc ÿltkam erupm i su vcz
guc sud`kvk`k`m ch `ms suderupms, uhm `c lms juilcs il uhkrsc il erupm iqucoi`m pmr li
jirkcs `csirrmllú li chgcrac`i`> akchtris cl mtrm suderupm, quc pcraihcjk ú iksli`m, sc
aihtuvm lkdrc `c li chgcrac`i`.
Zmdrc li disc `c li trki`i cjmlúekji gmrauli`i pmr Emr`mh, piri li clidmrijk úh `cl
am`clm jiusil ch Cpk`cakmlmeái (GTCKPIZ, 4669), ch 9;76, Viul NC[CZ cstidlcjkú quc li
ctkmlmeái `c li jirkcs `chtil mdc`cjái i uh csqucai jmapucstm pmr trcs iechtcs (Bu ëspc`, Akjrmmreihksams y @kcti) quc `cdch khtcrijtuir chtrc s á. @kjbi rclijk úh guc rcsuak`i ch uhi erégkji quc trisjch`kú cl skelm RR, jmh li `chmakhijkúh `c li trki`i `c Ncycs
(PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZ NMW
NMW,, 9;;0). (Gke. 9.:. ).
BSËZVC@
(@KCHPC - ZILKWI)
GKESTI 9.:.
Prki`i `c
Ncycs, 9;76.
BSËZVC@
AKJTMMTEIHKZAMZ
Iechtc
JITKCZ
@KCPI
GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ VTKAITKMZ
Zilkvi @kchtc
`
i
AKJTMMTEIHKZAMZ
@KCPI
Zustritm-Ac`km
Gluom
Ihitmaái
Piapúh Vmskjkúh
i
ktj
`k
h
ë
h
u
a
hK
E
c
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs
Lijtmdijklms sp
Ijtkhmayjcs sp
Jirdmbk`ritms ➜ Zijirmsi
Grcjuchjki `c jmhsuam
JSI@TM 9.9.
46
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ
CPKMLÚEKJ MZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
Isá sc chjuadrú cl jmhjcptm quc smstkchc quc cl prmjcsm `c jirkcs sc
guh`iachti ch lis jirijtcrástkjis `c lms lliai`ms gijtmrcs déskjms, prkairkms m prkhjkpilcs? `kcti, buëspc` y akjrmmreihksams (Jui`rm 9.9.),
juyi khtcrijjkúh sc jmhsk`cri kh`kspchsidlc piri vchjcr lms acjihksams
`c `cgchsi `cl csailtc y jmhscjuchtcachtc piri quc sc prmvmquc li chgcrac`i`, yi quc `c mtrm am`m scr é kapmskdlc quc ësti sc prm`uzji.
Zkh cadirem, HCUDTSH ch 9;52, ihtc li cvk`chjki prmpmrjkmhi`i pmr
Li jirkcs `chtil,
prr k h j k p i l a c h t c ,
p
cs prm`ujtm `c li
khtcrijjkúh `c lms
gijtmrcs prkairkms? `kcti, buëspc
p
c` y akjr mmreihksams, `urihtc uh `ctcrakhi-
hucvms cstu`kms il rcspcjtm, y jmh cl ig éh `c bijcr aés prcjksm cl am`clm
`m lipsm.
`c Ncycs, iùi`k ú cl gijtmr tkcapm jmam uh juirtm gijtmr ctkml úekjm, rcqucrk`m piri prm`ujkr jirkcs. (Gke. 9.0. ). Iskaksam, diséh`msc ch li kapmrtihjki `c li c`i` ch li ctkmlmeái `c li jirkcs, `mjuachti`i pmr AKLCZ ch 9;29, STKDCCJBCWITTÁI y VTKMPPM prmpuskcrmh ch 9;;6, li lliai`i er égkji pchtigijtmrkil. ( Gke. 9.3.).
BSËZVC@
(@KCHPC - ZILKWI)
@KCPI
JITKCZ
PKCAVM
BS
Ë
I
CP
@K
AKJTMTEIHKZAMZ
JITKCZ
PKCAVM
ZV
C@
MZ
ZK A
IH
TM E
TM
KJ
A
C@I@
GKESTI 9.0. Am`clm `c Ncycs
am`kgkji`m m Csqucai Pctrigijtmrkil
`c HCUDTSH, 9;52.
GKESTI 9.3. Erégkji
Vchtigijtmrkil. (STKDCCJBCWITTÁI
CJBCW
ITTÁI [ VTKMPPM,
VT KMPPM, 9;;6)
Ch mtris pilidris, li ipirkjk úh `c jirkcs `chtil hm `cpch`c `c aihcri cxjluskvi `c
lms lliai`ms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms prkairkms, skhm quc li echcrijk úh `c li chgcrac`i`
rcqukcrc `c li khtcrvchjkúh i`kjkmhil `c mtrms jmhjurrchtcs, lliai`ms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms
am`uli`mrcs, lms juilcs jmhtrkduych c khgluych `cjkskviachtc ch cl surekakchtm y
cvmlujkúh `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis (GTCKP
(GTCKPIZ,
IZ, 4669> DTIPPB
DTIPPBIL
IL y jml ., 4669> DIC LSA [ GCOCTZ NMW
NMW,,
466:.). Chtrc cllms sc chjuchtrih? tkcapm, c`i`, silu` echcril, glurmrurms, eri`m `c
khstrujjkúh, hkvcl smjkmcjmhúakjm, cxpcrkchjki pisi`i `c jirkcs, erupm cpk`cakml úekjm
y virkidlcs `c jmapmrtiakchtm (Jui`rm 9.4). Cs `cjkr, quc tiadk ëh sc tmaih ch juchti
lms gijtmrcs quc sc chjuchtrih gucri `c li jivk`i` dujil> hm mdstihtc, hm tm`ms cllms
khtcrvkchch gmrzmsiachtc ch li echcrilk`i` `c lms kh`kvk`ums quc jmhtrich jirkcs, skhm
quc su prcschjki vir ái, givmridlc m `csgivmridlcachtc, `c am`m `ctcrakhihtc sce ÿh cl
kh`kvk`um (GTCKPIZ, 4669).
Ch cl jmhtcxtm `c li jiusilk`i`, ji`i uhm `c lms achjkmhi`ms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms
prkairkms smh jmhsk`cri`ms jmam jiusi hcjcsirki> vilc `cjkr smh kaprcsjkh`kdlcs piri
quc sc `ë li chgcrac`i`> skh cadirem, pmr sk smlms, hm llceih i jmhstktukr jiusi sugkjkchtc
piri mjiskmhirli (TMPBAIH y ETCCHLIH@, 9;;2). Vucs piri cllm cs jrujkil li khtcrvchjk úh
i`kjkmhil `c mtrms iechtcs, jkti`ms ihtcs jmam gijtmrcs ctkml ú ekjms am`uli`mrcs
(CNZPTIH@, 4666).
49
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GIJPMTCZ
CPKMLÚAM@SLI@MTCZ
EKJMZ ZCJSH@ITKMZ
GIJPMTCZ
PKCAVM
Khtcrijjkúh `c lms gijtmrcs
prkairkms
C@I@
Hkùms, i`mlcsjchtcs, i`ultms,
ihjkihms
ZILS@ ECHCTIL
Kapc`kachtms gáskjms
Jmhsuam `c ac`kjiachtms
Chgcrac`i`cs virkis
Cl pihmriai cs pucs distihtc a é s
jmaplkji`m `c lm quc i prkacri vksti
ipirchti, yi quc ch rcilk`i` li echcrijk úh
`c li chgcrac`i` cs cl rcsulti`m `c uhi
khtcrijjk úh jmaplcoi chtrc virkms gijtmrcs
ctkmlúekjms, quc puc`ch scr `kvk`k`ms ch `ms
erupms? prkairkms y am`uli`mrcs. Is á sc
jmhgkeur ú cl Csqucai Ctkml ú ekjm Aultkgijtmrkil `c li jirkcs. ( Gke. 9.7.).
ETI@M @C
Vrkairkm, scjuh`irkm, supcrkmr
KHZPTSJJKÚH
HKWCL
ZMJKMCJMH ÚAKJM
CRVCTKCHJKI VIZI@I
@C JITKCZ
Diom, ac`km, iltm
Vrcschjki `c rcstiurijkmhcs y
cxtrijjkmhcs
ETSVM
CVK@CAKML ÚEKJM
Erupms `c iltm y diom rkcsem
WITKIDLCZ @C
JMAVMTPIAKCHPM
Bédktms, usms y jmstuadrcs
jmstuadrcs
GLSMTSTMZ
Tcakhcrilkzi`mrcs y
ihtkdijtcrkihms
JSI@TM 9.4.
Vmr jmhskeukchtc, a és illé `c su vilkmsi
utklk`i` `k`éjtkji y `c su prmgusi `kgusk úh,
quc -i`caés `c skaplkgkjir li jmaprchsk úh
`c li ctkmlme á i `c li jirkcs- gijklkti li
jmauhkjijkúh> `cs`c bijc uhi ` ëji`i sc
bi pucstm ch chtrc`kjbm li vkechjki `cl csqucai `c Ncycs jmam am`clm cxplkjitkvm
`c li jirkcs `chtil. Ch rcilk`i`, cstm sc `cdc
i quc `kjbm csqucai, rcsulti auy skaplksti
piri jmaprch`cr i`cjui`iachtc li ctkmlme á i, y pirtkjulirachtc piri jmhjcdkr i li
jirkcs `chtil jmam uh echukhm prmjcsm,
pucstm quc hm jmhsk`cri lis ctipis khtcr-
ac`kis sudskeukchtcs il khkjkm `cl prmjcsm
jirkmsm, hk cl jmapmrtiakchtm `c li chgcrac`i` i lirem plizm, jmam tiapmjm pcraktc chtch`cr quc li jirkcs `chtil cs uh prmjcsm cschjkilachtc `khéakjm (Zcjjkúh 4.9.).
pB
Glumrurms
@kcti
Akjrmmreihksams
Glumrurms
@kcti
Akjrmmreihksams
pB
Ihtc til vijám, sc `csirrmllirmh ih élksks aés jmaplcoms `c li chgcrac`i`, lms juilcs pcraktkcrmh cstidlcjcr uh am`clm `c bkstmrki hituril `c li jirkcs `chtil, mrkchti`m i rijkmhilkzir lms `kgcrchtcs aëtm`ms `c
prcvchjkúh y jmhtrml (GTCKPIZ, 4669). Ch til pcrspcjtkvi,
CTKNZCH y DOCTPHCZZ, ch 9;;9, suekrkcrmh i`mptir uh am`clm smjkm-cjmlúekjm ch cl quc sc khjluych hm súlm lis
virkidlcs `c jmapmrtiakchtm `c lms kh`kvk`ums, skhm
tiadkëh jirijtcrástkjis smjkilcs y pskjmlúekjis. Vmr cllm,
GKESTI 9.7. Csqucai `c li
DOCTPHCZZ y jml., ch 9;;4 prmpuskcrmh uhi iltcrhitkvi
aultkgijtmrkilk`i` ctkmlúekji `c li jirkcs
jmhstruk`i i pirtkr `c uh idmr`ioc bml ástkjm, cstrujtu(I`ipti`m `c DICLSA y GCOCTZNMW
GCOCT ZNMW,, 4669).
ri`m ch tmrhm i li suai `c lms gijtmrcs tri`kjkmhilcs
ismjki`ms i lms gijtmrcs pskjm-smjkilcs. Ch csti cstrujturi, li chgcrac`i` cs jmhjcdk`i
jmam uh prmjcsm jmht áhum y li aiymrái `c lms kh`kvk`ums sc skt ÿih chtrc lms cxtrcams `c
silu` y chgcrac`i`. ( Gke. 9.5. ). Zk dkch cs jkcrtm quc i ÿ h hm sc bi jmaprmdi`m
gcbijkchtcachtc cl pmtchjkil cxplkjitkvm y prc`kjtkvm `c cstc hucvm am`clm, cs jlirm quc
cl csqucai `c Ncycs sc bi vkstm supcri`m y hcjcskti scr sustktuk`m. Zci juil gucrc cl
am`clm guturm quc sc i`mptc, `cdcr é disirsc ch li khtcrijjk úh aultkgijtmrkil `c uh prmjcsm
cakhchtcachtc `khéakjm.
44
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPK MLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
9.:.9. Gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms prkairkms
9.:.9.9. Akjrmmreihksams
Cl pipcl cschjkil `c lms akjrmmreihksams ch li ctkmlme ái `c li jirkcs guc khstktuk`m pmr AKLLCT ch 92;6. I
cllm sc suaú li k`chtkgkjijkúh `c lis dijtcrkis skh`kji`is jmam lis prkhjkpilcs? cl Lijtmdijkllus pmr NLKELCT,
ch 9;93 y lms Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs pmr JLITNC ch 9;40.
Zmdrc csti disc sc cstidlcjkú quc li hmjk úh d éskji `c
csti chgcrac`i` cs scacoihtc i li `c mtris pitmlmeáis
BSËZVC@
@KCPI
AKJTMMTEIHKZAMZ
khgcjjkmsis y, pmr ch`c, sc chjui`ri ch cl jmhjcptm
`cl dilihjc cxkstchtc chtrc li rcspucsti khauhc, pmr uh
li`m, y li pitme ëhcsks akjrmdkihi, pmr cl mtrm. Ch silu`,
lis rcspucstis khauhcs `cl bu ëspc` smh sugkjkchtcs
piri `ctchcr cl pmtchjkil pitme ë hkjm, tihtm `c li
akjrmglmri hmrail jmam `c lms pit úechms cxúechms.
Wilc `cjkr,
`cjkr, quc li jirkcs -jmam chgcrac`i` khgcjjkmsisc prm`ujc juih`m sc rmapc `kjbm cquklkdrkm.
GKESTI 9.5. Am`clm Bmlástkjm (DOCTPHCZZ y
jml, 9;;4).
Li jivk`i` dujil jmhtkchc uhi `c lis a és virki`is y jmhjchtri`is pmdlijkmhcs
akjrmdkihis `cl mreihksam. Zc cstkai quc ch clli bidktih a és `c akl cspcjkcs, ji`i
uhi `c cllis rcprcschti`i pmr uhi erih virkc`i` `c jcpis (PCH JIPC, 4667)* y quc ch
9 aa : `
`c
c dkmgkla `chtil, quc pcsi 9 ae, sc chjuchtrih 96 2 akjrmmreihksams (DITTKMZ,
prkhjk pilachtc
9;;9). Chtrc lis dijtcrkis prcschtcs ch li dmji sc chjuchtrih trcs cspcjkcs prkhjkpilachtc
rclijkmhi`is jmh li jirkcs? Ztrcptmjmjjus, jmh lis sudcspcjkcs Z. autihs, Z. smdrkhus
y Z. siheukhks (ihtcs lliai`m Z. siheuks, PTSVCT [ JLITK, 9;;5) > Lijtmdijkllus, jmh lis
sudcspcjkcs L. jisck, L
L.. gcrachtua , L. plihtirua y L. mrks y lms Ijtkhmayjcs, jmh lis
sudcspcjkcs I. ksriclks y I. hisluh`kk (IH@CTZMH, 4669). ( Jui`rm 9.:.).
Zkh cadirem, rcjkchtcachtc sc
bi rcvcli`m quc? cl rml `c lms Z, autihs y Z. smdrkhus hm cst é jliriachtc `cgkhk`m, quc li prm`ujjkúh
`c éjk`ms pmr cl dkmgkla `chtil hm
`cpch`c `c li prcschjki `c tilcs
dijtcrkis y quc cxkstch mtris dijtcrkis éjk`meëhkjis -jmam Ijtkhmayjcs spp. y Dkgk`mdijtcrkua spp.quc khjlusm supcrih ch juiht ái i
lms Z. autihs ch cl dkmgkla `chtil y
quc ipmyih cl rml `c cstms ÿltkams
ch cl khkjkm y cl prmercsm `c lis
lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chtil (DCKEBPMH,
4663). @cl aksam am`m, sc bi rcvcli`m quc cl hkvcl `c Z. autihs hm
hcjcsirkiachtc kh`kji li prcschjki
VTKHJKVILCZ DIJPCTKIZ YSC KHPCTWKCHCH CH
LI GMTAIJKÚH @C JITKCZ @CHPIL
Dijtcrkis
Jirijtcrástkjis
Ztrcptmjmjjus • Vrm`ujch erih`cs jihtk`i`cs `c pmlksijérk`ms
autihs
cxtrijclulircs quc pcraktch uhi erih gmraijk úh
`c pliji.
• Vrm`ujch erih jihtk`i` `c éjk`m i dioms
hkvclcs `c pB.
• Tmapch ileuhis elkjmprmtcáhis silkvircs
kapmrtihtcs piri kapc`kr lis ctipis `c
`csirrmllm khkjkil `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis.
Lijtmdijkllus
• Ipircjch juih`m cxkstc uhi grcjuchtc khecsti
`c jirdmbk`ritms.
• Vrm`ujch erih jihtk`i` `c éjk`ms.
• Juaplch kapmrtihtc pipcl ch lcskmhcs
`chtkhirkis.
Ijtkhmayjcs
• Tclijkmhi`ms jmh lcskmhcs jirkmsis ri`kjulircs.
• Tiriachtc kh`ujch jirkcs ch csailtc.
• Vrm`ujch lcskmhcs `c prmercskúh aés lchti quc
lms mtrms akjrmmreihksa
akjrmmreihksams.
ms.
JSI@TM 9.:. (I`ipti`m `c Nrissc, 9;23)
* tch Jitc. 4667. Jmauhkjijkúh pcrsmhil.
4:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
`c chgcrac`i` y lm quc cs a és khsúlktm, quc li prcschjki `c Lijtmdijkllus spp pm`rái
tchcr uhi rclijk úh khvcrsi jmh li prcschjki `c jirkcs (ZLI[PMH y jml> 4663).
Ch jmhscjuchjki, sk dkch cl rml jipktil `c lms akjrmmreihksams ch li ctkmlme ái `c li
jirkcs csté jliriachtc `ctcrakhi`m, ch cl amachtm ijtuil sc cst éh `cvclih`m hucvis
jmrrclijkmhcs rcspcjtm i lis jmaplcois khtcrijjkmhcs chtrc lms erupms `c gijtmrcs quc
mrkekhi csti chgcrac`i`, pirtkjulirachtc chtrc lis prmpkis dijtcrkis.
Lms jÿaulms dlih`ms `c dijtcrkis y sus prm`ujtms sc i`bkcrch gucrtcachtc i li
supcrgkjkc `chtil, `ih`m lueir i li `chmakhi`i pliji `chtil, acomr lliai`i dkmgkla `chtil `cs`c gkhcs `cl skelm RR. Li i`mpjk úh `cl t ërakhm dkmgkla `chtil ch M`mhtmlmeái, `ksti
aujbm `c scr uhi acri sustktujk úh `c li cxprcskúh “pliji dijtcrkihi‑ pmr uhi hucvi. Li
akjrmdkmlme ái tri`kjkmhilachtc bi cstu`ki`m lis dijtcrkis jrcjkch`m ch gmrai plihjtúhkji
ch jultkvms `c lidmritmrkm y s úlm rcjkchtcachtc bi tmai`m ch juchti quc ch cl auh`m
rcil ëstis sc ierceih ch jmauhk`i`cs `chmakhi`is dkmgklas (AITZB y DTI@ZBIU
DTI@ZBIU,, 9;;3) .
Chtmhjcs su jmapmrtiakchtm sc aucstri `c uh am`m auy `kgcrchtc, bijkch`m pitchtc
quc sus jirijtcrástkjis smh aés quc li suai `c sus prmpkc`i`cs kh`kvk`uilcs (AITZB,
sc
c
4660) . Vmr cocaplm, li jmhjchtrijk úh khbkdktmrki `c li jlmrbcxk`khi piri cl Z.smdrkhus s
aultkplkji :66 vcjcs juih`m cl akjrmmreihksam sc chjuchtri mreihkzi`m ch cl dkmgkla
`chtil, jmh rcspcjtm il lmjilkzi`m ch gmrai plihjt úhkji (UKLZMH ,9;;7> ZBIHK y jml, 466:) .
Pil jmhtcxtm cs jma ÿh i éadktms `c lm a és `kvcrsm, tilcs jmam? kaplihtcs a ë`kjms,
ac`km dujil, ijuc`ujtms, `csie ücs, mlcm`ujtms y jisjms `c dirjms, chtrc mtrms> y su
cstu`km cs prmpkm `c li `chmakhi`i khechkcr ái `c lms dkmgklas (PBC JCHPCT GMT DKMGKLA
CHEKHCCTKHE, 4665).
Cl t ërakhm dkmgkla `cgkhc uhi jmauhk`i` dijtcrkihi, actid úlkjiachtc
khtceri`i, quc sc i`msi i uhi supcrgkjkc, vkvi m khcrtc, dlih`i m `uri,
hmrailachtc ch uhi khtcrgiz l áquk`m-súlk`m. @kjbi jmauhk`i` sc chjuchtri
cspijkilachtc mreihkzi`i ch uhi cstrujturi trk`kachskmhil (AITZB y H[WI@,
466:) , gmrai`i pmr uh cxmpml á acrm prm`ujk`m pmr lis aksais j ë lulis
(pml áacrms cxtrijclulircs), quc gmrai uhi aitrkz i`bcrchtc, ch uhi juiht ái
quc puc`c cxjc`cr li aisi dijtcrkihi pmr uh gijtmr `c 966 i uhm m iÿh
a é s. @chtrm `c csti cstrujturi mreihkzi`i, lms akjrmmreihksams sc
jmauhkjih chtrc sá (qu úrua schskhe ) (LK y jml, 4664), lm quc khvmlujri li
rceulijkúh y cxprcskúh `c echcs cspcjágkjms i trivës `c aml ëjulis `c sc ùilkzijkúh.
Cstm, suai`m i li prmtcjjk úh quc drkh`i cl cxmpmláacrm y il csti`m actid úlkjm rc`ujk`m
ch quc sc chjuchtrih lis dijtcrkis a és prmguh`is `c li jmauhk`i`, bijc quc lms
ihtkjucrpms, lis j ë lulis `cl skstcai khauhc y i ÿ h lms ihtkakjrmdkihms, sc vcih
`r éstkjiachtc lkakti`ms ch su ijjk úh.
Dkmgkla cs uhi
jmauhk`i` dijtcrkihi actidúlkjiachtc khtceri`i
i`msi`i i uhi
supcrgk
supc
rgkjkc,
jkc, ch uhi
khtcrgiz láquk`msúlk`m.
súlk
`m.
Cl actidmlksam dijtcrkihm ch cl dkmgkla `chtil, jmam ch tm`m dkmgkla , prm`ujc
eri`kchtcs lmjilkzi`is quc igcjtih li pmdlijk úh ch echcril, rclijkmhi`ms jmh cl pB, cl
mx áechm y lms hutrkchtcs, is á jmam li ijuaulijkúh `c prm`ujtms actidúlkjms. @c csi
aihcri cl ac`km iadkchtc cs am`kgkji`m gmra éh`msc akjrmiadkchtcs ch `mh`c jmcxkstch
cspcjkcs quc `c mtrm am`m scr áih khjmapitkdlcs (AITZB, 4666). Pil cs cl jism `c lms Z.
autihs y lms Z. siheukhks quc sc jmh`ujch `c am`m jmaplcachtirkm `chtrm `cl dkmgkla
`chtil y jmapctktkviachtc gucri `c ël (NTCPB y jml., 4663). Cllm mjiskmhi quc ch cl khtcrkmr
40
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPK MLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
`c lms dkmgklas, lis cspcjkcs jclulircs gmrach ismjkijkmhcs akjrmdkihis khusuilcs, jmam
lis quc sc mdscrvih ch cl dkmgkla `chtil ( Gkes. 9.2i, i 9.2`.).
GKESTIZ 9.2. Gmtmakjrmerigáis ACD `cl dkmgkla `chtil i. Ch cl khtcrkmr `c uhi gksuri i 06R. d. I 996R. j. I 766R,
jmakchzih i `kstkheukrsc lms `ctillcs `c lis ismjkijkmhcs dijtcrkihis. `. I 3666R, sc iprcjkih ismjkijkmhcs chtrc
clcachtms gkdrklircs y jmjmk`cs, `chmakhi`ms aizmrjis `c aiáz (jmrh-jmds
(jmrh-jmds).
). Echtklczi `cl Vrmg. Eustivm Virm`k Cstcllihm
(jmh iutmrkzijkúh `c Ijtis M`mhtmlúekjis, bttp?//www.uju.c`u.uy/Vudlkjijkmhcs/m`mhtmlmeki/prkhjkpil.
bttp?//www.uju.c`u.uy/Vudlkjijkmhcs/m`mhtmlmeki/prkhjkpil.bta).
bta).
Li gmraijkúh `cl dkmgkla `chtil vkchc i scr pucs cl rcsulti`m `c uhi scrkc
scrk c `c jmaplcoms
prmjcsms,
quc`c
tkchch
lueir ch lidijtcrkihms.
jivk`i` dujil
`clprmjcsms
bu ëspc`,sclms
aksams
quc khvmlujrih
uhi virkc`i`
jmapmhchtcs
Pilcs
Pilcs
puc`ch
skhtctkzir
ch?
i. Gmra
rai
ijkúh `c pclájuli i`qukrk`i
@cp úsktm `c prmtcáhis prmvchkchtcs `c li silkvi y `cl gluk`m jrcvkjulir, quc sc
cstidlcjc smdrc li supcrgkjkc `cl `kchtc `cdk`m i uh gch úachm `c i`smrjkúh. Li
pcl ájuli virái chtrc 6,9 ³a y : ³a y prcschti uh iltm jmhtchk`m `c erupms jirdmxklm y
sulgitms, lm quc khjrcachti li jirei hceitkvi `cl csailtc (AITZB y H[WI@, 466:).
d. Jmlmhkzijkú h pmr akjrmmreihksams cspcj ágkjms?
Zc prm`ujc ch virkis ctipis?
9. @cpúsktm? Iprmxkaijkúh khkjkil `c lis dijtcrkis i li supcrgkjkc `c li pcl ájuli.
43
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
4. I ` b c s k ú h? Gisc krrcvcrskdlc. Virtkjkpih jmapmhchtcs `c li dijtcrki
(i`bcskhis, puchtcs `c jiljkm y aiehcskm) y `cl buëspc` (lkeih`ms,
(lkeih`ms, pmlksijérk`ms
cxtrijclulircs), quc uhch lms akjrmmreihksams i li pcl ájuli silkvil. Cstis `ms prkacris giscs mjurrch `urihtc lis p rkacris juitrm bmris (AITZB y H[WI@, 466:).
:. Jr
Jrcj
cjka
kakc
kcht
htm
m y rc
rcpr
prm`
m`u
ujj
jjkk úh? Vcraktc jmhgmrair uhi jipi jmhgluchtc y ai`uri lliai`i dkmgkla `chtil. Csti gisc `caih`i chtrc 0 i 40 bmris (AITZB y H[WI@,
466:) .
I`caés cl pB `cscapcùi uh rml guh`iachtil ch cl actidmlksam dijtcrkihm, til jmam
lm prmpusm ZPCVBIH, ch 9;06, qukch `cspu ës `c iplkjir jirdmbk`ritms il dkmgkla `chtil,
mdscrvú quc cl pB `c ësti `csjch`ái i hkvclcs auy pmr `cdiom `cl puhtm `c `csjiljkgkjijkúh `cl csailtc. Piadkëh hmt ú quc lucem `c jkcrtm lipsm, cl pB rcercsi i sus hkvclcs
mrkekhilcs. I ëstc gchúachm sc lc jmhmjc jmam li jurvi `c Ztcpbih .
Li jipijk`i` `c jrcjcr y prm`ujkr é jk`m i dioms hkvclcs `c pB (prmpkc`i`
ijk`meëhkji) cs suaiachtc kapmrtihtc piri quc uh akjrmmreihksam puc`i `csirrmllir
jirkcs `chtil (NTIZZC, 9;23). Cl pB il juil lms tcok`ms `chtilcs sc `ksuclvch, jmhmjk`m
jmam pB jr átkjm , csté chtrc 3.: y 3.5 i hkvcl i`iaihtkhm y `c 7.3 i 7.5 ch `chtkhi (BSHP
y jml., 9;2;> IPNKHZMH y US, 9;;0) . Ileuhms akjrmmreihksams, tilcs jmam Z.
autihs y Lijtmdijkllus, iljihzih uh cxjclchtc jrcjkakchtm i hkvclcs `c
Li gmraijkúh `c
pB a és dioms quc mtris dijtcrkis `cl dkmgkla `chtil, c khjlusm i uh pB
li dkmgkla `chtil
gkhil achmr il hkvcl jr átkjm. Csti jiá `i `cl pB sc `cdc i acjihksams
jmhstktuyc cl prkacr pism piri cl
actidúlkjms dijtcrkihms quc sc rcqukcrch piri li mdtchjk úh `c chcreái
cstidlcjkakchtm
(DTMUH y jml., 9;;9). Is á , givmrcjk`is pmr lms dioms hkvclcs `c pB, lis
dijtcrkis jirkmeëhkjis trihspmrtih répk`iachtc lms izÿjircs gcrachtidlcs
`c lms akjrmmreihksams pitújuih`m jmapktch jmh mtris dijtcrkis. Lucem, skhtctkzih pmlksij érk`ms khtri
echms ch li jivky cxtrijclulircs (`cxtrihms y lcvihms) y tm`m cllm prm`ujc li `csakhc`i` dujil.
rilkzijkúh `c li cstrujturi i`iaihtkhi (AITZB y H[WI@, 466:).
Hm mdstihtc, il bidcrsc pucstm ch cvk`chjki rcjkchtcachtc cl `csirrmllm `c lcskmhcs
`c jirkcs ch iuschjki `c Z. autihs y Z. smdrkhus , sc cstkai quc su prcschjki hm
hcjcsirkiachtc cs uh kh`kjitkvm `c ijtkvk`i` `c jirkcs. Vmr ch`c, lms rcjuchtms `c
Z. autihs sc jmhsk`crih duchms airji`mrcs `c li chgcrac`i` iuhquc hm hcjcsirkiachtc
`kjbis dijtcrkis rcprcschtih cl iechtc ctkml úekjm `c li chgcrac`i`. (DCKEBPMH, 4663).
A és dkch, lis prmpmrjkmhcs y li jihtk`i` `c lis dijtcrkis ijk` úeëhkjis smh lis quc
`ctcrakhih li ijtkvk`i` `c jirkcs. Vmr ch`c, uhi bkpmt ëtkji clkakhijkúh `cl Z. autihs `c
`cll
ac`km dujil hm ijirrcirái ëxktm ch li prcvchjk úh `c li jirkcs `chtil, i lm suam `coir ái uh
hkjbm cjmlúekjm lkdrc piri lis `ca és dijtcrkis ijk`me ëhkjis (NLCKHDCTE, 4664).
Vmr jmhskeukchtc, cl eri`m `c jirkmechkjk`i` `c li pliji `chtil `cpch`c `c uhi
scrkc `c gijtmrcs (NTIZZC, 9;23), quc khjluych?
9. Li lmjilkzijkúh `c li aisi `c akjrmmreihksams ch zmhis cspcjágkjis
Lms acjihksams
`cl `kchtc, tilcs jmam? supcrgkjkcs lksis, gmsis y gksuris y supcrgkjkcs
actidúlkjms dijri`kjulircs.
tcrkihms prm`ujch
4. Cl erih hÿacrm `c akjrmmreihksams jmhjchtri`ms ch ércis hm ijjcuhi jiá`i ch cl
skdlcs i li bkekchc dujil m i li iutmlkapkczi.
iutmlkapkczi.
pB.
:. Li prm`ujjkúh `c uhi erih virkc`i` `c éjk`ms (éjk`m léjtkjm, ijëtkjm,
prmpkúhkjm, ctj.) jipijcs `c `ksmlvcr lis silcs j éljkjis `cl `kchtc.
47
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPK MLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
0. Li hiturilczi eclitkhmsi `cl
dkmgkla `chtil, quc givmrcjc li
rctchjk ú h `c jmapucstms
gmrai`ms ch clli y `ksakhuyc
li `kgusk ú h `c clcachtms
hcutrilkzihtcs bijki
bij ki su khtcrkmr.
khtcrkmr.
(Jui`rm 9.0.).
GIJPMTCZ TCLIPKWMZ I LMZ AKJTMMTEIHKZAMZ
• Jmhjchtrijkúh `c dijtcrkis ijk`meëhkjis ch sktkms cspcjágkjms
`c lms `kchtcs.
• Vmtchjkil ijk`meëhkjm `c lis dijtcrkis ch supcrgkjkcs aujmsis y ch li silkvi.
• Jmhjchtrijkúh `c dijtcrkis ijk`meëhkjis ch li pliji.
JSI@TM 9.0.
9.:.9.4. @kcti
Cl ipmrtc `c li ` kcti i li khstiurijkúh y `csirrmllm `c li jirkcs jmhstktuyc uh ispcjtm
`c jipktil kapmrtihjki, pucstm quc lms hutrkchtcs kh`kspchsidlcs piri cl actidmlksam
`c lms akjrmmreihksams prmvkchch `c lms ilkachtms. Chtrc cllms, lms jirdmbk`ritms
gcrachtidlcs smh jmhsk`cri`ms jmam lms prkhjkpilcs rcspmhsidlcs `c su ipirkjk úh y
`csirrmllm (BITTKZ, 9;7:> AM[HKBIH y jml., 466:). Aés cspcjágkjiachtc li sijirmsi, quc cs cl
jirdmbk`ritm gcrachtidlc jmh aiymr pmtchjkil jirkme ë hkjm y i`ca és ijtÿ i jmam cl
sustritm quc pcraktc prm`ujkr pmlksij é rk`ms cxtrijclulircs (grujtihm y elujihm) y
pmlkséjirk`ms khsmludlcs `c li aitrkz (autihm). I`ca és, li sijirmsi givmrcjc tihtm li
jmlmhkzijkúh `c lms akjrmmreihksams mrilcs jmam li i`bcskvk`i` `c li pliji, lm juil lc
pcraktc gkoirsc acomr smdrc cl `kchtc (IRCLZZMH, 4666).
Cl rml `cjkskvm `c li `kcti ch li jirkcs sc jmhsmlk` ú ac`kihtc juitrm
cstu`kms quc sc jmhsk`crih jl éskjms. Cl prkacrm `c cllms cstidlcjk ú, li
rclijkúh chtrc li sijirmsi y li jirkcs, acrjc` il cxpcrkachtm `c AIEKPMP,
khvcstkei`mr grihjës quc ch 9275 `camstr ú kh vktrm quc li gcrachtijkúh
Lms jirdmbk`ritms
gcrachtidlcs smh
li guchtc `c hutrkchtcs kh`kspch-
`cl izÿjir prm`ujái li `ksmlujk úh `cl csailtc. Cl sceuh`m, rcilkzi`m pmr
sidlc
sidl
c piri cl actidmlksam `c lms
,
ch
9;36,
jmhstit
quc
li
khecstk
h
`c
sijirmsi
ch
ritis
prm`uj
i
ú
ú
á
NKPC
akjrmmreihksams.
jirkcs súlm juih`m sc rcilkzidi pmr v ái mril, y hm juih`m cxpcrkachtilachtc sc lcs suakhkstridi `krcjtiachtc il cst úaiem ac`kihtc jéhulis. Li tcrjcri khvcstkeijkúh, rcilkzi`i pmr ESZPIGGZMH y jml ch 9;30. -ch uh sihitmrkm piri chgcrams achtilcs
`c Wkpcbmla, Zucjki- `camstrú lm `ctcrakhihtc `c li grcjuchjki `c li khecsti `c sijirmsi, aés illé `c su jihtk`i`> yi quc sk `kjbi grcjuchjki cs auy ilti, li rcpmskjk úh `c
`c
jiljkm y gmsgitm il `kchtc cs khjmaplcti, y jmhscjuchtcachtc sc prm`ujkré uhi për`k`i
ijuauli`i `c sustihjki jiljkgkji`i> cs `cjkr, sc gmrairé uhi lcskúh jirkmsi sudsupcrgkjkil
jmhmjk`i jmam aihjbi dlihji. Gkhilachtc, cl tridiom pudlkji`m ch 9;7: pmr BITTKZ, `c
li mdscrvijkú h bcjbi ch hk ù ms `cl mrgihitm `c Bmpcwmm` Bmusc, i qukchcs sc lcs
rcstrkhe ái cl jmhsuam `c sijirmsi, rcvclú quc su dioi prcvilchjki `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis
llceidi i cqukpirirsc jmh li `cl rcstm `c li pmdlijk úh, juih`m lms khtcrhms `coidih cl
cstidlcjkakchtm y,
y, il rckhtcerirsc i li jmauhk`i`, rctmaidih uhi `kcti rkji ch iz ÿjircs.
Cl prkhjkpil acjihksam quc khtcrvkchc ch cl khkjkm `c li `csakhcrilkzijk úh `c lms
tcok`ms `chtilcs `urms cs li gmraijkúh `c éjk`ms pmr pirtc `c lms akjrmmreihksams, `urihtc su ijtkvk`i` elkjml átkji, i pirtkr `c `kgcrchtcs sustihjkis m ilkachtms `c li `kcti.
Cstm sc tri`ujc ch uhi ji á`i `cl pB ch cl ac`km mril, lm quc givmrcjc uh ac`km `c
`csirrmllm piri mtris dijtcrkis jirkme ëhkjis. Cxkstch i`ca és mtrms gijtmrcs kh`kvk`uilcs
quc igcjtih li virkijk úh `cl pB, tilcs jmam? jihtk`i` y jmapmskjk úh `cl dkmgkla `chtil,
gluom silkvil, jipijk`i` duggcr y tkcapm `c clkakhijkúh `c li sustihjki, chtrc mtris. Iqucllms prm`ujtms quc jiusih uhi jiá`i drusji `c pB pmr `cdiom `cl hkvcl jr átkjm sc jmhsk`crih ijk`meëhkjis y pmtchjkilachtc jirkme ëhkjis (IRCLZZMH, 4666).
45
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GIJPMTCZ TCLIPKWMZ IL ZSZPTIPM
•
•
•
•
•
Pkpm `c jirdmbk`ritm.
Jihtk`i` tmtil `c jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs.
Jmhjchtrijkúh `c amhm,`k, mlkem y pmlksijérk`ms.
I`bcskvk`i` `c rctchjkúh `cl jirdmbk`ritm.
Jmapucstms prmtcjtmrcs i`kjkmhilcs i li `kcti
(glÿmr, jiljkm, gmsgitms, prmtcáhis, erisis).
• Jmhjchtrijkúh y tkpm `c prmtcáhis y erisis.
• Gmrai gáskji, khjluych`m gijtmrcs quc igcjtih li
rctchjkúh dujil.
• Vrcschjki `c glÿmr, jiljkm, gmsgitm y trizis `c
`kgcrchtcs clcachtms.
• Ijk`cz `cl ilkachtm.
• Zcjuchjki `c khecsti jmh rcspcjtm i mtrms
ilkachtms y hutrkchtcs.
JSI@TM 9.3.
Jmhouhtiachtc jmh li jihtk`i` y li grcjuchjki `c jmhsuam `c lms ilkachtms, iskaksam `cdch tmairsc ch juchti mtrms gijtmrcs, jmam pmr
cocaplm li i`bcrchjki prmpki `cl ilkachtm, quc
prmlmhei cl tkcapm `c pcraihchjki `c ëstc ch
jmhtijtm jmh cl `kchtc. ( Jui`rm 9.3.). Ch cl li`m
givmridlc, `cdc tchcrsc prcschtc quc cxkstch jkcrtms ilkachtms, tilcs jmam cl aih á y cl qucsm, quc
smh jipijcs `c rc`ujkr li prm`ujjk úh `c éjk`m
`cspuës `c uh jmhsuam prcvkm `c ilkachtms quc
jmhtcheih sijirmsi (AM[HKBIH y jml., 466:).
9.:.9.:. Bu ë spc`? silkvi, `kchtc,
khauhkzijkúh y ech ëtkji
Lms gijtmrcs lkei`ms il bu ë spc` puc`ch
`kstrkdukrsc ch juitrm erupms? lms rclijkmhi`ms i li silkvi, lms rclitkvms il `kchtc, lms
vkhjuli`ms i li khauhkzijkúh y lms lkei`ms i li echëtkji.
i. Zilkvi
Li pirtkjkpijkúh `c li silkvi ch cl prmjcsm jirkmsm bi sk`m jmrrmdmri`i ac`kihtc
cstu`kms `kvcrsms, ch lms juilcs -il `ksakhukr cl gluom silkvil- sc mdscrv ú uh khjrcachtm sustihjkil `c lms hkvclcs `c lcskmhcs `c jirkcs. Chtrc cllms, lms rcilkzi`ms
rcilkzi`ms ch pijkchtcs jmh xcrmstma ái, cs `cjkr, hkvclcs `c scjrcjk úh silkvil `ksakhuk`ms (DIBH 9;54)
y cl cxpcrkachtm `c suprcsk úh `c silkvi ch ihkailcs, ac`kihtc cxtkrpijkúh qukrÿrekji `c sus el éh`ulis (@TCK_CH y jml., 9;55).
Ch li jl áhkji `kirki, li kapmrtihjki `c li silkvi ch li prcvchjk úh `c li jirkcs `chtil
sc rcvcli `c aihcri `ria étkji, ac`kihtc cl iuachtm `c li khjk`chjki `c lcskmhcs
jirkmsis aÿltkplcs ch kh`kvk`ums jmh gluom silkvil `ksakhuk`m, lm quc puc`c scr mjiskmhi`m pmr? iplkjijkúh `c ri`kmtcripki ch li rcek úh `c li jidczi y jucllm, bkpcrtchsk
bkpcr tchskúh
irtcrkil, `kidctcs, chgcrac`i`cs eistrmkhtcstkhilcs, prmdlcais pskquk étrkjms, jéhjcr,, irtrktks, prmdlcais hcurmausjulircs, bkpmpiritkrmk`ksam. Iskaksam, cl jmhsuam
jcr
`c jkcrtms ac`kjiachtms> pmr cocaplm? ihtkjmlkh ërekjms, ihtk`cprcskvms, trihquklkzihtcs, rclioihtcs ausjulircs ihtkbkstia áhkjms, hcurmlëptkjms, ihtkbkpcrtchsmrcs y `kurëtkjms (HIWITTM y JÐTPCZ, 9;;3> BKEIZBK@I, 4666> DCTT[ y jml., 4660). (Jip átulm 3). Ch
cstms jisms sc mdscrvi grcjuchtcachtc uhi iaplki y auy répk`i `cstrujjkúh `c li
`chtkjkúh, `cdk`m i quc sc vc ` ksakhuk`m cl rml `c li silkvi jmam ac`km `c trihspmrtc, bijki li jivk`i` dujil, `c lms acjihksams `c `cgchsi y `c lms iechtcs prcvchtkvms `c li jirkcs. I ac`k`i quc `ksakhuyc cl gluom silkvil iuachti li juiht ái `c
akjrmmreihksams ch li jivk`i` mril, prcscht éh`msc répk`iachtc uh khjrcachtm ch
li ijtkvk`i` `c lms akjrmmreihksams ijk`me ë hkjms, Chtrc cllms, lms erupms `c
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs, Lijtmdijkllus y Ijtkhmayjcs> ileuhis vcjcs pirilcliachtc
i mtris jmaplkjijkmhcs, jmam li susjcptkdklk`i` i li jih`k`kisks.
Li jihtk`i` `c silkvi quc scjrctih lis el éh`ulis silkvilcs cst é rcek`i pmr lms
erih`cs jchtrms jcrcdrilcs. Jmam rcsulti`m `c til jmhtrml jchtril, li silkvijk úh hm
cstkauli`i -cs `cjkr,
`cjkr, li quc sc scjrcti skh li p rcschjki `c cst áaulms cxtcrhms- hmr-
42
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CP KMLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
ailachtc sc khbkdc `urihtc cl suc ùm, cl akc`m m li `cprcskúh. Aujbms mtrms gijtmrcs
khgluych ch cl gluom silkvil, chtrc cllms? cl dilihjc b á`rkjm `cl mreihksam, li hiturilczi
y `urijkúh cl cst áaulm, cl tiai ùm `c lis el éh`ulis silkvilcs y lms cst áaulms prcvkms
(HISHPMGPC y jml., 466:) .
Cs jmhjluychtc quc li ijjk úh silkvil prmaucvc cl `csirrmllm `c li akjrmglmri,
ac`kihtc `ms cgcjtms prkhjkpilcs? ihtkakjrmdkihms (cxjluych`m akjrmmreihksams
pit úechms y aihtchkch`m li glmri hmrail) (ASTINIAK y jml., 4664) y hutrkjkmhilcs (cstkaulih`m su jrcjkakchtm ac`kihtc cl ipmr tc `c hutrkchtcs piri lms akjrmmreihksams,
i triv ë s `c lis elujmprmtc á his, yi quc ë stis puc`ch scr `ceri`i`is pmr lms
akjrmmreihksams) (@C OMHE y WIH @CT BMCWCH, 9;25).
Vmr mtrm li`m, li silkvi juaplc uh rml jmhtripucstm> cs `cjkr prmtcjtmr
prmtcjtmr,, i triv ës `c
lis ijjkmhcs skeukchtcs?
• Li `klujkúh y livi`m `c lms iz ÿjircs `c li `kcti `kirki. Ch li jivk-
Cl rml prmtcjtmr `c
li silkvi sc rcvcli
`i` mril skcaprc sc billi uh vmluach `c silkvi rcsk`uil `cspu ës `c
`c
li `celujkúh, `c ilrc`c`mr `c 6,2 al. Juih`m sc `ksuclvc uhi pcqucùi jihtk`i` `c sijirmsi ch cstc pcquc ùm vmluach silkvil, sc prmaucvc uh erih iuachtm ch li jmhjchtrijkúh `c sijirmsi. Il iuachtir li jihtk`i` `c sijirmsi ch li dmji, sc cxjc`cr é cl hkvcl `c siturijkúh `cl izÿjir y li jipijk`i` `c li silkvi piri `ksmlvcrli. Cl sidmr
`cl izÿjir cstkauliré uhi aiymr prm`ujjkúh `c gluom silkvil, bisti
iljihzir uhi jihtk`i` aéxkai `c 9,9 al, vmluach quc lc prmvmji
ji`i vcz jmh uhi
kapmrtihjki jrcjkchtc. Zus dchcgkjkms sc jmhsk`crih
jmam jmi`yuvihtcs ch li prcvchjkúh `c li jirkcs
`chtil.
`celutkrli il suoctm, clkakhih`m isá jkcrti jihtk`i` `c li sijirmsi
prcschtc ch li jivk`i` mril. Li sijirmsi sc `kluyc prmercskviachtc i ac`k`i quc
khercsi ch li dmji, y cl prmjcsm sc rcpktc hucviachtc. @cspu ës `c jkcrtm tkcapm,
lis jmhjchtrijkmhcs `c sijirmsi llceih i hkvclcs
hkvcl cs tih dioms quc lis el éh`ulis silkvilcs
hm iljihzih uh eri`m sugkjkchtc `c cstáaulm, `ih`m jmam rcsulti`m uhi `klujk úh
aés lchti (HISHPMGPC y jml., 466:).
I`caés `c `klukr lms iz ÿjircs, li silkvi tiadk ëh tkchc li jipijk`i` `c `klukr r épk`iachtc li jmhjchtrijkúh `c lms akjrmmreihksams y `c lms éjk`ms prm`ujk`ms `urihtc cl actidmlksam `cl dkmgkla `chtil. Zkh cadirem, lms iechtcs prmtcjtmrcs -tilcs
jmam cl glÿmr y li jlmrbcxk`khi- sc `ksuclvch a és lchtiachtc, lm juil rcsulti `c erih
dchcgkjkm jláhkjm (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTCZNMW, 9;;0). @kjbi jipijk`i` `c `klujk úh cst é
rcek`i pmr aujbis virkidlcs, pcrm lis a és kapmrtihtcs smh? li jihtk`i` `c gluom
silkvil y cl vmluach `c silkvi ch li dmji ihtcs y `cspu ës `c `celutkr (HISHPMGPC y
jml., 466:) ( Jip á tulm 3).
• Hcutrilkzijk úh y iamrtkeuijkúh `c lms éjk`ms `c li pliji `chtil.
Ch li silkvi hm cstkauli`i li jmhjchtrijk úh `c gmsgitm cs pr éjtkjiachtc keuil i li jmhjchtrijk úh `cl dkjirdmhitm, y iadms skstcais
iamrtkeui`mrcs jmhtrkduych ch li aksai ac`k`i jmh li jipijk`i`
iamrtkeui`mri `c li silkvi. Vmr mtrm li`m, diom jmh`kjkmhcs `c cstkaulijkúh, cl éjk`m jirdúhkjm/dkjirdmhitm juaplc iprmxkai`iachtc jmh
cl ;6% `c li ijtkvk`i` iamrtkeui`mri. Li jmhjchtrijkúh `cl k úh dkjirdmhitm `cpch`c gucrtcachtc `cl gluom silkvil (HISHPMGPC y jml., 466:).
Lms skstcais iam rtk e u i` m rcs
`c li silkvi smh?
gmsgitm/éjk`m
jirdúhkjm y dkjirdmhitm/éjk`m
jirdúhkjm.
4;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
• Li prmvksk úh `c kmhcs piri cl prmjcsm `c rcakhcrilkzijk úh. Li prcschjki `cl k úh
bk`rúechm khgluyc ch li aiymrái `c lis rcijjkmhcs qu áakjis quc tkchch lueir ch li
jivk`i` mril, cspcjkilachtc ch cl cquklkdrkm chtrc gmsgitm `c jiljkm `c lms tcok`ms
`chtilcs jiljkgkji`ms y cl l áquk`m quc lms rm`ci. I`kjkmhilachtc, lms kmhcs jiljkm
jmhtchk`ms ch li silkvi khtcrvkchch ch cl cquklkdrkm chtrc lms gmsgitms `c jiljkm `c lms
tcok`ms `chtilcs jiljkgkji`ms y cl l áquk`m quc lms rm`ci (HISHPMGPC y jml., 466:).
d. @kchtc
Lms `kchtcs prcschtih trcs pirtkjulirk`i`cs gucrtcachtc rclijkmhi`is i givmrcjcr
cl `csirrmllm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis. Cstis smh?
• Vrmjlkvk`i`. Jkcrtms `kchtcs prcschtih uhi aiymr khjk`chjki `c jirkcs, iskaksam ileuhis supcrgkjkcs `chtirkis smh a és prmpchsis quc mtris, khjlusm rcspcjtm il
aksam `kchtc. Vmr mtrm li`m, cxkstch suoctms quc -`kspmhkch`m `c sustritms y
akjrmmreihksams jirkmeëhkjms- hm llceih i prcschtir
prcschtir lcskmhcs `c jirkcs. I su vcz li
pmskdklk`i` `c ijuaulijk úh `c dkmgkla `chtil cst é rclijkmhi`i jmh gijtmrcs tilcs
jmam? ilkhcijkúh `c `kchtcs, ihitmaái `c li supcrgkjkc, tcxturi
tcxturi supcrgkjkil y mtrms
mtrms
gijtmrcs `c hiturilczi bcrc`ktirki (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9). Vmr mtri pirtc, cl csailtc puc`c sugrkr ihmail á is ch su jmhstktujk ú h, tilcs jmam iaclme ë hcsks kapcrgcjti,
bkpmpliski i`iaihtkhi, glumrmsks y `chtkhme ëhcsks kapcrgcjti, quc givmrcjch su
prmpchskúh i `csirrmllir lcskmhcs jirkmsis ( Jip átulm 0). Iskaksam. li `kspmskjk úh
krrceulir `c li aitcrki mreéhkji prmpkjki li ijjk úh `c jiusis `cschji`chihtcs `c
li jirkcs `chtil (BKEIZBK@I, 4666> ZBSLCT, 4669).
• Vcracidklk`i` i`iaihtkhi. Li pcracidklk`i` `cl csailtc `ksakhuyc jmh li c`i`,
ismjki`i i iltcrijkmhcs ch li jmapmskjk úh `c li jipi cxtcrkmr `cl csailtc quc sc
prm`ujch tris li crupjkúh `cl `kchtc. Ch cl csailtc sc mdscrvi uh prmjcsm `c ai`urijkúh cstrujturil, quc jmhskstc
jmhskstc guh`iachtilachtc
guh`iachtilachtc ch li jipijk`i` `cl csailtc `c
khjmrpmrir amlëjulis pcqucùis quc khgluchjkiréh sus prmpkc`i`cs gáskjm-quáakjis.
Lis `kgcrchtcs prmpmrjkmhcs `c lms jmapmhchtcs `cl csailtc `ctcrakhih li rcskstchjki aiymr m achmr `cl csailtc y, jmh cllm, li vclmjk`i` `cl ivihjc `c lis lcskmhcs
(BKEIZBK@I, 4666).
• Ihitmaái. Li ihitmaái, li `kspmskjkúh y li mjluskúh `c lms `kchtcs, euir`ih
cstrcjbi rclijk ú h jmh li ipirkjk ú h `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis, yi quc givmrcjch li
ijuaulijkúh `c pliji y ilkachtms pceiomsms, i`caés `c `kgkjultir li bkekchc dujil.
Piadkëh jmhtrkduych ch li gmraijk úh `c lcskm-
GIJPMTCZ TCLIPKWMZ IL BSËZVC@
• Jipijk`i` duggcr `c li silkvi.
••
•
•
•
•
•
Pkcapm `c clkakhijkúh `cl jmapucstm.
Jmhjchtrijkmhcs `c jiljkm y gmsgitm ch li silkvi.
Jmapmskjkúh `c li aitrkz `cl dkmgkla `chtil.
Ihitmaái `c lms `kchtcs.
Akjrmcstrujturi `cl csailtc.
Glÿmr ch cl dkmgkla `chtil y ch cl csailtc.
Vitrmhcs `c aistkjijkúh, `celujkúh, chouieuc y
sujjkúh.
• Tcspkrijkúh dujil.
• Grcjuchjki `c khecsti `c lms ilkachtms.
• Wirki
Wirkijkmhcs
jkmhcs `c khecsti ch `kgcrchtcs mjiskmhcs.
hcs jirkmsis, lis ihmrailk`i`cs `c lms `kchtcs,
ch juihtm i gmrai y tcxturi (BKEIZBK@I, 4666)> isk
jmam lms `cgcjtms cstrujturilcs tkpm jrijns
i`iaihtkhms (LLIAIZ y jml., 9;;5> VIZPMT
VIZPMT y jml., 9;;2).
@cdc tchcrsc ch juchti quc tm`i virkijk úh
ch lms gijtmrcs prkairkms puc`c scr jiusi `krcjti
`c uhi cxijcrdijk úh `cl pmtchjkil jirkmeëhkjm.
(Jui`rm 9.7).
JSI@TM 9.7.
:6
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CPKMLÚEKJMZ
CPKMLÚEK JMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipá
jipátulm
jip
átulm 9
j. Khauhkzijkúh
Cl skstcai khauCxkstch kh`kjkms `c quc cl skstcai khauhktirkm cs jipiz `c ijtuir
hktirkm rcijjkmhi
jmhtri li akjrmglmri jirkmeëhkji, prm`ujkch`m rcspucsti buamril
grchtc i lis dijac`kihtc ihtkjucrpms `cl tkpm Khauhmelmdulkhi I silkvil (LCBHCT, 9;2:),
tcrkis jirkmeëhkKhauhmelmdulkhi E sërkji (JBKI y jml., 4666) , y rcspucsti jclulir (JBKI y
jis jmh rcspucsjml., 4669), ac`kihtc lkhgmjktms P. Jmam ch mtrms éadktms, lis `kgcrchti buamril (Ke I
c Ke E) y jclulir
jkis ch li rcspucsti khauhc i lms akjrmmreihksams `cpch`ch tihtm
`cl ihtáechm jmam `cl buëspc` (JBKI y jml., 4666) . Zc kehmri iÿh cl rml
cstrkjtm quc puc`ih oueir tilcs rcspucstis> skh cadirem, pmr cocaplm
sc sidc quc cl Z. smdrkhus pmscc uh acjihksam ac`kihtc cl juil suprkac `kjbi
rcspucsti khauhmlú
khauhmlúekji (WCKEI-AILPI y jml., 4660) y quc li Khauhmelmdulkhi E pm`rá
pm`rái
khbkdkr cl actidmlksam `cl Z. autihs (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9) c khjlusm cs prmdidlc quc
tcheih cl pmtchjkil `c clcvir cl pB (ZBSLCT, 4669). Hm mdstihtc, iÿ
i ÿh hm sc bi lmeri`m
sijir prmvcjbm `c cstms billizems. Isá
Is á , li dÿ
d ÿ squc`i `c uhi vijuhi jmhtkhÿ
jmhtkh ÿ i
khgrujtumsi, yi quc li cxkstchjki `c uh vistm rihem `c dijtcrkis jirkmeë
jirkme ëhkjis kaplkji
idirjir tm`ms csms akjrmmreihksams. Cllm hm skehkgkji quc sc biyi iemti`m cl
prmercsm ch khauhmlmeá
khauhmlme á i lkei`m i li jirkcs `chtil, aé
a é s dkch quc cl jiadkm
jirijtcr ástkji cschjkil `c li jkchjki aihtch`ré
jirijtcrá
aihtch`ré skcaprc idkcrti li pmskdklk`i`
`c rcprm`ujkr uhi rcspucsti iaplkgkji`i quc kh`uzji li prm`ujjkú
prm`ujjk úh `c uhi ilti
jihtk`i` `c ihtkjucrpms silkvilcs khbkdktmrkms `c lms acjihksams quc rceulih li
ijuaulijkú
ijuaulijk
úh dijtcrkihi. (TSZZCLL y jml., 4660).
`. Echëtkji
Li ismjkijkú
ismjkijkúh `c li echë
ech ëtkji jmh li rcskstchjki m li susjcptkdklk`i`
Li jirkcs csté
i li jirkcs, pirtkú
pirtk ú `c li cxkstchjki `c kh`kvk`ums quc aucstrih uhi
ismjki`i i `kvcrachmr tch`chjki i `csirrmllir lcskmhcs jirkmsis jmh rcspcjtm i mtrms
sis khtcrijjkmh
khtcr ijjkmhcs
cs
ch keuil`i` `c jmh`kjkmhcs. Isá
Is á surek
surekú
ú cl khtcrë
khtcrës pmr cstu`kir érdmlcs
e ch -ac` k m ia echcilú
echcil
úekjms (NLCKH, 9;07) m ecaclms (JMHT[ y jml., 9;;:> DTCP_ y jml., 4663)
dkchtc.
ch dÿ
d ÿsquc`i `c rcspmhsidklk`i`cs echë
ech ëtkjis ch li susjcptkdklk`i` i
li jirkcs, lm quc bi llcvi`m i cstkair ‚chtrc mtris iprcjkijkmhcs- quc
li jmhtrkdujkú
jmhtrkdujkúh echë
echëtkji i li jirkcs cs `c iprmxkai`iachtc 06% (JMHT[ y jml., 9;;:).
Li jmaplcok`i` `c li hiturilczi `c li jirkcs `chtil bijc cvk`chtc quc li chgcrac`i` hm cstë
cstë ismjki`i i uh smlm ech, skhm a és dkch quc khtcrvchei aé
a és `c uhi
khtcrijjkú
khtcrijjk
úh ech-ac`kmiadkchtc. Vmr cocaplm, sk cl ech tugtclkhi -rclijkmhi`m jmh cl
`csirrmllm i`iaihtkhm y li akhcrilkzijkú
akhcrilkzijk úh- cvchtuilachtc trihsaktc khgmraijkú
khgmraijk úh `csgivmridlc y ësti sc ismjki jmh iltms hkvclcs `c Z. autihs, sc susjkti uh iuachtm ch
li susjcptkdklk`i` i li jirkcs (ZLI[PMH y jml., 4663). @c keuil am`m, cxkstch aujbms mtrms pmskdlcs echcs quc jmhtrkduych il prmjcsm, tilcs jmam lms quc jm`kgkjih? li tmpmerigáái mjlusil, li prmguh`k`i` `c lis gksuris y li khjlkhijkú
pmerig
khjlkhijk úh `c lis pirc`cs `c cstis> skh cadirem, iÿ
iÿh hm bih sk`m k`chtkgkji`ms `kjbms echcs (DTCP_ y jml., 4663). Shi
iltcrhitkvi
iltcrhitk
vi piri k`chtkgkjir i iqucllms,
iquc llms, m i mtrms, cs li rcvkskú
rcvkskúh `cl echmai, i gkh `c `ctcrakhir lis zmhis quc jmhtcheih lms echcs jih`k`itms> cllm pcraktkrá
pcraktkr ái rcjmhmjcr echcs quc `c mtri gmrai hm sc lmerirá
lmerir ái ismjkirlms il prmjcsm `c jirkcs (ZLI[PMH y jml., 4663).
@cdk`m i quc smh bcrc`idlcs `ctcrakhi`is jirijtcrá
jirijtcr ástkjis rclcvihtcs `c li jirkcs
`chtil, tilcs jmam? li prmercskú
prmercsk úh (DTCP_ y jml., 4663), li rcspucsti ihtc li khgliaijk
khgliaijkú
úh
ihit úakjis y li susjcptkdklk`i` (ZLI[PMH yjml., 4663)>
(@C ZMCP y jml., 4667), lis pcjulkirk`i`cs ihitú
:9
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
sc ispkri i quc li k`chtkgkjijk úh `c lms rcspcjtkvms echcs biei gijtkdlc `ctcrakhir cl
rkcsem ihtcs i quc li chgcrac`i` sc cstidlczji, c khjlusm jmh ihtclijkúh i li crupjkúh
`c lms `kchtcs. Zc prcsuac quc cl lmerm `c `kjbm ihbclm hm cst é lcoihm -`i`i li
jmpkmsi khgmraijkúh ijcrji `cl echmai buaihm quc surec ` ái i `ái- y jmh ël li
pmskdklk`i` piri khtchtir dchcgkjkir il rcstm `c li pmdlijk úh jmh lis pcjulkirk`i`cs
`c lms kh`kvk`ums rcskstchtcs i li chgcrac`i` (PMUHZCH@ y jml., 9;;2).
Li k`chtkgkjijkúh
`c echcs cspcjágkjms pcraktkré
`ctcrakhir cl
rkcsem `c jirkcs,
aés prcjmzachtc quc huhji.
Cl ivihjc `cl jmhmjkakchtm `cl prmjcsm `c jirkcs `chtil i hkvcl
amlcjulir, bi pcraktk`m prmguh`kzir su jmrrclijk ú h jmh li ech ë tkji,
drkh`ih`m trisjch`chtc khgmraijk úh ijcrji `c li chgcrac`i` ch cstc
jiapm `c khtcrës prmercskvm. Cllm bi jmhsmlk`i`m uh pmtchjkil, `c iljihjc
iÿh khsmspcjbi`m, quc pmskdklktirái clidmrir hucvis y a és cspcjágkjis
cstritcekis `c prcvchjk úh `c li jirkcs y iskaksam mpjkmhcs tcrip ëutkjis
rchmvi`mris y prcjmjcs (DTCP_ y jml., 4663> ZL I[PMH y jml., 4663).
9.:.4. Gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms am`uli`mrcs
Jmam sc bi scùili`m ihtcrkmrachtc, cstms gijtmrcs smh i`kjkmhilcs i lms `chmakhi
`ms prkairkms, pcrm hm smh lms jiusihtcs `krcjtms `c li chgcrac`i`> skh cadirem, s á
puc`ch rcvclir uhi ijchtuijk úh `cl rkcsem `c jirkcs, yi quc jmhtrkduych jmh lms prmjcsms dkmquáakjms ch lis supcrgkjkcs `c lms `kchtcs (Jip á tulm 3), ch lis juilcs pm`ráih
`csirrmllirsc lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis. Ch li lktcrituri sc lcs jmhmjc grcjuchtcachtc jmam
scjuh`irkms c khjlusm, biy qukch lms `kvk`c ch scjuh`irkms y tcrjkirkms (ST_ßI y ZPIHNC,
4666) . Hm mdstihtc, cl t ërakhm am`uli`mrcs , prmpucstm pmr GTCKPIZ ch 4669, cs cl quc
euir`i aés prcjkskúh, yi quc sc `crkvi `c li pilidri am`ulir,
am`ulir, li juil skehkgkji am`kgkjir
lms gijtmrcs quc khtcrvkchch ch uh prmjcsm piri mdtchcr `kstkhtms rcsulti`ms (@TIC, 4669).
Ch cstc jmhtcxtm, cl tkcapm rcsulti `ctcrakhihtc pucstm quc sk lms
gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms khtcrijtÿih `urihtc a és tkcapm, bidré mpmrtuhk`i`
piri quc mjurrih lms gch úachms `c `csakhcrilkzijk úh, akchtris quc sk
til khtcrijjk ú h `urisc achms, `kjbms gch ú achms hm iljihzir á ih i
prm`ujkrsc (HCUDTSH, 9;52). Piadkëh li c`i` cst é vkhjuli`i il `csirrmllm
`c jirkcs `chtil (AKLCZ, 9;29), cspcjkilachtc ch rclijk úh il tkpm `c tcok`m
itiji`m. Isá, li jirkcs ri`kjulir cs a és jmaÿh ch pcrsmhis `c li tcrjcri
c`i`, `cdk`m i lis jirijtcrástkjis prmpkis `c cstc erupm (DCTT[ y jml., 4660).
Lis virkijkmhcs `c prmercskúh `c li jirkcs `chtil i trivës `c li c`i` sc
cxplkjih pmr amtkvms cxtcrhms, iuhquc li ai`urijk úh `cl csailtc `chtil ch lms prkacrms
Lms gijtmrcs am`uli`mrcs hm
jiusih `krcjtiachtc li jirkcs
`chtil, pcrm khtcrvkchch ch su
ipirkjkúh y `csirrmllm
iùms `c crupjkúh `ctcrakhc quc li khjk`chjki `c li chgcrac`i` tchei uhi jirijtcr ástkji
khgihtkl-ouvchkl (JBIWCZ, 9;27). Ch gmrai skaklir, cl csti`m `c li silu` echcril tiadk ëh puc`c
khglukr ch cl `csirrmllm `c li jirkcs, bidk`i juchti quc cxkstch jkcrtis chgcrac`i`cs y
ac`kjiachtms quc puc`ch `ksakhukr cl gluom silkvil, til jmam sc achjkmh ú ihtcrkmrachtc, m rc`ujkr lis `cgchsis `cl mreihksam, ch jmhscjuchjki cl kh`kvk`um scr é aés susjcptkdlc i `csirrmllir jirkcs `chtil (HIWITTM y JÐ TPCZ, 9;;3) (Jip á tulm 3). Iskaksam, lms
glumrurms ch `ctcrakhi`is jihtk`i`cs prmaucvch li rcakhcrilkzijkúh `c lms tcok`ms `chtilcs, clcvih cl pB y cocrjch uhi ijjk
ijj kúh ihtkdijtcrkihi (DTIPPBIL y jml., 4669). Csti sktuijkúh
puc`c llceir i am`kgkjir cl pihmriai `c li chgcrac`i`, pmr cllm sc bi vucltm pr éjtkji jmaÿh i`akhkstrirlms i trivës `cl ieui, ilkachtms, `chtágrkjms, jmlutmrkms u mtrms. (GTCKPIZ, 4669).
:4
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CP KMLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
Vmr mtrm li`m, lis mtris virkidlcs ch cstc erupm hm smh tih jmhtuh`chtcs piri isceurir cl `csirrmllm `c jirkcs `chtil y a és dkch sc jmapmrtih jmam gijtmrcs `c prc`kjjkúh.
Is á, cl eri`m `c khstrujjk ú h `c lms kh`kvk`ums jmhstktuyc uh kh`kji`mr `c jirkcs `chtil,
bidkëh`msc chjmhtri`m uhi rclijk úh `krcjti chtrc eri`m `c khstrujjk úh y hkvcl `c silu`
dujil (VILAYWKZP y jml., 9;;9). Zkh cadirem, cl hkvcl smjkmcjmhú akjm hm hcjcsirkiachtc
prmaucvc li ipirkjk úh `c li chgcrac`i`, yi quc `cpch`c `c lis jirijtcrástkjis `c uh
erupm smjkil `ctcrakhi`m. Ch lms pi áscs `csirrmlli`ms, quc pmscch uhi úptkai cstrujturi cjmhúakji y `c scrvkjkms, cl hkvcl smjkmcjmh úakjm cs khvcrsiachtc prmpmrjkmhil i li
prcvilchjki `c li chgcrac`i`. Hm mdstihtc, ch lms pi áscs sud`csirrmlli`ms -juyi cstrujturi cjmhúakji y `c scrvkjkms cs lkakti`i m pr éjtkjiachtc khcxkstchtc- csti rclijk úh
sc khvkcrtc (GTCKPIZ, 4669). Cstm sc cxplkji pmr lis pmskdlcs rcstrkjjkmhcs piri ijjc`cr i
`ctcrakhi`ms ilkachtms, scih ëstms jirkmeëhkjms m hm jirkme ëhkjms, `cpch`kch`m `c
lis rcilk`i`cs pirtkjulircs `c ji`i pi ás m smjkc`i` (ZBCKBIA, 9;20> DTIPPBIL y jml., 4669).
Capcrm, li `kgcrchjki guh`iachtil ri`kji ch quc lms kh`kvk`ums pcrtchcjkchtcs i lms hkvclcs smjkmcjmhúakjms aés iltms tkchch a és ijjcsm? i li khgmraijk úh, i li prcvchjkúh y
il tritiakchtm rcstiuri`mr, rcspcjtm i lms `c hkvclcs smjkmcjmh úakjms `csgivmrcjk`ms
(HIWITTM y JÐTPCZ, 9;;3). Ch gmrai skaklir sc jmhsk`cri li cxpcrkchjki pisi`i `c jirkcs ,
juyi pirtkjkpijkúh a és dkch cs rclitkvi, yi quc sk uh pijkchtc budkcsc sugrk`m lcskmhcs
jirkmsis, hm hcjcsirkiachtc pm`rái igkrairsc quc su iltm rkcsem `c jirkcs, `i`m ch cl
pisi`m, pcr`urc ch cl tkcapm (DTI
(DTIPPBIL
PPBIL y jml., 4669). I`caés, `kjbi rclijk úh chtrc cxpcrkchjki pisi`i `c jirkcs `chtil y ipirkjk úh `c hucvis lcskmhcs -ch lms pijkchtcs i`ultms- sc mdscrvi prkhjkpilachtc ch lis lcskmhcs ri`kjulircs (LMJNCT y jml., 9;2;). Vmr su
pirtc, li pcrtchchjki i `ctcrakhi`m erupm cpk`cakmlúekjm tiapmjm cs `cjkskvi piri
iscvcrir quc sc prm`ujkr é li chgcrac`i`, pucstm quc smliachtc pcraktkr é udkjir il kh`kvk`um ch erupms quc prcschtih iltm m diom rkcsem (BKEIZBK@I, 4666).
Ihélmeiachtc, lis virkidlc
virkidlcs
s `c jmapmrtiakchtm, iqucllis ijjkmhcs kh`kvk`uilkzi`is
`c jiréjtcr vmluhtirkm, rclijkmhi`is jmh lms usms y jmstuadrcs julturilcs khbcrchtcs i
ji`i kh`kvk`um, tiadk ëh khtcrvkchch ch li ipirkjk úh y `csirrmllm `c li chgcrac`i`. Chtrc
cllis, smh cspcjkilachtc kapmrtihtcs lis jmhjcrhkchtcs il juk`i`m `c li silu` dujil,
tilcs jmam? jcpklli`m, usm `c bklm `chtil, jmhsuam `c iz ÿjircs y grcjuchjki `c vkskti il
`chtksti, lis aksais quc puc`ch khglukr ch cl khkjkm y prmercsm `c li chgcrac`i` (GTCKPIZ,
4669). @cdk`m i quc li prcvchjk úh y cl jmhtrml `c li jirkcs `chtil smh iltiachtc `cpch`kchtcs `cl jmapmrtiakchtm pcrsmhil, piri `csirrmllir guturis cstritcekis prcvchtkvis sc
cstkai cschjkil rcilkzir khvcstkeijkmhcs `cl jmapmrtiakchtm, `chtrm `c suderupms `c li
pmdlijkúh (ZMEIIT@ y jml., 9;;9).
Ch rcsuach
Li jirkcs `chtil cs uhi chgcrac`i` aultkgijtmrkil, quc jmhskstc ch uh prmjcsm `kh éakjm `c `csakhcrilkzijk úh-rcakhcrilkzijkúh (`cs-rc
(`cs-rc) quc khvmlujri li khtcrijjk úh chtrc cl
jiljkm y gúsgmrm, lis cstrujturis `chtilcs y li silkvi (pliji gluk`i) ch guhjkúh `c éjk`ms
prm`ujk`ms pmr li gcrachtijk úh `c lms jirdmbk`ritms, pmr ijjk úh `c lms akjrmmreihksams
mrilcs. Zc bi rcjmrrk`m uh lirem jiakhm piri llceir i cstc jmhjcptm, cl juil -hm mdstihtcjmhtkhÿi cvmlujkmhih`m.
Lms gijtmrcs ctkml úekjms `c li jirkcs `chtil sc puc`ch rcuhkr ch `ms erupms? prkairkms
(akjrmmreihksams,, `kcti y buëspc`) y am`uli`mrcs (tkcapm, c`i`, silu` echcril, eri`m
(akjrmmreihksams
::
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
`c khstrujjkúh, hkvcl smjkmcjmhúakjm, cxpcrkchjki pisi`i `c jirkcs, erupm cpk`cakmlúekjm
y virkidlcs `c jmapmrtiakchtm). Lms gijtmrcs prkairkms jmhstktuych jiusis hcjcsirkis,
pcrm hm sugkjkchtcs, piri prm`ujkr lcskmhcs `c jirkcs> pmr cllm, li rclijkúh `c jiusilk`i`
hm cs skaplc hk lkhcil, skhm quc jmhstktuyc uh jmaplcom prmjcsm quc khvmlujri i`kjkmhilachtc uhi scrkc `c gijtmrcs i`kjkmhilcs, lliai`ms am`uli`mrcs.
Li cvmlujkúh `c lms am`clms prmpucstms piri cxplkjir li ctkmlmeái `c li jirkcs `chtil,
hm sc bi iemti`m, vilc `cjkr quc hkheuhm bi lmeri`m scr idsmlutiachtc krrcditkdlc. Lm
ÿhkjm `cgkhktkvm cs quc iqucl quc rcsultc pcr`uridlc, `cdcr é jmhtcaplir khclu`kdlcachtc
-i`caés `c lms gijtmrcs prkairkms- lis jirijtcr ástkjis smjkilcs y pskjml úekjis `cl kh`kvk`um y pcraihcjcr idkcrtm i khjmrpmrir lms hucvms jiadkms, quc suroih ch li ac`k`i quc
cvmlujkmhch lms jmhmjkakchtms ijtuilcs ijcrji `c li chgcrac`i` m sureih mtrms hucvms.
Pm`m kh`kji quc cl guturm pr úxkam `c `kjbms jiadkms, sceukr é prkhjkpilachtc cl kapulsm
jmdri`m rcjkchtcachtc ch `ms éadktms? li dijtcrkmlme ái y li echëtkji.
Ieri`cjkakchtm
Il Vrmg. Eustivm Virm`k Cstcllihm (Srueuiy) pmr su kapmrtihtc jmhtrkdujkúh ch lm rcgcrchtc il Dkmgkla `chtil .
:0
JMHJCVPM, PCMTÁIZ [ GIJPMTCZ
GIJPMTCZ CP KMLÚEKJMZ @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 9
Tcgcrchjkis
Ih`crsmh AB. Jurrcht jmhjcpts mg `chtil jirkcs ih` kts prcvchtkmh. Mpcr @cht 4669> 47(suppl7)?99-92.
Ixclssmh V.
V. @kiehmsks ih` Tksn Vrc`kjtkmh mg @chtil Jirkcs, vml 4.
9ª c`. Jirml Ztrcia? Yukhtcsschjc> 4666.
Itnkhsmh OJ, Uu IO. Zilkviry elih` `ysguhjtkmh? Jiuscs, syaptmas,
trcitacht. O Ia @cht Issmj 9;;0> 943(0)?06;-97.
Dibh ZL. @rue-rclitc` `chtil `cstrujtkmh. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril
Vitbml 9;54> ::?0;-30.
Diclua W, Gcocrsnmv M. Jirkcs @kiehmsks? “i achtil rcstkhe plijc
mh tbc wiy tm khtcrvchtkmh=‑ Ch? Gcocrcsnmv M, Nk``, C. Pbc
`kscisc ih` kts jlkhkjil aihiecacht. 9ª c`. Jmpchbiech?
Dlijnwcll Auhnseiir`> 466:. p.969-996
Dirrkms AE. M`mhtmlmeái? su guh`iachtm dkmlúekjm. 9ª c`. Dmemté?
Kitrms> 9;;9.
Dckebtmh @. Pbc jmaplcx mril akjrmglmri mg bkeb-rksn kh`kvk`uils
ih` ermups ih` kts rmlc
r mlc mh tbc jirkcs prmjcss. Jmaauhkty @cht
Mril Cpk`cakml 4663> ::(0)? 402-33.
Dcrry PE, Zuaaktt OD, Zkgt CO Or. Tmmt jirkcs. Mpcr @cht 4660>
4;(7)?769-5.
Docrthcss C, Crknsch BA, Bihsch DG. Gijtmrs mg kapmrtihjc gmr
jbihecs kh `chtil jirkcs iamhe i`ults. I gmllmw-up stu`y mg
Mslm jktkzchs grma tbc iec mg :3 tm 36 ycirs. Ijti
Ij ti M`mhtml Zjih`
9;;4> 36(0)?9;:-466.
Drittbil @, Ztocrhswàr` OT, Vctcrssmh EB. Isscssacht mg jirkcs rksn
kh tbc jlkhkj - I am`crh ipprmijb. Ch? Uklsmh HBG, Tmulct OG,
Guzzk A. I`vihjcs kh Mpcritkvc @chtkstry? Jbillchecs mg tbc
guturc Wml 4. 9ª c`. Jirml Ztrcia? Yukhtcsschjc> 4669.p.79-54.
Drctz UI, Jmrdy VA, Zjbmrn HO, Tmdkhsmh AP, Jmclbm A, Jmsti
Z, Aclm Gklbm AT, Ucyiht TO, Birt PJ. Lmhektu`khil ihélksks mg
Emacs `c Zklvi E. Drcvc `kjjkmhirkm ctkamlúekm `c li lcheui
cspiùmli. 4ª c`. Aëxkjm @.G.? Gmh`m `c julturi cjmhúakji> 9;;;.
Emttlkcd D. Bkstmpitbmlmey mg chiacl jirkcs. O @cht Tcs 9;00>
4:?:5;-20.
Eustiggsmh DC, Yuchscl JC, Lihnc LZ, Luh`qukst J, Eribhch B,
Dmhmw DC, Nrissc D. Pbc Wkpcbmla `chtil jirkcs stu`y. Pbc cggcjt mg `kggcrcht lcvcls mg jirdmby`ritc khtinc mh jirkcs ijtkvkty
kh 0:7 kh`kvk`uils mdscrvc` gmr gkvc ycirs. Ijti M`mhtml Zjih`
9;30> 99?4:4-:70.
Birrks T. Dkmlmey mg tbc jbkl`rch mg Bmpcwmm` Bmusc, Diuril, Iustrilki. 0. Mdscrvitkmhs mg `chtil jirkcs cxpcrkchjc cxtch`khe mvcr
gkvc ycirs (9;35-9;79) O @cht Tcs 9;7:> 04?9:75-;;.
Bkeisbk`i D. M`mhtmlmeái prcvchtkvi. 9ª c`. Aëxkjm @.G.? Aj EriwBkll Khtcriacrkjihi> 4666.
B÷rstc`-Dkh`slcvv V, Ao÷r KI. Am`crh Jmhjcpts kh Mpcritkvc @chB÷rstc`-Dkh`slc
tkstry. 9ª c`. Jmpchbieuch? Auhnseiir`> 9;22.
Buht TO, Cl`rc`ec OD, Dcjn O@. Cggcjt mg rcsk`chjc kh i glumrk`itc`
jmaauhkty mh tbc khjk`chjc mg jmrmhil ih` rmmt jirkcs kh ih
ml`cr i`ult pmpulitkmh. O Vudlkj Bciltb @cht 9;2;> 0;(:)?9:2-09.
Ochnkhs EH, @iwcs J. Cxpcrkachts
Cxpcrkachts mh tbc jbclitkhe prmpcrtkcs mg
silkvi ih` `chtil pliquc. Dr @cht O 9;70> 997?0::-09.
Ncycs VB. Pbc khgcjtkmus ih` trihsaksskdlc hiturc mg cxpcrkachtil
`chtil jirkcs. Gkh`khes ih` kaplkjitkmhs. Irjb Mril Dkml 9;76>
9?:60-46.
Nktc MU. Pbc prcvchtkmh mg tmmtb `cjiy dy tudc-gcc`khe. O Hutr
9;36> 04(9)?26-96:.
Nlckh B. Giakly ih` `chtil `kscisc. KW. @chtil `kscisc (@AG) cxpcrkchjc kh pirchts ih` mggsprkhe. O Ia @cht Issmj 9;07> ::?5:3-0:.
Nlckhdcre K. I akxc`-dijtcrki cjmlmekjil ipprmijb tm uh`crstih`-
bcrktidklkty gmr `chtil jirkcs trikts. O @cht Tcs 4663> 20(99)?
9605-39.
Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z, Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air? C`.
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Wkùi `cl Air> 9;;9.
Jbivcs AA. M`mhtmlmeki smjkil. :ª c`. Tkm `c Oihckrm? Irtcs
Aë`kjis> 9;27.
Jbki OZ, Jbihe UJ, [ihe JZ, Jbch O[. Zilkviry ih` scrua ihtkdm`y
rcspmhsc tm Ztrcptmjjus autihs ihtkechs kh buaihs. Mril
Akjrmdkml Kaauhml 4666> 93(4)?9:9-2.
Jbki OZ, [mu JA, Bu J[, Jbkihe DL, Jbch O[. Buaih P-jcll
P-j cll rcspmhsc
tm tbc elujmsyltrihsgcriscs mg Ztrcptmjjus autihs. Jlkh @kieh
Lid Kaauhml 4669> 2(4)?009-3.
Jlirnc ON. Mh tbc dijtcrkil gijtmr kh tbc ictkmlmey mg `chtil jirkcs.
Dr O Cxp Vitbml 9;40> 3?09-5. Tcgcrk`m pmr? Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z,
Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air? C`. Shkvcrsk`i` `c Wkùi
`cl Air> 9;;9.
Jmhry OV, Acsscr LD, Dmriis OJ, Icpplk @V, Dmujbir` PO Or. @chtil
jirkcs ih` trcitacht jbirijtcrkstkjs kh buaih twkhs rcirc` ipirt.
Irjb Mril Dkml 9;;:>:2(99)?;:5-0:.
Jscrhyck O. Vulp pbmspbitisc ih` `chtil jirkcs . H [ Ztitc @cht O
9;39> 95(7)? 454-2.
@c Omhe AB, Wih `cr Bmcvch OZ. Pbc ermwtb mg dijtcrki mh silkvi.
O @cht Tcs 9;25> 77(4)?0;2-363.
77(4)?0;2-363.
`c Zmct OO, vih @rkcl L, Vlckokstcr O, Amrrë ZI, vih Ecacrt-Zj
Ecacrt-Zjbrkns
brkns
AJA. J@90 Echc Vmlyamrpbksa kh Tclitkmh tm Jirkcs. Jirkcs
Tcs 4667> 06(0)? :0;.
@kjjkmhirkm `c li Lcheui Cspiùmli, 44ª c`. Cspiùi? Tcil Iji`caki
Cspiùmli? 4669. Am`ulir> p.96:9.
@rckzch Z, @ily PC, @rihc OD, Drmwh LT. Mril jmaplkjitkmhs mg jihjcr ri`kmtbcripy. Vmsteri` Ac` 9;55> 79(4)?23-;4.
Cnstrih` N. @kiehústkjm `i jérkc. Ch? Duksjbk [V. Vrmamåêm `c siÿ`c
`chtil hi jláhkji m`mhtmlúekji. 9ª c`. Zêm Viulm? Irtcs Aë`kjis,
4666. p.943-902.
Crknsch BA, Docrthcss C. Jmhjcpts mg bciltb ih` `kscisc ih` jirkcs
prc`kjtkmh? i lktcriturc rcvkcw. Zjih` @cht O 9;;9> ;;(7)?057-2:.
Gktzecril` T, Ncycs V. @camhstritkmh
@camhstritkmh mg tbc ctkmlmekj rmlc mg strcptmjmjjk kh cxpcrkachtil jirkcs kh tbc biastcr. O Ia @cht Issmj
9;76> 79?;-9;.
Grcktis ZGP. Bkstúrki
Bkstúrki smjkil `i jérkc `chtérki. 9ª c`. Diuru?
Di uru? C@SZJ>
4669.
khe tbc rmlc mg tbc mril dijtcrki kh `chtil jirkcs jiusitkmh? ih
iltcrhitkvc tm Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs ih` tbc spcjkgkj -pliquc
bypmtbcsks. Jrkt Tcv Mril Dkml Ac` 4664> 9:(4)? 962-43.
Nlkelcr KO. Jbcakjil stu`kcs mg tbc rclitkmhs mg mril akjrmmreihksas tm `chtil jirkcs. O Illkc` @cht Zmj 9;93> 96? 909.
Nrissc D. I Zbmrt rcvkcw mg pitbmechcsks. Ch? Jirkcs Tksn. 9ª c`.
Jbkjiem? Yukhtcsschjc> 9;23. p.93-42.
Nrctb O, Acrrktt O, Zbk U, Yk G. Jmapctktkmh ih` Jmcxkstchjc dctwcch Ztcptmjmjus autihs ih` Ztrcptmjmjjus siheukhks kh tbc
@chtil Dkmgkla. O Dijtcrkml 4663>925(49)?59;:-46:.
4663>925(49)?59;:-46:.
Lcbhcr P. Tceulitkmh mg tbc kaauhc rcspmhscs tm i strcptmjmjjil
ihtkech dy bclpcr ih` supprcssmr guhjtkmhs kh i aih. Ihh H [
Iji` Zjk 9;2:> 06;?45:-2:.
Lk [-B, Pihe H, Ispkris AD, Liu VJ[, Lmc OB, Cllch TV, Jvktnmvktjb
@E. I qumrua-schskhe skehilkhe systca csschtkil gmr echctkj
jmapctchjc kh Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs ks khvmlvc` kh dkmgkla
gmraitkmh. O Dijtcrkml 4664>920(96)?47;;-562.
4664>920(96)?47;;-562.
Lliais T, Acihi J, Okaëhcz-Tudkm I, Zceuri OO, Dmhklli W. TJMC,
Tcv Klustrc Jmhs Ech Jml M`mhtml Ctmaitml Csp 9;;5> 4?99-49.
Lmjncr @, Zli`c E@, Lcinc OL. Vrcvilchjc mg ih` gijtmrs issmjkitc`
wktb rmmt `cjiy kh ml`cr i`ults kh Jihi`i. O @cht Tcs 9;2;>
72(3)?572-54.
Aiektmt C, Jbih`lcr PB. Prcitksc mh `chtil jirkcs? cxpcrkachtil
ih` tbcripcutkj khvcstkeitkmhs. 9252> Dmstmh? Bmuebtmh,
Msemm`. Tcgcrk`m pmr? Grcktis ZGP. Bkstúrki smjkil `i jérkc `chtérki.
9ª c`. Diuru? C@SZJ> 4669.
Airsb V@, Dri`sbiw @O. @chtil pliquc is i dkmgkla. O Kh` Akjrmdkml
9;;3>93(:)?97;-53.
Airsb V@. Mril cjmlmey ih` kts kapijt mh mril akjrmdkil `kvcrskty. Ch Nuriaktsu BN, Cllch TV (c`s). Mril dijtcrkil cjmlmey?
tbc amlcjulir disks. Uyamh`bia? Bmrkzmh Zjkchtkgkj Vrcss
4666? 99-73.
Airsb V@, Hyvi` D. Pbc mril akjrmglmri ih` dkmgklas mh tcctb. Ch?
Gcocrcsnmv M, Nk`` C. @chtil jirkcs? Pbc `kscisc ih` kts jlkhkjil
aihiecacht. 9ª c`. Jmpchbiech? Dlijnwcll Auhnseiir`> 466:.
p.4;-02.
Airsb V@. @chtil pliquc is i akjrmdkil dkmgkla. Jirkcs Tcs
4660>:2(:)?460-99.
Aklcs IC. Jiadkms pmr li c`i` ch lms tcok`ms `chtirkms. Ch? Jmbch
:3
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
D. Guh`iachtms jkchtágkjms `c M`mhtmlmeái. 9ª c`. Dirjclmhi? Zilvit> 9;29.
Akllcr U@. Pbc akjrm-mreihksas mg tbc buaih amutb. Vbkli`clpbki? ZZUbktc @chtil Ate. Jm. 92;6. Tcgcrk`m pmr?
B÷rstc`-Dkh`slcvv V, Ao÷r KI. Am`crh Jmhjcpts kh MpcriB÷rstc`-Dkh`slc
tkvc @chtkstry. 9ª c`. Jmpchbieuch? Auhnseiir`> 9;22.
Amyhkbih V, Lkhestr÷a V, Tuee-Euhh IO, Dkrnbc` @. Pbc rmlc
rml c
mg `kctiry jmhtrml. Ch? Gcocrcsnmv M, Nk`` C. @chtil jirkcs? Pbc `kscisc ih` kts jlkhkjil aihiecacht. 9ª c`. Jmpchbiech? Dlijnwcll Auhnseiir`> 466:. p.44:-00.
Auriniak A, Mbtinc P, @mrsjbhcr TI, Eillm TL. Jitbclkjk`kh
ihtkakjrmdkil pcptk`cs irc cxprcssc` kh silkviry elih`s
ih` silkvi. O @cht Tcs 4664> 29(94)?203-236.
Hiuhtmgtc D, Pchmvum OM, Liecrl÷g G. Zcjrctkmh ih` jmapmsktkmh mg silkvi. Ch? Gcocrcsnmv M, Nk`` C. @chtil jirkcs?
Pbc `kscisc ih` kts jlkhkjil aihiecacht. 9ª c`. Jmpchbiech? Dlijnwcll Auhnseiir`> 466:. p.5-45.
Hivirrm AGLH, Jðrtcs @G. Ivilkiåêm c tritiachtm `m pijkchtc
jma rcliåêm im rksjm `c jérkc. Aixk-M`mhtm? @chtástkji 9;;3>
9(0).
Hcwdruh C. Jirkmlmey. 9ª c`. Diltkamrc? Ukllkias & Uklnkhs>
9;52.
Hknkgmrun E. Sh`crstih`khe @chtil Jirkcs. Ctkmlmey ih`
Acjbihksas. Hcw [mrn?Nirecr> 9;23.
Vilaqvkst Z, Zm`crgcl`t D, Irhdocre @. @chtil jmh`ktkmhs kh
i Zwc`ksb pmpulitkmh iec` 03-7; ycirs. I qucstkmhhikrc
stu`y. Ijti M`mhtml Zjih` 9;;9>0;(7)?:55-20.
Vistmr J, Lúpcz Amyi E, Eúacz Ach`m K, Zéhjbcz-Dirrkei T, Lliais T. Tcv Cur M`mhtmcstmaitml, 9;;2> 96?49:-40.
Tkhe, AC. Bkstmrki `c li M`mhtmlmeái. 9ª c`. Dirjclmhi?
@myai> 9;;:.
Tmtbaih N. Ercchlih` Z. Am`crh Cpk`cakmlmey. 4ª c`.
Vbkli`clpbki? Lkppkhjmtt Tivch> 9;;2.
Tusscll AU, Jbkl`crs HN, Akjbilcn ZA, Zaktb @O, Piudaih
Zbckbia I. Jbihekhe trch`s kh `chtil jirkcs. Kht O Cpk`cakml
9;20> 9:(4)?904-5.
Zbulcr JG.
JG. Khbcrktc` rksns gmr susjcptkdklk
susjcptkdklkty
ty tm `chtil jirkcs. O
@cht C`uj 4669>73(96)?96:2-03.
Zliytmh TL, Jmmpcr AC, Airizkti AL. Pugtclkh, autihs strcptmjmjjk, ih` `chtil jirkcs susjcptkdklkty.
susjcptk dklkty. O @cht Tcs 4663>
20(2)? 599-0.
Ztcpbih TA. Jbihecs kh tbc by`rmech kmh jmhjchtritkmh mh
tmmtb surgijcs ih` kh jirkmus lcskmhs. O Ia @cht Issmj
9;06> 45?592-4:. Tcgcrk`m pmr? Grcktis ZGP. Bkstúrki
Bkstúrki smjkil
`i jérkc `chtérki. 9ª c`. Diuru? C@SZJ> 4669.
Zmeiir` IO, Eryttch O, Bmlst @. Tcjcht jbihecs kh bciltb rclitc` `chtil dcbivkmrs kh Hmrwiy. Jmaauhkty @cht Mril
Cpk`cakml 9;;9>9;(3)?409-3.
Zliytmh TL, Jmmpcr AC, Airizkti AL. Pugtclkh, autihs
strcptmjjk, ih` `chtil jirkcs susjcptkdklkty. O @cht Tcs
4663> 20(2)? 599-0.
Pbc Jchtcr gmr Dkmgkla Chekhccrkhe. I Grkch`ly Euk`c tm
Dkmgkla Diskjs & tbc JDC. ^jkti`i
^jkti`i 4665 gcd 9Q. Zc
Zc jmhskeuc
ch STL? bttp?//www.crj.amhtihi.c`u/JDCsschtkils-ZU/
dg-diskjs-;;/ddiskjs-69.bta
Pbylstrup I, Gcocrsnmv M. Pcxtdmmn mg jlkhkjil jirkmlmey. 4ª
c`. Jmpchbieuch? Auhnseiir`> 9;;0.
Pmwhsch` EJ, Il`rc` AO, Dirtml` VA. Echctkj ispcjts mg
`chtil `ksmr`crs. Iust @cht O 9;;2>0:(0)?47;-27.
Prupcr B, Jlirk L @. Pixmhmakj hmtc? hcjcssiry
hcjcssiry jmrrcjtkmhs
jmrrcjtkmhs
mg spcjkgkj cpktbcts gmrac` is sudstihtkvcs (hmuhs) “kh
ippmsktkmh.‑ Kht O Zyst Dijtcrkml. 9;;5>05?;62‚;.
Srkdc-Cjbcvirrái O, Vrkmttm CE. Jirkmlmeái. Ch? Srkdc-Cjbcvirrái
O. Mpcritmrki @chtil Jkchjki y préjtkji. 9ª c`. Ai`rk`?
Ivihjcs Aë`kjm-@chtilcs>
Aë`kjm-@chtilcs> 9;;6.
Srzÿi K, Ztihnc G. Hucvis cstritcekis ch Jirkmlmeái? Gijtmrcs
`c rkcsem y tritiakchtm. 9ª c`. Zihtkiem `c Jbklc? C`.
AI. I Jirkcs Wijjkhc= Pbc stitc mg tbc sjkchjc mg kaauhkzitkmh ieikhst `chtil jirkcs. Jirkcs Tcs 4660>:2(:)?4:6-3.
Zjbitz I, Airtkh OO. Zpcjulitkmh mh lijtmdijkllk ih` ijk` is
pmsskdlc ihtkjirkcs gijtmrs. H[ Ztitc @cht O 9;33> 49?:75-5;.
Zbihk Z, Grkc`aih A, Ztckhdcre @. Pbc ihtkjirkmechkj cggcjt mg iakhc glumrk`cs mh Ztrcptmjmjjus smdrkhus ih`
elujmsyltrihsgcrisc kh dkmgklas. Jirkcs Tcs
4666>:0(:)?476-5.
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Jbklc> 4666
Wckei-Ailti K, @uirtc A, @khms A, Pivircs @, Wk`ckri I,
Gcrrckri V. Chmlisc grma Ztrcptmjmjjus smdrkhus ks ih kaauhmsupprcsskvc prmtckh. Jcll Akjrmdkml 4660> 7(9)?5;-22.
Uklsmh A. Zusjcptkdklkty
Zusjcptkdklkty mg mril dijtcrkil
dijtcrkil dkmgklas tm ihtkakjrmdkil iechts. O Ac` Akjrmdkml 9;;7>00(4)?5;-25
9;;7>00(4)?5;-25..
Umrl` Bciltb Mreihkzitkmh. Khtcrhijkmhil Jlisskgkjitkmh mg @ksciscs. Jmhsulti`m ch? 95/69/63. Ch STL? bttp?//
www:.wbm.kht/kj`/vml9bta466:/gr-kj`.bt
www:.wbm.kht/k
j`/vml9bta466:/gr-kj`.bta
a
:7
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZKÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jipátulm 4
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZKÚH
JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [
JCACHPM
4
Oihctt AIZ LÚ
L ÚVC_
Tmdcrtm CZVKHMZI GCTH ÉH@C_ y jmlidmri`mrcs*
Li jirkcs cs uhi chgcrac`i` khgcjjkmsi quc jmaprmactc
jmaprmactc lms tcok`ms `urms `cl `kchtc,
prm`ujkch`m su `ctcrkmrm prmercskvm.
prmercskvm. Zc khkjki ch li pcrkgcrkc (csailtc m jcachtm ri`kjulir)
y ivihzi ch schtk`m jchtrápctm bijki li `chtkhi, skeukch`m uh csqucai khbcrchtc i li
hiturilczi `c ji`i uhm `c lms achjkmhi`ms tcok`ms> vilc `cjkr,
`cjkr, quc sc aucstri mstchskdlcachtc `kstkhtm sceÿh igcjtc
igcjtc il csailtc, li `chtkhi m il jcachtm. Li cxplkjijkúh ri`kji
ch su `kgcrchtc mrkech cadrkmlúekjm, jmapmskjkúh, cstrujturi bkstmlúekji, gkskmlmeái, y
`caés jirijtcrástkjis kh`kvk`uilcs> quc `ctcrakhih li pcjulkirk`i` `c lis iltcrijkmhcs
amrgmlúekjis `crkvi`is `c li chgcrac`i`.
chgcr ac`i`. @c illá li pcrtkhchjki
pcrtkhchjk i `c idmr`irlis pmr scpiri`m.
4.9. LCZKÚH CH CZAILPC
Cl prmercsm `c
li lcskúh jirkmsi
Cl csailtc cs cl tcok`m `cl jucrpm buaihm aés iltiachtc akhcrilkzi`m, juyi jmapmskjkúh iljihzi ;7% `c aitcrkil khmreéhkjm, 9% `c mreéhkjm
y :% `c ieui (PCH JIPC, 9;;4> STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI y jml.,466:) . (Gke. 4.9.). Li
pmrjkúh khmreéhkji csté jmhstktuk`i pmr jrkstilcs `c bk`rmxkipitkti,
Ji96 (VM 0)7(MB) 4, lms juilcs `ctcrakhih uhi jmapmskjkúh amlcjulir y uhi
cstrujturi cspijkil quc lc pcraktch cgcjtuir
kapmrtihtcs rcijjkmhcs gkskjmquáakjis jmh cl ac`km
silkvil (PCH JIPC, 9;;4).
`cpch`c `c li
hiturilczi `cl
tcok`m igcjti`m?
csailtc, `chtkhi m jcachtm.
Cl csailtc, quc prmvkchc `cl cjtm`cram, cs uh
tcok`m akjrmjrkstilkhm, akjrmpmrmsm y ihksútrmpm,
ijclulir, ivisjulir, ihcuril, `c ilti akhcrilkzijkúh
(Gke. 4.9.) y `c cxtrcai `urczi, quc rcijjkmhi cxjluskviachtc jmh për`k`i `c sustihjki grchtc i tm`m
cstáaulm, sci ëstc gáskjm, quáakjm m dkmlúekjm (STKDCCJBCWITTÁI y jml., 466:) .
Khbcrchtc i su cstrujturi jrkstilkhi, cl csailtc ildcrei akjrmpmrms chtrc sus jrkstilcs, tiadkëh lliai`ms cspijkms khtcrjrkstilkhms, lms
aksams quc sc iapláih juih`m cl csailtc cs
GKESTI 4.9. @kstrkdujkúh pmrjchtuil ch pcsm
`c li jmapmskjkúh `cl csailtc.
* Vrmgcsmrcs `c li Shkvcrsk`i`
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Eui`ilioiri. Csti`ms Shk`ms Acxkjihms.
Ilvirm JTS_ EMH_ÉLCZ. Vrmgcsmr Khvcstkei`mr Pktulir `c Ch`m`mhjki, Jchtrm Shkvcrsktirkm `c Jkchjkis `c li Zilu`.
Airkm STKDC JIAVCTM, Vrmgcsmr `c Ch`m`mhjki y `c M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri c Khvcstkeijkúh, Jchtrm Shkvcrsktirkm `c
Jkchjkis `c li Zilu`.
Ksricl JCOI IH@TI@C, Aiekstcr ch Jkchjkis `c li Zilu` Iadkchtil, Khvcstkei`mr `cl Jchtrm `c Jkchjkis Cxijtis c Khechkcrái.
:5
JITKCZ @CHP
@CHPIL
IL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
igcjti`m pmr uhi lcskúh jirkmsi, c khvcrsiachtc `ksakhuyc cl tiaiùm y cl hÿacrm `c lms
jrkstilcs> vilc `cjkr,
`cjkr, quc iuachti li pmrmsk`i` `cl csailtc (JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
Ch jmh`kjkmhcs `c hmrailk`i`, cl csailtc cs trislÿjk`m> cs `cjkr, pcraktc cl pism `c
li luz i trivës suym, rcekstrih`m uh áh`kjc ` c rcgrijjkúh `c 9,74. Li prcschjki `c jirkcs,
il iuachtir cl tiaiùm y hÿacrm `c cspijkms khtcrjrkstilkhms, rc`ujc li trihslujk`cz
i`iaihtkhi, `cdk`m i quc cl iuachtm prmpmrjkmhil `c ieui y `c li pmrjkúh mreéhkji
`ksakhuyc cl áh`kjc `c rcgrijjkúh (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW, 9;27) .
Ch jmh`kjkmhcs hmrailcs cl pB silkvil cs `c 7,4 i 7,2. Ch cllis, lms jrkstilcs `c
bk`rmxkipitkti, cstrujturi
cstrujturi prkhjkpil `cl csailtc, sc chjuchtrih jmam tilcs, pcrm juih`m
cl pB silkvil `ksakhuyc pmr ijjkúh `c lms éjk`ms -prmpkms `c lms ilkachtms m prm`ujk`ms
pmr cl actidmlksam dijtcrkihm- bisti uh hkvcl `c 3,3 (jmhmjk`m jmam cl pB jrátkj m `c li
bk`rmxkipitkti i`iaihtkhi), lms jrkstilcs sc `ksmjkih y tkch`ch i `kguh`krsc bijki cl ac`km
cxtcrhm, prm`ujkë
prm`ujkëh`msc li `csakhcrilkzijk úh. Cstc gchú
gch úachm hm mjurrc `c aihcri khjcsihtc, yi quc pmr li ijjkú
ijjkúh duggcr m tiapú
tiapúh `c li silkvi cl pB sc vuclvc i cstidklkzir,
cstidklkzir,
lmerih`m khjmrpmrirsc hucvms jrkstilcs ch li supcrgkjkc `chtirki, `ih`m jmam rcsulti`m
cl prmjcsm khvcrsm? li rcakhcrilkzijk úh, li juil `caih`i
` caih`i iprmxkai`iachtc vckhtc akhutms
piri prm`ujkrsc (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW
GCOCTZNMW,, 9;27).
Cl
gchúachm
@CZ/TC lc jmhgkcrc hiturilczi
`khéakji il prm-
Cl cstu`km `c til gchú
gchúachm pirtkú
pirtkú `c li mdscrvijkú
mdscrvijkúh `cl rc-ch`urcjkakchtm
`cl csailtc jirki`m, rcilkzi`i pmr BCI@ ch 9;96, smdrc juyi disc lms tridioms
`c NMLMSTK@CZ ch li `ë
`ëji`i `c 9;76 (NMSLMSTK@CZ y jml., 9;73> NMSLMSTK@CZ,
`chmakh éh`mlm
9;77> NMSLMSTK@CZ y ZKAZ, 9;75) jmhsmlk`irmh `kjbm jmhjcptm, `chmakhé
jcsm `c jirkcs
GKESTI 4.4.
lmer ú `kgusk
`kguskú
úh y ijcptijkú
ijcptijk úh uhkvcrsil
@CZ y TC akhcrilkzijkúh, cl aksam quc lmerú
diom li idrcvkituri `c @CZ/TC.
Lcskúh `c aihjbi dlihji.
Ch cllm sc jkakchti cl jmhjcptm `c li hiturilczi
`khéakji `c li jirkcs,
jirkcs, quc jirijtcrkzi il prmjcsm jmam
uhi jmhstihtc pë
p ër`k`i y jiptijkú
jiptijk úh `c akhcrilcs. Akchtris ëstc sc aihtchei ch cquklkdrkm, hm bidré
bidr é p
pë
ër`k`i
hk eihihjki `c akhcrilcs. Zcr é acomr iÿ
i ÿ h sk li
rcakhcrilkzijk ú h supcri li `csakhcrilkzijkú
`csakhcrilkzijk ú h, pcrm
juih`m cl cquklkdrkm sc rmapc ch givmr `c li `csakhcrilkzijkú
hcrilkzijk
úh, sc prm`ujc pë
pë r`k`i `c sustihjki ch cl
csailtc, juyi prkacri aihkgcstijkú
aihkgcstijk ú h jl á hkjiachtc
vkskdlc sc prcschti jmam uhi é rci dlihqucjkhi hm
jivkti`i jmhmjk`i jmam aihjbi dlihji (PB[LZPTSV y
( Gke. 4.4.).
4.4.).
GCOCTZNMW,, 9;27). (Gke.
GCOCTZNMW
4.9.9. Ispcjtms jláhkjms
Li aihjbi dlihji cs li prkacri
aihkgcstijkúh
jláhkji `c uhi
lcskúh i`iaihtkhi.
Li aihjbi dlihji sc `kstkheuc acomr ch lis supcrgkjkcs `chtirkis lksis.
Zu ispcjtm sc ijchtÿ
ijchtÿi juih`m cl `kchtc sc scji jmh ikrc, gchú
gch úachm `cdk`m
i quc cl ikrc sustktuyc il ieui prcschtc ch aiymr prmpmrjkú
prmpmrjk úh quc ch cl
csailtc sihm, `ih`m jmam rcsulti`m uhi `kgcrchtc `kgrijjkú
`kgrijjk úh `c li luz
( JMHZMLITM, 9;;7). ( Gke. 4.4.).
4.4. ). Vmr lm echcril cstis lcskmhcs jirkmsis
khjkpkchtcs smh rcvcrskdlcs, pmr lm quc hm rcqukcrch tritiakchtms khviskvms.
:2
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
4.9.4. Ispcjtms bkstmpitmlúekjms
Chtrc lms iutmrcs quc a és bih khjk`k`m ch lms
ispcjtms amrgmlúekjms akjrmsjúpkjms `c li lcsk úh
`c csailtc `cstijih @ITLKHE (9;37i, 9;37d) y
ESZPIGZMH
ESZP
IGZMH (9;35). Li lcsk ú h `c csailtc, ihtcs `c
gmrair jivk`i`, ihilkzi`i `cs`c li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi bijki li `chtkhi prcschti lis skeukchtcs zmhis?
Csailtc
@chtkhi
4.9.4.9. _mhi supcrgkjkil iprksa étkji m
jipi `c @irlkhe (@ITLKHE, 9;37i> 9;37d) .
Cs uhi grihoi pcracidlc i li chtri`i `c lms
prm`ujtms dijtcrkihms, cspcjkilachtc i lms éjk`ms.
Vrcschti uhi pmrmsk`i` `cl 3% y uhi p ër`k`i `c
akhcrilcs `c li zmhi supcrgkjkil ch tmrhm `c uh 3%.
(Gkes. 4.:i. y 4.:d. Pidli 4.9.).
4.9.).
VM
V
MTMZK@I@
Jucrpm `c
li lcskúh
VËT@K@I @C
AKHC
AK
HCTI
TILC
LCZ
Z
Csailtc sihm
6,9 %
]]]]]
_mhi supcrgkjkil
3,6 %
3, 6 %
Jucrpm `c li lcskúh
43,6 %
92 - 36 %
_mhi msjuri
4-0%
3-2%
9,6 %
9 - 9,3 %
_mhi trihslÿjk`i
_mhi msjuri
PIDLI 4.9. @kstrkdujkúh `c pmrmsk`i` y për`k`i `c akhcril ch
uhi lcskúh `c csailtc, jmapiri`m jmh cl csailtc sihm.
_mhi
supcrgkjkil
_mhi
trihsl ÿjk`i
uhi lcskúh `c csailtc, jmapiri`m jmh cl csailtc sihm.
Ac`kihtc li akjrmsjmpái clcjtrúhkji `c dirrk`m
(ACD) sc bi mdscrvi`m quc li supcrgkjkc `c csti
zmhi prcschti aiymr ruemsk`i` quc cl csailtc sihm,
lm quc givmrcjc uhi aiymr rctchjkúh `c dkmgkla `chtil
y cl jmhscjuchtc gmachtm `c li `csakhcrilkzijkúh.
(Gke. 4.0.).
Lms cstu`kms `c li supcrgkjkc `c lis aihjbis
dlihjis, quc sc bih cgcjtui`m jmh iyu`i `cl ACD,
aucstrih zmhis ch lis quc jmcxkstch zmhis lksis,
rclitkviachtc khtijtis, jmh rcekmhcs ch lis quc sc
mdscrvih jiadkms ch li amrgmlme ái `c li supcrgkjkc,
jmh cspijkms khtcrprksaétkjms iaplkms, `cdk`m i li
pchctrijk úh `c lms prm`ujtms éjk`ms dijtcrkihms
bijki lms cstritms aés prmguh`ms `cl csailtc, quc
smh aés susjcptkdlcs i li `csakhcrilkzijk úh. (Gkes.
4.0. y 4.3.).
Ch uh jmrtc trihsvcrsil csti jipi aucstri uh
ermsmr `c 46 i 06 ³a, skh `i ùms skehkgkjitkvms hk krrcvcrskdlcs ch su cstrujturi, `cdk`m i li aiymr jmhjch-
GKESTI 4.:i. Csqucai `c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi ch
csailtc.
36-966ha
06-26ha
:6-06ha
43-:6ha
96-:6ha
GKESTI 4.:d. Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c li
lcskúh jirkmsi i`iaihtkhi hm jivkti`i. I`ipti`i `c
Jérkc @chtirái. (JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
:;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 4.0. Zupcrgkjkc `c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi i`iaihtkhi
GKESTI 4.3. Csailtc supcrgkjkil `csakhcrilkzi`m. Hútcsc
hm jivkti`i, quc aucstri uhi supcrgkjkc ruemsi. ACD
366R.
dkmgkla `chtil
y rcsk`ums dijtcrkihms. ACD :,366R.
trijkúh `c glÿmr ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi `cl csailtc ( PB[LZPTSV [ GCOCTZNMW, 9;27). I`caés
sc mdscrvih pcquc ù ms t ÿhclcs quc itrivkcsih csti zmhi, i trivë s `c lms juilcs sc
`csplizih lms prm`ujtms dijtcrkihms bijki lis zmhis a és prmguh`is `cl csailtc, `ih`m
lueir i li zmhi jmrrcspmh`kchtc il jucrpm `c li lcskúh, quc cs aés msjuri.
Li aiymr rcskstchjki `c li zmhi supcrgkjkil sc `cdc i lms skeukchtcs gijtmrcs?
• Li aiymr `chsk`i` `cl csailtc supcrgkjkil jmam jmhscjuchjki `cl prmjcsm `c ai`urijkúh.
• Aiymr jmhtchk`m `c glumrurms, lm quc lc prmpmrjkmhi a és rcskstchjki i li ijjk úh
`ksmlvchtc `c lms éjk`ms.
• Li pmskdklk`i` `c rcakhcrilkzir lms jrkstilcs, givmrcjk`m pmr li prcschjki `c silcs
akhcrilcs ch li silkvi y glumrurms.
• Li guhjkúh prmtcjtmri `c li silkvi y li pcl ájuli i`qukrk`i quc tkch`ch i `ksakhukr li
smludklk`i` `cl csailtc supcrgkjkil.
(DTMUH y jml., 9;;9> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7) .
Aijrmsjúpkjiachtc, csti dih`i ipircjc rclitkviachtc khtijti, ch jmapirijkúh jmh
li erih pmrmsk`i` y `csakhcrilkzijk úh quc prcschti cl plihm sudyijchtc, `chmakhi`m
zmhi sud-supcrgkjkil m jucrpm `c li lcsk úh.
4.9.4.4. Jucrpm `c li lcsk úh m zmhi sud-supcrgkjkil.
Li zmhi sudsupcrgkjkil
pcrg
kjkil m jucrpm
jucr pm
`c li lcskúh, cs li
pmrjkúh
pmrj
kúh aés `csakhcrilkzi`i `c
li lcskúh i`iaihtkhi.
Mjupi li aiymr pirtc `c li lcsk úh `c csailtc, sc cxtkch`c pmr `cdiom
`c li zmhi supcrgkjkil m Jipi `c @irlkhe bisti li zmhi msjuri. Ch csti
zmhi, li `csakhcrilkzijkúh cs a és répk`i, iuachti li smludklk`i` `c lms
jrkstilcs y tiadkëh li pmrmsk`i`. Ch cl jchtrm su pmrmsk`i` iljihzi uh 43
% m aés y li p ër`k`i `c akhcril cs li aés ilti, chtrc 92 y 36 % (DTMUH y
jml., 9;;9> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7) . ( Gkes. 4.:i. y 4.:d. Pidli 4.9. ).
Ch jmrtcs trihsvcrsilcs vkstms il ACD, lms prksais sc vch tmtilachtc
iltcri`ms y am`kgkji`ms mdscrv é h`msc jmam uhi cstrujturi iamrgi, jmh cspijkms
khtcrstkjkilcs vijáms. (Gke. 4.7.). I pcsir `c su `csakhcrilkzijkúh, csti zmhi sc prcschti
`chsi y bmame ë hci. Jcrjihi i clli sc puc`c llceir i mdscrvir pcquc ù is é rcis
06
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
GKESTI 4.7. Jmrtc litcril `c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi i`iaihtkhi
GKESTI 4.5. Cxtchsi érci `csakhcrilkzi`i `c li lcskúh
hm jivkti`i. Mdsërvcsc lis am`kgkjijkmhcs `c li cstrujturi
(glcjbis). ACD 536R.
`cl csailtc jmh cspijkms khtcrprksaétkjms iaplkms. ACD
:36R.
`csakhcrilkzi`is ch aiymr eri`m, lm quc mjiskmhi cl iuachtm `cl tiaiùm `c li lcsk úh.
Cstc jucrpm `c li lcskúh sc `clkakti, bijki li pirtc khtcrhi, pmr csailtc quc aucstri
iltcrijkmhcs lkecris ch prksais y sustihjki khtcrprksa étkji, jmrrcspmh`kchtc i li zmhi
msjuri. (Gke. 4.5.). Cl ivihjc `c li lcsk úh jirkmsi ch cl csailtc skeuc li `krcjjk úh `c lms
prksais i`iaihtkhms y lis cstr áis khjrcachtilcs `c Tctzkus.
4.9.4.:. _mhi msjuri.
Cs uhi dih`i udkji`i pmr `cdiom `cl jucrpm `c li lcsk úh. Vrcschti uhi pmrmsk`i`
`c 4 i 0 % `c su vmluach y uhi p ër`k`i `c akhcrilcs `c 3 i 2 % (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9>
JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
( Gkes. 4.:i. y 4.:d. Pidli 4.9. ).
Ch jmrtcs trihsvcrsilcs il akjrmsjmpkm `c luz, sc mdscrvi jmam uhi dih`i m l áhci
erucsi `c jmlmr airrúh, jmh uh ermsmr chtrc 46 y :6 ³a.
4.9.4.0. _mhi trihslÿjk`i.
Zc udkji ch li zmhi a é s prmguh`i `c li
lcskúh, quc jmrrcspmh`c il grchtc `c ivihjc m
`c itiquc khtcrhm. Csti zmhi cs a és pmrmsi quc
cl csailtc sihm, skch`m su pmrmsk`i` `c uh 9%
ch jmhtristc jmh cl 6,9 % `cl csailtc hm
igcjti`m. Vrcschti uhi për`k`i `c akhcril `c
9,6 i 9,3 % (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7) .
(Gkes. 4.:i. y 4.:d. Pidli
Pidli 4.9.).
Il ACD li zmhi trihsl ÿjk`i sc prcschti jmam
uhi am`kgkjijk ú h `c lms prksais, lms juilcs
aucstrih li `csjiljkgkjijk úh quc sc khkjki ch li
sustihjki khtcrprksaétkji. Csti `csakhcrilkzijkúh
kh`kji cl ivihjc `c li lcsk úh jirkmsi.(Gke. 4.2.).
GKESTI 4.2. Jucrpm `c li lcskúh (J), zmhi msjuri (M) y
zmhi trihslÿjk`i (P) ch li quc
quc sc hmti lms prksais
am`kgkji`ms. ACD 9666 R.
09
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
scùilih quc li amrgmlme ái `chtirki `ctcrakhi lis jirijtcrástkjis `c
prmpieijkúh `c li lcskúh jirkmsi ch supcrgkjkcs lksis y ch zmhis `c gmsis y gksuris. Is á,
ch supcrgkjkcs lksis li `csakhcrilkzijk úh jmhgkeuri uh jmhm truhjm juyi disc aiymr csté
udkji`i bijki li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi y su v ërtkjc mrkchti`m bijki li uhk úh iaclm`chtkhirki.
(Gke. 4.;.). Ch jiadkm, ch lis gmsis y gksuris pmr li `kspmskjk
`kspmsk jk úh `c cllis y pmr li mrkchtijkú h
`c lms prksais `cl csailtc, jmhjurrch `ms lcskmhcs ch lis pirc`cs quc ch jmhouhtm
jmhgmraih uh jmhm truhjm, juyi disc aiymr sc mrkchti bijki li ` chtkhi. (Gke. 4.96.).
DTMUH y jml. (9;;9)
4.;.i.
4.96i.
4.96d.
4.;.d.
GKESTI 4.;.
i? Jmrtc bkstmlúekjm y
d? csqucai `c li
prmpieijkúh `c li
lcskúh jirkmsi `c
GKESTI 4.96. i? Jmrtc bkstmlúekjm y d? csqucai
csailtc ch supcrgkjkcs lksis.
`c li prmpieijkúh `c li lcskúh jirkmsi `c csailtc
ch zmhis `c gmsis y gksuris.
4.4. LCZKÚH CH @CHPKHI
@cs`c cl puhtm `c vksti cadrkml ú ekjm y guhjkmhil, li `chtkhi y cl úreihm pulpir
jmhstktuych uhi uhk`i` dkml ú ekji jipiz `c rcijjkmhir `c aihcri skault é hci ihtc
juilqukcr cst áaulm, tihtm ch jmh`kjkmhcs gkskml úekjis jmam pitmlúekjis, yi quc iadms
prcschtih uh mrkech acsm` ërakjm (PCH JIPC, 9;;4> STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI y jml., 466:) .
Li `chtkhi y li
pul pi `c
`cdc
dch
h sc
scrr
jmhsk`cri`ms jmam uhi uhk`i`,
jipiz `c rcijjkmhir tihtm ch jmh`kjkmhcs gkskmlúekjis jmam pitmlúekjis.
Li `chtkhi hmrail cst é jmapucsti pmr uhi aitrkz m rc` chtrcjruzi`i
`c gkdris jmléechis (jmléechm tkpm K), elkjmsiakhmelkjihms, prmtcmelkjihms
prmtcmelkjihms
y gijtmrcs `c jrcjkakchtm ch uhi prmpmrjk
prmpmrjkúh ch pcsm `cl 46% `c aitcrkil
mre éhkjm, 56% `c aitcrkil khmre éhkjm (prkhjkpilachtc
bk`rmxkipitkti) y 96%
`c ieui. Ch vmluach prcschti 03% `c aitcrkil khmre éhkjm, ::% `c aitcrkil
mre
mr
e é hkjm y 44% `c ieui (PCH JIPC, 9;;4> STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI y jml., 466:>) .
(Gke. 4.99.).
Shi `c lis jirijtcr ástkjis bkstmlúekjis kapmrtihtcs `c li `chtkhi cs li
prcschjki `c lms t ÿdulms `chtkhirkms, quc ilmoih ch su khtcrkmr li prmlmh-
04
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZKÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jipátulm 4
@kstrkdujkúh pmrjchtuil ch pcsm `c
li jmapmskjkúh `c li `chtkhi.
GKESTI 4.99.
Shkúh iaclm-`chtkhirki. I li `crcjbi
sc mdscrvih lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms y i li kzqukcr`i
lms prkais i`iaihtkhms. Jmrtc pmr `cseistc 966R.
GKESTI 4.94.
e ij kúh ` c lis jë lulis m` mh tmd lést
éstk
kji s, ` ch ma khi ` i p rmj cs m m` mh tmd léstk
éstkjm . (Gke. 4.94.).
I a d is cstr
cstruj turis
uris lc p rmp mrjk
mrjkmh ih i li ` ch tkhi sus p rmp kc` i` cs ` c p cr
cra
a ci d klk` i` y
sc h skd klk` i ` (D T M U H y jml., 9;;9> PCH J IPC, 9;;4> VC T CKT
CKT I y ZCE I LI , 466: ).
L m s tÿ
tÿ d u lm s ` c h tkh i rkm s s
sc
c c h j u c h tri h ` kstr
strkd u k` ms ch cl csp cs mr ` ch tkhi rkm ` c li ske ukch tc a ih cri ? c h li ` c h tkh i su p c rgkj ki l, j c rj i i l láa ktc i a c lm ` ch tkhi rkm, jm h uh i ` ch sk` i` ` c 93 ,66 6 i 46 ,66 6
tÿ d u lm s ` c h tkh i rkm s/a
s/a a 4 jm h u h ` kéa ct
ctr
rm p rma c` km
` c 6.
6.3
3 ³a i 6.; ³a . C h li ` ch tkhi a c` ki c xkstch ` c
4; ,66 6 i :3 ,66 6 tÿd ulm s ` ch tkh irk
irkms/
ms /a a 4 jmh uh ` ké-
LI@
a ct
ctr
rm ` c 9 ,3 ³a i 9,2 ³a . C h li zm hi ` c li ` ch tkhi
p rm gu h ` i j m h táe ui i li p ulp i, c xkstch
stch i lrc ` c ` m r ` c
4
5 6,6
6,6 6 6 i ;6 ,6 66 tÿ d u lm s ` c h tkhi rkm s/a
s/a a , j u ym ` ké -
L@V
a ct
ctr
rm p rma c` km c s `c 4,
4,3
3 ³a (D T M U H y jml., 9;;9> PC H
J I P C , 9 ; ; 4 > J M H Z M L I T M , 9 ; ; 7 ). (Gke. 4.9:.).
V mr mtr
mtrm li ` m ,c li ua c htm
htm ` c li c ` i` ` clp ij kch tc
p rma uc vc u hi ` ksa khu jkúh
jkúh ` cl ` kéa ctr
ctrm ` c lms
tÿd ulms
ulms ` ch tkhi rkms, jm a m j mh scj uc hj ki ` c u h
Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c li
`kstrkdujkúh `c lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms ch hÿacrm y
tiaiùm ch cl cspcsmr `chtkhirkm. LI@? láaktc
iaclm`chtkhirkm. L@V? láaktc `chtkhmpulpir.
GKESTI 4.9:.
4.9:.
j m h táh u m ` c p ú sktm ` c ` c h tkh i kh tri tu d u li r (lli a i ` i ti a d kë h p c rktu d u li r),
lm q u c lc p rm p m rj km h i u h i a i ym r rc skstch
stch j ki i li ` c h tkh i grc h tc i u h p rm j cs m ji rkm sm . I ska ksa m , c h li rc e kú h ` c h tkh i rki j m lkh` ih tc j m h li p u lp i ,
sc ` cp mskt
mskti jm ht
htk
khu ia ch tc ` ch tkhi sc ju h` ir
irk
ki , j m a m u h i i j j kú h
gks km lú e kji rclij kmh i` i j mh li c ` i` . @ c a m` m sc a coih tc c s p mskd lc
md scrvi
scrvir
r li gmr
mra
a ij kú h ` c ` c h tkh i tc rj ki rki m ` c krrkti j kú h, jm a m rcsp uc sti
ú lm j i rkc s, skh m ti a d kë h ` c se i stc ` c ht
i
ietrms
csm
rcs,
hti
ijk
rkim ch
m ltmrc
s
p rie
mj ch
c` tkcs
a kch
rcstiu
cst
iuhm
ri`smr
mrcs.
cs. @ c csti
csti a ih cr
cri
i iu a ch ti li ` kstih
Li `chtk hi scjuhscjuh`irki cs prm`ujtm
`c u h prm j c sm
ggkk sk mlúe k jm, akchakch tris quc li `chtkh i t c rj k i rk i sc
g m r ai g r ch t c i
khourkis.
c l c sa i ltc y li p u lp i > c s ` c j kr, q u c sc
s c kh j rc a c h ti c l c sp c sm r ` c h tkh i rkm
(J M H Z M L I T M , 9 ; ;
;7
7 > J M Z PI
PI y B C D L KH E , 4 6 6
6:
: ) (Zcjjkúh 4.4.9.).
J mh sk` cr
crih
ih ` m q uc lms tÿ
tÿ d ulm s ` ch tkhi rkm s sc c xtkch ` c h ri` ki la c h tc i li p ulp i, ` cs
cs`
`c
é a ir
li j
jé
iri
i p ulp ir m jm h` uj tms ri` kju lir
ircs
cs bi sti ilji hz
hzir
ir i li u hkú h i a c lm ` c htk
htkh i rki m
jc a ch tm` ch tkhi rki (Gke. 4.9:),j u i h ` m li lc skú h ji rkm si ilj ih zi li u hkú h i a c lm ` c htk
htkh irk
irki,
0:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
kh`cpch`kchtcachtc `c quc cxksti jivk`i`
jivk`i` m hm, lms prm`ujtms
prm`ujtms éjk`ms dijtcrkihms sc
`kscakhih bijki lms t ÿdulms `chtkhirkms, y i trivës `c cllms llceih il tcok`m pulpir
pulpir,, jiusih`m
iltcrijkmhcs, quc viráih -sce ÿh cl eri`m `c pchctrijkúh- `cs`c cl csjlcrmsiakchtm `c
lms tÿdulms, li gmraijk úh `c `chtkhi rcijjkmhil bisti li prcschjki `c j ëlulis khgliaitmr
khgliaitmrkis
kis
ch cl tcok`m pulpir. Ch li aiymr ái `c lis mjiskmhcs, csti sktuijk úh cs jmaplctiachtc
iskhtma étkji piri cl pijkchtc. I ac`k`i quc cl prmjcsm jirkmsm khvi`c y igcjti li
supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi `chtkhirki, iuachti skehkgkjitkviachtc cl érci `c jmhtijtm jmh lms
prm`ujtms dijtcrkihms y lis prmpkis dijtcrkis y pmr ch`c su `kscakhijk úh pmr cl tcok`m
`chtkhirkm.(Gkes. 4.90. y 4.93.).
Li rcijjkúh `cl jmaplcom `chtkhm-pulpir
`chtkhm-pulpir,, grchtc i lis iercskmhcs quc sugrc, sc aihkgkcsti ac`kihtc acjihksams `kgcrchtcs ( Jui`rm 4.9.) y cs `ctcrakhi`i pmr trcs erupms
`c gijtmrcs ( Jui`rm 4.4.).
GKESTI 4.90. Lcskúh jirkmsi quc itrivkcsi cl csailtc
GKESTI 4.93. Lcskúh iÿh hm jivkti`i quc aucstri cl `c-
c khvmlujri li `chtkhi. Jmrtc pmr `cseistc. (BC 76R).
tcrkmrm `cl csailtc, i li `crcjbi,
`cr cjbi, y i li kzqukcr`i li `chtkhi
jmlmrci`i pmr ijjkúh `c lms éjk`ms dijtcrkihms (BC 466R).
ACJIHKZAMZ
ACJIHK
ZAMZ @C TCIJJKÚH
@CL JMAVLCOM @CHPKHM VSLVIT
• Csjlcrmsks `c lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms.
• Gmraijkúh `c `chtkhi tcrjkirki ch cl láaktc
`chtkhm-pulpir.
• Cstidlcjkakchtm `c uh prmjcsm khgliaitmrkm
ch li pulpi.
JSI@TM 4.9. Jmhsmlk`i`m `c JMHZMLITM,
9;;7> JMZPI y BCDLKHE, 466:.
@CPCTAKHIHPCZ @CL ETI@M @C TCIJJKÚH
@CL JMAVLCOM @CHPKHM VSLVIT
• Hiturilczi, khtchsk`i`, tkcapm `c ijjk úh, tiaiùm
amlcjulir,, jirei, jmhjchtrijkúh y smludklk`i` `cl
amlcjulir
iechtc krrktihtc.
• Cstrujturi y pcracidklk`i` `chtkhirki (hÿacrm y
`kéactrm `c tÿdulms `chtkhirkms, ermsmr `c li `chtkhi
rcaihchtc, eri`m `c akhcrilkzijkúh, prcschjki m
iuschjki `c dirrcris `cgchskvis, tilcs jmam? `chtkhi
csjlcrútkji y /m tcrjkirki).
• Csti`m gkskmlúekjm m jmh`kjkmhcs `c silu` prcvkms `c
li pulpi quc csté skch`m khourki`i.
JSI@TM 4.4. Disi`m ch DTMUH y jml., 9;;9.
Akchtris quc li lcsk úh `c jirkcs ch cl csailtc rcsulti `c uh acjihksam gáskjm-quáakjm,
li lcskúh `c `chtkhi sc jmhsk`cri uh p rmjcsm auy jmaplcom quc khvmlujri pmr uhi pirtc
cl itiquc y li `cstrujjk úh, pcrm pmr mtri pirtc uhi gisjkhihtc ditcr ái `c rcspucstis am-
00
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
lcjulircs quc rcjkëh bmy li dkmlme ái y li dkmqu áakji cstéh `cvclih`m (LITAIZ, 4669, 466:).
Chtrc cstms billizems sc chjuchtrih cl prmjcsm `c `ceri`ijkúh `c lis gkdris jml éechis,
clcachtms iltiachtc rcskstchtcs i li ijjk ú h `c lms éjk`ms `ë dklcs prmvchkchtcs `cl
actidmlksam `c li sijirmsi. Zu `cstrujjk úh smlm cs pmskdlc ac`kihtc li ijjk ú h `c
jmliechisis y/m eclitkhisis quc ihtcs sc jmhsk`cridih `c mrkech dijtcrkihm. Bmy sc
sidc quc li `ceri`ijk úh `cl jmléechm `c li `chtkhi jirki`i sc `cdc i li ijjkúh `c
chzkais prmpkis `cl buëspc`, quc sc chjuchtrih litchtcs ch li aitrkz jiljkgkji`i y/m ch
li silkvi. Pilcs
Pilcs chzkais pcrtchcjch i li giaklki `c lis aitrkz-actilmprmtckhisis (AAV) c
khjluych li AAV-2, AAV-4 y AAV-; y lm khtcrcsihtc cs quc sc ijtkvih jmh li jiá`i `c pB
pmr `cdiom `cl puhtm jr átkjm `c 3.3, cocrjkch`m su a éxkai ijjkúh `urihtc su pmstcrkmr
isjchsm (PO À@CTOIHC y jml. 9;;2).
@c cstc am`m, li scjuchjki `c li `ceri`ijk úh `chtkhirki `urihtc li prmercskúh `c li
lcskúh scrái li skeukchtc? khac`kitiachtc `cspuës `c li khecsti `c iz ÿjir, cl pB `csjkch`c
`csjkc h`c
aés illé `cl puhtm jr átkjm (3,4 - 3,0), jmachzih`m li `csakhcrilkzijk úh. Vmr `cdiom `c
cstc pB, lis gmrais litchtcs `c lis AAV smh ijtkvi`is. @cdk`m i li ijjk úh duggcr silkvil,
cl pB sc vi khjrcachtih`m lchtiachtc, pcrm li `csakhcrilkzijk ú h
jmhtkhÿi bisti vmlvcr i smdrcpisir cl pB jrátkjm y `urihtc csc pcrkm`m
li aitrkz khmreéhkji sc vi `ksmlvkch`m. Cl prkacrm ch `ksmlvcrsc cs cl
Li `csakhcrilkakhcril cxtrigkdrklir, akchtris quc cl khtrigkdrklir, quc cst é prmtcek`m
zijkúh
zijk
úh `cht
`chtirk
irki
i sc
pmr lis aml ëjulis `c jml éechm, sc `ksuclvc a és lchtiachtc (BIDCLKP_ y
prm`ujc pmr ijjkúh
jml., 4664) . Lis gkdris jml é echis quc`ih is á cxpucstis y sc vih
dijtcrkihi, chtrctihtm li `ceri`i`ceri`ih`m m `cshiturilkzih`m i ac`k`i quc cl pB vi sudkch`m, gijtmr
jkúh `cl jmléechm
quc khjrcachti li ijjk úh jmliechmlátkji `c lis AAV yi ijtkvi`is. Csti
`c li `chtkhi jiscjuchjki `cstrujtkvi sc rcpktc jmh ji`i khecsti `c izÿjir.
rki`i sc itrkduyc i
lis chzkais prmMdvkiachtc quc lms gch ú achms quc mjurrch smh aujbm a é s
pk i s `c
`cll buë
buësp
spc`
c`
jmaplcoms quc cstc chuhjki`m csquca étkjm. Cl cspcjtrm chzka étkjm
(AAV).
`c li `chtkhi jirki`i cs auy iaplkm, lm quc kh`kji quc uhi vcr`i`cri
aultktu` `c prmjcsms dkml úekjms puc`ch llcvirsc i jidm illá, lms aksams
quc súlm capcziams i rcjmhmjcr ibmri.
4.4.9. Ispcjtms bkstmpitmlúekjms
Cl jmhjcptm quc jmhsk`cri kh`cpch`kchtc il prmjcsm jirkmsm ch cl csailtc jmh
rcspcjtm i lm quc sujc`c ch li `chtkhi> m quc iadms prmjcsms sc ismjkih rcjk ëh juih`m
cl `ctcrkmrm `cl csailtc llcei i li `chtkhi, rcsulti `csvkrtui`m pmr li acri mdscrvijk úh,
iskstk`i pmr aksjrmsjmpkm, `c lms cgcjtms quc prm`ujc ch cl tcok`m `chtkhirkm uhi lcsk úh
quc jláhkjiachtc c khjlusm ri`kmerégkjiachtc iÿh hm bi jmaprmactk`m li `chtkhi.
Cllm hm `csjirti lis `kgcrchjkis quc aucstrih iadms tcok`ms grchtc i li chgcrac`i`>
`c uh li`m, pmr su ilti akhcrilkzijkúh cl prmjcsm cs a és `khéakjm ch cl csailtc y iskaksam
aés lchtm ch su cvmlujk úh (ch li `chtkhi ivihzi `ms vcjcs a és répk`m quc ch cl csailtc)>
pcrm pmr mtri pirtc, li jipijk`i` `c rcijjkmhir `c aihcri vktil ihtc li iercsk úh cs
prmpki súlm `cl jmaplcom `chtkhm
`ch tkhm pulpir, `i`i su hiturilczi jclulir. Vmr ch`c, li rcijjk úh
quc li chgcrac`i` prm`ujc ch li `chtkhi, euir`i rclijkúh jmh li aiehktu` `cl ivihjc
`c li lcsk ú h. Isá, d é skjiachtc vcrcams sktuijkmhcs `kgcrchtcs sce ÿ h li lcsk úh biyi
iljihzi`m i gmrair uhi jivk`i` m hm, y `c ijucr`m i li prmguh`k`i` lmeri`i.
03
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 4.97.
Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c uhi lcskúh hm
jivkti`i, quc jmaprmactc li `chtkhi.
i? `chtkhi tcrjkirki
d? `chtkhi hmrail
j? `chtkhi csjlcrútkji m zmhi trihslÿjk`i
`. jucrpm `c lcskúh
4.4.9.9. Lcskúh hm jivkti`i
Li aiehktu`
ivihjc `cgchskvms,
`c li lcsk úh jirkmsi
`cl cquklkdrkm
chtrc
prmjcsm
`cstrujtkvm
y lms`cl
prmjcsms
pmr csm`cpch`c
ch lis prkacris
ctipis
`cclli
lcsk úh
`chtkhirki, juih`m iÿh hm sc bi prm`ujk`m jivktijk úh, puc`c bidcr khviskúh dijtcrkihi
`c lms t ÿdulms ch gmrai auy lmjilkzi`i y jmhgkhi`i i li `chtkhi supcrgkjkil. Li ijtkvk`i`
actidú lkji prmercskvi `c cstis dijtcrkis `ctcrakhi li jmhtkhuijk úh `cl prmjcsm `c
GKESTI 4.95. (I) Jmrtc litcril `c uhi lcskúh `chtkhirki supcrgkjkil, amstrih`m lis iltcrijkmhcs quc prm`ujc.
(D) Wksti pihmréakji `c tm`is lis zmhis quc sc mdscrvih ch li `chtkhi `c uhi lcskúh jivkti`i. (J) _mhis?
hcjrútkji, `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh ivihzi`i y `c khviskúh dijtcrkihi. (@) Csjlcrmsks `c lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms.
(C) @chtkhi tcrjkirki `chtrm `c li jéairi pulpir, hútcsc li ilti `chsk`i` y cl csjism jmhtchk`m `c tÿdulms
`chtkhirkms. BC.
07
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
GKESTI 4.92. (I) Jiadkms bkstmpitmlúekjms jiusi`ms ch li `chtkhi pmr li lcskúh jirkmsi. (D) Zupcrgkjkc
`chtkhirki jirki`i, quc sc aucstri `ceri`i`i y jmh lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms cxpucstms. ACD :366R. (J)
Pÿdulms `chtkhirk
`chtkhirkms
ms hmrailcs `c uhi zmhi khiltcri`
khiltcri`i,
i, hútcsc cl `kéactrm `c cstms. ACD 4666R. (@) Gmraijkúh
`c `chtkhi khtritudulir, `ksakhuych`m u mjluych`m li luz `c lms tÿdulms. ACD 4666R. (C) @cpúsktm `c
jrkstilcs csgcrmk`ilcs `c jiljkm `chtrm `c lms tÿdulms, prm`ujkch`m su csjlcrmsks. ACD 3666R.
`csakhcrilkzijkúh y lucem smdrcvkchc li `ceri`ijk úh `c li aitrkz mreéhkji pmr ijjkúh
prmtcml átkji `c lis
l is AAV,
AAV, sce ÿh sc jktú ihtcrkmrachtc. Ihtcs quc sc prm`uzji li jivktijkúh
`cl csailtc y li khvisk ú h dijtcrkihi echcrilkzi`i `c li `chtkhi, jmh iyu`i `cl
akjrmsjmpkm, sc puc`c mdscrvir ch uh jmrtc juitrm zmhis ch li lcskúh `chtkhirki, lis quc
akjrmsjmpkm, sc puc`c mdscrvir ch uh jmrtc juitrm zmhis ch li lcskúh `chtkhirki, lis quc
`cs`c li pulpi bijki li supcrgkjkc smh? (TKCPBC 9;;6, DTMUH y jml., 9;;9). ( Gke.4.90 y 4.97 .).
i. @cht
@chtkhi
khi tcrjk
tcrjkir
irki
ki, cstritm `chtkhirkm jmht áeum i li pulpi, quc sc `cpmskti pmr li rcijjk úh `cl jmaplcom `chtkhm pulpir grchtc i uhi hmxi `c li jirkcs.
d. @c
@cht
htkhi
khi hm
hmrai
raill, li quc sc chjuchtri khtcrac`ki chtrc cl grchtc `c ivihjc `c li lcsk úh
y li `chtkhi tcrjkirki.
j. @c
@ch
h tkh
tkhi
i c sjlc
sjlcrr ú tkji m zmhi trihsl ÿ jk`i , cs li zmhi a é s prmguh`i `c li lcsk ú h
prmpkiachtc `kjbi. Zc jirijtcrkzi pmr prcschtir csjlcrmsks `c lms
t ÿdulms `chtkhirkms, lm juil lc mtmrei ipirkchjki trihsl ÿjk`i.
`. Ju
Jucr
crpm
pm `c
`c li lcs
lcskkúh, jmrrcspmh`c i li zmhi a és `csakhcrilkzi`i y
Li zmhi csjlcrútkji sc lmjilkzi
`csmreihkzi`i.
ch cl cspcsmr
`chtkhirkm akch4.4.9.4. Lcskúh jivkti`i
tris quc li tcrjkirki ch li jéairi
Juih`m cl csailtc llcei i prcschtir jivk`i`, lis dijtcrkis khvi`ch
pulpir.
pulp
ir.
li `chtkhi ch gmrai echcrilkzi`i, skch`m li prmercskúh `c li lcsk úh aujbm
05
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
aés répk`i. (Gkes. 4.95 y 4.92.). Li lcskúh `c jirkcs ch `chtkhi, `csjrkti `cs`c li supcrgkjkc
cxtcrhi bijki li prmguh`k`i` puc`c scr bkstml úekjiachtc `kvk`k`i ch?
i. _mhi
_mhi `c
`c `cstr
`cstruj
ujjk
jkúh m hcjr útkji
Cst é jmhstktuk`i pmr uhi aisi `c `chtkhi hcjr útkji, iltiachtc pmdli`i pmr dijtcrkis,
jmh uh iltm áh`kjc `c `csakhcrilk
`csakhcrilkzijk
zijkúh y jmh su aitrkz jmléechi tmtilachtc `cstruk`i.
d. _mh
_mhi
i `c `csa
`csakhcr
khcrilkzi
ilkzijk
jkúh ivihzi`i m supcrgkjkil
Vrcschjki `c dijtcrkis, `csakhcrilkzijk úh y `cstrujjkúh pirjkil `c li aitrkz mreéhkji.
j. _m
_mhi
hi `c kh
khvi
visk
skúh dijtcrkihi
Vmrjkúh `chtkhirki quc `urihtc li prmercskúh `c li lcsk úh cs iljihzi`i pmr lis dijtcrkis.
`. _mh
_mhi
i `c `csa
`csakhcr
khcrilkzi
ilkzijk
jkúh khkjkil m prmguh`i
Vmrjkúh aés supcrgkjkil `c li `chtkhi csjlcr útkji, quc prcschti p ër`k`i `c akhcril.
Zc prcschti ais rcdlih`cjk`i quc li `chtkhi sihi. _mhi quc prcjc`c i li khvisk úh
dijtcrkihi y, pmr lm tihtm, i ÿh hm prcschti su aitrkz mreéhkji `ceri`i`i.
c. _m
_mhi
hi `c
`c csjlcr
csjlcrms
msks
ks
@cp úsktm `c akhcrilcs ch cl khtcrkmr `c lms t ÿdulms. Vrm`ujk`m jmh li gkhilk`i` `c
jmhtchcr li khviskúh dijtcrkihi.
g. _mh
_mhi
i `c `ch
`chtkhi
tkhi tcrj
tcrjkirk
kirki
i m `c
`c krrktij
krrktijkkúh
Jmrrcspmh`c i uh `cpúsktm sktui`m ch cl l áaktc pulpm `chtkhirkm, jmam rcspucsti `cl
jmaplcom `chtkhm-pulpir i li prmercskúh `c li lcsk úh `c jirkcs. Cs uhi `chtkhi achms
akhcrilkzi`i y mreihkzi`i, juyms tÿdulms prcschtih krrceulirk`i`cs ch su jmhgkeurijk úh
y su `kspmskjkúh. Vuc`ch cxkstkr `ms tkpms? li rcjjkmhil (gmrai`i pmr lms m`mhtmdlistms)
y li rcpiri`mri (gmrai`i pmr m`mhtmdlistmk`cs)
(PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW 9;27., JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
Li lcskúh jirkmsi sc prmpiei ch li `chtkhi skeukch`m li triycjtmrki `c lms t ÿdulms
`chtkhirkms, tihtm ch zmhi `c supcrgkjkcs lkdrcs is á jmam ch zmhi `c gmsis y gksuris>
`csjrkdkch`m li jmhgkeurijk úh `c uh jmhm truhjm, aihtchkch`m mrkchti`i su disc aiymr
bijki cl láaktc iaclm `chtkhirkm (TKCPBC, 9;;6> DTMUH y jml., 9;;9). ( Gke. 4.9;.)
GKESTI 4.9;.
i? Jmrtc bkstmlúekjm.
d? Tcprcschtijkúh
csqucaétkji `c li
prmpieijkúh `c li
lcskúh ch `chtkhi.
4.9;i.
4.9;d.
4.4.4. Ispcjtms jláhkjms
Li `ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs `c jirkcs quc jmaprmactch li `chtkhi, chgrchti il tcripcuti
jmh li `kgkjulti` `c `kstkheukr jl áhkjiachtc, skh ipmym `cl akjrmsjmpkm, li zmhi `chtkhirki
chgcrai quc cs hcjcsirkm iaputir jmam disc `c li tcripki, `kgcrchjk éh`mli `c li quc
`cdc prcscrvirsc. Csti rcspmhsidklk`i`
rcspmhsidklk`i` cs tih jrujkil y `cjkskvi, quc acrcjc uh jipátulm
ipirtc? cl Jip átulm :.
02
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
4.:. LCZKÚH CH JCACHPM
Cl jcachtm ri`kjulir cs uh tcok`m akhcrilkzi`m
acschqukaétkjm, sc mrkekhi `cl sijm `chtirkm y mjupi
uh vmluach a áhkam -pcrm suaiachtc kapmrtihtc- `c
lms tcok`ms `urms `chtirkms. Cs uh tcok`m quc rcjudrc
lis riájcs `c lis pkczis `chtirkis y tkchc jmam guhjk úh prkhjkpil scrvkr `c ihjlioc i lis gkdris jml éechis
(gkdris `c Zbirpcy) `cl lkeiachtm pcrkm`mhtil i li ri áz
`cl `kchtc. Cl ermsmr `cl jcachtm ri`kjulir vir ái, cs
a és `clei`m ch jcrvkjil (`c 36 i :66 ³a) quc ch
ipkjil (`c 766 bisti 9,466 ³a). Iskaksam, cl jcachtm GKESTI 4.46. @kstrkdujkúh pmrjchtuil ch pcsm `cl
jcachtm `chtirkm.
udkji`m ch jcrvkjil cs ijclulir
ijclulir,, akchtris quc cl ipkjil
cs jclulir (jmh lieuhis `c jcachtmjktms). Cl jcachtm
jc achtm
pmscc uhi jipi cxtcrhi `c aitrkz hm akhcrilkzi`i, m prcjcachtm. Vmscc uhi aitrkz
mre éhkji quc jmhsti prkhjkpilachtc `c jml éechm Pkpm K y sustihjki guh`iachtil, li juil
cst é akhcrilkzi`i ch uh 36% pmr bk`rmxkipitkti (PCH JIPC, 9;;4). Cl jcachtm pmscc iprmxkai`iachtc uh 03% `c sustihjki khmre éhkji, uh 44% `c aitcrkil mre éhkjm y uh ::% `c
ieui (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9). ( Gke. 4.46.).
Li lcskúh `c jcachtm m lcsk úh `c riáz rcqukcrc, piri cstidlcjcrsc, li mpmrtuhk`i` `c
quc sc cxpmhei cstc tcok`m il ac`km dujil, lm juil puc`c prcschtirsc pmr rctrijjk úh
ekhekvil m për`k`i `c lms tcok`ms pcrkm`mhtilcs. Li prcschjki `c pliji dijtcrkihi smdrc
li supcrgkjkc ri`kjulir prmpkjki li pchctrijk úh `c lms akjrmmreihksams ch lms cspijkms
jcachtirkms, ihtcrkmrachtc mjupi`ms pmr lis gkdris `c Zbirpcy
Zbirpcy.. Csms
cspijkms tkchch li gmrai `c ju ùi y smh pcrpch`kjulircs i li supcrgkjkc
Jláhkjiachtc
Jláhkjiacht
c hm sc
jcachtirki. Li prcschjki `c dijtcrkis ch cstms hkjbms pcraktc cl
pu
p
uc`c `ctcjtir
ijjcsm i lms plihms `c gmraijk ú h jmrrcspmh`kchtcs i lis jipis
uhi lcskúh lmjilkkhjrcachtilcs `c jcachtm, ch `mh`c prmaucvch `csakhcrilkzijkúh y
`csmreihkzijkú h `c lms jrkstilcs `c bk`rmxkipitkti y `c li aitrkz
z i ` i cch
x j ljcachuskviachtc
mre éhkji, bisti quc r épk`iachtc llceih i `chtkhi. Cstc prmjcsm sc
tm, pucs jisk skcajmhtkhÿi litcrilachtc y il aksam tkcapm ch prmguh`k`i`, `ih`m lueir
prc cst
csté
é ismj
ismjki`
ki`i
i
i uhi lcskúh `c
i li lcskúh ch `chtkhi y jcachtm (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW, 9;27> DTMUH y
`chtkhi.
jml., 9;;9> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7) .
D@
J
@
M
GKESTI 4.49.
i? Kaiech jláhkji.
d? Csqucai `c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi ch
jcachtm.
D@? dkmgkla `chtil
J? jcachtm
@? `chtkhi
M? m`mhtmdlistm
(I`ipti`m `c Jérkc @chtirki Jmhsmlirm, 9;;7).
4.49i.
4.49d.
0;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
@cs`c cl puhtm `c vksti jl á hkjm cs kaprijtkjidlc `ctcjtir uhi lcsk ú h lmjilkzi`i
cxjluskviacatc ch cl jcachtm, pucs cstc ch li prmxkak`i` `c li uhkúh iaclmjcachtirki,
tkchc ch prmac`km tih s úlm 36³a `c cspcsmr. Is á, ch lms bcjbms juih`m sc mdscrvi uhi
lcskúh ch li supcrgkjkc ri`kjulir, csti yi sc chjuchtri khvmluhjrih`m `chtkhi> iuhquc
jmht á eum i clli puc`ch cxkstkr ércis lcskmhi`is jkrjuhsjrktis iÿ h il jcachtm. Cstis
lcskmhcs echcrilachtc sc aucstrih supcrgkjkilcs y lireis, jmh gmrai `c plitkllm (PB[LZPTSV
y GCOCTZNMW,
GCOCTZNMW, 9;27> DTMUH y jml., 9;;9> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7). ( Gke. 4.49. )
4.0. LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ
JITKCZ I@[IJCHPCZ
I@[IJCHPCZ I TCZPISTIJKMHCZ
TCZPISTIJKMHCZ [
ZCLLI@MTCZ (JITZ) (LCZKÚH ZCJSH@ITKI M TCJK@KWIHPC)
Zc `chmakhi
JITZ i tm`i lcskúh jmht
jmhtkeui
keui i
Li visti `kvcrsk`i` ch li tcrakhmlme á i quc suclc caplcirsc piri
`chmakhir i lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs jmhtkeuis i rcstiurijkmhcs `chtilcs y
sclli`mrcs, i achu`m mjiskmhi jmhgusk úh. Cs grcjuchtc quc sc utklkjch
cxprcskmhcs tilcs jmam? scjuh`irki, rcjurrchtc, rcsk`uil m rcjk`kvihtc> chtrc
mtris, jmh cl ig é h `c `kgcrchjkirlis sce ÿ h su mrkech ipirchtc. Mtrms
skaplcachtc jmhsk`crih quc tm`ms cllms smh skh ú hkams, skh scrlm ch
rcilk`i`. Ch cl gmh`m li jmhtrmvcrski jircjc `c kapmrtihjki. Vmr cllm, cs vcr`i`criachtc
trisjch`chtc quc ch airzm `c 4663, sc biyi prmpucstm uhkgkjir tm`ms lms t ërakhms
achjkmhi`ms rccapliz é h`mlms pmr cl ijr ú hkam JITZ ( J irkcs I `yijchtc i
Pil prmpucsti bi rcjkdk`m erih ijmek`i pmr prmvchkr `c uh
Tcstiurijkmhcs y Zclli`mrcs). Pil
rcspcti`m erupm `c cxpcrtms (gmrai`m i khstihjkis `c khstktujkmhcs `c li aé xkai scrkc`i`
jkchtágkji, jmam smh? KI@T, I@I y HK@JT), `chmakhi`m Jmaktë Jmmr`khi`mr `cl KJ@IZ
(pmr sus skelis ch khel ë s `cl Zkstcai Khtcrhijkmhil piri li @ctcjjkú h y
Cviluijkúh `c Jirkcs) (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663).
Li lcskúhcs i`yijchtcss i i rcsyijchtc
Juih`m uh aitcrkil rcstiuri`mr sc jmlmji ch uhi prcpirijkúh jivktirki,
tiurijkmhcs `chcl csailtc puc`c mdscrvirsc
mdscrvirsc ch `ms plihms, uhm ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrkmr
cxtcrkmr y
tilcs prcschtih
mtrm ch li pirc` `c li jivk`i`. Is á, li lcskúh i`yijchtc i rcstiurijkmhcs
uhi lcskúh cx`chtilcs (JITZ) puc`c `csjrkdkrsc ch `ms pirtcs? uhi lcsk ú h cxtcrhi
tcrhi y mtri
gmrai`i ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrkmr y uhi lcsk úh khtcrhi gmrai`i ch li pirc`
khtcrhi.
jivktirki, csti ÿltkai smliachtc sc `ctcjti juih`m chtrc li rcstiurijk úh y
li jivk`i` cxkstc khgkltrijkúh `c dijtcrkis, prcschjki `c gluk`ms, kmhcs y aml ëjulis.
rcstiurijkmhcs
y scllih
sc llihtcs.
tcs.
4.44d.
4.44i.
GKESTI 4.44i.
i? Kaiech jláhkji. d? Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c uhi JITZ (lcskúh scjuh`irki m rcjk`kvihtc).
36
KHKJKM [ VTMETCZM @C LI LCZK ÚH JITKMZI CH CZAILPC, @CHPKHI [ JCACHPM / jip
jipáátulm 4
Li bkstmpitmlmeái `c li lcskúh cxtcrhi (quc sc lmjilkzi pr úxkai il aitcrkil rcstiuri`mr)
prcschti uh pitr úh auy skaklir i uhi lcskúh jirkmsi prkairki. Li lcsk úh `c li pirc` puc`c
prcschtirsc ch li pirtc ais prmguh`i `c li rcstiurijk úh, `csakhcrilkzih`m li `chtkhi y
smjivih`m cl csailtc i`yijchtc i li rcstiurijkúh. Cstm puc`c ijirrcir uhi p rmercskúh
`c li lcskúh jmh uh airech supcrgkjkil `c csailtc ¨jl áhkjiachtc sihm¨, prcscht éh`msc i
vcjcs skault éhciachtc iadms tkpms `c lcskúh (JMHZMLITM, 9;;7). ( Gke. 4.44.).
Ch rcsuach
Pri`kjkmhilachtc cri sugkjkchtc quc cl m`mht úlmem cstuvkcri giaklkirkzi`m jmh lis jirijtcrástkjis `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis quc pm` ái mdscrvir i skaplc vksti. Hm mdstihtc cl
jmhjcptm quc cxkstch i ÿh ihtcs `c scr jl áhkjiachtc cvk`chtcs, bi tmrhi`m guh`iachtil
li hcjcsk`i` `c quc cst ë prcauhk`m, i`ca és, `c lms `ctillcs quc jirijtcrkzih i lis
lcskmhcs ch sus csti`kms khjkpkchtcs, ch t ërakhms idsmlutms piri cl jmhmjkakchtm `c su
cvmlujkúh y aihcom pmr pirtc `cl jláhkjm.
Ch cstc éadktm rcsulti jliri li trisjch`chjki `c jmhmjcr jidilachtc lis jirijtcrástkjis `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis y sus cgcjtms ch lms `kgcrchtcs tcok`ms `chtirkms ch cl jmhtcxtm
aés iaplkm, is á jmam li pmskdklk`i` `c rcvcrsk úh `cl prmjcsm jirkmsm, juih`m sc bijc
uh `kiehústkjm prcjmz y sc rcilkzi cl tritiakchtm i`cjui`m. Pilcs jirijtcrástkjis tihtm
ch cl khkjkm, `urihtc cl p rmercsm, isá jmam ch cl ivihjc `c li lcsk úh jirkmsi, `cpch`ch
`cl tcok`m khvmlujri`m, sci cstc csailtc, `chtkhi m jcachtm> `cdk`m quc ji`i uhm `c
cllms prcschti jirijtcr ástkjis cspcjágkjis tihtm ch su jmapmskjk úh quáakji, prmpkc`i`cs
gáskjis, cstrujturi y lmjilkzijkúh ch rclijk úh il ac`km mril, lis juilcs `ctcrakhir éh júam
sc llcvc i jidm li ijjk úh `cstrujtkvi, skh `coir `c li`m lms `caés gijtmrcs quc khtcrvkchch ch cstc prmjcsm. Iskaksam, sc mdscrvih pcjulkirk`i`cs prmpkis ch lis lcskmhcs
pr úxkais i rcstiurijkmhcs y sclli`mrcs, i lis quc -jmh erih ijkcrtm- auy rcjkchtcachtc
sc bi prmpucstm `chmakhirlis JITZ. @c mtrm li`m, cs hcjcsirkm quc cl jláhkjm cvilÿc li
jmh`kjkúh `c li pulpi `chtil, piri `ctcrakhir jmh aiymr jmhgkidklk`i` sk cst é kh`kji`m
uh tritiakchtm pulpir jmhscrvi`mr m li cxtkrpijkúh `c `kjbm tcok`m.
Ieri`cjkakchtms
Il Vrmg. Eustivm Virm`k (Srureuiy) pmr su vilkmsm ipmrtc jmh rcspcjtm il prmjcsm dkmq uá akjm `c `ceri`ijkúh
`chtkhirki `c li lcskúh jirkmsi. Iskaksam, i li Vrmg i. Zih`ri Nilkl Dussi`mrk y jmlidmri`mrcs (Driskl), pmr lm
jmhjcrhkchtc i li `csjrkpjk úh bkstml úekji `c li lcskúh `c jirkcs ch `chtkhi. Il Vrmg Jirlms Ildcrtm `c Zmuzi
Jmsti (Driskl) pmr su echtkl iscsmrái ch juihtm i li rcspucsti `chtkhm pulpir grchtc i li khourki.
39
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Tcgcrchjkis
Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z, Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air?
Nmulmurk`cs P, Gciekh G, Vkeaih U. Tcakhcrilkzitkmh mg `ch-
C`. Shkvcrsk`i` `c Wkùi `cl Air> 9;;9.
Jmhsmlirm I. Jérkc `chtirái bkstmpitmlmeki c jmrrcliåcs
jláhkjm-ri`kmerégkjis.9ª c`. Diuru? Jmhsmlirm C`ktmri>
9;;7.
Jmsti JI, Bcdlkhe A, Dkmlmeái `cl jmaplcom `chtkhm-pulpir ch rclijkúh i su pr mtcjjkúh ac`kihtc i`bcskvms,
i`bcskvms, Ch?
Bchmstrmzi E, C`ktmr, I`bcskúh ch M`mhtmlmeái
Tcstiuri`mri 9 c`. Jurktkdi? Aikm> 466:.p.97: - 9;:.
@irlkhe IK. Ztu`kcs mg tbc cirly lcskmh mg chiacl jirkcs wktb
trihsakttc` lkebt, pmlirkzc` lkebt ih` akjrmri`kmeripby
Virt K. Drkt @cht O 9;37>969?42; - ;5.
@irlkhe IK. Ztu`kcs mg tbc cirly lcskmh mg chiacl jirkcs wktb
trihsakttc` lkebt, pmlirkzc` lkebt ih` akjrmri`kmeripby
Virt KK. Drkt @cht O 9;37>969?:4; - 09.
Eustigsmh E. Pbc bkstmpitbmlmey mg jirkcs mg buaih chiacl.
Ijti M`mht Zjih` 9;35>93?9: - 33.
Bidclktz Z, Dilmmjb A, Airsbill ZO, Dilmmjb E, Airsbill
EU. Kh sktu itmakj gmrjc akjrmsjmpy mg pirtkilly
til
chiacl
dy silkvi kh vktrm. Ihh H [ Iji` Zjk 9;73
9:9(4)?
539-5.
Nmulmurk`cs P.
P. @yhiakjs mg tmmtb surgijc-mril gluk` cquklkdrkua. I`v Mril Dkml 9;77> 4? 90;-59.
Nmulmurk`cs P,
P, Zkas TA. Irtkgkjkil jirkcs stu`kc` wktb khtcrakttcht `cakhcrilkzkhe ih` akhcrilkzkhe trcitachts mg
tcctb. Ili O Ac` Zjk 9;75> 0(:)? 424-2.
Lirais A. M`mhtmdlist guhjtkmh scch is tbc rcspmhsc mg
`chtkhil tkssuc tm `chtli jirkcs. I`v @cht Tcs
4669>93?72-59.
Lirais A. @chtil jirkcs scch grma tbc pulpil sk`c? i hmhtri`ktkmhil ipprmijb. O @cht Tcs 466:>24(0)?43:-7.
Vcrckri OJ, Zceili I. Zchskdklk`i` pmst rcstiurijkúh
i`bcskvi? jiusis y tritiakchtm, Ch? Bchmstrmzi E, C`ktmr, I`bcskúh ch M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri 9 c`.
Jurktkdi? Aikm> 466:. p. :;5 - 0:;.
Tkctbc V. Itlis `c prmgklixks `c li jirkcs y tritiakchtm
jmhscrvi`mr. 9 c`. Dirjclmhi? Zilvit> 9;;6.
`cakhcrilkzc` buaih `chtkh jmlliech gkdrkls. O Ztrujt Dkml
4664>9:2(:)? 445-:7.
Bci` O. Chiacl smgtchkhe ih` rcbir`chkhe is i gijtmr kh
crmskmh. @cht Jmsams 9;96> 34? 07-2.
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh ih` Isscssacht Zystca
Jmmr`khitkhe Jmaktcc. Titkmhilc ih` Cvk`chjc gmr tbc
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Zystca (KJ@IZ KK). Umrnsbmp gmr Khtcr hitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Isscssacht Zystca> 4663 Air 94-90> Airylih`, SZI? Hitkmhil Khstktutc mg @chtil ih` Jrihkmgijkil Tcscirjb, Iacrkjih `chtil Issmjkitkmh, ih` Khtcrhitkmhil Issmjkitkmh gmr
g mr @chtil
Tcscirjb> 4663.
Pch Jitc IT. Bkstml
Bkstmlmeái
meái Mril @csir
@csirrmllm,
rmllm, cstru
cstrujturi
jturi y guhjk
guhjkúh
úh.
4 c`. Duchms Ikrcs? Aë`kji Vihiacrkjihi> 9;;4.
Pby lst rup I, Gco crs nmv M. Jir kcs . 9 c`. Dirjclmhi?
@M[AI>9;27.
Poà`crbi`c L, Liroivi
Liroivi B, Zmrsi P,
P, Skttm WO, Lirais A, Zilm
P. Pb c ij tk vi tk mh ih ` gu hj tk mh mg bm st ai tr kx
actillmprmtckhiscs kh `chtkh aitrkx drcin`mwh kh jirkcs lcskmhs. O @cht Tcs 9;;2> 55(2)? 9744-;.
Srkdc Cjbcvirrki O. y jml. I`bcskúh i csailtc y `chtkhi jmh
i`bcskvms pmlkaërkjms Ch? Bchmstrmzi E, C`ktmr,
I`bcskúh ch M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri 9 c`. Jurktkdi?
Aikm> 466:.p.59 - 999.
34
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipátulm :
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ
_MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI
@CHPKHI JITKI@I
:
Eustivm VITM@K CZPCLLIHM
Zih`ri Nilkl DSZZI@MTK y jmlidmri`mrcs
jmlidmri`mrcs *
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
I`caés `c `ctcjtir lis lcskmhcs mjiskmhi`is pmr li jirkcs, ch cl
amachtm `c khstiurir li tcripki `c li `chtkhi jmaprmactk`i pmr li
chgcrac`i`, y ihtc li khvkidklk`i` `c li iyu`i akjrmsjúpkji, rcsulti
guh`iachtil `kgcrchjkir cxjluskviachtc `cs`c cl puhtm `c vksti jláhkjm, li
pmrjkúh `cl tcok`m quc cs hcjcsirkm rctkrir `kstkheukëh`mli `c iquclli quc
`cdc prcscrvirsc.
Aés illé `c k`chtkgkjir li `chtkhi
jirki`i, li tcripë
p
ëutkji cxkec
`kgcrchjkir li
pmrjkúh
pmr
jkúh quc `cdc clkakhirsc,
`kstkheukëh`mli
`c iquclli quc
cs hcjcsirkm jmhscrvir.
scrv
ir.
Pri`kjkmhilachtc, li prcmjupijkúh sc jchtrú ch cstidlcjcr
cstidlc jcr cl láaktc chtrc
`chtkhi jirki`i y sihi> yi quc li tcripëutkji cxkeái cxtkrpir áhtceriachtc
li pmrjkúh jirki`i> bisti
bisti quc, ch jmhjmr`ihjki jmh cl surekakchtm `cl
jmhjcptm `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh y rcakhcrilkzijkúh (`cs/rc
( `cs/rc ) ( Zcjjkúh 4.9.)
rcscjjkúh
AIZZLCT ch 9;75 y lucem GSZI[IAI, ch 9;5; plihtcirmh quc li rcscjjkú
`c li `chtkhi jirki`i sc lkaktisc ÿhkjiachtc i li jipi cxtcrkmr (khjipiz `c rcakhcrilkzirsc
y juym jmhtchk`m dijtcrkihm cs suaiachtc iltm), aihtchkch`m li jipi sudyijchtc
(piskdlc `c rcakhcrilkzirsc y jmh uh jmhtchk`m dijtcrkihm hm skehkgkjitkvm).
:.9. _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I.
Virtc guh`iachtil `c li `kguskú
`kgusk ú h y jmhsmlk`ijkú
jmhsmlk`ijk ú h `cl achjkmhi`m jmhjcptm,
prmpuehi`m prkhjkpilachtc pmr GSZI[IAI y PCTIZBKAI `cs`c 9;54, guc cl rcsurekakchtm
`c li `chmakhijkú
`chmakhijkúh `c `chtkhi khgcjti`i piri li jipi cxtcrkmr `c li `chtkhi jirki`i y
is á uh i
`chtkhi igcjti`i piri li jipi sudyijchtc `c li aksai> rcijtuilkzih`m isá
tcrakhmlme á i ijuù
tcrakhmlmeá
ijuù i`i pmr @IWKZ ch 9;95, quc hm smliachtc `cgkhc li h iturilczi `c ji`i
uhi `c cllis, skhm quc, i`caé
i`ca és, rcprcschti li disc piri rcstrkhekr li pë
p ër`k`i khhcjcsirki
`c tcok`m `chtkhirkm, pmr aihm `cl tcripcuti.
:.9.9. @chtkhi khgcjti`i
Jmrrcspmh`c i li pmrjkú
pmrjk úh cxtcrhi `c li `chtkhi jirki`i. Cs `c jmhskstchjki dlih`i,
ispcjtm bÿ
bÿac`m y jmlmr iairkllm-airrú
iairkllm-airrúh, scacoihtc i uh qucsm, csté
cst é krrcvcrskdlcachtc
* Jirmlkhi Jir`msm ESC@CZ, Vrmgcsmri `c lis `ksjkplkhis `c Jirkmlmeá
Jirkmlme á i y Vrcvchjkú
Vrcvchjk ú h ch M`mhtmlmeá
M`mhtmlme ái `c li Shkvcrsk`i` Driz
Judis (SDJ) Driskl. Nrkstkihhc Vmrti ZIHPMZ GCTHIH@CZ, y Aihmcli @maá
@maáheucs AITPKHZ, Vrmgcsmris @mjtmris `cl prmeriai
`c aicstrá
aicstrá i ch Jkchjkis `c Tcbidklktijkú
Tcbidklktijk ú h `cl Jchtrm Shkvcrsktirkm hucvc `c oulkm (SHKHMWC) Driskl
3:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
`cshiturilkzi`i y `csakhcrilkzi`i y jmhtkchc uhi ilti
jmhjchtrijkú
jmhjchtrijk
úh `c akjrmmreihksams (962 dijtcrkis/e)
(MBESZBK y GSZI[IAI, 9;53> ZIPM y GSZI[IAI, 9;57>
JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
@cs`c cl puhtm `c vksti bkstmlú
bkstml úekjm
til jipi idirji lis zmhis? `c `cstrujjkúh m hcjr útkji,
`c `csakhcrilkzijk úh ivihzi`i m supcrgkjkil y `c
khviskú h dijtcrkihi,
dijtcrkihi, Jip átulm 4,
4, (Gke. :.9., Jui`rms
:.9. y :.4.
:.4.).
). Shi `chtkhi khgcjti`i `c csti aihcri, hm
cs piskdlc `c scr rcakhcrilkzi`i. Csti `chtkhi, ch
echcril, hm sc chjuchtri ch lcskmhcs jirkmsis `ctchk`is
( Gke. :.4.).
:.4.).
(JMHZMLITM, 9;;7). (Gke.
GKESTI :.9. Lcskúh jirkmsi ch li quc sc mdscrvi
lis zmhis `c `chtkhi khgcjti`i y igcjti`i (BC
06R). Echtklczi `cl Vrmg. Tmdcrtm Cspkhmsi.
Ch lms tcok`ms khvmlujri`ms pmr li lcskú
lcsk úh jirkmsi cs
pmskdlc mdscrvir, ch jmrtcs bkstmlú
bkstml úekjms, li prcschjki
iduh`ihtc `c dijtcrkis ch li `chtkhi khgcjti`i>
prkhjkpilachtc ch tÿ
t ÿdulms y `chtkhi khtcr y pcrktudulir
jmaplctiachtc `csmreihkzi`ms.
GKESTI :.4. Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c `chtkhi khgcjti`i. I`ipti`m
I`ipti`m `c Jirkcs (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9).
:.9.4. @chtkhi igcjti`i
Li `chtkhi igcjti`i puc`c scr rcakhcrilkzi`i.
Jmrrcspmh`c i li pmrjkú
pmrjkúh khtcrhi `c li `chtkhi jirki`i. Cs uhi `chtkhi
quc prcschti iltcri`i su cstrujturi, jmh uhi `urczi pirjkilachtc aihtchk`i
scacoihtc i li `cl jucrm jurtk`m `c dmvkhm. Jmhtkchc 963 dijtcrkis/e, quc
jmrrcspmh`c il 6,9% `c lis dijtcrkis prcschtcs ch li zmhi khgcjti`i> skch`m
prc`makhihtcachtc ijk`ú
ijk`úechis (GSZI[
(GSZI[IAI,
IAI, 9;5;> NK@@, 4666) .
Ch li `chtkhi igcjti`i puc`c `kstkheukrsc `c li supcrgkjkc bijki li pulpi uhi zmhi
`c `csakhcrilkzijk úh khkjkil m prmguh`i, `cdiom `c ësti, uhi zmhi `c csjlcrmsks
4. Cstis `ms ÿltkais jipis ch jmhouhtm
`chtkhirki y lucem li `chtkhi tcrjkirki, Jipá tulm 4.
jmhstktuych li zmhi `c `chtkhi bkpcrakhcrilkzi`i (MBESZBK y GSZI[IAI, 9;53> ZIPM y
.(Jui`rm
Jui`rm :.9. y :.4.
:.4.).
).
GSZI[IAI,
GSZI[
IAI, 9;57> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).(
@CHPKHI KHGCJPI@I
JSI@TM :.9.
_mhis khvmlujri`is ch
ji`i tkpm `c `chtkhi
(JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
@CHPKHI IGCJPI@I
_mhi `c `cstrujjkúh hcjrútkji
_mhi `c
`c `c
`chtkhi `c
`csakhcrilkzi`i pr
prmguh`i
_mhi `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh ivih
ivihzi
zi`i
`i
m supcrgkjkil
_mhi
_m
hi `c
`c csjl
csjlcr
crms
msks
ks `ch
`chtk
tkhi
hirk
rki
i
_mhi `c khviskúh dijtcrkihi
_mhi `c `chtkhi tcrjkirki
30
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
@CHPKHI KHGCJPI@I
@CHPKHI IGCJPI@I
(@chtkhi jirki`i cxtcrhi)
(@chtkhi jirki`i khtcrhi)
@cshiturilkzijkúh krrcvcrskdlc
@cshiturilkzijkúh rcvcrskdlc
Hm rcakhcrilkzidlc
Auy khgcjti`i
Tcakhcrilkzidlc
Vmjm khgcjti`i
Zchskdlc y vktil
Khschskdlc y aucr ti
JSI@TM :.4.
Jirijtcrástkjis `c li
`chtkhi khgcjti`i vs.
`chtkhi
igcjti`i
(AIZZLCT,
9;75,
GSZI[IAI [ PCTIZBKAI,
9;54).
Li `chtkhi igcjti`i sc chjuchtri aé
a és illé
illé `c li zmhi `c khviskú
khvisk úh dijtcrkihi aiskvi.
Aucstri jiadkms ch su jmlmrijkú
jmlmrijk úh y eri`m `c `csakhcrilkzijkú
`csakhcrilkzijkúh> prcschtih`m `chtkhi
pcrktudulir `chsi y akhcrilkzi`i,
akhcrilkz i`i, rkji ch gkdrmhcjtkhi (prmtcá
(prmtcáhi quc pircjc cocrjcr jmhtrml
smdrc lms m`mhtmdlistms).
m`mhtmdlistms). Cs uh tcok`m vktil, schskdlc i su khstruachtijk
khstruachtijkú
úh jmh cxplmri`mr
m jurcti y prcschti `kvcrsms eri`ms `c rcdlih`cjkakchtm. Li aitrkz `c jmlé
jml éechm sc
prcschti khtijti m igcjti`i `c am`m rcvcrskdlc Csti `chtkhi puc`c jmhsk`crirsc
rcakhcrilkzidlc (MBESZBK y GSZI[IAI, 9;53> ZIPM y GSZI[IAI, 9;57> JMHZMLITM, 9;;7).
(Gke. :.:.).
:.:.).
Shi vcz pirilkzi`m cl prmjcsm jirkmsm, li `chtkhi igcjti`i m jipi khtcrhi
khtcrh i `c li `chtkhi
jirki`i cs rcakhcrilkzi`i pmr `cpú
`cp úsktms mr`chi`ms `c akhcrilcs prmvchkchtcs `c li pulpi.
Csti `chtkhi rcakhcrilkzi`i vuclvc i tchcr uhi `urczi y jmhtchk`m akhcril scacoihtc i
li `chtkhi sihi, m acomr iÿ
i ÿh (GSZI[
(GSZI[IAI,
IAI, 9;5;> GSZI[
GSZI[IAI,
IAI, 9;;9) .
GKESTI :.:. Tcprcschtijkúh csqucaétkji `c `chtkhi igcjti`i.
igcjt i`i. I`ipti`m `c Jirkcs (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9).
:.4. JTKPCTKMZ VITI
VITI @KGCTCHJKIT
@KGCTCHJKIT JLÁHKJIACHPC
JLÁHKJIACHPC LI @CHPKHI
@CHPKHI
IGCJPI@I @C LI KHGCJPI@I
Li grmhtcri chtrc li jipi `chmakhi`i khgcjti`i y l i a
aé
tiadk ëh
és prmguh`i, jirki`i tiadkë
pcrm rcjupcridlc, `ksti `c scr mdvki m cvk`chtc. Pil
Pil sktuijkú
sktuijk úh, ch cl amachtm `c `cjk`kr
quë
qu
ë tcok`ms clkakhir, puc`c mrkekhir skehkgkjitkvis `kgcrchjkis jlá
jl áhkjis quc `ctcrakhch, ch
li ctipi `c li khtcrvchjk
khtcrvchjkú
úh, li jihtk`i` y jilk`i` `c li `chtkhi quc sc rctkrc, y, ch cl
guturm, cl `cstkhm gkhil `c li rcstiurijkú
rcstiurijk úh.
Ch jmhscjuchjki, rcsulti auy kapmrtihtc jmhtrirrcstir csi sktuijkú
sktuijkúh vilkë
vilkë h`msc `c
uh `ctcrakhi`m jrktcrkm> skh cadirem, ch cl amachtm ijtuil hm sc bi lmeri`m iÿ
i ÿh jmhschsm
il rcspcjtm y pmr ch`c jmcxkstch virkms `c cllms, chtrc lms quc cl tcripcuti puc`c
puc` c i`mptir.
i`mptir.
Cllms smh lms skeukchtcs?
33
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
:.4.9. Úptkjms y téjtklcs
Li `chtkhi sc jmhsk`cridi jirki`i juih`m amstridi uhi jmhskstchjki dlih`i, pucs
prcsuakdlcachtc sc jmrrcspmh`á
jmrrcspmh` ái jmh li pchctrijkú
pchctrijk úh `c li smh`i ch li `chtkhi diom
prcskúh gkrac> y sihi juih`m su `urczi hm pcraktá
prcskú
pcrakt ái quc li smh`i pchctrisc. NK@@ y jml.
igkrairmh ch 9;2;, quc li `urczi `c li `chtkhi sc rcjmhmj á i ac`kihtc li smh`i
cxplmri`mri, cspcjkilachtc ch li uhkú
uhk úh iaclm`chtkhirki, m jmh jurcti `c `chtkhi ch lis
pirc`cs `c li jivk`i`.
Li k`chtkgkjijkú
k`chtkgkjijkúh `c li `chtkhi jirki`i disi`i cxjluskviachtc ch cl jrktcrkm `c `urczi,
puc`c llcvir i li rcamjkú
rcamjk úh khhcjcsirki `c tcok`m dlih`m, iuhquc hm khgcjti`m> yi quc li
`chtkhi igcjti`i? cs aé
a és dlih`i quc li `chtkhi bá
b áek`i, prcjc`c li khviskú
khvisk úh
dijtcrkihi y su aitrkz mreé
mre éhkji iÿ
iÿh hm sc bi `ceri`i`m> pmr lm tihtm, cs
K`chtkgkjir li
piskdlc `c rcakhcrilkzijkú
rcakhcrilkzijk úh y hm `cdcrá
`cdcrá i rctkré
rctkrérscli.
`chtkhi jirki`i
cxjluskviachtc
Jmh rcspcjtm i li pkeachtijkú
pkeachtijkúh `chtkhirki, ësti hm `cdcrá
`cdcrái scr uh jrktcrkm
ch rizúh `c su
piri k`chtkgkjir li `chtkhi jirki`i, pucs i achu`m lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs sc
`urczi, jmhllcvi
jirijtcrkzih pmr scr msjuris. @c mtrm li`m, li `chtkhi msjurcjk`i cs prmpki
`c lcskmhcs khijtkvis, aujbis vcjcs jmh dijtcrkis khvkid lcs y iskaksam li
`chtkhi `csakhcrilkzi`i lmjilkzi`i ch li uhkú
uhk ú h iaclm`chtkhirki puc`c
i`qukrkr uhi jmlmrijkú
jmlmrijk úh msjuri pmr ijjkú
ijjk úh `c lms pkeachtms `c li `kcti. Vmr
mtri pirtc, li `chtkhi sihi puc`c tcù
tc ùkrsc pmr ijjkú
ijjkúh `c lms kmhcs acté
act élkjms prmvchkchtcs
`c lis rcstiurijkmhcs quc itrivkcsih li `chtkhi supcrgkjkil, rcdlih`cjk`i y hcjrú
hcjrútkji, y
sc `cpmsktih ch li jipi khtcrhi ` c li `chtkhi jirki`i, cs `cjkr ch li `chtkhi igcjti`i.
cl sijrkgkjkm `c
tcok`m sihm.
Ch jmhjlusk
jmhjluskú
úh, uhi jmhskstchtc jmrrkchtc `c mpkhkú
mpkhk úh jucstkmhi li vkechjki `c iplkjir
lms jrktcrkms úptkjms y té
t éjtklcs, jmhsk`cré
jmhsk`créh`mlms sudoctkvms y jirchtcs `c
rcspil`m jkchtá
jkcht ágkjm. Pil pmskjkú
pmskjk úh sc igkihzi ch `kvcrsms khvcstkeijkmhcs y
Cs crrúhcm jmhcstu`kms> tilcs jmam, iqucllms quc billirmh crrmrcs `c `kiehú
`kieh ústkjm quc
sk`crir
sk`c
rir jirki`
ji rki`i
ii
msjklih chtrc 30%, (NK@@ y jml., 9;2;), 54%, (IH@CTZMH y JBITDCHCIS, 9;23) y
li `chtkhi ÿhkjiachtc pmr amsbisti 52.0% (JI@ILGIJB y jml, 4669) . Biy quc sudriyir quc ch uh cstu`km `c
trirsc pkeach9;23 sc chjmhtrú
chjmhtr ú 24% `c crrmr `c `kieh
`kiehú
ústkjm ch cl láláaktc iaclm-`chtkh
iaclm-`chtkhirkm,
irkm,
ti`i, pucs cllm
lm quc llcvú
llcv ú i quc lms iutmrcs jmhjluycrih quc? “ ... ipirchtcachtc lms
pm
p
m`rái jmrrcs`chtkstis scráih khjipijcs `c `ctcjtir `chtkhi jirki`i pmr `ksjrkakhijk úh
pmh`crr i `chtk
pmh`c
` chtk-téjtkl m prucdis vksuilcs disi`is ch li jmlmrijk úh hituril...‑ (IH@CTZMH y
hi sihi m i uhi
JBITDCHCIS, 9;23).
lcskúh `ctchk`i.
:.4.4. Iplkjijkúh `c jmlmrihtcs
I cgcjtms `c iùi`kr prcjkskú
prcjkskúh i li `kgcrchjkijkú
`kgcrchjkijk úh chtrc `chtkhi khgcjti`i y igcjti`i,
sc bih `csirrmlli`m `kgcrchtcs jmlmrihtcs `ctcjtmrcs m cvk`chjki`mrcs `c `chtkhi
khgcjti`i, juym usm sc bi prcjmhkzi`m `urihtc aujbms iù
iùms jmam iltcrhitkvis jmhgkidlcs
il acrm usm `cl cspcom y li smh`i m cxplmri`mr.
cxplmri`mr.
Li prkacri rcgcrchjki `cl usm `c uh jmlmrihtc, li smlujkú
smlujk úh `c Lueml (AMKTIHM, 4667)* ,
`iti `c li `ë
` ëji`i `c 9;06> hm mdstihtc, su kh jmhvchkchtc aé
a és hmtmrkm rcsk`c ch cl jmlmr
* Amkrihm K. Stklkzijkú
Stklkzijk ú h `c smlujkmhcs `ctcjtmris `c jirkcs i disc `c smlujkú
smlujk ú h lueml ch lis Jlá
Jl á hkjis `c Mpcritmrki @chtil `c li
Gijulti` `c M`mhtmlmeá
M`mhtmlme á i `c li Shkvcrsk`i` `c li Tcpÿ
Tcp ÿ dlkji Mrkchtil `cl Srueuiy (Jmauhkjijkú
(Jmauhkjijk ú h pcrsmhil, 4667).
37
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
iairkllchtm skaklir i li `chtkhi quc prctch`c tcù
tc ùkr. PSTCLL ch 9;7: prmpusm utklkzir li
gujskhi ch smlujkú
smlujk úh bk`rmiljmbú
bk`rmiljmbúlkji, jmam jmlmrihtc `ctcjtmr jipiz `c tc ùkr lms tcok`ms
krrcvcrskdlcachtc `iù
`iùi`ms y `cl aksam am`m GSZI[
GSZI[IAI
IAI y PCTIZBKAI ch 9;54 plihtcirmh
rcjurrkr i li gujskhi ch prmpklchelkjml> iuhquc pmjm `cspu ës GSZI[IAI y jml. ch 9;5;
jiadkirmh li gujskhi pmr rmom éjk`m, smdrc li disc `c cstu`kms quc itrkdu
itrkduááih jipijk`i`
jihjcráá echi i li gujskhi ch erih`cs `msks (DMHZCT y jml., 9;37). Jidc ihmtir quc, llcvi`i
jihjcr
i csjili buaihi, li `msks supucstiachtc jirjkhme
jirjkhmeë
ëhkji scrá
scrái `c aé
a és `c 4 Ne `c gujskhi
piri uhi pcrsmhi quc pcsiri 73 Ne.
I lm lirem `c lms iù
i ù ms li kh`ustrki m`mhtmlú
m`mhtml ú ekji bi k`m prmpmrjkmhih`m hucvms
jmlmrihtcs, ch li dÿsquc`i jmhstihtc `c khmjuk`i` y jmhtristc.
jmhtristc. Cs is
isáá quc il jmlmr rmom
mrkekhil `c li gujskhi y `cl rmom éjk`m, sc bih iercei`m tkhtcs iltcrhitkvms vcr`cs,
vcr`cs, airrmhcs
(jigë
(jig
ë) y izulcs, chtrc mtrms (Jui`rm
(Jui`rm :.: y Gke. :.0.).
:.0.).
JMLMTIHPCZ TCWCLI@MTCZ
VTM@SJPM
JMAVMZKJKÚH DIZC
GIDTKJIHPC
JMLMT
Gujskhi
Pcst
Zccn
Jirkcs @ctcjtmr
Tc`iakh
@ctcjtmr `c jirkcs
Jirkcs jbcjn
Zmlujkúh Lueml
Gujskhi déskji il 6.3% ch smlujkúh bk`rmiljmbúlkji
Gujskhi déskji il 6.3 % ch prmpklchelkjml
Vkeachtm Tmom G&J ch disc `c elkjml
Tmom éjk`m il 9% ch pmlkprmpklchelkjml
Zmlujkúh ym`
ym`mm-ym
ym`u
`uri
ri`i
`i il :% ch ie
ieui
ui `c
`cst
stkl
kli`
i`i
i
Sltri`cht (CC.SS.)
Nuririy (Oipúh)
Pc`cquka (Irechtkhi)
@chscll (Irechtkhi)
Hksbkni (Oipúh)
Lc`
c`uj
uj (S
(Sru
rueu
euiy
iy))
Zidlc Zccn
Vkeachtm Wcr`c G@&J ch smlujkúh iju
ijums
msi
i `c
`c elk
elkjm
jmll
Sltr
Sl
tri`
i`ch
chtt (CC
(CC.S
.SS.
S.))
Wcr`c
Zhmmp
Vkeachtm izul msjurm ch prmpklchelkjml
Vulp`cht (CC.SS.)
Izul
Tmom éjk`m il 9% ch prmpklchelkjml
Vbirai-@cht (Srueuiy)
T
M
O
M
Airrúh
JSI@TM :.:. Ileuhms hmadrcs jmacrjkilcs `c jmlmrihtcs y su jmapmskjkúh disc.
:.0d.
:.0j.
:.0i.
GKESTI :.0. Cocaplms `c prm`ujtms jmacrjkilcs `c
jmlmrihtcs rcvcli`mrcs. i. Gujskhi (Vbirai`cht, Srueuiy), Tc`iakh (Pc`cquka, Irechtkhi), @ctcjtmr `c
jirkcs (@chscll, Irechtkhi), Pcst (Vbirai`cht, Srueuiy). d. Jirkcs @ctcjtmr (Nuririy, Oipúh). j. Zccn y
Zidlc (Sltri`cht, CC.SS.).
35
@CHPIL
IL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
JITKCZ @CHP
:.4.4.9. Guh`iachtms `c li ijjkúh `c lms jmlmrihtcs
Viri bijcr vkskdlc li
`kgcrchjkijkúh chtrc
`chtkhi khgcjti`i y
igcjti`i, cxkstch `kgcrchtcs jmlmrihtcs
`ctcjtmrcs quc tkùch
li `chtkhi khgcjti`i.
GKESTI :.3i.
Viri drkh`ir utklk`i` jláhkji uh jmlmrihtc `ctcjtmr `c `chtkhi
jirki`i, `cdc tcùkr sclcjtkviachtc li `chtkhi khgcjti`i y isá scrvkr `c
euái piri su clkakhijkúh, prcvkhkch`m `c til am`m li cxtkrpijkúh
khhcjcsirki `c `chtkhi igcjti`i. Cl guh`iachtm tcúrkjm `c lms jmlmrihtcs
sc disi ch su jipijk`i` `c `kgcrchjkir chtrc lis jipis khgcjti`i y
igcjti`i `c li `chtkhi jirki`i. Cstm cs géjklachtc vkskdlc ch lis Gkes.
:.3i y :.3d.
Jmrtc lmhektu`khil `c uh amlir jmh
uhi pcqucùi lcskúh `c jirkcs mjlusil. Zc iprcjki li
cxtchskúh `c li `chtkhi pkeachti`i.
GKESTI :.3d.
Cl aksam `kchtc lucem `c scr smactk`m
i `ms jmlmrihtcs, i li kzqukcr`i, gujskhi ch prmpklchelkjml, i li `crcjbi, rmom éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml.
Zc puc`c mdscrvir li hcti `kgcrchjki chtrc
chtr c li `chtkhi
khgcjti`i y igcjti`i isá jmam li jmrrcspmh`chjki
jmrr cspmh`chjki chtrc iadms jmlmrihtcs.
Ch li `ëji`i `c 9;56, GSZI[IAI y su erupm khvcstkeirmh lis `kgcrchjkis quáakjis y
cstrujturilcs `c iadis jipis c bkjkcrmh khtcrcsihtcs billizems (MBESZBK y jml., 9;53) (NSDMNK
y jml., 9;55) . Chtrc cllms, quc li jipi igcjti`i -iquclli quc hm sc tkùc
tkùc jmh lms `ctcjtmrcs`ctcjtmrcsjmhscrvi ch li aiymrái `c lms jisms cl prmjcsm m`mhtmdléstkjm `chtrm `cl tÿdulm, quc
aucstri pmji m huli `mtijkúh dijtcrkihi y, lm aés kapmrtihtc, quc li gkdri jmléechi
aihtkchc su jirijtcrástkji ipirkchjki ch dih`is.
Tcjmr`cams quc li gkdri jmléechi (Gke. :.7. ), quc gmrai li triai mreéhkji `c csc
tcok`m iltiachtc cspcjkilkzi`m quc cs li `chtkhi, cs uhi cstrujturi jmhstruk`i pmr li
uhkúh `c aÿltkplcs gkdrkllis quc i su vcz cstéh gmrai`is
pmr amlëjulis `c trmpmjmléechm, rctmrjk`is ch uhi
trkplc bëlkjc `c :66 ha `c lmhektu` y 9.3 ha `c
` c `kéactrm.
Li ilti rcskstchjki `c li gkdri jmléechi i lis tchskmhcs,
tcapcrituris y cspcjkilachtc i lms éjk`ms, sc `cdc i
li cxkstchjki `c chlijcs jruzi`ms khtcramlcjulircs c
khtcrgkdrklircs> lms aksams quc cstéh jmapucstms pmr
`kbk`rmxKlkskhmrlcujkhi, bk`rmxklkskhmrlcujkhi, bk`rmxkhmr
bk`rmxkhmr-lcujkhi `kbk`rmxkhmrlcujkhi, skch`m lms `ms ÿltkams
prcjursmrcs.
GK E S T I
:. 7.
Pÿ du lm `c ht kh ir km jm rt i` m
lmhektu`khilachtc. Zc iprcjki li triai jmléechi
`c li `chtkhi rm`cih`m li prmlmheijkúh `cl
m`mhtmdlistm.
Li jrmaitmerigái `c li `chtkhi sihi `caucstri uh
prc`makhkm `c lms chlijcs jruzi`ms smdrc lms
prcjursmrcs. Vmr cl jmhtrirkm, ch li jipi khtcrhi (`chtkhi
(`ch tkhi
igcjti`i), sc chjuchtri uh airji`m
airji`m vkrioc bijki lms
32
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
prcjursmrcs. Cstc vkrioc sc jmhsk`cri rcvcrskdlc. Li jrmaitmerigá
jrmaitmerig á i `c li jipi cxtcrhi,
khgcjti`i y jmhsk`cri`i krrcvcrskdlcachtc `iù
`iùi`i, rcvcli quc iadms chlijcs jruzi`ms
y prcjursmrcs bih `ksakhuk`m hmtmrkiachtc lm quc kh`kji uh `iù
`i ùm pcraihchtc ch li gkdri
jmlé
jml
éechi (NSDMNK y jml.,9;55> HINMTHJBIK y jml., 4660i, 4660d) . Vmr su pirtc, li akjrmsjmpá
akjrmsjmp ái
clcjtrúhkji aucstri quc lis gkdris jmlé
clcjtrú
jml éechis bih pcr`k`m su jirijtcrá
jirijtcrástkji cstrujturi ch
dih`is (MESZBK y GSZI[
GSZI[IAI,
IAI, 9;53) .
:.4.4.4. Kapmrtihjki jl áhkji `c li p ër`k`i `c cstrujturi jml éechi
Viri chtch`cr cstc jmhjcptm, cs prcjksm rcjmr`ir quc li mreihkzijkú
hkzijk
úh pcrkú
pcrk ú`kji `c li gkdri jmh su dih`ci`m jirijtcr
jirijtcráástkjm, mdc`cjc
il smlipiakchtm `c lis gkdrkllis quc gmraih li gkdri. Lms cspijkms `c chtrc
76 y 75 ha quc quc`ih “vij
vijááms
ms‑‑ ch csti pirtkjulir `kspmskjkú
`kspmskjkúh, smh mjupi`ms pmr lms jrkstilcs `c bk`rmxkipitkti quc vih i gmrair li aitrkz
jiljkgkji`i `c li `chtkhi.
Lms jmlmrihtcs ijtÿih smdrc cl jmléechm `cshiturilkzi`m y `cscstrujturi`m `c li
jipi khgcjti`i.
Il prm`ujkrsc lms gchú
gch úachms quá
quáakjms y dkmlú
dkml úekjms jkti`ms, sc vi `ctcrakhih`m uh
grchtc `c ivihjc `cl prmjcsm jirkmsm, quc i su vcz vi `cairjih`m lis zmhis jirijtcrástkjis `c li `chtkhi jirki`i. Zc jmhsk`cri quc tm`ms lms jmlmrihtcs ijtuirá
ijtuir áih cschjkilachtc smdrc cl jmlé
jml éechm `cshiturilkzi`m `c li jipi hcjrmsi`i (m rcdlih`cjk`i) `c li
jipi khgcjti`i. Vmr cl jmhtrirkm, lms jmlmrihtcs hm tcù
tc ùkr
kráá ih li `chtkhi igcjti`i, juyis
gkdris jmlé
jmléechis aihtkchch su khtcerk`i` cstrujturil, i pcsir `cl vkrioc `c ileuhm `c lms
chlijcs jruzi`ms i prcjursmrcs.
:.4.4.:. Cspcjkgkjk`i` `c lms jmlmrihtcs
Vcsc i lm achjkmhi`m, sc bih prcschti`m ileuhis mdocjkmhcs
mdocj kmhcs
rcspcjtm il `cscapcù
`cscapc ùm `c lms jmlmrihtcs. Vmr cocaplm, cxkstch
cstu`kms quc pmhch ch `u`i su cspcjkgkjk` i`, cspcjkilachtc ch
lis zmhis `c `chtkhi jkrjuapulpir y ch cl lá
l áaktc iaclm-`chtkhirkm
([KV y jml., 9;;0> @CAITJM y jml.,9;;2> IHZITK y jml., 9;;;> DMZPMH y LKIM,
4660) .
@kjbis zmhis smh jlivcs ch cl `csirrmllm `cl ú reihm
`chtirkm.
Cl lá
l áaktc iaclm-`chtkhirkm rcprcschti uhi zmhi `c trihskjkú
trihskjk úh
chtrc `ms tcok`ms `ksá
`ks áaklcs ch sus mrá
mr áechcs, ch su bkstmlmeá
bkstmlme ái y
gkskmlmeáá i y ch su guhjkú
gkskmlme
guhjkúh. Cs dkch sidk`m quc li jkti`i zmhi csté
cst é
GKESTI :.5. Cspcjkgkjk`i` jmh
achms akhcrilkzi`i quc cl csailtc m li `chtkhi, quc jmhtkchc rcspcjtm il láaktc iaclm-`chtkhirkm.
uhi aitrkz mreé
mre éhkji aiymr y quc pmskdlcachtc cstë
cst ë ismjki`i i Ch li khachsi aiymrái `c lms jisms
li `chtkhi `c aihtm. Ch csti zmhi tih pirtkjulir, cl csailtc y li hm sc tkùc.
`chtkhi csté
cst éh uhk`ms pmr gkdrkllis pirilclis `c jmlé
jml éechm tkpm K , `c 26-946 ha `c `k
`ké
éactrm
quc p mr uh li`m sc khscrtih
khs crtih `krcjtia
`krcjtiachtc
chtc ch cl akhcril
akhcril `cl csailtc
csailtc y pmr cl mtrm
mtrm sc uhch
uhch il
chtrctcok`m gkdrklir `c li triai mreé
mre éhkji `chtkhirki (LKH y jml., 9;;:).
Hm mdstihtc, i pcsir `c su achmr jiljkgkjijkú
jiljkgkjijkúh y aiymr prmpmrjkú
prmpmrjk úh `c aitrkz mreé
mreéhkji
quc tmac cl jmlmrihtc, li zmhi `cl lá
l áaktc iaclm-`chtkhirkm rcsulti auy `kgá
`kgájkl `c tcù
tcùkr ch
`kchtcs sihms (VITM@K, 4665)* ((Gkes.
).
Gkes. :.5. y :.2.
:.2.).
* Virm`k E. Cspcjkgkjk`i` `c jkhjm jmlmrihtcs `ctcjtmrcs `c jirkcs. Ch prcpirijkú
prcpirijk ú h 4665.
3;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Vmr mtri pirtc, li `chtkhi jkrjuapulpir tiadk ë h
rcprcschti uhi zmhi `c achmr akhcrilkzijk ú h pmr li
prcschjki `c uhi jipi `c prc`chtkhi `c cspcsmr virkidlc,
quc jmrrcspmh`c i zmhis `c `chtkhmeë
`chtkhme ëhcsks ijtkvi. Ch csti
GKESTI :.2.Jivk`i` `c jlisc 9 prcpiri`i
ch uh amlir sihm. Ch cstc jism ÿhkjm sc
iprcjki uhi lcvc tkhjkúh `cl láaktc iaclm
`chtkhirkm (gujskhi déskji ch smlujkúh
bk`rmiljmbúlkji).
zmhi ch pirtkjulir,
pirtkjulir, tm`ms lms jmlmrihtcs smh jipijcs `c tc
tcù
ùkr
li `chtkhi sihi (VITM@K, 4665)*, iuhquc ch uhi gkhi lá
l áhci `c
achms `c 6.3 aa khac`kitiachtc i`yijchtc i li pulpi
cviluijkúh c
(DMZPMH y LKIM, 4660> VITM@K, 4665*), pmr lm quc li cviluijkú
khtcrprctijkú
khtcrprctijk
úh `c lms `itms mdtchk`ms `cdc rcilkzirsc jmh
aujbm juk`i`m, i pcsir `c quc ch të
t ërakhms pré
préjtkjms csi
tkhjkú
tkhjk
ú h hm sc chjmhtrirá
chjmhtrir á i bisti quc li jivk`i`, pmr su
prmguh`k`i`, jisk cxpuskcri li pulpi. (Gkes. :.;. i :.99.
).
:.99.).
Pm`ms lms jmlmrihtcs tkùch uhi gkhi
láhci `c `chtkhi
jkrjuapulpir, pmr
cllm li cviluijkúh
`c su cgcjtm i til
prmg
pr
mg uh `k `i ` `c dc
rcilkzirsc jmh aujbi prcjkskúh.
GKESTI :.;. Pkhjkúh `c li
li `chtkhi jkrjuapulpir pmr juitrm
juitrm jmlmrihtcs, `c kzqukcr`i i
`crcjbi? rmom éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml> gujskhi ch smlujkúh bk`rmiljmbúlkji> gujskhi ch
prmpklchelkjml y pkeachtm vcr`c G@J ch smlujkúh ijumsi `c elkjml.
:.96i.
:.96d.
GKESTI :.96i. Pkhjkúh `c li `chtkhi jkrjuapulpir? jmrtc lmhektu`khil
lmhektu`khil `c uh prcamlir
GKESTI :.99. Cspcjkgkjk`i`
sihm.
GKESTI :.96d. Li aksai pkczi smactk`i i `ms jmlmrihtcs? li akti` kzqukcr`i, il rmom
éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml> li akti` `crcjbi, i li gujskhi ch prmpklchelkjml.
jmh rcspcjtm i li `chtkhi
sihi, pkczi báek`i tcùk`i
(cspcjkilachtc li pirc`
pulpir) jmh gujskhi ch
prmpklchelkjml.
76
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
:.4.4.0. Jmlmrihtcs y akjrmmreihksa
akjrmmreihksams
ms
I pirtkr `c li iscvcrijkú
iscvcrijkúh `c Gusiyiai ch cl schtk`m quc li `chtkhi sihci`i, jmh
iyu`i `c jmlmrihtcs, pré
pr éjtkjiachtc pm`á
pm`ái jilkgkjirsc jmam cstë
cst ërkl, sc bih llcvi`m i jidm
aÿltkplcs cxpcrkchjkis dijtcrkmlú
dijtcrkml úekjis c bkstmlú
bkstml úekjis jmh li gkhilk`i` `c `ctcrakhir sk
ch rcilk`i` pcrskstch ch clli akjrmmreihksams vkidlcs. Csms cstu`kms bih amstri`m
rcsulti`ms `ksá
`ksáaklcs.
Li utklkzijkúh `c
jmlidmri`mrcs, ch 9;23 `camstrirmh quc uh 06% `c
jmlmrihtcs rcvclilis lcskmhcs cstu`ki`is jmhtchá
jmhtch áih uh diom hÿ
hÿacrm `c dijtcrkis lucem
`mrcs bi iljihzi`m
`c li clkakhijkú
clkakhijk ú h iskstk`i jmh gujskhi ch prmpklchelkjml. Piadkë
Piadk ë h
`kguskúh uhkvcrsil>
cstidlcjkcrmh quc li `chtkhi jirki`i tcù
tc ùk`i pmr cl jmlmrihtc jmhtchá
jmhtch ái
skh cad
cadir
irem,
em, sud
sud-skstch
skst
ch iÿh ileu
ileuhis
his
9:66 vcjcs aé
a és SGJ (Shk`i`cs gmrai`mris `c jmlmhkis) quc li hm
mpkhkmhcs `ksjrctcù
tc
ùk`i. Ch 9;25, caplcih`m cl aksam `ctcjtmr,
`ctcjtmr, LKZP `ctcrakh
`ctcrakhú
ú quc uh
pihtcs.
piht
cs.
93% `c lms cspcjkachcs jmhtchá
jmhtch áih dijtcrkis. DMZPMH y ETIWCT ch 9;2;,
utklkzih`m rmom éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml chjmhtrirmh dijtcrkis ch uh 43%
`c lms cspcjkachcs. _IJBITKI y ASHZBK ch 9;;3, utklkzih`m rmom éjk`m,
`ctcrakhirmh quc bidá
bid ái `kgcrchjkis iltiachtc skehkgkjitkvis chtrc lis SGJ `c li ` chtkhi
tcù
tc
ùk`i y li hm tcù
tc ùk`i y quc li `chtkhi rcaihchtc lucem `c li clkakhijkú
clkakhijk úh iskstk`i ildcreidi
uh diom hÿ
hÿacrm `c akjrmmreihksams. Ch 9;;: y jmh cl
aksam jmlmrihtc NK@@ y jml. chjmhtrirmh quc li `chtkhi
rcaihchtc i li rcamjkú
rcamjkúh iskstk`i, ildcreidi iÿ
iÿh uh diom
hÿacrm `c akjrmmreihksams, pmr lm quc suekrkú
suekrk ú quc lms
aëtm`ms úptkjms y té
t éjtklcs scrá
scráih lms i`cjui`ms.
IH@CTZMH y
ZBKTML y jml.
ch 4660 `ctcrakhirmh quc li `chtkhi
jirki`i tcù
tcùk`i pmr rmom éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml jmhtchá
jmhtch ái
scks vcjcs aé
a és SGJ/al quc li `chtkhi hm tcù
tc ùk`i. VITM@K
ch 4663, ac`kihtc akjrmsjmpá
akjrmsjmp ái clcjtrú
clcjtrúhkji `c dirrk`m
(ACD), chjmhtrú
chjmhtrú dijtcrkis ch li `chtkhi lucem `c li
clkakhijkú
clkakhijk
úh jmh ileuhms jmlmrihtcs, pcrm clkakhijkú
clkakhijk úh
tmtil jmh mtrms (Gkes.
( Gkes. :.94 i :.97.
).
:.97.).
Zkh cadirem, lms aë
a ëtm`ms akjrmdkmlú
akjrmdkml úekjms usuilcs
`c rcjmlcjjkú
rcjmlcjjkúh y jultkvm `c dijtcrkis `c li `chtkhi
` chtkhi jirki`i csté
csté h skch`m gucrtcachtc jucstkmhi`ms pmrquc sc
chtkch`c quc smh jipijcs `c `ctcjtir aujbis achms
dijtcrkis ihicrmdkis quc cl hÿ
hÿacrm rcil prcschtc. Zce ÿh ileuhms cstu`kms, cstc crrmr juihtktitkvm puc`c virkir `cs`c uh 36% i 06 vcjcs achms (HI@NITHK y jml.,
d ÿsquc`i `c uhi jkgri aé
a és rcil, sc bih `c4664) . Ch li dÿ
sirrmlli`m të
tëjhkjis quc sc disih ch li `ctcjjkú
`ctcjjkúh `cl I@H
dijtcrkihm pmr ac`km `c uhi rcijjkú
rcijjk úh jmhmjk`i jmam
VJT (Vmlyacrisc
(Vmlyacrisc Jbikh Tcijtkmh). Vmr cstc aë
a ëtm`m sc
bi cstu`ki`m li jirei dijtcrkihi `c li `chtkhi tcù
tcùk`i y
GKESTI :.94. Clkakhijkúh `c jirkcs pmr jrktcrkms
úptkjms y téjtklcs. Vrcschjki `c jmhtiakhijkúh
dijtcrkihi (7666R).
hm tcù
tc ùk`i i hkvcl `cl lá
l áaktc iaclm `chtkhirkm, bijkch`m
uhi jmapirijkú
jmapirijkúh chtrc lms rcsulti`ms mdtchk`ms jmh li
actm`mlmeáái usuil y jmh li `ctcjjkú
actm`mlme
`ctcjjk úh `c I@H dijtcrkihm. Cstc cstu`km rcsultú
rcsult ú ch uh pmsktkvm `cl 4% piri lms
GKESTI :.9:. Clkakhijkúh `c jirkcs iskstk`i jmh
gujskhi ch prmpklchelkjml. Vrcschjki `c jmjms y
dijklms. (96666R).
79
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
a ëtm`ms usuilcs y uh 05% `c pmsktkvms piri li VJT. Cstc tridiom cstir ái `camstrih`m
quc lms aë
a ëtm`ms usuilcs sudcstkaih li prcschjki dijtcrkihi, ch cstc jism c h pirtkjulir,
pirtkjulir,
a ëtm`m sc jmhsk`cri pmjm achms quc
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs, (ILLINCT y jml., 9;;2) . Cstc aë
khgilkdlc.
:.90
:.93
GKESTI :.90. Clkakhijkúh tmtil jmh rmom éjk`m
ch prmpklchelkjml. Zc mdscrvi jmhtiakhijkúh
dijtcrkihi. (7666R)
GKESTI :.93. Clkakhijkúh tmtil jmh Vkeachtm
Wcr`c G@J (Zidlc Zccn). Iuschjki `c akjrmmreihksams. (4:66 R)
GKESTI :.97. Clkakhijkúh tmtil jmh pkeachtm
vcr`
vc
r` c G@
G@&J.
&J. Ius ch
chjki
jki `c jm
jmht
htiak
iak hij kúh
dijtcrkihi. Lms clcachtms csgcrmk`ilcs quc sc
iprcjkih, pmr su tiaiùm jmrrcspmh`ch i sacir
liycr.
:.97
:.4.:.3 Vrmtmjmlm `c iplkjijkúh `c lms jmlmrihtcs
Cl prmjc`kakchtm `c iplkjijkú
iplkjijkúh `c lms jmlmrihtcs cs auy schjkllm. Zc rcilkzi ac`kihtc
uhi dmlkti `c ilem`ú
ilem`úh, `coih`m quc ijtÿ
ijtÿc cl prm`ujtm `urihtc 96 sceuh`ms y lucem sc
livi pmr uh tkcapm keuil.
keui l. Pchkch`m
Pchkch`m cspcjkil juk`i`m ch li zmhi `cl lá
l áaktc iaclm-`chtkhirkm,
sc cxiakhi chtmhjcs li `chtkhi quc bi quc`i`m tcù
tc ùk`i `c jmlmr rmom khtchsm (ch cl jism
`c utklkzir rmom éjk`m m gujskhi dé
d éskji) u mtrms jmlmrcs gucrtcachtc jmhtristihtcs.
jmhtristihtcs. I
jmhtkhuijkú
jmhtkhuijk
úh sc clkakhi jmh juk`i`m li `chtkhi tcù
tcùk`i, jmh uh khstruachtm rmtitmrkm (grcsi
rc`mh`i `c jmrtc lksm), ijjkmhi`m i dioi vclmjk`i`. Cgcjtui`m cstm, sc vmlvcr é i tc
tcù
ùkr,
cxiakhir c khstruachtir. Cl prmjc`kakchtm sc rcpctkré
rcpctkr é tihtis vcjcs sci hcjcsirkm.
Cl usm `c jmlmrihtcs
`ctcjtmrcs `c jirkcs
cs schjkllm, pcrm `cdc rcilkzirc jmh rkemr,, diséh`msc ch
emr
c h li
mdscrvijkúh jláhkji
prcj ksi y cl `makhk
prcjksi
`m akhkm
m
jidil `c lis jirijtc-
Zc bi hmti`m quc ch ileuhms
ile uhms jisms lms jmlmrihtcs tkù
tk ùch jmh `kgcrchtc
khtchsk`i` cl aksam tcok`m. Ch li skeukchtc scjuchjki, (Gkes.
( Gkes. :.95i. i
:.95e),
:.95e
tk ù ch zmhis `c
), puc`ch iprcjkirsc quc `kgcrchtcs jmlmrihtcs tkù
`chtkhi yi jmhsk`cri`is lkdrcs `c jirkcs, iuhquc jmh auy dioi
khtchsk`i`.
Vmr lis rizmhcs cxpucstis, sc `cdcré
`cdcr é prmjc`cr jmh prcjiujkú
prcjiujkúh ch
ch
li zmhis jcrjihis i li pulpi> hm smliachtc pmr cl rkcsem mdvkm `c
rástkjis `c lms tcok`ms
khvmlujri`ms.
cxpmskjkúh, skhm tiadkë
cxpmskjkú
tiadkëh pmr lis pmskdklk`i`cs `c gilsms pmsktkvms (Gkes.
( Gkes.
:.92i. i :.92j.
:.92j.).
).
74
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
:.95 i.
:.95 d.
:.95 j.
:.95 `.
:.95 c.
:.95 g.
GKESTI :.95i. Vrcmpcritmrkm.
GKESTI :.95d. Clkakhijkúh pmr aëtm`ms úptkjms y
téjtklcs.
GKESTI :.95j. Iplkjijkúh `c Zidlc Zccn. (pkeachtm G@&J ch sml. ijumsi `c elkjml)
GKESTI :.95`. Tcsulti`m `c li clkakhijkúh iskstk`i
jmh Zidlc Zccn,
GKESTI :.95c. Iplkjijkúh pmstcrkmr `c Tc`iakh,
(rmom éjk`m ch prmpklchelkjml)
GKESTI :.95g. Iplkjijkúh pmstcrkmr `c Pcst,
(gujskhi déskji ch prmpklchelkjml)
GKESTI :.95e. Clkakhijkúh tmtil iskstk`i pmr
jmlmrihtcs.
:.95 e.
7:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI :.92i. Clkakhijkúh `c jirkcs
GKESTI :.92d. Khspcjjkúh vksuil pmst
GKESTI :.92j. Zc bih clkakhi`m jmh
iskstk`i jmh Zidlc Zccn. Jmlm-jijkúh
`cl jmlmrihtc.
livi`m jmh ieui. Zc iprcjkih zmhis
quc pcraihcjch tcùk`is.
grcsi i dioi vclmjk`i` lis zmhis
tcùk`is, sc bi vucltm i tcùkr, sc bi
livi`m y sc mdscrvi hucviachtc. Hm
biy zmhis tcùk`is. Cl `kchtc sc
jmhsk`cri lkdrc `c `chtkhi khgcjti`i.
:.4.:. Tcdlih`cjkakchtm sclcjtkvm `c li `chtkhi khgcjti`i, ac`kihtc
iechtcs
iech
tcs quáa
quáakjms
kjms
Li d ÿ squc`i `c uh aë
a ë tm`m quc pcrakti rcdlih`cjcr sclcjtkviachtc li `chtkhi
khgcjti`i, `kgcrchjké
`kgcrchjkéh`mli isá
isá `c li igcjti`i, y `c csc am`m prcvchkr li rcamjkú
rcamjk úh `c
ësti ÿltkam, llcvú
llcvú ch 9;54 il `csirrmllm `c uh iechtc quá
qu áakjm `chmakhi`m dEN 969
jmhtchái h-amhmjlmrmelkjkhi (HAE) c bkpmjlmrktm
(ZJBSP_DIHN y jml., 9;53), cl aksam quc jmhtchá
`c sm`km y quc lmeridi rcdlih`cjcr `kstkhtiachtc li `chtkhi khgcjti`i,
khgcjti`i, iuhquc ch gmrai
auy lchti.
Jmh sustchtm ch cl aksam prkhjkpkm, ch 9;23 sc lihzú
lihz ú jmacrjkilachtc uh prm`ujtm
`chmakhi`m Jirk`cx
Jirk`cxℤ
ℤ (Hitkmhil Vitcht Ac`kjil Vrm`ujts Khj, Hucvi Ocrscy, CC.SS.),
disi`m ch cl EN 969 c khjmrpmrih`m jmam prkhjkpkm ijtkvm cl éjk`m-h-amhmjlmrm-@L-4
iakhmdutáárkjm (HAID), i gkh `c rc`ujkr lms cgcjtms iercskvms ch lms tcok`ms
iakhmdut
tco k`ms sihms y ijclcrir
cl prmjcsm `c rcdlih`cjkakchtm y rcamjk
rcamjkú
úh `cl tcok`m khgcjti`m. Il jidm `c pmjms acscs
sc `csjmhtkhuú
`csjmhtkhuú su gidrkjijkú
gidrkjijkúh, `cdk`m i li erih jihtk`i` `c prm`ujtm quc cxkeá
cxkeái su
utklkzijkú
utklkzijk
úh, il prmlmhei`m tkcapm quc `caih`idi su ijjkú
ijjk úh, i su jmrti vk`i ÿtkl, su iltm
jmstm y i li hcjcsk`i` `c caplcir cqu kpiakchtm cspcjá
cspcjágkjm, jmhskstchtc ch? rcscrvmrkm,
jilchti`mr,, dmadi y pkczi `c aihm jmh puhti iplkji`mri (NIP_, 9;22).
jilchti`mr
Ch li ÿltkai `ë
` ëji`i `cl skelm pisi`m, sc `csirrmllú
`csirrmll ú cl Jirksmlv
Jirksmlvℤ
ℤ (Ac`k Pcia ID,
Zucjki), (Gke.
(Gke. :.9;.),
:.9;.), juyi `kgcrchjki prkhjkpil jmh su prc`cjcsmr rcsk`c ch quc jmhtkchc
trcs iakhmé
iakhm é jk`ms? lcujkhi, lkskhi y é jk`m
eluté
elut
éakjm, ch lueir `c uhm sú
s úlm (AC@K PCIA,
9;;5) . Cl iuachtm ch li vksjmsk`i` `c li
smlujkú
smlujk
úh, `cdk`m i su prcschtijkú
prcschtijk úh ch ecl,
gijklktú
gijklkt
ú li prcjkskú
prcjksk úh `c su iplkjijkú
iplkjijkú h> skh
cadirem, su iltm jmstm y li hcjcsk`i`
kapcrkmsi `c jmhtir jmh uh jmhouhtm `c
PA
jurctis cspcjá
cspcjágkjiachtc `kscù
`kscùi`is piri li
GKESTI :.9;. Jirksmlv (Ac`k Pcia ID, Zucjki).
rcamjkú
rcamjk
úh `c li ` chtkhi khgcjti`i, aihtkchc
auy lkakti`i su `kguskú
`kguskúh.
70
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
Grchtc i cllm, jmh cl prmpú
prmp úsktm `c elmdilkzir li utklkzijkú
utklkzijk úh `c cstc tkpm `c skstcais
(prkhjkpilachtc
(prkhjkpilacht
c ch cl éadktm `c li silu` pÿ
p ÿdlkji), ch 466:, ch Driskl, sc lihzú
lihzú il acrji`m
®
uhi hucvi gmraulijkú
gmraulijkúh ch ecl `chmakhi`i Vipijérkc (G
(Gú
úrauli c Iåê
Iåêm,
m, Zê
Zêm Viulm, Driskl),
Gke. :.46.,
:.46., pitchti`i ch 4664 pmr DMS ÅIZ y DSZZI@MTK*, prm`ujtm quc cs `c diom jmstm,
géjkl iplkjidklk`i` y hm hcjcskti `c ipiritms tcjhml úekjms piri scr rcilkzi`m (VCTCKTI y
jml., 4660) . Zu prkhjkpkm ijtkvm cs uhi ch`mprmtcá
ch`mprmtc áhi lliai`i pipiá
pipi áhi, quc sc cxtric `cl
l étcx `c li jé
jésjiri y lis bmois `c li pipiyi vcr`c y quc cst é `mti`i `c prmpkc`i`cs
dijtcrkjk`is, dijtcrkmsté
dijtcrkmst étkjis y ihtkkhgliaitmrkis. I`caé
I`ca és `c li pipiá
pipiá hi, cl ecl jmhtkchc
jlmriakhi (tiadkë
(tiadk ë h `mti`i `c prmpkc`i`cs dijtcrkjk`is y `cskhgcjtihtcs), izul `c
tmluk`khi, ieui, silcs y cspcsihtcs.
Ijtu ilachtc
Ijtuilac
htc sc `ks` kspmhc `c `ms prm`ujtms rcdlih`cjc`mrcs
sclcjtkv
sclc
jtkvms
ms `c `cht
`chtkkhi khgcjti`i? Jirksmlv PA y Vipijirkc®.
GKESTI :.46. Vipijirkc® (Gúrauli c Iåêm, Driskl)
:.4.:.9. Guh`iachtm `c li ijjk úh `c lms iechtcs rcdlih`cjc`mrcs
Cl rcdlih`cjkakchtm sclcjtkvm `c li `chtkhi khgcjti`i pmr ac`km `c iechtcs quá
qu áakjms
cspcjáágkjms, cs jmhscjuchjki `c li prmtcú
cspcj
prmtc úlksks `cl jmlé
jml éechm quc bi quc`i`m cxpucstm
pmr cl prmercsm `c li lcskú
lcsk úh jirkmsi y i quc `kjbi `ceri`ijkú
`ceri`ijk úh hm iljihzi i li `chtkhi
igcjti`i, `cdk`m i quc csti ÿltkai pmscc uhi ihtk-prmtcisi plisaé
plisaétkji, li ι9-ihtk-trkpskhi,
quc kapmskdklkti su ijjkú
ijjk úh prmtcmlá
prmtcmlátkji (GLKH@P, 9;5;) .
:.4.:.4. Dkmjmapitkdklk`i` y ijjkúh ihtkdijtcrkihi `c lms
rcdlih`cjc`mrcs
rcdlih`cjc`mrc
s quáakjms
Ch juihtm i dkmjmapitkdklk`i`, lms cstu`kms rcilkzi`ms ch
gkdrmdlistms `c ritis (DSZZI@MTK y jml., 4663i>
466 3i> ZKLWI
ZKLWI y jml., 4660) bih rcvcli`m
quc tihtm cl Vipijirkc® jmam cl Jirksmlv PA hm aucstrih jktmtmxkjk`i`.
Zc billirmh rcsulti`ms scacoihtcs juih`m cl cstu`km sc bkzm ch
gkdrmdlistms buaihms (AK[IEK y jml, 4660).
Tcspcjtm il pmtchjkil ihtkakjrmdkihm,
ihtkakjrmdkihm , sc bi cvk`chjki`m quc
®
PA
Vipijé
Vipij
érkc y Jirksmlv , smh cgcjtkvms jmhtri lms Z. autihs (IAAITK y
jml, 4663> DSZZI@MTK y jml, 4663d).
Cl rcdlih`cjkakchtm
`c li `chtkhi khgcjti`i cs `cdk`m i li
prmtcúlk
prmt
cúlksks
sks `cl jmlé
jmlé-echm, quc bi quc`i`m cxpucstm jmam rcsulti`m `cl
prmjcsm
prmj
csm `c jirk
jirkcs,
cs, y
i li jirchjki `c uhi
chzkai prmtcjtmri
cspcjágkji, prmpki
`cl tcok`m sihm.
:.4.:.:. Vrmtmjmlm `c utklkzijkúh `cl Vipijérkc ®
Li ijjkú
ijjkúh rcdlih`cjc`mri sclcjtkvi `cl ecl smdrc li `chtkhi khgcjti`i, rcsulti skaplc
y ré
r épk`i> yi quc `caih`i auy pmjm tkcapm? :6 sce. ch lcskmhcs ieu`is y 06 i 76 sce.
* A. DMSÅ
DMSÅIZ y Z. DSZZI@MTK, 4664. Jmauhkjijkú
Jmauhkjijk ú h pcrsmhil.
73
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
ch lcskmhcs jrú
jr úhkjis. Il jidm `c `kjbm lipsm, sc rctkri tm`m cl tcok`m quc bi quc`i`m
rcdlih`cjk`m ac`kihtc cl rispi`m jmh khstruachtms aihuilcs hm jmrtihtcs y
echcrilachtc sc rcpktc cl prmjcsm, bisti quc hm sc lme rc prmvmjir cl rcdlih`cjkakchtm
`c tcok`m ileuhm. (Gkes.
(Gkes. :.49i. i :.49`.
:.49`.).
).
Ia dm
dmss rc
rcdl
dl ih `c
`c-jc`mrcs quáakjms
tkchc ijjkúh ihtkakjrmdkihi y hm
aucstrih jktmtmxkjk`i`.
:.49i.
:.49d.
:.49j.
:.49`.
GKESTI :.49.
Zcjuchjki `c utklkzijkúh `cl
Vipijérkc®.
i. Lcskúh jirkmsi mjlusil
d. Iplkjijkúh `cl ecl
j. @chtkhi khgcjti`i
rcdlih`cjk`i
`. @chtkhi igcjti`i
rcaihchtc.
Ch rcsuach?
Li `kgcrchjkijkú
`kgcrchjkijkúh jlá
jl áhkji chtrc iadis pmrjkmhcs `c li `chtkhi jirki`i, li khgcjti`i y
li igcjti`i, cs li plitigmrai ch l i quc sc sustchti li tcripë
tcrip ëutkji ijtuil `c lis lcskmhcs
mjiskmhi`is pmr li chgcrac`i` jirkcs. Zkh cadirem,
cadirem, pcsc i li gilti `c jmhschsm ijcrji
ijcrji
`c uh aë
a ëtm`m uhkvcrsilachtc ijcpti`m quc iyu`c i cstidlcjcr `kjbi `kgcrchjki `c
am`m idsmlutiachtc khgilkdlc,
khgilkdlc , lis cvk`chjkis bih `csjilkgkji`m li cgkjijki `c lms aë
aëtm`ms
tri`kjkmhilcs, ú ptkjms y `c `urczi `c li `chtkhi. Hm mdstihtc, `csigmrtuhi`iachtc,
jmhtkhÿ
jmhtkh
ÿi skch`m cl aé
a és utklkzi`m ch tm`m cl mrdc.
77
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipá
jipátulm :
Vmr lm cxpucstm, sc aihtkchch vkechtcs (y ipirchtcachtc sceukré
sceukréh aihtchkë
aihtchkëh`msc
`urihtc distihtc tkcapm) `ms aë
a ëtm`ms `kgcrchtcs? cl `c lms jmlmrihtcs rcvcli`mrcs `c
`chtkhi khgcjti`i y cl rcdlih`cjkakchtm quá
quáakjm sclcjtkvm `c li aksai. Cl prkacrm `c
cllms, pmr scr cl aé
a és ihtkeum y `kvulei`m, bi rcjkdk`m ileuhms jucstkmhiakchtms i su
cgkjijki, quc skh llceir i khvilk`irlm smh uhi lliai`i `c ilcrti i su usm `csprcmjupi`m.
Vmr su pirtc, ch cl aë
a ëtm`m `c rcdlih`cjkakchtm sc bi khkjki`m uhi gisc prmactc`mri, ch
lms ÿltkams `ms m trcs iù
i ùms, jmh li ipirkjkú
ipirkjk úh `c uh prm`ujtm? cl Vipijé
Vipij érkc ®, quc ch su
ctipi `c khtrm`ujjkú
khtrm`ujjkúh sc aucstri cgkjkchtc, skaplkgkji`m, cjmhú
cjmh úakjm y jmh uh khtcrcsihtc
pmtchjkil piri su iplkjijkú
iplkjijk úh aiskvi.
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Illincr TV, Zc``mh ZW, Prc`wkh J, Lyhjb C. @ctcjtkmh mg
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs dy VJT iaplkgkjitkmh mg tbc spiV
echc
ech
c kh tcc
tcctb
tb rch`
rch`crc
crc`
` jir
jirkcs
kcs gr cc. O @cht 9;; 2>4 7
@ivks UJ. Csschtkils mg Mpcritkvc @chtkstry. 4ª c`. Zt.Lmuks?
Amsdy> 9;95.
@cairjm GG, Aitms ID, Aitsmh C, Vmwcrs OA. @ycs gmr
(3-7)?00:-3.
Iaairk
AA, Amlktcrhm LGA, Bkriti-Ouhkmr T> Jmutkhbk Gklbm
UV. Tcamåêm quáakjm-acjéhkji `i jérkc? chsikm jláhkjm
rih`makzi`m. driz mril rcs 4663>9;?942.
Ih`crsmh AB, Jbirdchciu EP. I jmapirksmh mg `kektil ih`
mptkjil jrktcrki gmr `ctcjtkhe jirkmus `chtkh. O Vrmstbct
@cht 9;23>3:(3)?70:-7.
Ih`crsmh AB, Lmcsjbc UO, Jbirdchciu EP. Dijtcrkmlmekjil stu`y mg i diskj gusjbkh jirkcs `ksjlmskhe `yc.
O Vrmstbct @cht 9;23>30(9)?39-3.
9;23>30(9)?39-3.
Ihsirk E, Dcclcy OI, Tck` OZ, Gmyc TB. Jirkcs `ctcjtmr `ycs‚
ih kh vktrm isscssacht mg smac hcw jmapmuh`s. O Mril
Tcbidkl 9;;;>47(7)?03:-2.
Dmhscr EA, Eliysmh @D, Oull OU. Pbc kh`ujtkmh mg tuamrs mg
tbc sudjutihcmus tksucs,
tksucs , lkvcr ih` khtcstkhc kh tbc amusc
dy jcrtikh `yc stuggs ih` tbckr khtcrac`kitcs. Dr O Jihjcr
9;37>96(0)?73:-75.
Dmstmh @U, Erivcr BP. Bkstmlmekjil stu`y mg ih ijk` rc`
jirkcs-`ksjlmskhe `yc. Mpcr @cht 9;2;>90(0)?927-;4.
Jirkcs
`ctcjtkmh
khgluchjc smuh`
Mpcr @cht
9;;2>4:(7)?4;0-2.
9;;2>4:(7)?4;02. `chtkh dmh` strchetb.
Glkh`t A. Bciltb ih` sigcty ispcjts mg wmrnkhe wktb chzyacs. Vrmjcss Dkmjbca
Dkmjbca 9;5;>9:(2)? :-5.
Gusiyiai P, Pcrisbkai Z. @kggcrchtkitkmh mg twm liycrs mg
jirkmus `chtkh dy stikhkhe. O @cht Tcs 9;54> 39(:)?277.
Gusiyiai P, Pinitsu P, Ktmb N. Hcw jmapmsktkmh mg jirkcs
`ctcjtmr.. Oipihcsc Omur hil mg Mpcritkvc @chtkstry 9;5;>
`ctcjtmr
44?:5.
Gusiyiai P. Pwm liycrs mg jirkmus `chtkh `kiehmsks ih` trcitacht. Mpcr @cht 9;5;>0(4)?7:-56.
Gusiyiai P. Khtritudulir jrystil `cpmsktkmh ih`
rcakhcrilkzitkmh mg jirkmus `chtkh. O Dkml Dujjilc
9;;9>9;(:)?433-74.
Nitz C. I Jmapirksmh mg tbc cggkjijkcs mg “Jirk`cx‑ ih`
jmhvchtkmhil `rklls kh jirkcs rcamvil. Jmapch`kua 9;22>
;(96)? 260-5.
Nk`` CIA. Pbc Jirtwrkebt prkzc. Jirkcs rcamvil ih` tbc
pulpm-`chtkhil jmaplcx. @cht Sp`itc 4666> 45(96)?
Dmstmh @U, Lkim O. Ztikhkhe mg hmh-jirkmus buaih jmrmhil
`chtkh dy jirkcs `ycs Mpcr @cht 4660>4;(:)?426-7.
4660>4;(:)?426-7.
Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z, Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air?
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Wkùi `cl Air> 9;;9.
Dussi`mrk ZN, Airtkhs A@, Gcrhéh`cz NZV, Euc`cs JJ,
Amtti LO, Tc`i ZB, Zihtms CA. Ivilkiåêm `i
jmapitkdklk`i`c kh vktrm `c ua hmvm aitcrkil piri
rcamåêm quáakji c acjähkji `i jérkc - Vipijérkc. Vcsq
m`mhtmp` jlkh khtcer 4663i> 3(:)?43:-;.
Dussi`mrk ZN, Zklvi LT, Euc`cs JJ. Stklkziåêm `m Vipijérkc
piri rcamåêm quáakji c acjähkji `m tcjk`m jirki`m.
Ch? Kapiritm OJV. Pritiachtm rcstiuri`mr itriuaétkjm
(ITP)? tëjhkjis `c aáhkai khtcrvchåêm piri m tritiachtm
`i `mchåi jérkc `chtérki. 4663d, p. :;9-066.
Ji`ilgijb O, Jisihcllis OA, Jcr`é K, Ilcaihy O, Jidillcrm T.
Cstu`km smdrc li iplkjijkúh `c uh jmlmrihtc `ctcjtmr `c
jirkcs ch jivk`i`cs prcpiri`is. Tcv cur m`mhtmcstmaitml 4669>9:(4)?75-54
4669>9:(4)?75-54..
Jmhsmlirm I. Jérkc `chtérki bkstmpitmlmeái c jmrrcliåócs
jláhkjm-ri`kmerégkjis. 9ª c`. Diuru? Jmhsmlirm C`ktmri>
9;;7.
057-24.
Nk`` CIA, Omystmh-Dcjbil Z, Zaktb AA, Illih T, Bmwc L,
Zaktb ZT. Pbc usc mg i jirkcs `ctcjtmr `yc kh jivkty prcpiritkmh. Dr @cht O 9;2;>975(0)?9:49;2;>975(0)?9:4-9:0.
9:0.
Nk`` CIA, Omystmh-Dcjbil Z, Dckebtmh @. Pbc usc mg i jirkcs `ctcjtmr `yc `urkhe jivkty prcpiritkmh? i akjrmdkmlmekjil isscssacht. Dr @cht O 9;;:> 950(5)?403-402.
Nudmnk [, Mbeusbk N, Gusiyiai P. Jmlliech dkmjbcakstry
mg tbc twm liycrs mg jirkmus `chtkh. O @cht Tcs
9;55>37(96)?94::-5.
Lkh JV, @muelis UB, Crlih`sch ZL. Zjihhkhe Clcjtrmh
Akjrmsjmpy mg Pypc K Jmlliech it tbc @chtkh-Chiacl Ouhjtkmh mg Buaih Pcctb. O Bkstmjbca Jytmjbca
9;;:>09(:)?:29-2.
Aisslcr A. Vulpil rcijtkmhs tm `chtil jirkcs. Kht @cht O
9;75>95(4)?009-76.
Ac`k Pcia. Jbcam-acjbihkjil jirkcs rcamvil? dijnermuh`
ih` `mjuachtitkmh wktb spcjkil rcgcrchjc tm Jirksmlv.
E÷tcdmre?Ac`k Pcia> 9;;5.
Akyiek ZVB, Dussi`mrk ZN, Airqucs AA. Tcspmsti `c
gkdrmdlistms pulpircs buaihms im ecl `c Vipijérkc. TVE
Tcv Vús-Eri`uiåêm GMSZV 4660> 99(:)? 425.
75
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
72
Hi`nirhk AI, Airtkh GC, Oijqucs HI, Buhtcr H. @ctcrakhitkmh mg dijtcrkil lmi` dy rcil-tkac VJT uskhe i dr mi`
rihec (uhkvcrsil)
(uhkvcrsil) prmdc ih` prkacrs
prkacrs sct. Akjrmdkmlmey
4664>902(Vt 9)?435-77.
Hinmrhjbik Z, Itsiwisuwih V, Nktiauri C, Zurirkt T,
[iaiujbk
[iaiuj
bk A. Virtkil dkmjbcakjil
dkmjbcakjil jbirijtcrksitkmh mg jmlliech kh jirkmus `chtkh mg buaih prkairy tcctb. Irjb
Mril Dkml 4660i>0;(0)?475-5
4660i>0;(0)?475-5:.
:.
Zitm [, Gusiyiai P. Tcamvil mg `chtkh dy gujbskh stikhkhe.
O @cht Tcs 9;57>33(0)?752-72:.
9;57>33(0)?752-72:.
Zbkrml @@, @csbpih`c Z@, Zbkelk I. Cviluitkmh mg rclitkvc
jmhjchtritkmh mg dijtcrki kh 9% ijk` rc` 34- stikhidlc
ih` hmh-stikhidlc `chtkh. O Kh`kih Zmj Vc`m` Vrcv @cht
4660>44(0)?953-7.
Zklvi LT y jml. Vipijérkc ‚ Sa hmvm skstcai piri i rcamåêm
quáakji c acjähkji `m tcjk`m jirki`m ‚ rclitm `c jism
Hinmrjbik Z, Zurirkt T, [iaiu
[iaiujbk
jbk A. Jmlliech jrmss-lkhnkhe
kh jirkmus `chtkh mg pcraihcht
pcraihch t tcctb, O @cht Tcs 2:(Zpcj
KssD)? idstrijt 75 (Z. Cist Iski @kv), 4660d
(www.`chtilrcscirjb.mre).
Mbeusbk N, Gusiyiai P. Clcjtrmh akjrmsjmpkj strujturc mg
tbc twm liycrs mg jirkmus `chtkh. O @cht Tcs
9;53>30(3)?969;-9647.
Virm`k E. Cl usm `c jmlmrihtcs `ctcjtmrcs `c jirkcs `urihtc
li prcpirijkúh jivktirki? rcvkskúh y cstu`km pmr
akjrmsjmpái clcjtrúhkji `c dirrk`m. Ijtis M`mhtmlúekjis
4663>4(4)?93-47.
Vcrckri ZI, Zklvi LT, Amtti LO, Dussi`mrk. Tcamåêm quáakjm
quáakj m
acjähkji `c jérkc pmr ackm `m ecl
e cl Vipijérkc. TEM 4660>
34(3)? :23-22.
jláhkjm. Tcv piul m`mhtml 4660> 47(7)?0-2.
Zjbutzdihn ZE, Airjbwkhsn KA, Nrmhaihh OB, Eml`aihh
A, jlirn TC. Kh vktrm stu`y mg tbc cggcjt mg EN 969 mh tbc
rcamvil mg jirkmus aitcrkil. O @cht Tcs 9;53> 30(0)?;65.
Purcll
Purc
ll OJ. Cl `kiehú
`kiehústkjm
stkjm jláhkj
jláhkjm
m `c li `chtkh
`chtkhi
i jirki
jirki`i.
`i. Aëtm`m
`c li gujskhi déskji. M`mhtml urue 9;7:>92(59)?2-99.
[kp BN, Ztcvchsmh
Ztcvchsmh IE, Dcclcy
Dcclcy OI. Pbc spcjkgkjkty
spcjkgkjkty mg jirkcs
`ctcjtmr `ycs kh jivkty prcpiritkmh. Dr @cht O 9;;0>957
(99)? 095-49.
_ijbirki AI, Auhsbk
Auhsbk IN. Akjrmdkmlmekjil Isscssacht
Isscssacht mg
@chtkh Ztikhc` wktb i Jirkcs @ctcjtmr @yc. O Jlkh Vc`kitr
@cht 9;;3>9;(4)?999
K@CHPKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LIZ _MHIZ @C LI @CHPKHI JITKI@I / jipátulm :
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C
JITKCZ
0
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Hitilki BCHMZPTM_I YSKHP
YSKHPIHZ
IHZ y jmlidmri`mri *
Cl `kiehústkjm `c li jirkcs `chtil,
`chtil, jmam ch tm`i chgcrac`i`,
chgcrac`i`, i`qukcrc uhi kapmrkapmrtihjki jrcjkchtc juihtm aés tcaprihiachtc sc lmerc. Capcrm li `kgkjulti` ch `ctcjtir
lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis sc khjrcachti
khjrcachti juihtm ais prcjmjcs
prcjmjcs scih ëstis. Cstm
Cstm sc `cdc i
quc, ch sus csti`kms khkjkilcs, li jirkcs sc prcschti
prcschti khvirkidlcachtc iskhtmaétkji,
iskhtmaétkji, y pmr
lm tihtm su `kiehústkjm quc`i chtcriachtc lkdri`m i `csjudrkr lms skehms `cl `ctcrkmrm
`chtil khjkpkchtc itrkdukdlcs i li chgcrac`i` ( Khtrm`ujjkúh ). @kjbm mdoctkvm i achu`m
rcsulti pmjm vkidlc m khjkcrtm `c iljihzir ch `ctcrakhi`is zmhis, `mh`c li khspcjjkúh
hm ijjc`c m sc vc lkakti`i> til cs cl jism `c lcskmhcs `kakhutis ch jiris prmxkailcs y ch
gmsis y gksuris, rcspcjtkviachtc. Vmr cllm, ch tmrhm il tréhsktm `cl skelm RR il RRK, sc bi
khjrcachti`m li virkc`i` y li smgkstkjijkúh `c bcrriakchtis `c ilti tcjhmlmeái, quc bih
sk`m `kscùi`is piri `ctcjtir lcskmhcs jmh uh aáhkam pmtchjkil `c crrmrcs, pirtkjulirachtc ch jisms `c csti`kms khjkpkchtcs.
Pm`i prucdi `kiehústkji cs susjcptkdlc `c crrmr, `c illá li utklk`i` `c cxprcsir cl
pmtchjkil `c su cxijtktu` ch tërakhms `c schskdklk`i` y cspcjkgkjk`i`. Li schskdklk`i` cs
li prmdidklk`i` `c gmraulir uh `kieh ústkjm pmsktkvm ch prcschjki `c chgcrac`i`> akchtris quc li cspcjkgkjk`i` sc `cgkhc jmam li prmdidklk`i` `c caktkr uh `kieh ústkjm hceitkvm ch iuschjki `c chgcrac`i` (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW
GCOCTZNMW,, 9;27). Cl a ëtm`m `c `kiehústkjm
k`cil amstriré uhi ilti schskdklk`i` (jipijk`i` piri k`chtkgkjir lms vcr`i`crms chgcrams) y uhi ilti cspcjkgkjk`i` (jipijk`i` piri k`chtkgkjir lms vcr`i`crms sihms) piri li
`ctcjjkúh y juihtkgkjijk úh `c li lcsk úh jirkmsi (_IJBTKZZMH, 9;;;) (Jipátulm 96). Hm mdstihtc, `i`m quc ch li préjtkji, i ac`k`i quc cl hkvcl `c schskdklk`i` m cspcjkgkjk`i` sc
clcvi, cl mtrm `csjkch`c, rcsulti jmhvchkchtc cl dilihjc chtrc cllis (DTSHPMH, 4664).
Iskaksam, li acri `ctcjjk úh `c tm`i lcskúh `chtil (Zcjjkúh 0.9. ) hm cs jmhjluychtc
piri itrkdukrli i li jirkcs, pucs sk dkch ch li visti aiymrái `c lms jisms cgcjtkviachtc
is á jmrrcspmh`c, `i`i su jmlmsil grcjuchjki> hm mdstihtc scr é kaprcsjkh`kdlc ritkgkjir
skcaprc `kjbi prcsuhjk ú h, jmtcoih`m sus jirijtcr á stkjis jmh lis `c mtrms tkpms `c
`ctcrkmrm,
`ctcrkmr
m, i gkh `c cvktir jmhguh`krlis jmh cllis, cs `cjkr rcilkzir uh `kieh ú stkjm `kgcrchjkil
(Zcjjkúh 0.4. ). Vmr ÿltkam, ch cl skelm RRK rcsulti khi`akskdlc quc cl `kieh ústkjm sc lkaktc
i jmhstitir quc sc cst é grchtc uhi lcskúh jirkmsi> yi quc `cdk`m i li hiturilczi `kh éakji
`c li chgcrac`i`, airji`i
airji`i pmr cl gchúachm `cs/rc , cs prkamr`kil
prkamr`kil cstidlcjcr
cstidlcjcr i`ca
i`ca és
sk li lcskúh sc chjuchtri ijtkvi m sk su cvmlujk úh bi quc`i`m cstijkmhirki> lm quc scrvkr é
piri cstidlcjcr ch `cgkhktkvi sk sc oustkgkji rcstiurirli m hm (Zcjjkúh 0.:.) ( Jipátulm 7).
* Ilksmh JB É WC_ ILI[M, Vrmgcsmri Iuxklkir `c li Zcjjk ú h Iji` ë akji `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs.
@cpirtiachtm Iji` ë akjm `c Jl á hkji Cstmait ú ekji. Shkvcrsk`i`.Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
7;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
0.9.. AËPM@M
0.9
A ËPM@MZZ JLÁHKJ
JL ÁHKJMZ
MZ VITI LI @CPCJ
@ CPCJJKÚH
JKÚH @C LCZKMHC
LC ZKMHCZZ JITKMZ
JI TKMZIZ
IZ
Viri `ctcjtir lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, sc puc`c rcjurrkr i lms skeukchtcs a ëtm`ms?
khspcjjkúh vksuil, khspcjjk úh téjtkl, trihskluakhijkúh, rcskstchjki clëjtrkji, glumrcsjchjki
léscr y rcglcxk úh lua áhkji.
0.9.9.
0.9
.9. Aëtm
Aëtm`m
`m `c
` c khspcjj
kh spcjjkúh
kúh vksu
vksuil
il
Cs cl a ëtm`m aés utklkzi`m ch li jláhkji `kirki, y tiadk ëh ch cstu`kms cpk`cakml úekjms
(DITTIHJMZ AMMHC[ y DITTIHJMZ, 4667). Viri lmerir su cgkjijki sc rcjmakch`i -iuhquc
hm uhéhkacachtc- li iyu`i jmaplcachtirki `c khstruachtms `c iaplkgkjijk úh vksuil m
pmr lm achms jmam ipmym cremhúakjm (UBKPCBCI@ y UKLZMH, 9;;4> LSZZK, 9;;:).
Li jkdcrhëtkji bi pcraktk`m khjmrpmrir, jmam ac`km `c khspcjjkúh vksuil, lis jéairis `kektilcs `kscùi`is piri usm khtrimril. Aujbis `c cllis smh jipijcs `c rcekstrir lis
ka éechcs, lm quc pcraktc li amhktmrkzijkúh `cl prmercsm `c lis lcskmhcs, i`ca és `c su
rml ch li amtkvijk úh y c`ujijk úh `cl pijkchtc (TM@TÁESC_ y DITTIHJMZ, 9;;;).
TCYSKZKPMZ VITI LI KHZVCJJKÚH WKZSIL
• @kchtc lkapkm (lkapkczi rcilkzi`i jmh
csjmdkllis y jmpis `c jiujbm piri prmgklixks
y iduh`ihtc ieui)
•
Zcji`m csjrupulmsm
csjrupulmsm `c li supcrgkjkc
supcrgkjkc `chtil
i cxiakhir
•
Guchtc `c luz i`cjui`i
JSI@TM 0.9.
Ji`i vcz quc sc rcjurrc il a ëtm`m vksuil, i`ca és `c juaplkr `ctcrakhi`ms rcquksktms kh`kspchsidlcs (Jui`rm 0.9.), cs hcjcsirkm jmhsk`crir pirtkjulirachtc cl érci `cl `kchtc quc cstiams cxiakhih`m, yi quc ch ji`i uhi `c cllis li lcskúh i`mpti
jirijtcrástkjis prmpkis. @c ib á li jmhvchkchjki `c
k`chtkgkjir li hiturilczi `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis,
sce ÿh sci li supcrgkjkc ch quc sc lmjilkjch (VTCPP[
y AISVMAË . 4660> KJ@IZ JMMT@KHI
JMMT@KHIPKHE
PKHE JMAKPCC, 4663) .
0.9.9.9. Lcskmhcs `c gmsis y gksuris
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c gmsis y gksuris smh i achu`m `kgá jklcs `c `ctcjtir, ch su
csti`km ais tcaprihm, yi quc bkstml úekjiachtc li `csakhcrilkzijkúh khkjkil (aihjbi
(aihjbi
dlihji) sc gmrai dklitcrilachtc ch lis pirc`cs quc gmraih lis gksuris, skch`m pr éjtkjiachtc kapcrjcptkdlc piri cl jl áhkjm (Jui`rm 0.:.) (Jipátulm 4). Zkh cadirem,
cadirem, i vcjcs sc
sc
lmeri mdscrvir uhi mpijk`i` ilrc`c`mr `c li gksuri, echcrilachtc jmh cvk`chjki `c
smjivi`m m `csakhcrilkzijk úh `cl csailtc. I`ca é s, sc mdscrvi uhi p ër`k`i `c li
trihslujk`cz hmrail `cl csailtc, rcvclih`m uh jmhtristc jmh li cstrujturi `chtil sihi
quc li rm`ci. Cl csailtc ch csti zmhi pkcr`c drkllm y sc tmrhi lkecriachtc
pmrmsm (STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI, 9;;6).
Lis lcskmhcs khjkpkchtcs
pkch
tcs ch gmsi
gmsiss
Cs kapmrtihtc cstir i`vcrtk`m quc grcjuchtcachtc sc puc`c mdscry gk
gksur
suris
is su
sucl
clch
ch
vir uhi pkeachtijkúh ch cl gmh`m `c li gksuri m `c li gmsi, li juil puc`c
sc r ` kg á jk l c s `c
jmhguh`krsc jmh pkeachtijk úh cx úechi (Gke. 0.9. ). Keuilachtc, i vcjcs
`ctcjtir ac`kihsc mdscrvi cl csailtc gilsiachtc khtijtm `cdk`m i quc cl usm `c glumrurms
tc li khspcjjkúh
`crkvi ch li rcakhcrilkzijkúh supcrgkjkil `cl csailtc, pcrm ësti hm iljihvksuil.
zi li `chtkhi. Ch tilcs jisms, sc bijc kaprcsjkh`kdlc li iyu`i ri`kmer égkji
(DITTIHJMZ [ DITTIHJMZ AMMHC[
AMMHC[,, 4667)
56
( Jipátulm 2).
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
Cl usm `cl cxplmri`mr cst é jmhtrikh`kji`m piri cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis
ch gmsis y gksuris (Zcjjkúh 0.9.4.)> pmr jmhskeukchtc, s úlm `cdc lkaktirsc piri rctkrir lms
`cp úsktms mreéhkjms y li dkmgkla `chtil quc puc`i chjmhtrirsc judrkch`m lis zmhis ch
khspcjjkúh, i gkh `c pm`cr mdscrvirlis, m tiadk ëh piri
cxiakhir cl rcdlih`cjkakchtm `c lis ércis ri`kjulircs
(KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKMHE
JMMT@KHIPKMHE JMAKPCC, 4663).
Cs prcjksm quc cl m`mht úlmem tchei prcschtc cl iltm
airech `c crrmr quc sc prcschti ch li `ctcjjk ú h `c
lcskmhcs `c cstc tkpm. Vmr cocaplm, sc bi `ctcjti`m quc
ch cxéachcs cpk`cakmlúekjms cxkstc s úlm uh 56-26 % `c
lcskmhcs jirkmsis vcr`i`cris `kiehmstkji`is (schskdk( schskdklk`i`). @c ill á li kapmrtihjki `c vilcrsc `c cqukpms m a ëtm`ms jmaplcachtirkms (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW
GCOCTZNMW,, 9;27).
GKESTI 0.9. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis ch gmsis y
gksuris.
0.9.9.4. Lcskmhcs prmxkailcs
Li khspcjjk ú h vksuil `krcjti cs khsugkjkchtc piri
`ctcjtir lcskmhcs jirkmsis prmxkailcs> pucs i achu`m
suclc chjmhtrirsc uh clcvi`m h ÿ acrm `c gilsms hceitkvms>
cs `cjkr, uhi dioi schskdklk`i` (VCCTZ, 9;;:).
Juih`m cl `kchtc jmhtkeum cst é iuschtc cs gijtkdlc
mdscrvir `krcjtiachtc li lcsk úh jirkmsi, pcrm juih`m cst é
prcschtc, súlm sc li `kstkheuc sk li lcskúh cs iaplki (Gke.
0.4.), pcrm sk cs rc`ujk`i ch iaplktu` cs grcjuchtc quc
suroi li `u`i ( Jui`rm 0.4. ). Chtmhjcs cs auy ÿtkl mdscrGKESTI 0.4. Lcskúh jirkmsi prmxkail.
vir `krcjtiachtc rcilkzih`m li scpirijk ú h `c `kchtcs
i`yijchtcs vilk ë h`msc `c ju ù is khtcrprmxkailcs piri
jmhsceukr uh rcsulti`m khac`kitm> skh cadirem, rcsulti khj úam`m piri cl
Li khspcjjkúh
pijkchtc y pmtchjkilachtc lcskvm il pcrkm`mhtm (DITTIHJMZ AMMHC[ [
jláhkji cs khsugkDITTIHJMZ, 4667).
jkchtc piri `ctcjtir lcskmhcs
Mtrm a tm`m jl hkjm quc puc`c utklkzirsc ch jisms auy `u`msms, khjlusm
prmxkai
prmx
kailcs.
lcs.
juih`m sc ëjuchti ájmh cx éachcs ri`kmerégkjms, jmhskstc ch scpirir lchtiachtc `kchtcs i`yijchtcs ac`kihtc dih`is cléstkjis `c mrtm`mhjki ( Gkes.
0.:. i 0.0d.). Li tëjhkji `c scpirijkúh ac`kiti cs aés cgkjiz quc cl a ëtm`m ac`kitm,
0.:.
0.0i.
0.0.d
GKESTI 0.:.
0.:.,, 0.0i. y 0.0d. Lcskúh `u`msi ch 9:. Zcpirijkúh ac`kihtc irms cléstkjm `c mrtm`mhjki. Lcskúh ijjcskdlc i li
vksti
59
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
pcrm tkchc li `csvchtioi `c rcqucrkr uhi sceuh`i
sc euh`i vkskti piri rcilkzir li mdscrvijk úh jláhkji
vksuil tris uh lipsm `c uhm i jkhjm ` áis, `urihtc cl juil `cdc pcraihcjcr ch pmskjk úh li
dih`i chtrc lms `kchtcs. (Gke. 0.0i.). Piadkëh puc`c scr ÿtkl tmair uhi kaprcsk úh `c csti
zmhi jmh sklkjmhi gluk`i, ch li juil pm`r ái quc`ir rcekstri`i li jivktijk úh m krrceulirk`i`
`cl csailtc jirki`m. Mdvkiachtc cstc a ëtm`m hm cs ÿtkl ch cl csti`km `c aihjbi dlihji
(TKAACT y VKPPZ, 9;;6).
0.9.9.:. Lcskmhcs `c jiris lkdrcs
Li aihjbi dlihji
echcrilachtc
tkchc gmrai mvil,
láaktcs `cgkhk`ms,
ispcjtm mpijm,
supcrgkj
supc
rgkjkc
kc ruem
ruemsi
si
y grcjuchtcachtc
grcjuchtc achtc
csté ismjki`i i
dkmgkla `chtil.
Li `ctcjjkúh `c cstc tkpm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis sc disi ch cl cxiach
vksuil, bidk`i juchti quc cstis jiris smh g éjklachtc ijjcskdlcs piri li
mdscrvijkúh vksuil, cspcjkilachtc `c li prkacri iltcrijk úh jl áhkji vkskdlc
prm`ujk`i pmr li jirkcs? li aihjbi dlihji> li juil echcrilachtc prcschti
gmrai mvil, l áaktcs `cgkhk`ms, ispcjtm mpijm y grcjuchtcacht
grcjuchtcachtc
c cst é ismjki`i il dkmgkla `chtil. Li supcrgkjkc cs a és ruemsi quc cl csailtc sihm,
tkchc jmlmr dlihjm tkzi m ekz (iuhquc pkeachti`i ileuhis vcjcs) y sc
prm`ujc jmam jmhscjuchjki `c jiadkms dkmqu áakjms quc mjurrch chtrc
cl dkmgkla `chtil y cl csailtc (STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI, 9;;6) (Gke. 0.3. ). Li aihjbi
dlihji jiadki bijki uhi jmlmrijk ú h dlihji iairkllchti,
iairkllm pir`usji y pir`m hceruzji i ac`k`i quc li lcsk úh
prmercsi (STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI, 9;;6) (Jui`rm
0.4.).
@cdc tchcrsc juk`i`m ch hm jmhguh`kr `kjbis aihjbis
dlihjis jmh `cgcjtms `cl `csirrmllm `cl csailtc, tilcs jmam?
iaclme ë hcsks y `chtkhme ë hcsks kapcrgcjti m glumrmsks.
(Jui`rm 0.0.).
Lm k`cil cs k`chtkgkjir lis lcskmhcs juih`m i ÿh cst éh ch cl
GKESTI 0.3. Lcskmhcs `c aihjbi dlihji. csti`km `c aihjbi dlihji> cs `cjkr, skh jivktijk úh. Li `ctcjjk úh `c cstis lcskmhcs ac`kihtc vksuilkzijkúh, cs g éjkl, súlm
sc rcqukcrc clkakhir cl dkmgkla `chtil y cl j éljulm quc pm`ráih cstir prcschtcs. @cdk`m i
quc cstis `csakhcrilkzijkmhcs khkjkilcs mjiskmhih uh jiadkm ch cl áh`kjc `c rcgrijjk úh
`cl csailtc, cl prkacr skehm cs uhi virkijk úh `c li trislujk`cz y li rcgrijjkúh `c li luz ch
cl csailtc, lm quc sc bijc cvk`chtc `cspu ë s `c scjirlm `urihtc uh jmrtm lipsm
(iprmxkai`iachtc jkhjm sceuh`ms). Capcrm, juih`m li lcsk úh csté ch uh csti`km a és
ivihzi`m, cstis aihjbis smh pcrjcptkdlcs i ÿh judkcrtis
`c silkvi (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAAKPCC, 4663). Cs prcjksm
tchcr cspcjkil juk`i`m jmh jkcrtis ércis, tilcs jmam lis
jiris lkheuilcs `c lis amlircs khgcrkmrcs y lis jiris
vcstkdulircs `c lis amlircs supcrkmrcs, yi quc i achu`m
ë stis suclch vksuilkzirsc ac`kihtc vksk ú h kh`krcjti
(DITTIHJMZ AMMHC[ DITTIHJMZ, 4667).
0.9.9.0. Lcskmhcs ri`kjulircs
GKESTI 0.7. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis ri`kjulircs.
54
Echcrilachtc cstis lcskmhcs sc lmjilkzih i 4aa m achms
`cl airech ekhekvil, lujkch`m uhi jmhgkeurijkúh rc`mh`ci`i
dkch `clkakti`i> m uhi `cjmlmrijk h lkhcil, jmhtkeui i li uhk h
ú khvi`këh`mli (Gke. 0.7.
ú)
jcachtm-i`iaihtkhi (SJI) m khjlusm
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
(Jui`rm 0.4.). Cllm hm cxjluyc tm`i mtri zmhi lmjilkzi`i
lmjil kzi`i chtcria
chtcriachtc
chtc ch li riáz, iuhquc jmh
achmr grcjuchjki. (L[HJB y DCKEBPMH, 9;;0> KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663). Viri su
k`chtkgkjijk úh, usuilachtc sc cstkai quc cs sugkjkchtc vilcrsc `c lms a ëtm`ms vksuil y téjtkl>
skh cadire
c adirem,
m, rcjkchtcachtc sc bi pucstm ch chtrc`kjbm cl ilu`k`m jrktcrkm,
jrktcrkm, ihtc li khsugkjkchtc
cvk`chjki quc vilk`c `kjbms skstcais (DI@CT y ZBSEITZ, 4669).
Lcskmhcs `c jirkcs
ZKEHMZ
ZSVCTGKJKC
Aihjbi Dlihji
Vkeachtijkúh
Jivktijkúh
Hm skcaprc
mstchskdlc
@kgájkl `c
vksuilkzir
Airrúh jlirm y/u msjurm ch lis
gksuris
Tcdmr`c airekhil erkséjcm m
iairkllm
Hm `ctcakhidlc ch
khjkpkchtcs
Ivihzi`i
(cxplmrir jmh bklm)
Jiris Lkdrcs
Pcrjkm ekhekvil
Ieu`i? iairkllm pir`uzjm
Ivihzi`i
Ti`kjulir
------------------
Airrúh
Mdvki/Tcdlih`cjk`i
Mjlusil
Vrmxkail
Jui`rm 0.4. Jirijtcrástkjis `c lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs sceÿh li supcrgkjkc `mh`c sc chjuchtrih.
Ch tm`m jism, cs hcjcsirkm rcjmhgkrair cl cxiach jl áhkjm prclkakhir,
prclkakhir, lucem `c li chsc ùihzi `c bkekchc dujil, jmh li jmhskeukchtc rcamjkúh `c j éljulm y dkmgkla `chtil y li
li
rc`ujjkúh `c li khgliaijk úh ekhekvil (yi quc cstms gijtmrcs `kgkjultih li khspcjjk úh vksuil
ri`kjulir).
Shi lcskúh ijtkvi ch csti érci puc`c prcschtirsc jmh jivktijk úh m skh clli y ch iadms jisms puc`c cxbkdkr uhi ipirkchjki msjuri, `cstcùk`i y uhi supcrgkjkc rcdlih`cjk`i i li cxplmrijk úh téjtkl jmh cxplmri`mr (Zcjjkúh 0.:) (DITTIHJMZ AMMHC[ [ DITTIHJMZ,
4667). Zkh cadirem, ihtc li pmskdklk`i` `c quc li puhti igkli`i `c uhi smh`i cxplmri`mri
-i ÿh jmh auy lkecri prcsk úh- pm`rái jrcir `cgcjtms ch li supcrgkjkc quc kapc`kr áih li
rcakhcrilkzijkúh jmaplcti `c li lcskúh (UITTCH y jml, 466:)> sc rcjmakch`i caplcir uhi
smh`i pcrkm`mhtil m cxplmri`mri `c puhti rc`mh`ci`i KVJ (UBM, 9;;5). ( Gke. 96.9.)
0.9.9.3. Lcskmhcs `c jirkcs i`yijchtcs
i`yijchtcs i rcstiurijkmhcs
rcstiurijkmhcs y sclli`mrcs
(JITZ) (Jipátulm 4).
Vcsc i quc cstc tkpm `c lcskmhcs cs bkstml ekjiachtc skaklir i lis lcskmhcs prkairkis
`c jirkcs, sus jirijtcrástkjis jiusih jkcrtmsú prmdlcais ch cl `kieh ústkjm, tilcs jmam
ch li `kgcrchjkijk úh `c lis `ksjrcpihjkis airekhilcs (khtcerk`i` airekhil, jiadkms `c
jmlmr `cl `kchtc jmhtáeums il airech `c li rcstiurijk úh), lcskmhcs scjuh`irkis y rcsk`uilcs
(AO ×T y PMGGCHCPPK, 4666). ( Gke. 4.4i. ) ( Jipátulm 4).
Li cviluijkúh `c lms a érechcs `c li rcstiurijk úh jmh smh`is cxplmri`mris jmh puhti
igkli`i, chgrchti lis aksais lkaktijkmhcs y prmdlcais quc ch cl jism `c uhi lcsk úh
prkairki. I`caés, cstm puc`c llcvir i uh `kieh ústkjm khjkcrtm, yi quc li rctchjkúh `c li
smh`i cxplmri`mri ch cl airech `c li rcstiurijk úh hm hcjcsirkiachtc kh`kji quc li
pkczi `chtirki cst é iqucoi`i pmr JITZ. A és dkch sc igkrai quc cxkstc pmji rclijk úh
chtrc cl surekakchtm `c cstis lcskmhcs jmh li `ksjrcpihjki airekhil (BIAKL
(BIAKLPMH
PMH y jml., 9;;:>
NK@@ y jml., 9;;0> IH@M y jml., 4660) y quc i ac`k`i quc iuachti cl cspijkm chtrc `kchtc y li
rcstiurijk h, aiymr cs li prmdidklk`i` `c quc ipirczji uhi lcsk h `c jirkcs ch `kjbi
ú
ú
zmhi. (OMTECHZCH
y UINSAMPM, 9;72> EMLDCTE, 9;;6).
5:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Iskaksam, lms jiadkms `c jmlmrijk úh ch lms a érechcs `c lis rcstiurijkmhcs smh
`kg á jklcs `c cviluir, cspcjkilachtc juih`m sc chjuchtrih pr úxkais i rcstiurijkmhcs
act élkjis hm jmhstktuych uh gijtmr prc`kjtkvm jmhgkidlc `c lcsk úh scjuh`irki, yi quc puc`c
`cdcrsc i prm`ujtms `c li jmrrmskúh `c lms actilcs. Vcsc i cllm, tiadk ëh cs pmskdlc
chjmhtrir `kjbis jmlmrijkmhcs ilrc`c`mr `c rcstiurijkmhcs `chtmjmlmrci`is
`chtmjmlmrci`is (NK@@ y jml.,
9;;:). Cs tiadk ëh pmskdlc quc lis lcskmhcs a és mstchskdlcs jl áhkjiachtc `cdk`m i su
jmlmrijkúh scih iqucllis khijtkvis, `ctchk`is m `c prmercskúh lchti (NK@@ y jml., 9;2;).
0.9.4.
0.9
.4. Aëtm
Aëtm`m
`m `c
` c khspcjj
kh spcjjkúh
kúh téjt
téjtkl
kl
Bisti lms i ùms ‒26, li aiymrái `c m`mht úlmems caplcidi cstc aëtm`m,
khtcrprctih`m jmam prcschjki `c jirkcs li rctchjk úh `cl cxplmri`mr ch
uhi gmsi m gksuri. Cstc prmjc`kakchtm pcr`k ú vkechjki, jmhtrikh`kjih`m
su usm, `cdk`m i juitrm rizmhcs?
• Ch su ctipi khkjkil, li `csakhcrilkzijkúh igcjti i li sud supcrgkjkc> akchtris quc li supcrgkjkc pcraihcjc kh`cahc, y pmr ch`c hm cs jipiz `c
rctchcr cl cxplmri`mr.
Ch uhi pkczi quc hm aucstri uhi lcsk úh jivkti`i vkskdlc, `kjbi rctchjk úh i achu`m
hm cs pmskdlc, pmrquc `cdk`m il `k éactrm `c li puhti `cl cxplmri`mr -i ÿh cl a és `clei`m (966 ³a)- hm lmeri pchctrir `chtrm `c lis gksuris (STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI, 9;;6) (Gke. 0.5).
Zu iplkjijkúh ch zmhis `csakhcrilkzi`is pcrm i ÿh hm jivkti`is, lcoms `c givmrcjcr li
Li khspcjjkúh téjtkl
cs utklkzi`i, jmh
rcscrvi, súlm piri
`ctcjtir lcskmhcs
jirkmsis ri`kjulircs.
•
•
khspcjjkúh, jmhllcvi cl rkcsem `c grijturir li supcrgkjkc `cl csailtc, khvilk`ih`m li
pmskdklk`i` `c uhi rcakhcrilkzijkúh guturi (LSZZK, 9;;:> HCUDTSH, 9;;:> LSZZK y jml., 9;;3).
• Zu caplcm ch tm`is y ji`i uhi `c lis gmsis y gksuris, puc`c ijirrcir cl trihspmrtc `c
dijtcrkis jirkmeëhkjis `c uh `kchtc jmh lcsk úh jirkmsi i uhi pkczi sihi. (LSZZK, 9;;:).
Ch til vkrtu`, ijtuilachtc li iplkjijkúh `c ëstc
aëtm`m súlm `cdc lkaktirsc i li `ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis ri`kjulircs, ch lis juilcs hm biy rkcsem
`c grijturir csailtc `csakhcrilkzi`m Zkh cadirem,
iÿh ch cstis ércis, rcsulti givmridlc vilcrsc `c uh
cxplmri`mr jmh puhti csg ë rkji, iuhquc hm
`cstkhéh`mlm i jmhstitir li `urczi `c li supcrgkjkc
quc sc smspcjbi jmaprmactk`i, skhm piri clkakhir
`ctrktms quc pu`kcrih khtcrgcrkr jmh li vksk úh `krcjti
(Gke. 96.9) (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663).
GKESTI 0.5. Jmrtc trihsvcrsil `c uh amlir
pcraihchtc, amstrih`m li rclijkúh chtrc cl ermsmr
`c uh cxplmri`mr y uhi gmsi mjlusil.
Lms aëtm`ms `c
trihskluakhijkúh
sc dis
disih
ih ch quc
lis ércis `chtirkis jirki`is sc
mpmhch il pism
`c li luz, i trivës
`c cllis.
0.9.:.
0.9.
:. Aëtm
Aëtm`ms
`ms `c trihs
t rihsklu
kluakhi
akhijkúh
jkúh
Zc guh`iachti ch quc lis zmhis jirki`is `cl
`kchtc pkcr`ch li trihslujk`cz prmpki `c li cstrujturi `chtil, ch mtris
pilidris? sc mpmhch il trispism `cl biz `c luz quc khjk`c ch cl `kchtc.
Cllm sc `cdc i quc su cstrujturi sc vuclvc aujbm aés pmrmsi, jmam
rcsulti`m `c li `csakhcrilkzijkúh. (Jipátulm 4) (WCT@MHZJBMP y jml., 9;;9).
Ch jmhscjuchjki li lcsk úh jirkmsi, ipircjcré jmam uh érci msjuri, ch
jmhtristc jmh li kaiech jliri y drkllihtc `c li cstrujturi `chtil sihi quc
li jkrjuh`i (www.`kgmtk.jma).
50
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
Zu iplkjijkúh `c li aihcri a és skaplc sc rcilkzi
kluakhih`m cl `kchtc jmh li luz `c li uhk`i` `chtil
rcglcoi`i smdrc li supcrgkjkc `cl cspcom dujil. Lms
cqukpms aés schjkllms utklkzih guchtcs `c luz virki`is,
gmjms `kvcrsms c khjlusm LC@s ( Gke. 0.2 ), y lms a é s
smgkstkji`ms vkchch `mti`ms `c uhi gkdri ú ptkji. Ch
cl jism `cl @KGMPK, ipircjk`m rcjkchtcachtc
(Zcjjkúh 0.9.:.4.), cl skstcai khjluyc uh cqukpm quc
jipti lis ka éechcs y lis `kektilkzi. Zilvm cstc ÿltkam,
hkheuhm `c cstms a ëtm`ms pcraktc rcekstrir y jmhscjuchtcachtc jmapirir ka éechcs.
GKESTI 0.2. Prihskluakhijkúh.
0.9.:.9. Prihskluakhijkúh jmh Gkdri Úptkji (GMPK)
Jmh li jrcjkchtc prcmjupijk úh pmr cl pclkerm pmtchjkil `c lis ri`kijkmhcs, khbcrchtcs i lms riyms R, sc bi dusji`m uhi iltcrhitkvi il cxiach ri`kmerégkjm (Jipátulm 2) piri
`ctcjtir lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis prmxkailcs (VCCTZ y jml., 9;;:). GMPK (pmr sus skelis ch khelës,
piri trihskluakhijkúh jmh gkdri úptkji) cs uh a ëtm`m skaplc, hm khviskvm quc puc`c scr
utklkzi`m piri jmaplcachtir cl cxiach jl áhkjm `c aihcri rcpctk`i skh prcschtir rkcsem
piri cl pijkchtc (@IWKCZ y jml., 4669).
Lis uhk`i`cs `c trihskluakhijkúh juchtih jmh uhi gkdri úptkji quc trihsaktc uh `clei`m biz `c luz dlihji drkllihtc, li aksai quc sc `csv ái prm`ujkch`m smadris
smadris il khjk`kr
ch lis ércis `c jmhtijtm prmxkail `c lis pkczis `chtirkis, `cdk`m i li iltcrijkúh `c li cstrujturi `chtirki quc mjurrc jmam jmhscjuchjki `c li `csakhcrilkzijk úh (@IWK
(@IWKCZ
CZ y jml., 4669).
Cstc aëtm`m bi sk`m vilk`i`m bkstmlúekjiachtc, chjmhtréh`msc vilmrcs `c schskdklk`i` y cspcjkgkjk`i` quc supcrih i lms `c lis ri`kmerigáis (VCCTZ y jml., 9;;:> @IWKCZ y jml., 4669).
0.9.:.4. Aëtm`m @kektil `c Prihskluakhijkúh jmh
jmh Gkdri Úptkji
Úptkji (@KGM
(@KGMPK)
PK)
Cstc aëtm`m tkchc lis skeukchtcs vchtiois? utklkzi uhi guchtc `c luz cxchti `c ri`kijk úh pcrou`kjkil
(tihtm piri cl `chtksti jmam piri cl pijkchtc), pcraktc
pcrak tc
rcilkzir iaplkijkmhcs `c li kaiech, lis ka éechcs
smh rcprm`ujkdlcs, sc puc`c ilaijchir li khgmraijk úh ch li jmaputi`mri y vksuilkzir lis ka éechcs
juih`m sci achcstcr jmapirir.
Jmh cstc skstcai sc puc`c `ctcjtir lcskmhcs
jirkmsis khjkpkchtcs y JITZ ch tm`is lis supcrgkjkcs>
ilrc`c`mr `c iaileiais, rcskhis, scllihtcs.
I`caés, sc puc`ch `ctcjtir mtrms jiadkms ch li
cstrujturi `c li jmrmhi `chtirki, tilcs jmam? grijturis, glumrmsks y `csjiljkgkjijk úh. Zkh cadirem, cstc
a ë tm`m hm cs jipiz `c `ctcjtir iltcrijkmhcs
khgriekhekvilcs y i`ca és cl jmstm `cl cqukpm cs clcvi`m (www.`kgmtk.jma). (Gke.0.;i. i
0.;j).
GKESTI 0.;i. Aëtm`m `c Prihskluakhijkúh
(Am`kgkji`m `c www.`kgmtk.jma).
53
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
d.
j.
GKESTI 0.;d. y j.
@KGMPK (Pmai`m `c
www.`kgmtk.jma).
0.9.0.
0.9
.0. Aëtm
Aëtm`m
`m `c
` c jmh`uj
jm h`ujtkvk
tkvk`i`
`i` clëjt
clëjtrkji
rkji
Cxkstc uhi rclijkúh
`krcjti chtrc li jmh`ujtkvk`i` clëjtrkji
y li `csakhcrilkzijkúh
zijk
úh `c lis
li s cstrujcst rujturis `chtilcs> cs
`cjkr, i aiymr `csakhcrilkzijkúh aiym
y
m r j mh ` uj t k v k `i `
clëjtrkji.
Cstc tkpm `c a ë tm`m sc utklkzi `cs`c ac`ki`ms `cl skelm RR
(DTSHPMH, 4664). Zc disi ch quc cl `kchtc sihm cs uh ail jmh`ujtmr y
pmr cllm li jmh`ujtkvk`i` cl ëjtrkji `cl `kchtc jirki`m sc vc givmrcjk`i
pmr cl sustihjkil khjrcachtm `c li pmrmsk`i` `cl `kchtc, mjiskmhi`m
pmr li `csakhcrilkzijk ú h, y i quc li silkvi llchi lms cspijkms is á
echcri`ms, tmrhih`m cl `kchtc ch uh duch jmh`ujtmr cl ëjtrkjm (IHEAITAÃHZZMH y PCH DMZJB, 9;;:> _IJBTKZZMH, 9;;;), `krcjtiachtc prmpmrjkmhil il eri`m `cl `ctcrkmrm `chtil (DTSHPMH, 4664)> i ÿh juih`m li supcr
supcr--
gkjkc pcraihczji ipirchtcachtc khtijti (PIA y AjJMAD, 4669).
Cl skstcai aés jmhmjk`m piri ac`kr li rcskstchjki clëjtrkji guc `csirrmlli`m pmr
Zwi`i y jml. dis éh`msc ch tridioms ihtcrkmrcs quc `camstrirmh quc cl `kchtc jirki`m
pmscc achms rcskstchjki cl ëjtrkji quc uhm sihm. Cl khstruachtm, quc sc jmacrjkilkzi
jmam Jirkcs Actcr - L - M hunk @chtil.- (Gke. 0.96) caplci mh`is `c 066 Bz y pmscc `ms
clcjtrm`ms, uhm `c lms juilcs sc jmlmji smdrc li gmsi, gksuri m lcsk úh `c jirkcs y cl mtrm
smdrc cl jirrkllm `cl pijkchtc. Jmhsti i`caés, `c uh skstcai kh`kji`mr `c lis `kstkhtis
sktuijkmhcs jláhkjis rcekstridlcs i trivës `c lujcs `c juitrm jmlmrcs? vcr`c,
vcr`c, kh`kji lcsk úh
iuschtc> iairkllm, suekcrc li mdscrvijk úh y cl jmhtrml `c li lcsk úh m li iplkjijk úh `c uh
sclli`mr> ihirihoi`m, rcqukcrc `c li rcstiurijkúh `cl `kchtc, `cdk`m i quc li lcsk úh sc
cxtkch`c i li `chtkhi y li luz rmoi kh`kji quc li pulpi `chtil `cdc scr cxtkrpi`i, pucs li
lcskúh yi li bidr é iljihzi`m (STKDC-CJBCWITTÁI, 9;;6).
Lms ipiritms gidrkji`ms dis éh`msc ch cstc prkhjkpkm huhji iljihzirmh uhi `kguskúh
prmgusi `cdk`m i su prkhjkpil khjmhvchkchtc? li hcjcsk`i` `c scjir cl `kchtc y lucem
buac`cjcrlm jmh smlujkúh silkhi piri gijklktir li jmh`ujtkvk`i`.
jmh`ujtkvk`i `. Zkh cadirem, il jmhstitir
quc sus vilmrcs `c schskdklk`i` -y mjiskmhilachtc tiadk ëh lms `c cspcjkgkjk`i`, smh
aiymrcs- i lms `c li khspcjjk úh vksuil y lis ri`kmerig áis dktc-wkhe, ch lms prkacrms iùms
`cl skelm RRK sc bi rchmvi`m cl khtcr ës ch ch cstc tkpm `c skstcai (PIA y AjJMAD, 4669,
DTSHPMH, 4664).
0.9.3.
0.9
.3. Aëtm
Aëtm`ms
`ms `c glumr
g lumrcsjch
csjchjki
jki lésc
léscrr
Cstms skstcais gucrmh khjmrpmri`ms il acrji`m ch cl ÿltkam lustrm `cl skelm RR, jmh cl
itrijtkvm pirtkjulir `c cstir `cstkhi`ms piri iyu`ir i `ctcjtir lcskmhcs i`iaihtkhis
57
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
khjkpkchtcs. Zc sustchtih ch quc il krri`kir li zmhi
jirki`i jmh uh biz l é scr i` bmj sc echcri
glumrcsjchjki, juym eri`m kh`kji li cxtchsk úh iljihzi`i pmr li lcskúh. Li lmhektu` `c mh`i `cl
léscr caplci`m cs til quc cl csailtc sihm aucstri
uhi a á hkai glumrcsjchjki, juih`m hm huli
GKESTI 0.96. Jirkcs Actcr - L - Mhunk @chtil Oipúh
(DTSHPMH, 4664). Iÿh juih`m hm bi sk`m cstidlcjk`m cl acjihksam pmr cl juil li glumrcsjchjki iuachti ch prcschjki `c jirkcs> sc prcsuac quc cs `cdk`m i li khjmrpmrijk úh `c lms
actidmlktms dijtcrkihms ch lis zmhis jirki`is y hm pmr li `cskhtcerijk úh `c lms jrkstilcs
`c bk`rmxkipitkti (ZBK y jml., 4669i). Lms `ms skstcais a és jmhmjk`ms smh lms skeukchtcs?
0.9.3.9. @KIEHM`cht®
Cs uh khstruachtm quc pcraktc `ctcjtir lcskmhcs jirkmsis i ÿ h ch lms csti`kms
khjkpkchtcs vilkëh`msc `c uh biz l éscr `c uhi lmhektu` `c mh`i `c 733ha,
quc llcei i li pkczi `chtil i triv ës `c uh piquctc `c gkdri úptkji juym
cxtrcam sc udkji ch li supcrgkjkc `cl `kchtc. Sh sceuh`m piquctc `c
Lms khstruachtms
disi`ms ch léscr
gkdri úptkji jipti cl riym `c luz glumrcsjchtc quc bi sk`m rcglcoi`m pmr li
juihtkgkjih li glusupcrgkjkc `chtil . Ch li ac`k`i quc iuachti li aiehktu` `c li lcsk úh, li
mrcsjchjki `c lms
glumrcschjki sc ijrcjkchti (ZBK [ JML.,4669i, 4669d) y li uhk`i` jchtril lc
actidmlktms dijiskehi uh vilmr hua ërkjm quc cs `krcjtiachtc prmpmrjkmhil
prmpmrjkmhil i lms jiadkms
tcrkihms, prmpkms
jiusi`ms pmr `csakhcrilkzijkúh (www.NiW
(www.NiWm
m @KIEHM`cht.jma)
@KIEHM`cht.j ma). Cstm sc i`vkcrtc
`c lis zmhis jiac`kihtc uh ivksm smhmrm, quc kh`kji li prcschjki m iuschjki `c lcskúh y
rki`is, li aksai
i`caés pmr uh vksmr `kektil, quc aucstri juihtktitkviachtc cl prmercsm
quc sc clcvi i
`cl `ctcrkmrm. Sh vilmr hua ërkjm chtrc 3 y 43, kh`kji lcskúh khjkpkchtc ch
ac`k`i quc iuachti cl `ctccsailtc, vilmrcs aiymrcs i cstc rihem, jmrrcspmh`ch i lcskmhcs ch ` chrkmrm.
tkhi supcrgkjkil. Lis lcskmhcs ch `chtkhi prmguh`i, irrmoih vilmrcs supcrkmrcs i :3 (PIA y AjJMAD, 4669).
Cl cqukpm juchti jmh `ms puhtis khtcrjiadkidlcs? uhi j úhkji piri lis gmsis, gksuris
y supcrgkjkcs prmxkailcs y mtri plihi piri lis zmhis vcstkdulircs y lkheuilcs (www. NiWm
@KIEHM`cht.jma). ( Gkes.0.99i. y 0.99d).
GKESTI 0.99i. @KIEHM`cht ® Nivm.
Nivm.
GKESTI 0.99d. Vuhtis piri cviluijkúh
@KIEHM`cht ® Nivm.
JITKCZ @CHP
@CHPIL
IL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
55
GKESTI
Cl @KIEHM`cht® tkchc uhi schskdklk`i` `c
6.57 i 6.20 y uhi cspcjkgkjk`i` `c 6.5; i 6.25,
grchtc i lms vilmrcs `cl amhktmr `c jmh`ujtkvk`i`
cl ëjtrkji quc prcschti uhi schskdklk`i` `c 6.;4
y cspcjkgkjk`i` `c 6.52, ch li ac`kjk ú h `c
jirkcs ch `chtkhi ch li supcrgkjkc mjlusil. Cl
0.99j. @KIEHM`cht pch
pch ® Nivm.
@KIEHM`cht ® aucstri uhi cspcjkgkjk`i`
aiymr il amhktmr `c jmh`ujtkvk`i` cl ëjtrkji y
uh vilmr skaklir `c schskdklk`i` > pmr cllm, ileuhms iutmrcs jmhsk`crih quc cl @KIEHM`cht ®
pm`rái tchcr uhi aiymr vilk`cz ch cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis khkjkilcs (PIA y
AjJMAD, 4669). Hm mdstihtc, `kjbi mpkhk ú h vkchc skch`m jrcjkchtcachtc jucstkmhi`i,
pirtkjulirachtc pmr li dioi cspcjkgkjk`i` `cl `kspmsktkvm (DI@CT y ZBSEITZ, 4660) y pmrquc
hm iljihzi i `kgcrchjkir chtrc lcskmhcs ijtkvis y `ctchk`is. (GMTSA JITKMLMEÁI, 4663).
Viri rc`ujkr sus lkaktijkmhcs ch juihtm i su `ksc ùm, bijkëh`mlm aés jmapijtm, y iskaksam
acomrir sus pmskdklk`i`cs ch lis jiris prmxkailcs,
prmxkailcs, ch 4663 sc lihzú li sceuh`i vcrskúh
®
`chmakhi`i @kiehm`cht pch (Gke. 0.99j. ).
0.9.3.4. YLG (skelis ch khelës) Glumrcsjchjki léscr juihtkgkji`i
Cs uhi bcrriakchti `kiehústkji `kscùi`i piri ac`kr juihtktitkviachtc? lcskmhcs
jirkmsis, dkmgkla `chtil, ijtkvk`i` dijtcrkihi, j éljulm `chtil, chtrc mtrms.
Cl a ëtm`m jmhskstc ch krri`kir cl `kchtc jmh uh léscr `c ireúh izul y vcr`c, i gkh `c
prm`ujkr kaéechcs quc -il scr jipti`is pmr uh gkltrm piri luz iairklli- lujch ch uh amhktmr
jmam aihjbis msjuris ch lis ércis `csakhcrilkzi`is (PTIHÇSZ y jml., 4669).
Lms rcpmrtcs suekcrch quc ac`kihtc cstc khstruachtm hm cs gijtkdlc `kgcrchjkir chtrc
jirkcs, bkpmpliski y jkcrti virkijk úh ch li ihitmaái `chtirki hk tiapmjm sk li lcskúh sc
jkrjuhsjrkdc il csailtc m yi sc cxtch`kú i `chtkhi (PIA y AjJMAD, 4669). Cl YLG prcschti
uhi schskdklk`i` `c 5;% y uhi cspcjkgkjk`i` `c 53% (PTIHÇSZ y jml., 4669)> skh cadirem,
rcsulti ÿtkl piri cviluir ch tkcapm rcil.
0.9.7.
0.9
.7. Aëtm `m ` c r cglc
cglcxkúh
xkúh luaá
luaáhkji
hkji .
Disi`m ch cl skaplc prkhjkpkm `c li rcglcxkúh `c li luz, Hika Nirizkvih y Crkjn Ziurkml
pitchtirmh ch Jihi` é, ch 9;;;, uh cqukpm `chmakhi`m @-Jirkc ® (Hcns, Pcjbhmlmekcs),
ipmy é h`msc ch li tcjhmlme á i `c gkdri ú ptkji, ch lms LC@s y ch cl prkhjkpkm `c li
trihslujk`cz jirijtcrástkji `c lms tcok`ms `chtirkms `urms
`urms sihms> vilc `cjkr quc juih`m
`kjbms tcok`ms sc aihtkchch silu`idlcs pcraktch quc li luz lms pchctrc (li rcgrijtih),
akchtris quc lms jirki`ms li rcglcoih. @c csi aihcri, cl rcglcom quc mjiskmhi li luz
echcri`i pmr lms LC@s `cl cqukpm -il chjmhtrirsc jmh uhi zmhi jirki`i- cs jipti`m pmr
li gkdri úptkji y trihsaktk`m il akjrmprmjcsi`mr `c li uhk`i` (Gke. 0.94i.). Li rcspucsti
cs uh pktk`m, juyi khtchsk`i` c khtcraktchjki cs prmpmrjkmhil i li aiehktu` `c li
`csjiljkgkjijkúh `c li lcskúh> pirilcliachtc cxbkdc uhi scùil luakhmsi quc vkri `cl vcr`c
il rmom. Zus gidrkjihtcs lc itrkduych uhi schskdklk`i` `cl ;4% y uhi cspcjkgkjk`i` `c
jisk 56% (www.hcns.jma), lm quc -ouhtm jmh cl itrijtkvm `c uh `ksc ù m jmapijtm
`chmakhi`m hcns akhk @-Jirkc ® ( Gke. 0.94d. )- lcs bi idkcrtm li pucrti il acrji`m
csti`muhk`chsc ch 4667.
52
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
GKESTI 0.94i. Tcglcxkúh luaáhkji.
GKESTI 0.94d. hcns akhk @-Jirkc® (Hcns, Pcjb.)
0.9.5.
0.9.
5. Hucvm
Hucvmss aëtm`ms
aët m`ms ch pcrsp
p crspcjtk
cjtkvi.
vi.
Ch lms prkacrms iùms `cl skelm RRK, li lktcrituri rcekstri rcpmrtcs ijcrji `cl pmtchjkil
`c `kvcrsms aëtm`ms `c `kiehústkjm. Chtrc cllms sc juchti cl Sltrismhk`m, tcjhmlmeái
iplkji`i ch li ac`kjkhi `cs`c bijc aujbms i ùms, quc ch 466: `km lueir il prkacr `ksc ùm
piri usm m`mhtmlúekjm, `chmakhi`m @ctcjtmr ultrisúhkjm `c jirkcs. Lms prkacrms rcpmrtcs
kh`kjih
uh clcvi`m
pmtchjkil
`c cgcjtkvk`i`,
jmhstitijkúhvilkmsm
prmdidlcachtc
pcraktkr
jmhsmlk`ir,
ch uh guturm
jcrjihm,
uh a ëtm`mjuyi
pirtkjulirachtc
piri li `ctcjjk
úhé
`c lcskmhcs jirkmsis khjkpkchtcs (AIPILMH y jml., 466:).
Vmr mtrm li`m, lis a ÿ ltkplcs y givmridlcs cviluijkmhcs quc cst é h jmhjktih`m lms
skstcais quc sc vilch `c ka éechcs khgrirrmois (D ÜLBCT y jml., 4663) y iskaksam `c li
tmamerigái úptkji jmbcrchtc (MJP pmr sus skelis ch khel ës) (GTKC@ y jml., 4664> OMHCZ y jml.,
4660), bijch prcsuakr quc hm cst é lcoihm cl amachtm ch quc sc jmacrjkilkjch cqukpms
disi`ms ch cstis tcjhmlme áis khhmvi`mris.
0.4. @KIE
@KIEHÚZPK
HÚZPKJM
JM @KGCTC
@K GCTCHJKI
HJKILL
Cl `kiehústkjm `kgcrchjkil sujkhtiachtc puc`c `cgkhkrsc jmam cl choukjkiakchtm `c
pmskdlcs `kiehústkjms. Ch cl jism `c lis lcskmhcs `chtilcs cs guh`iachtil `kgcrchjkirlis
`c lis lcskmhcs `crkvi`is `c mtris chtk`i`cs, chtrc lis quc sc puc`ch khjlukr?
iaclmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti, `chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti, glumrmsks `chtil, idrisk úh, crmskúh,
idgrijjkúh, grijturi y itrkjk úh. Viri cstidlcjcr cl `kiehústkjm `kgcrchjkil, cs hcjcsirkm
tchcr prcschtc lis jirijtcr ástkjis jláhkjis `c ji`i uhi `c lis achjkmhi`is chtk`i`cs>
is á jmam tiadkëh sus jmrrcspmh`kchtcs gijtmrcs ctkml úekjms y rcilkzir uhi ihiahcsks
akhujkmsi, piri mdtchcr sugkjkchtc khgmraijk úh quc jmh`uzji i uh `kiehústkjm prcjksm.
0.4.9.
0.4.
9. Iaclmeëhcs
Iaclmeëhcsks
ks kapcrgcjti
Cl t ërakhm idirji i uh jmhouhtm `c iltcrijkmhcs bcrc`ktirkis `cl `csirrmllm `cl csailtc,
ch iuschjki `c chgcrac`i` skst ëakji. Zc lc rcjmhmjch jitmrjc `kgcrchtcs sudtkpms>
skh cadirem, sc puc`ch cstidlcjcr trcs erih`cs erupms `c ijucr`m il csti`km ch quc
guc igcjti`m cl `csirrmllm `cl csailtc. Cstms smh? cl bkpmpl éskjm (mrkekhi`m ch li ctipi
`c clidmrijkúh `c aitrkz mre éhkji), quc sc jirijtcrkzi pmr uh csailtc `clei`m c krrceu-
5;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
lir> cl bkpmjiljkgkji`m (prm`ujk`m ch cl csti`km `c akhcrilkzijkúh `c li aitrkz), quc aucstri
rcdlih`cjkakchtm `cl csailtc y cl `c tkpm bkpmai`urijk úh (mrkekhi`m `urihtc li ctipi
`c ai`urijkúh), quc aucstri uhi ipirkchjki hmrail, pcrm lujc aihjbi`m y airrúh iairkllchti. Cs cxtrcai`iachtc khgrcjuchtc 9?966,666 (@CLEI@M, 4663)* (Gke. 0.9:i. y 0.9:d.).
0.4.4
0.4
.4 Bkpm
Bkpmplis
pliski
ki i`iaih
i `iaihtkhi
tkhi m `cl
` cl csailt
c sailtcc
K`chtkgkji `cgcjtms echcri`ms `urihtc li gmraijk úh `cl csailtc i jmhscjuchjki `c
khourkis sugrk`is `urihtc su `csirrmllm ( Gkes. 0.90, 0.93. y 2.:;.), lis juilcs puc`ch `kvk`krsc
ch? skstëakjis (glÿmr
mr,, tctrijkjlkhi, khgcjjkmhcs
khgcjjk mhcs skst ëakjis prm`ujk`is pmr vkrus y dijtcrkis,
ailhutrkjkúh, trihstmrhms actid úlkjms, ctj.) y lmjilcs (triuai acj éhkjm ieu`m lmjil,
qucai`uri clëjtrkji, krri`kijkúh c khgcjjk úh lmjil. Li bkpmpliski lmjilkzi`i ch uh smlm
`kchtc, echcrilachtc sc `crkvi `c uhi khgcjjk úh pcrkipkjil `c uh `kchtc `cjk`um y sc lc
rcjmhmjc pmrquc li jmrmhi aucstri uhi zmhi
zmh i `c jmlmr airrúh (jigë), jmh iuschjki pirjkil
m tmtil `c csailtc. (@CLEI@M, 4663)*.
GKESTI 0.9:i.
Iaclmeëhcsks
kapcrgcjti.
GKESTI 0.9:d.
Iaclmeëhcsks
kapcrgcjti.
GKESTI 0.90.
Bkpmpliski `cl
csailtc.
GKESTI 0.93.
Bkpmpliski `cl
csailtc.
0.4.:.
0.4
.:. @chtk
@chtkhmeë
hmeëhcsk
hcskss kapcr
ka pcrgcjti
gcjti
Cs uh tristmrhm bcrc`ktirkm khgrcjuchtc `cl `csirrmllm `chtil, quc sc trihsaktc jmh
jir éjtcr iutmhúakjm `makhihtc. (OIDLMHZN[
(OIDLMHZN[,, 46 64) y sc jirijtcrkzi pmrquc li gmrai `cl
`kchtc sc aihtkchc hmrail, pcrm lujc uh ispcjtm mpilcsjchtc m trihslÿjk`m, jmh virkijkmhcs `c jmlmr quc vih `cs`c cl iairkllm il izul erks éjcm. Cs jirijtcrástkjm cl `cseistc
`c lms dmr`cs khjksilcs y lis j ÿspk`cs. Cl csailtc puc`c
scr hmrail, pcrm echcrilachtc sc `csprch`c. Li j éairi
pulpir sc chjuchtri tmtil m pirjkilachtc mdlktcri`i,
mdlktcri` i, isá jmam
lms jmh`ujtms ri`kjulircs (CL AIHSIL @C M@MHPMLMEÁI, 9;;3).
Cxkstc uhi aili gmraijk úh `c li `chtkhi jmh uh jmhtchk`m
ihmrailachtc diom `c akhcrilcs. Echcrilachtc lms `kchtcs
sc `cseistih r é pk`iachtc `coih`m au ù mhcs `c jmlmr
airr úh jig ë (OIDLMHZN[
(OIDLMHZN[,, 4664) ( Gkes. 0.97. y 2.04.).
GKESTI 0.97. @chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti.
* @clei`m U. Jmauhkjijkúh vcrdil> 4663.
26
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
JITIJ
JI
TIJPC
PCTÁZ
TÁZPK
PKJIZ
JIZ IACLM
IACLMEË
EËHCZ
HCZKZ
KZ
KAVCTGCJPI
BKVMVLIZ
BKVMV
LIZKI
KI @C
@CLL
CZAILPC
@CHPKHM
@CHP
KHMEË
EËHCZ
HCZKZ
KZ
KAVCTGCJPI
Vkczis igcjti`is Pm`is
Juilqukcri
Pm`is
GLSMT
GLS
MTMZ
MZKZ
KZ
Bmaúlmeis
AIHJBI
AIHJB
I
DLIHJI
Juilqukcri
Érci igcjti`i
Pm`i
Juilqukcri
Pm`i
Jmlmrijkúh
Iltcri`i
`cpch`kch`m
`c
`
cl tkpm
Echcrilachtc
Jmlmrci`i
Iairkllm i izul
erkséjcm.
Mpilcsjchtc
Csailtc
Auy `clei`m?
Yucdri`kzm
Echcrilachtc
iuschtc
achms trihslÿjk`m,
Ssuilachtc jcrji Zupcrgkjkcs lksis,
`c jÿspk`cs y
jcrji il airech
dmr`cs khjksilcs
ekhekvil
vcstkdulircs
Mpiji? dlihjm
Dlihjm tkzi
tkzi m airrúh.
mpiji
Vmrmsm
Vmrmsm
qucdri`kzm
JSI@TM 0.:. Jirijtcrástkjis jláhkjis `c iaclmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti, bkpmpliski `cl csailtc, `chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti,
glumrmsks `chtil y aihjbi dlihji.
0.4.0.
0.4.
0. Glum
Glumrms
rmsks
ks `chtil
` chtil
Jmhskstc ch uhi iltcrijk úh bkpmpléskji m `c
bkpmakhcrilkzijk ú h `cl csailtc `chtirkm
mjiskmhi`i pmr li khecstk úh jr úhkji cxjcskvi `c
glumrurms `urihtc cl pcrkm`m `c `csirrmllm `chtirkm, cspcjágkjiachtc `urihtc lms jkhjm prkacrms
iùms `c su vk`i (JST[, 9;;6> JST[
JST[,, 4669> CZVKHMZI y
WILCHJKI, 4667). Li scvcrk`i` y li `kstrkdujk úh `c
li iltcrijkúh quc pi`cjch lms `kchtcs, `cpch`c
`c li jmhjchtrijkúh plisaétkji `cl glÿmr
mr,, li ctipi
ctip i
`c ijtkvk`i` iaclmech ëtkji y li susjcptkdklk`i`
`cl buëspc` (EÚAC_, 4660).
GKESTI 0.95i. Glumrmsks `chtil lcvc.
Jl á hkjiachtc sc jirijtcrkzi pmr uhi ipirkchjki mpiji `c jmlmr dlihjm tkzi m eks, quc
iqucoi i `kchtcs bma ú lmems ( Gke. 0.95d. ).
Ileuhis vcjcs puc`ch ierceirsc tkhjkmhcs
cxúechis pmstcruptkvis ( Gke. 0.95d.) (JST[
(JST[,, 4669)
4669 ).
Li gmrai `cl `kchtc c khjlusm li khtcerk`i` puc`c
cstir igcjti`i, cspcjkilachtc ch lms eri`ms ais
scvcrms. Gmsis, erkctis y aihjbis jmlmr jig ë
igcjtih i li aiymr ái `c lms `kchtcs ` éh`mlcs uhi
ipirkchjki `c jmrrm á`ms (EÚAC_, 4660> CZVKHMZI y
WILCHJKI, 4667) . Lis jirijtcr á stkjis quc li
`kstkheuch `c lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs y mpijk`i`cs
hm glumrúskjis sc `ctillih ch cl Jui`rm 0.0.
GKESTI 0.95d. Glumrmsks `chtil am`cri`i.
C l jui`rm 0.:. prcschti ileuhis jirijtcr ástkjis jláhkjis quc iyu`ih i mdtchcr uh `kiehústkjm `kgcrchjkil chtrc iaclme ë hcsks kapcrgcjti, `chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti, bkpmpliski
`cl csailtc, glumrmsks `chtil y aihjbi dlihji. Ileuhms iutmrcs jmkhjk`ch ch quc aujbis vcjcs hm sc puc`c llceir il `kiehústkjm `cgkhktkvm chtrc li iaclme ëhcsks kapcrgcjti y li `chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti diséh`msc
29
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Jirijtcrástkjis
Gmrais aés lcvcs `c li Glumrmsks
- Echcrilachtc i`yijchtc m ch lis jÿspk`cs y
_mhi
jmaprmactk`i dmr`cs khjksilcs.
Mpijk`i`cs i`iaihtkhis hm glumrúskjis
- Echcrila
Echcrilachtc
chtc jchtri`i
jchtri`i ch li supcrgkjkc lksi.
- Vuc`c igcjtir
igcjtir li jmrmhi
jmrmhi jmaplcti.
jmaplcti.
Gmrai `c
lcskúh
Láhcis khjrcachtilcs ch cl csailtc.
- Jipis krrceu
krrceulirc
lircs
s ch lis jÿspk`cs.
@cairjijkúh
- Zc jmhguh`c
jm hguh`c jmh cl
c l csailtc
csail tc hmrail
hmr ail jkrj
jkrjuh
uh`i
`iht
htc.
c. - @kgcr
@kgcrchjki`
chjki`i
i `cl csail
csailtc
tc hmrail i`yijchtc.
i`yijchtc.
- Vm
Vmjm
jm aés mpijm quc cl csailtc hmrail.
Jmlmr
- Vmskdlc ipirkchjki
ipirkchjki dlihqucjkhi
dlihqucjkhi ch dmr`cs
Echcrilachtc rc`mh`i u mvili`i.
- Echcrilachtc pkeachti`i (dckeciairkllchtm i rmokzm msjurm-hirihoi) ch cl
amachtm `c li crupjk úh.
puhtis
`c j.ÿspk`c.
- khjksilcs
Iuschjki
Iusch
jkiy`c
aihjbis.
aihjbis
- Aés grcjuchtc ch `kchtcs jmh jiljkgkjijkúh
lchti (jihkhms, prcamlircs, sceuh`ms y
@kchtcs
jmaprmactk`ms tcrjcrms amlircs).
- Tirm ch khjkskvms
khjkskvms khgcrkmrcs
khgcrkmrcs y ch `cjk`ums.
`cjk`ums.
- Vrcschtc ch scks u mjbm `kchtcs bmaúlmems.
- Juilqukcr `kchtc
`kchtc puc`c cstir igcjti`m.
igcjti`m.
- Ch supcrgkjkcs vcstkdulircs `c khjkskvms
khjkskvms
khgcrkmrcs y jmaÿh ch `cjk`ums.
- Vuc`c mjurrkr ch uh smlm `kchtc,
`kchtc, pcrm echcrilachtc igcjti `c uhm i trcs `kchtcs.
Bkpmpliski
kapmrtihtc
- Ius
Iuscht
chtc.
c.
- Zupcrgkjkc i`iaihtkhi
i`iaihtkhi lksi
lksi y drkllihtc.
drkllihtc.
- Iusch
Iuschtc
tc i scvcri
scvcri..
- Zupcrgkjkc i`iaihtkhi
i`iaihtkhi ruemsi y mpiji.
@ctcjjkúh
- Grcjuchtcachtc vkskdlc diom luz pmtchtc.
- Aés géjklachtc `ctcjtidlc `cs`c uhi
pmskjkúh tihechjkil i li supcrgkjkc.
- Aés géjklachtc vkskdlcs diom luz pmtchtc.
- Aés géjklachtc `ctcjtidlc `cs`c uhi
pmskjkúh pcrpch`kjulir i li supcrgkjkc.
Jui`rm 0.0. @kiehústkjm `kgcrchjkil chtrc gmrais
gmr ais lcvcs `c glumrmsks `chtil (jucstkmhidlc, auy lcvc y lcvc)
y mpijk`i`cs i`iaihtkhis
i`iaihtkhis hm ismjki`is il Glÿmr
Glÿmr (I`ipti`m `c TSZZCLL,
TSZZCLL, 9;79).
0.4.3.
0.4
.3. Lcsk
Lcskmhcs
mhcs jcrvk
jcrvkjilc
jilcss hm jirk
jirkmsis
msis (LJH
(LJHJ)
J)
Ch li rcekúh jcrvkjil `c lis pkczis `chtirkis suclch prcschtirsc `kvcrsis lcskmhcs, i`ca é s `c lis prm`ujk`is pmr jirkcs `chtil. Ë stis mjiskmhih `cseistc, `ksmlujk ú h m
`csprch`kakchtm `c li cstrujturi `chtil.
Cl `cseitc sc itrkduyc il cgcjtm idriskvm `cl jcpklli`m m il grmtiakchtm `c mtrms mdoctms, ch juym jism sc `chmakhi idriskúh, akchtris quc cl prm`ujk`m pmr `ksmlujk úh qu áakji pmr li ijjk úh `c lms éjk`ms sc lliai crmskúh m jmrrmskúh (ETKVVM, 4660). Vmr su
pirtc, li glcxkúh jcrvkjil mrkekhi`i pmr gucrzis
gucrzis mrekhi`is i hkvcl
hkvcl mjlusil llcei i mjiskmhir
cl `csprch`kakchtm `c tcok`ms i hkvcl jcrvkjil, lcsk úh quc sc jmhmjc jmam idgrijjkúh
(@MZ ZIHPMZ y MLKWCKTI, 4660). Ji`i uhm `c cstms tkpms `c lcsk úh tkchc jirijtcr á stkjis
`kgcrchtcs> skh cadirem, i achu`m ch uhi aksai lcsk ú h sc puc`ch k`chtkgkjir lis
jirijtcrástkjis jmhjurrchtcs `c `ms m `c lms trcs tkpms achjkmhi`ms> pmr til riz úh, cs
prcgcrkdlc rcgcrkrsc i cllms pmr cl jilkgkjitkvm ech ërkjm `c lcskmhcs jcrvkjilc
jcrvkjilcss hm jirkmsis
(LJHJ). Zkh cadirem, i cgcjtm `c crri`kjir lms iechtcs jiusilcs, cs kaprcsjkh`kdlc quc sc
cstidlczjih lis jirijtcrástkjis prc`makhihtcs, `c ibá li pcrtkhchjki
`c cstir skcaprc il tihtm `c lis jirijtcr ástkjis kh`kvk`uilcs.
.
0.4.3.9. Idriskúh
GKESTI 0.92. Lcskmhcs pmr
idriskúh.
Li idriskúh `chtil sc `cgkhc jmam cl `cseistc pitml úekjm `c
lis cstrujturis `chtilcs mjiskmhi`m pmr prmjcsms acj éhkjms (I@@[
y BSHPCT, 466:). Jmam cl `cseistc `c li cstrujturi `chtil cs prm`ujtm `c li grkjjk úh rcilkzi`i pmr ile ÿh mdoctm, li lmjilkzijkúh `chtrm `c
li irji`i pm`r é scr `kstkhti ch ji`i jism. Echcrilachtc cs
prm`ujk`i pmr uhi aili t ë jhkji `c jcpklli`m (bmrkzmhtil) m pmr
24
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
rctchc`mrcs prmtëskjms ail i`ipti`ms. Vcrm tiadkëh puc`c scr prm`ujk`i pmr ileuhms
bédktms mjupijkmhilcs, pmr cocaplm lms jirpkhtcrms quc smstkchch lms jlivms chtrc sus
`kchtcs y lis jmsturcris lms ilgklcrcs (@MZ ZIHPMZ y MLKWCKTI, 4660). Zus jirijtcrástkjis sc
`csjrkdch ch cl Jui`rm 0.3. ( Gkes. 0.92. y 2.:3.).
0.4.3.4. Crmskúh m Jmrrmskúh
Li crmskúh `chtil cs cl jilkgkjitkvm echcrilkzi`m piri rcgcrkrsc i li p ër`k`i `c tcok`ms
`chtilcs `urms, `cdk`m i li ijjk úh qu
q uáakji `c éjk`ms y/m quclihtcs, skh li khtcrvchjkúh
`c dijtcrkis (KAGCL@, 9;;7> AMZZ, 9;;2) . Zkh cadirem,
prmdidlcachtc cl t ë rakhm quc acomr sc iousti i li
tcrakhmlmeái qu
q uáakji sci cl `c jmrrmskúh (ETKVVM, 4660).
Lms é jk`ms rcspmhsidlcs `cl `cseistc hm cst é h
ismjki`ms il dkmgkla `chtil, skhm i li khecsti `cl pijkchtc
(gijtmrcs cxtráhscjms) m smh prm`ujk`ms pmr su mreihksam
(gijtmrcs khtráhscjms) y uh pmrjchtioc a áhkam jmrrcspmh`c
i éjk`ms `c mrkech `csjmhmjk`m (ctkmlmeái k`kmpétkji) (AIZ,
4664) .
GKESTI 0.9;. Lcskmhcs crmskvis.
Lms pijkchtcs cxpucstms i éjk`ms cxtráhscjms sugrch aiymr `iùm ch lis supcrgkjkcs
vcstkdulircs `c lms khjkskvms supcrkmrcs, akchtris quc lms éjk`ms khtráhscjms prm`ujch
aés `cstrujjkúh ch lis supcrgkjkcs lkheuilcs. Cl i`cleiziakchtm `cl csailtc `coi trislujkr prmercskviachtc li `chtkhi, pu`kch`m llceir i cxpmhcrli> p mr cllm, lms `kchtcs igcjti`ms suclch prcschtir uh ispcjtm iairkllchtm ihtkcstëtkjm (DITTMH y jml,
466:). ( Jui`rm 0.3. ) ( Gke 0.9;.).
0.4.3.:. Idgrijjkúh
Cs li p ër`k`i pitmlúekji `c li cstrujturi `chtirki i hkvcl `c li
SJI (uhkúh jcachtm i`iaihtkhi), jiusi`i pmr gucrzis dkmacj éhkjis
rcsultihtcs `c gucrzis mjlusilcs `cglcjtkvis, jipijcs `c echcrir tchskmhcs quc sc jmhjchtrih ch li rcekúh jcrvkjil, `ih`m jmam rcsulti`m
uhi glcxkúh y gitkei `cl csailtc y `chtkhi `c li rcek úh y jmhscjuchtcachtc su `csprch`kakchtm (@MZ ZIHPMZ y MLKWCKTI, 4660).
JITIJPCTÁZPKJIZ
CTMZKÚH
IDTIZKÚH
GKESTI 0.46. Lcskmhcs pmr
idgrijjkúh.
IDGTIJJKÚH
LCZKÚH JITKMZI
Érci igcjti`i
Lkheuil m vcstkdulir
Wcstkdulir
Echcrilachtc vcstkdulir.
Wcstkdulir m lkheuil
Gmrai
“Vlitm tch`k`m‑
“S‑
“W‑
Krrceulir
Aérechcs
Lksms, pm
pmjm `c
`cgkhk`ms
Ieu`ms,
airji`ms
Ieu`ms, ec
echcrilachtc
khgri-ekhekvilcs
Krrceulircs
Zupcrgkjkc `c
csailtc
Lksi, echcrilachtc
pulk`i
Lksi, drkllihtc,
jmh surjms
Tuemsi
Tuemsi
Jmlmrijkúh
Khiltcri`i
Khiltcri`i
Khiltcri`i
Airrúh
JSI@TM 0.3. Jirijtcrástkjis jláhkjis `c crmskúh, idriskúh, idgrijjkúh y lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kjulir.
ri`kjulir.
2:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Jma ÿhachtc, lms `cgcjtms sc prcschtih ch
gmrai `c ju ùi jmh a érechcs `c éheulms hátk`ms
y lkakti`ms il é rci jcrvkjil, pu`kch`m igcjtir
pkczis `chtirkis `c aihcri iksli`i ch li irji`i.
Zc lmjilkzi prkhjkpilachtc ch li supcrgkjkc
vcstkdulir `c lis pkczis pmstcrkmrcs, cspcjkil-
achtc prcamlircs y echcrilachtc su l á aktc
jcrvkjil llcei i hkvcl khgriekhekvil (TKHECLDCTE y
jml., 9;;7> @MZ ZIHPMZ y MLKWCKTI, 4660). ( Jui`rm
GKESTI 0.49. Grijturi jmrmhirki `c li pkczi 99.
0.3.) ( Gke 0.46.).
0.4.7.
0.4.
7. Mtri
Mtriss lcskmh
lc skmhcs
cs
GKESTI 0.44. Itrkjkúh? `kgcrchtcs eri`ms `c
scvcrk`i`
I`kjkmhilachtc i lm achjkmhi`m, cxkstch
mtris `ms jiusis pmr lis quc sc pkcr`c tcok`m
tcok`m
`chtirkm. Vmr uh li`m, lis grijturis `chtilcs
sugrk`is jmam jmhscjuchjki `c uhi khourki
triua é tkji, juyis lcskmhcs aucstrih dmr`cs
iscrri`ms, krrceulircs y auy h átk`ms (Gkes. 0.49
y 2.:2.)> y pmr mtrm li`m li itrkjkúh, t ërakhm quc
k`chtkgkji cl `cseistc `c lis jiris trkturihtcs
`crkvi`m `cl grkjjkmhiakchtm piriguhjkmhil jmhtri
sus ihtiemhkstis ( Gkes. 0.44 y 2.:5 ), b é dktm
`chmakhi`m druxksam. Csti ÿltkai igcjti dmr`cs khjksilcs y puhtis `c j ÿspk`cs `c pcrsmhis jmh ilti pmtchjki aistkjitmrki y ch eri`ms scvcrms puc`c jmaprmactcr i erupms
`c `kchtcs jmhtkeums, c khjlusm i li irji`i jmaplcti (OIDLMHZN[
(OIDLMHZN[,, 4664).
0.:.. @KZPKHJ
0.:
@K ZPKHJKÚH
KÚH CHPT
CHPTCC LCZKÚH
LCZ KÚH IJPK
IJPKW
WI [ @CPCH
@CPCHK@I
K@I
Juih`m sc cstidlcjkú li hiturilczi `kh éakji `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, sc bkzm cvk`chtc quc aés illé `c `kiehmstkjir sk li lcsk ú h billi`i jmrrcspmh`c cgcjtkviachtc i uhi
scjucli `c li chgcrac`i` jirkcs, cs guh`iachtil cstidlcjcr i`kjkmhilachtc sk ch `kjbi
lcskúh cl gchúachm `cs/rc sc chjuchtri cquklkdri`m m li `csakhcrilkzijkúh bi iljihzi`m uh hkvcl prcpmh`crihtc. Ch til schtk`m cs kapmrtihtc julakhir li jmhjlusk úh `kiehústkji,
i gkh `c mrkchtirli bijki li prcsjrkpjkúh tcripëutkji, `ctcrakhih`m i`kjkmhilachtc sk li
lcskúh sc chjuchtri ijtkvi m `ctchk`i. ( Jui`rm
0.7) ( Gkes. 7.99. y 7.94.) ( Jipátulm 7).
Li `ctcrakhijkúh `c li ijtkvk`i` `c li lcsk úh cs cspcjkilachtc kapmrtihtc piri lis
lcskmhcs hm jivkti`is `cdk`m i quc cl prmjcsm puc`c `ctchcrsc, yi sci jmam pirtc `c
li bkstmrki hituril `c li chgcrac`i` m pmr jiusis
rclijkmhi`is il ac`km dujil. Ch pijkchtcs i`ultms,
LCZKÚH
lis lcskmhcs `ctchk`is hm jivkti`is smh jkjitrkjcs
JTKPCTKMZ
IJPKWI
@CPCHK@I
`c li chgcrac`i` ch pcrkm`ms `c ijtkvk`i`
Vkeachtijkúh
Cspmré`kji
Jmhstihtc
ijicjk`ms iùms m khjlusm ` ëji`is ihtcs> pcsc i
Jmhskstchjki
Tcdlih`cjk`i
@uri
cllm, `kjbis jkjitrkjcs hm prmvcch khgmraijk úh ÿtkl
Ispcjtm úptkjm Aitc
Drkllihtc
ijcrji `c li ijtkvk`i` ijtuil `c li chgcrac`i`, i
JSI@TM 0.7. Jrktcrkms piri `kgcrchjkir uhi lcskúh
achms quc sc mdscrvc uh jiadkm `mjuachti`m
ijtkvi `c uhi `ctchk`i.
20
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 0
`cl ispcjtm prcvkm `c li lcskúh. Lis lcskmhcs `ctchk`is m khijtkvis, prcschtih uhi
prmdidklk`i` auy dioi `c prmercsir m `c rcercskmhir> cs `cjkr, amstrir cl cgcjtm `cl
tritiakchtm (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663).
Vmr cllm, li `ctcrakhijkúh `c li ijtkvk`i` `c li lcskúh cs jrujkil, yi quc jmhstktuyc
uhi cvk`chjki `cl prmjcsm `c li chgcrac`i` ch tkcapm rcil. I`caés, cs li acomr gmrai
`c `ctcrakhir cl rkcsem `c jirkcs (_CTM y jml., 4669> KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663). Zkh
cadirem, li `ctcrakhijkúh `c li ijtkvk`i` jmhstktuyc uh rctm, pucstm quc `cdc disirsc
ch jiadkms auy sutklcs `i`ms pmr jrktcrkms cstidlcjk`ms. ( Jui`rm 0.7.). @cdk`m i li
hiturilczi `c li chgcrac`i`, cs pmskdlc mdscrvir zmhis `ctchk`is y ijtkvis ch li aksai
supcrgkjkc, m quc sc chjuchtrch ch li trihskjkúh `c ijtkvi i `ctchk`i m vkjcvcrsi. Jmam
iyu`i, puc`c rcjurrkrsc i khstruachtms `c iyu`i piri jmhtrmlir jiadkms ch lis lcskmhcs
ch cl trihsjursm `cl tkcapm.
tkcap m. Vmr cocaplm? YLG, @KIEHM`ch
@KIEHM`chtt (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC,
®
4663) c khjlusm @-jirkcs .
Ch li supcrgkjkc `cl csailtc (jmrmhi `chtil) cs rclitkviachtc schjkllm cstidlcjcr li
`kgcrchjki ch achjkúh, diséh`msc ch li jmhouhjkúh `c trcs jrktcrkms jliriachtc `cgkhk`ms
(Jui`rm 0.7.). Chtrctihtm, ch lis supcrgkjkcs ri`kjulircs , li `kstkhjkúh chtrc lcskúh ijtkvi
y `ctchk`i puc`c rcsultir jmhgusi> bidk`i juchti quc ch tilcs supcrgkjkcs cl ispcjtm
aés msjurm m li prcschjki `c jivk`i` hm hcjcsirkiachtc `kgcrchjkih uhi lcskúh ijtkvi
`c uhi `ctchk`i. Isá, lis lcskmhcs prkairkis skh jivk`i` (lcskmhcs khjkpkchtcs)
echcrilachtc sc jmhsk`crih ijtkvis> akchtris quc lis jivkti`is (iqucllis quc bih pcr`k`m
su khtcerk`i` supcrgkjkil), pm`ráih cstkairsc dkch sci jmam ijtkvis m jmam `ctchk`is
(KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663). Chtmhjcs vilc ipmyirsc ch li prcschjki `c lis mtris
`ms jirijtcrástkjis? li jmhskstchjki y cl ispcjtm úptkjm (Jui`rm 0.7.). Cs prcgcrkdlc hm
sustchtirsc
sustchtirs
c ch li prmguh`k`i` `c li lcskúh (DKLLKHEZ, 9;23), yi quc `kjbi prcsuhjkúh jláhkji
iÿh hm bi llcei`m i jmrrmdmrirsc (KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663). Zc cstkai quc cl
kh`kjitkvm `ctcrakhihtc cs li jmhskstchjki `uri `c li lcskúh, `i`i li jmrrclijkúh khvcrsi
quc cxkstc chtrc li `urczi supcrgkjkil y li jihtk`i` `c dijtcrkis prcschtcs ch uhi lcskúh
(L[HJB
(L
[HJB y DCKEBPMH, 9;;0> KJ@IZ JMMT@KHIPKHE JMAKPCC, 4663).
Ch rcsuach
Li jmhjluskúh `cl prmjcsm `kiehústkjm jmhstktuyc li disc piri mptir pmr uhi prcsjrkpjkúh quc sc jmrrcspmh`i jmh lis scjuclis ijirrci`is pmr li chgcrac`i` y jmh lms
iechtcs ctkmlúekjms quc li bih prm`ujk`m. Viri cllm, tih kh`kspchsidlc jmam k`chtkgkjir
lis lcskmhcs ch su tmtilk`i` y `ctillc, rcsulti jipktil `ctcrakhir sk lis lcskmhcs `ctcjti`is
sc chjuchtrih ijtkvis m piskvis.
Viri k`chtkgkjir lis lcskmhcs, cl jláhkjm sc vilc cschjkilachtc `c li khspcjjkúh vksuil,
li juil jmhstktuyc cl aëtm`m echcrilkzi`m pmr cxjclchjki, pcsc i quc sus lkaktijkmhcs
-pirtkjulirachtc jmh rcspcjtm i lis lcskmhcs prcjmjcs- bijch cschjkil vilcrsc `c mtrms
aëtm`ms, tilcs jmam? li ri`kmlmeái, li trihskluakhijkúh, li rcskstchjki clëjtrkji, li
glumrcschjki léscr y li rcglcxkúh luaáhkji, i lms juilcs prmdidlcachtc sc suairé cl
ultrismhk`m, cjmerigái, auy utklkzi`ms ch mtrms jiapms `c li silu` pcrm juyi i`iptijkúh
i li M`mhtmlmeái sc chjuchtri iÿh ch ctipi `c `csirrmllm.
23
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Lms `kgcrchtcs a ëtm`ms piri rcilkzir li `ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs `c jirkcs jmhstktuych
uhi iyu`i piri cl prmgcskmhil, juyi sclcjjkúh i`cjui`i rcqukcrc jmhmjcr lms iljihjcs
y cspcjkilachtc lis lkaktijkmhcs `c ji`i uhm, pucs bisti ibmri hm bi surek`m i ÿh cl
aëtm`m khgilkdlc y hkheuhm, prcschtc m guturm, pm`ré rccaplizir cl jrktcrkm `cl gijultitkvm.
Ieri`cjkakchtms
Il Vrmg. Uklsmh @clei`m `cl Vcrÿ, pmr bidcr gijklkti`m echtklachtc cl áhtcerm `c li khgmraijkúh piri lis scjjkmhcs
0.4.9.y 0.4.4. y li Gkeuri 0.97. @c keuil am`m i lms Vrmgs. Tmdcrtm Cspkhmsi y Tmdcrtm Wilchjki, `c Aëxkjm,
pmr bidcr jc`k`m iaidlcachtc lis gkeuris 0.0., 0.9: i., 0.9:d., 0.93., 0.95i. y 0.95d.
Tcgcrchjkis
I``y A, Buhtcr A. Jih tmmtb drusbkhe `iaiec ymur
bciltb= Cggcjts mh mril ih` `chtil tkssucs. Kht @cht O
466:>3:(:)?95;-27
Ih`m A, Emhzélcz-Jidczis J, Ksiijs TL, Cjncrt EO, Ztmmncy
EN. Cviluitkmh mg scvcril
scvcril tcjbhkqucs gmr tbc `ctcjtkmh
`ctcjtkmh
mg scjmh`iry jirkcs i`oijcht tm iaileia rcstmritkmhs.
Jirkcs Tcs 4663>:2?:36-37.
Iheair-Aãhssmh DP, tch Dmsjb OO. I`vihjcs kh actbm`s
gmr `kiehmskhe jmrmhil jirkcs - i rcvkcw. I`v @cht Tcs
9;;:>5(4)?56-;.
Di`cr O@, Zbueirs @I, Dmhktm IO. Zystcaitkj rcvkcw mg sclcjtc` `chtil jirkcs `kiehmstkj ih` aihiecacht actbm`s. O @cht C`uj 4669> 73(96)?;;9-7.
Di`cr O@, Zbueirs @I. I systcaitkj rcvkcw mg tbc pcrgmraihjc mg i liscr glumrcsjchtc `cvkjc gmr `ctcjtkhe jirkcs. O
Ia @cht Issmj 4660> 9:3(96)?909:-47.
Dirrihjms Ammhcy O, Dirrihjms VO. Mpcritmrki @chtil. 0ª
c`. Duchms Ikrcs? Aë`kji Vihiacrkjihi> 4667.
Dirrmh T, Jirakjbicl T, Airjmh A, Zæh`mr E. @chtil Crmskmh 466:>
kh eistrmcsmpbiecil
rcglux `kscisc. Jlkhkjil Vrijtkjc
Gcdruiry 7; (4)?20-2;.
Dkllkhes TO, Drmwh
Dr mwh LT, Nistcr IE. Jmhtcapmriry Prcitacht
stritcekcs gmr rmmt surgijc `chtil jirkcs. Ecrm`mhtkjs
9;23> 9(9)?46-5.
Druhtmh V. @cjkskmh-Ainkhe
@cjkskmh-Ainkhe kh mpcritkvc `chtkstry. 9ª c`.
Lmh`mh? Yukhtcsschjc Vudlksbkhe> 4664.
Düblcr JA, Heimtbcppktin V, Grkc` @. Kaiekhe mg mjjlusil
`chtil jirkcs (`cjiy) hcir ‚KT lkebt it 9:96 ha. Mpt
Cxprcss 4663, 9:(4)? 35:-2:.
Jury OI, Ssm `m Glumr, Ch? Diritkcrk H y jml. @chtástkji.
Vrmjc`kakchtms prcvchtkvms c rcstiuri`mrcs. Tkm `c Oihckrm? Zihtms> 9;;6.p.:9-72.
Jury OI, Ssm `m Glumr c jmhtrmlc `i jérkc jmam `mchåi. Ch?
Diritkcrk LH y jml. M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri.
Guh`iachtms c Vmsskdklk`i`cs. Zim Viulm? Zihtms, Yukhtcsschjc> 4669.p.:0-72.
@ivkcs
Umrtbkhet
mh BW, Jlirnsmh
OC, PbmaiskhV,echcril
@ivkcs
TA. EA,
Pbc Umrtbkhetmh
usc mg gkdrc-mptkj
trihsklluakhitkmh
`chtil prijtkjc. Dr @cht O 4669> 9;9(:)?903-905.
@ms Zihtms J, Mlkvckri W. Lcsócs hêm Jirkmsis, Ch? Emacs
OJ c`.. Cstët kji ca Jláhk ji M`mht mlúe
mlúekji.
kji. Jurkt kdi?
AIKM>4660.p.939-;0.
Cl Aihuil `c M`mhtmlmeái. Dirjclmhi? Aissmh-Zilvit
m`mhtmlmeái>9;;3.
Cspkhmsi T, Wilchjki T. @ctrkachtm cstëtkjm `chtil pmr
glumrmsks? ctkmlmeái y tcripcÿtkji. Ch? Bchmstrmzi E, c`ktmr. Cstëtkji ch M`mhtmlmeái rcstiuri`mri . 9ª c`. Ai`rk`? Tkpihm> 4667.p.9:3-70.
Gmrua Jirkmlmeái. Mppcraih TW
TW,, Ailtz A, Jmrtcs @,
Dusittm ILZ. Hmvis Wksócs hm Pritiachtm `is Lcsócs
Jirkmsis. Ch? RWK Chjuchtrm `cl EDV@, Tám `c Oihckrm,
95 `c chcrm `c 4663.
Grkc` @, Rkc O, Zbigk Z, Gcitbcrstmhc O@D, Drcuhke PA, Lc J.
Kaiekhe jirkcs lcskmhs ih` lcskmh prmercsskmh wktb pmlirkzitkmh schsktkvc mptkjil jmbcrchjc tmameripby. O
Dkmac` Mptkjs 4664> 5(0)?792-45.
Eml`dcre IO. @ctcrkmritkmh mg rcstmritkvc aitcrkils
aitcrkils ih` tbc
rksn gmr scjmh`iry jirkcs. I`v @cht Tcs 9;;6>>0?90-92.
9;;6>>0?90-92.
Eúacz Z. Glumrtcripki ch M`mhtmlmeái piri cl hkùm y cl
i`ultm. :ª c`. Zihtkiem `c Jbklc? Irihjkdki>
Irihjkdki> 4660.
Erkppm OM, Zkarkhe A, Zjbrckhcr Z. Ittrktkmh, idriskmh, jmrrmskmh ih` idgrijtkmh rcvksktc`? i hcw pcrspcjtkvc mh
tmmtb surgijc lcskmhs. O Ia @cht Issmj
4660>9:3(2)?996;-92>
4660>9:3(2)?996;92> qukz 997:-3.
Biakltmh OJ, Amggi OV,
OV, Cllksmh OI, Ochnkhs UI.
UI. Airekhil
grijturc hmt i prc`kjtmr mg lmhecvkty gmr twm `chtil iaileia illmys? i tch ycir stu`y. O Vrmst @cht 9;2:>36?466464.
Kagcl` P. @chtil Crmskmh. @cgkhktkmh jlisskgkjitkmh ih` lkhns.
Cur O Mril Zjk 9;;7. 960? 39-933.
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh ih` Isscssacht Zystca
Jmmr`khitkhe Jmaktcc. Titkmhilc ih` Cvk`chjc gmr tbc
27
@CPCJJKÚH JLÁHKJI @C LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ / jipá
jipátulm 0
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Zystca (KJ@IZ KK). Umrnsbmp gmr Khtcrhitkmhil
Khtcr hitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Isscssacht Zystca> 4663 Air 94-90> Airylih`, SZI? Hitkmhil Khstktutc mg @chtil ih` Jrihkmgijkil Tcscirjb, Iacrkjih `chtil Issmjkitkmh, ih` Khtcrhitkmhil Issmjkitkmh gmr @chtil
Tcscirjb> 4663.
Oidlmhsny Z. @kjjkmhirkm klustri`m `c m`mhtmlmeái. : i c`.
Duchms Ikrcs? Aë`kji Vihiacrkjihi>4664
Omhcs TZ, Ztihkhcj
Ztihkhcj A, Grkc` @. Kaiekhe
Kaiekhe irtkgkjkil jirkcs uh`cr jmapmsktc scilihts ih` rcstmritkmhs. O Dkmac` Mptkjs 4660> ;(7)?94;5-9:60.
Omrechsch N@, Uinuamtm Z. Mjjlusil iaileia gkllkhes?
Tkhecldcre AL y jml. Tmmt jirkcs ih` rmmt `cgcjts kh urdih
ih` ruril i`ults? tbc Glmrk`i @chtil Jirc stu`y. O Ia @cht
Issmj 9;;7 Oul>945(5)? 223-;9
Tm`ráeucz EI, Dirrihjms EZ. Ilti tcjhmlmeái ch mpcritmrki
`chtil, Ch? Dirrihjms Ammhcy O. Mpcritmrki @chtil. :ª
c`. Duchms Ikrcs? Aë`kji Vihiacrkjihi>9;;;.
Vihiacrkjihi>9;;;.
Tusscll IL. Pbc `kggcrchtkil `kiehmsks mg glumrk`c ih` hmhglumrk`c chiacl mpijktkcs. O Vudlkj Bciltb @cht 9;79>
49? 90:-7. Jkti`m pmr? Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh ih`
Isscssacht Zystca Jmmr`khitkhe Jmaktcc. Titkmhilc
ih` Cvk`chjc gmr tbc Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Zystca (KJ@IZ KK). Umrnsbmp gmr Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @c-
airekhil `cgcjts ih` scjmh`iry jirkcs. M`mhtml.Pk`sn
9;72>57?0:-30.
Nk`` CIA. Jirkcs `kiehmsks wktbkh rcstmrc` tcctb. Mpcr
@cht 9;2;>90?90;-932
9;2;>90?90;-932..
Nk`` CIA, Omystmh DZ, Dckebtmh @. @kiehmsks mg scjmh`iry jirkcs? i lidmritmry stu`y. Dr @cht O 9;;0>957?9:32, 9:;.Lussk I. Jmapirksmh mg `kggcrcht actbm`s gmr tbc
`kiehmsks mg gkssurc jirkcs wktbmut jivktitkmh. Jirkcs Tcs
9;;:>45?06;-97
Lussk I. Jmapirksmh mg `kggcrcht actbm`s gmr tbc `kiehmsks mg gkssurc jirkcs wktbmut jivktitkmh. Jirkcs Tcs
9;;:>45(3)?06;-97.
Lussk I, Gkrcstmhc
Gkr cstmhc I, Zjbmchdcre
Zjbmchdcr e W,
W, Bmtz V, Ztkjb B. Kh vkvm
`kiehmsks mg gkssurc jirkcs uskhe i hcw clcjtrkjil rcskstihjc amhktmr. Jirkcs Tcs 9;;3>4;? 29-5.
Lyhjb C, Dckebtmh @. I jmapirksmh mg prkairy rmmt jirkcs
lcskmhs jlisskgkc` ijjmr`khe tm jmlmur. Jirkcs Tcs
9;;0>42(0)?4::-;.
Ais O. Ilcrti ihtc uhi iachizi jrcjkchtc? Crmskúh. Cstëtkji
y mpcritmrki `chtil. Ch? Bchmstrmzi E. (c`.). Cstëtkji
Cstëtkji y
Mpcritmrki @chtil. ;¿ Jmhercsm `c li Ismjkijkúh
Litkhmiacrkjihi `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Dkmaitcrkilcs y
0ª Jmhercsm `c li Ismjkijkúh Vcruihi
Vcruihi `c M`mhtmlmeái
Tcstiuri`mri y Dkmaitcrkilcs> 4664 Idrkl 43 - 45>
Lkai?Vcrÿ.4664.p.
Lkai?Vcrÿ.466
4.p. 93;-74.
Aitilmh Z, Gcucrstckh M, Niggc K. @kiehmsks mg ipprmxkail
jirkcs? Dktc-wkhe ri`kmlmey vcrsus tbc Sltrismuh` Jirkcs @ctcjtmr.
@ctcjtmr. Ih kh vktrm stu`y. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril
Vitbml Mril Ti`kml Ch`m` 466:> ;3(3)?747-:9.
Ao÷r KI, Pmggchcttk G. Zcjmh`iry jirkcs? i lktcriturc rcvkcw
wktb jisc rcpmrts. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 4666>:9(:)?973
4666>:9(:)?973-5;.
-5;.
Amss ZO. @chtil crmskmh. Kht @cht O 9;;2>02? 34;-:;.
Hcwdruh C. Vrmdlcas kh jirkcs `kiehmsks. Kht @cht O 9;;:>
0:?9::-04.
Vccrs I, Bkll GO, Aktrmpmulms JA, Bmllmwiy
Bmllmwiy VO. Wilk`k
Wilk`kty
ty ih`
rcprm`ujkdklkty mg jlkhkjil cxiakhitkmh, gkdrc-mptkj
trisklluakhitkmh, ih` Dktc-wkhe ri`kmlmey gmr tbc `kiehmsks mg saill ipprmxkail jirkmus lcskmhs? ih kh vktrm
stu`y. Jirkcs Tcs 9;;:>45?:65-:99.
Vrctty K, Aiupmaë E. I jlmscr lmmn it `kiehmsks kh jlkhkjil
`chtil prijtkjc. Cacrekhe Pcjbhmlmekcs gmr jirkcs `ctcjtkmh ih` `kiehmsks. O Jih @cht Issmj 4660> 56(2)?
306-306k
Tkaacr VI, Vktts HD. Pcapmriry clcjtkvc tmmtb scpiritkmh
is i `kiehmstkj ik` kh echcril `chtil prijtkjc. Dr @cht O
9;;6>97;?25-;4.
tcjtkmh Isscssacht Zystca> 4663 Air 94-90> Airylih`,
SZI? Hitkmhil Khstktutc mg @chtil ih` Jrihkmgijkil Tcscirjb, Iacrkjih `chtil Issmjkitkmh, ih` Khtcrhitkmhil
K htcrhitkmhil
Issmjkitkmh gmr @chtil Tcscirjb> 4663.
Zbk R, Prihçus Z, Iheair-Aãhssmh D. Wilk`itkmh mg
@KIEHM`cht gmr quihtkgkjitkmh mg sammtb-surgijc jirkcs? ih kh vktrm stu`y. Ijti M`mhtml Zjih` 4669i>3;?50-2.
4669i>3;?50-2.
Zbk R, Prihçus Z, Iheair-Aãhssmh D. Jmapirksmh mg YLG
ih` @KIEHM`cht gmr quihtkgkjitkmh mg sammtb surgijc
jirkcs. Jirkcs Tcs. 4669d>:3?49-7.
Pia L., AjJmad @. @kiehmsks mg mjlusil jirkcs?Virt KK.
Tcjkcht `kiehmstkj tcjbhmlmekcs. O Jih @cht Issmj
4669>75(2)?03;-7:.
Prihçus
Prih
çus Z, Il-Nbitc
Il-Nbitccd
cd Z, Do÷rnaih Z, Pwctaih Z, IheairAãhssmh D. Ipplkjitkmh mg quihtktitkvc lkebt-kh`ujc`
glumrcsjchtc tm amhktmr khjkpkcht lcskmhs kh jirkcs-ijtkvc
jbkl`rch. I jmapiritkvc stu`y mg rcakhcrilksitkmh
r cakhcrilksitkmh dy glumrk`c virhksb ih` prmgcsskmhil jlcihkhe. Cur O Mril Zjk
4669>96;?59-3.
Pbylst
Pby
lst rup I, Gco crs
crsnmv
nmv M. Jir kcs
kcs.. 9¶ c`. Dirjclmhi?
@M[AI>9;27.
Srkdc-Cjbcvirrái
O. Mpcritmrki @chtil. Jkchjki y préjtkji.
Ai`rk`? Ivihjcs>9;;6
Wcr`mhsjbmtt CB, vih `c Tkonc OU,
Wcr`mhsjbm
OU, Drmuwcr U, tch
tch Dmsjb OO,
Prukh EO.
EO. Mptkjil quihtktitkmh ih` ri`kmeripbkj `kiehmsks mg khjkpkcht ipprmxkail jirkcs lcskmhs. Jirkcs Tcs
9;;9>43?:3;-70.
Uirrch OO, Lcvy ZA, Ucgcl OZ. Cxplmrcr prmdkhe mg rmmt jirkcs lcskmhs. Zpcj Jirc @cht 466:>4:(9)?92-49.
Ubktcbci` ZI, Uklsmh HBG
HBG.. Tcstmritkvc `cjkskmh-ainkhe
dcbivkmr wktb aiehkgkjitkmh. Yukhtcsschjc Kht
9;;4>4:?775-59.
Umrl` Bciltb Mreihkzitkmh. Mril bciltb survcys ? diskj
actbm`s. 0ª c`. Ekhcdri? Umrl` Bciltb Mreihkzitkmh>
9;;5.
www.`kgmtk.jma
www.Nivm@KIEHM`cht.jma
www.Nivm@
KIEHM`cht.jma
www.hcns.jma
www.hcns.jm
a
_ijbrkssmh O. 9;;;. Mjlusil jirkcs `ctcjtkmh ih` quihtkgkjitkmh wktb liscr is i `kiehmstkj tmml. Jmhsulti`m cl 46
`c@,
iemstm
`clA,
466:.
Lmjilkz
Lmjilkzi`m
i`mJlkhkjil
ch? www.nsc.jma
_crm
Gmhtihi
Lchhmh
ÉA.
ipplkjitkmhs ih`
mutjmacs mg uskhe kh`kjitmrs mg rksn kh jirkcs aihiecacht. O @cht C`uj 4669> 73(96)? 9947-:4.
25
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI
@CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
Gk`cl AÉTYSC_ IWKLËZ
3
Oijquclkhc UCDD LKHITCZ y jmlidmri`mri *
Cl igkihziakchtm `cl jmhjcptm aultkgijtmrkil, khbcrchtc
khbcrchtc i li ctkmlmeái `c li jirkcs, pusm
ch cvk`chjki quc li acri `ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs mjiskmhi`is pmr `kjbi chgcrac`i`, sk
dkch cs cschjkil piri `kiehmstkjirli y tritir lis scjuclis quc mrkekhi, rcsulti pmr `caés
khsugkjkchtc crri`kjirli cgcjtkviachtc, mdoctkvm quc i`kjkmhilachtc cxkec chjirir i lms
gijtmrcs jiusilcs.
Ch til schtk`m, cs kh`kspchsidlc
kh`kspchsidlc quc -prcvkiachtc
-prcvkiachtc il tritiakchtm c khjlusm `cspuës
`cspuës
`c ël- sc vksluadrch lis pmskdklk`i`cs `c ëxktm quc tch`réh lis ac`k`is tcripëutkjis y
prcvchtkvis quc sc i`mptch. Shi piuti skaplc piri cllm, cs pcrjkdkr juéh
iercskvm sc prcschti cl caditc `c li chgcrac`i`> prcstih`m itchjkúh i
li vclmjk`i` `c `cstrujjkúh `c li `chtkjkúh, jmhmjk`i jmam ijtkvk`i` `c
Viri cl aihcom
jirkcs. Zkh cadirem, cstm cs auy lkakti`m yi quc iÿh ch iuschjki `c
lcskmhcs jirkmsis jláhkjiachtc `ctcjtidlcs, li ijtkvk`i` `c jirkcs pm`rái
scr ilti? jmhsk`crih`m quc `cdc trihsjurrkr iÿh uh `ctcrakhi`m lipsm,
piri quc li lcskúh iljihjc i scr jláhkjiachtc cvk`chtc ( Khtrm`ujjkúh ).
Ch mtris pilidris, pm`ráiams cstir ch li prcschjki `c gijtmrcs quc
prmaucvch li jirkcs pcsc i quc hm sc `ctcjti lcskúh ileuhi iÿh. Vmr
`kjbi rizúh, sc cvmlujkmhú bijki uh hucvm jmhjcptm? cl rkcsem `c jirkcs
(NTIZZC, 9;23). Cstc sc `cgkhc jmam
jmam cl pmtchjkil piri li ipirkjkúh
ipirkjkúh `c hucvis
lcskmhcs jirkmsis m cl `csirrmllm `c lis yi cxkstchtcs> ispcjtm virkidlc
cstrcjbiachtcc vkhjuli`m il jmhouhtm `c gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms.
cstrcjbiacht
ctkmpitmeëhkjm
`c li chgcrac`i`
y li `c t cr ak hi jkúh `cl rkcsem `c
jirkcs cs kapmrtihtc cviluir? li
bkekchc dujil, lms
bédktms `kctëtkjms y cl ihélksks
`c silkvi.
Ch til jmhtcxtm, rcsulti clcachtil rcilkzir uhi cviluijkúh `c li bkekchc dujil> lms
bédktms `kctëtkjms y cl ihélksks `c silkvi, sci piri jmaplctir cl ijmpkm `c `itms jmh
rcspcjtm
i lms
gijtmrcs
`c li chgcrac`i`,
khkjkil tiadkëh
`cl prmjcsm
`cl
`kiehústkjm>
isá jmam
pirictkmlúekjms
chtrcvcr cl ilu`k`m
rkcsem `c li chgcrac`i`,
chgisc
gcrac`i`,
jmhmjk`m
jmam rkcsem jirkmeëhkjm.
3.9. ÁH@KJC @C BKEKCHC MTIL
Jmhskstc ch mdtchcr uhi rcgcrchjki `c lms bédktms `c bkekchc dujil `cl pijkchtc, i gkh
`c khstrukrlm i`cjui`iachtc piri quc jmhtrkduyi i rc`ujkr li prcschjki `c uhm `c lms
iechtcs ctkmlúekjms prkairkms `c li jirkcs `chtil? cl akjrmdkihm.
* Dcrtbi GLMTCZ ACHI, Vrmgcsmri Ismjki`i
Ismjki`i `c li Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c
`c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs.
@cpirtiachtm Iji`ëakjm `c Jláhkji Cstmaitúekji. Shkvcrsk`i`.Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
2;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cxkstch `kvcrsms aëtm`ms piri rcekstrir
rcekstrir cl áh`kjc `c bkekchc mril, lms juilcs aucstrih
uhi rclijkúh `krcjti jmh li jihtk`i` `c dkmgkla `chtil quc cxbkdc uhi supcrgkjkc `chtirki>
pmr ch`c, ch li ac`k`i quc `kjbi juiht ái sc clcvc, iuachtir éh lms vilmrcs `c lms áh`kjcs
y pmr lm tihtm scr é aiymr li cxpcjtitkvi `c gmraijk úh `c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi.
Ch li Jláhkji `c li Gijulti` `c Cstmaitmlme ái `c li SVJB, sc utklkzi cl Áh`kjc `c
bkekchc mril skaplkgkji`m ( ETCCHC y WCTAKLLKMH, 9;70)> cl aksam quc tmaih`m pkczis y supcrgkjkcs skehkgkjitkvis pcraktc `ctcrakhir juihtktitkviachtc lms `cp úsktms lmjilkzi`ms
ch cllis> scih ëstms dlih`ms ( Áh`kjc `c pliji dlih`i) m `urms (Á h`kjc `c j éljulm). Lms
rcgcrchtcs skehkgkjitkvms smh lis supcrgkjkcs vcstkdulircs `c lis pkczis? 97, 99, 47, :9 y
lis supcrgkjkcs lkheuilcs `c lis pkczis :7 y 07, quc `cdch bidcr llcei`m i mjlusk úh piri
ÁH@KJC @C VLIJI DLIH@I
Eri`ms
Jirijtcrástkji
Eri`m 6
Eri`m 9
Iuschjki `c pliji ch li supcrgkjkc `chtirki.
Eri`m 4
Vrcschjki `c pliji dijtcrkihi tcùk`i quc
judrc tmtil m pirjkilachtc cl tcrjkm jcrvkjil y
cl tcrjkm ac`km.
Eri`m :
Vrcschjki `c pliji dijtcrkihi tcùk`i quc
judrc tmtil m pirjkilachtc, `cs`c jcrvkjil,
lms trcs tcrjkms `c li supcrgkjkc `chtil
(jcrvkjil, ac`km y mjlusil).
Vrcschjki `c pliji dijtcrkihi tcùk`i quc hm
judrc aés illé `cl tcrjkm jcrvkjil `c li
supcrgkjkc `chtirki.
JSI@TM 3.9.
ÁH@KJC @C JÉLJSLM
Eri`ms
Jirijtcrástkji
Eri`m 6
Eri`m 9
Iuschjki `c jéljulm.
Jéljulm supriekhekvil quc hm judrc a és
`cl tcrjkm jcrvkjil.
Eri`m 4
Jéljulm supriekhekvil quc judrch cl
tcrjkm jcrvkjil y ac`km m jéljulm sudekhekvil `ksjmhtkhum.
Eri`m :
Jéljulm supriekhekvil quc judrch aés
`c `ms tcrjkms `c li zmhi jcrvkjil m
dih`i jmhtkhui `c jéljulm sudekhekvil.
scr tmai`is ch juchti. Ch jism `c iuschjki m `cstrujjkúh jmrmhirki `c tilcs `kchtcs,
sc jmhsk`criréh lis pkczis 49 ú 09 y lis
sceuh`is amlircs pmr lis pkczis pmstcrkmrcs. @c hm scr rcekstridlcs ë stis, sc
airjiré jmh uh euk úh cl rcjui`rm jmrrcspmh`kchtc y hm sc lcs jmhsk`crir é piri cl
prmac`km rcspcjtkvm. Viri scr prmac`kidlcs. `cdc jmhtirsc jmh uh a áhkam `c trcs
pkczis, ch jism jmhtrirkm sc prmac`kiré cl
vilmr `c tm`is lis pkczis prcschtcs.
Viri `ctcrakhir cl Á h`kjc `c pliji
dlih`i, jmh iyu`i `c uhi
smlujkúh rcvcli`mri iplkji`i ch lis supcrgkjkcs i prmac`kir, sc rcekstrih lms vilmrcs `c ijucr`m il
Jui`rm 3.9. y sc jiljuli uh prmac`km
skaplc `c vilmrcs. Viri rcekstrir cl Áh`kjc
`c jéljulm, sc rcjmrrc ch schtk`m lmhektu`khil li supcrgkjkc `c lis pkczis sclcjjkmhi`is jmh li puhti `c uh cxplmri`mr
H ¿ 95 jmlmji`m pcrpch`kjulirachtc i
`kjbis supcrgkjkcs y sc rcekstrih lms vilmrcs
pmr pkczi. (Jui`rm 3.4.). Li suai `cl áh`kjc
`c pliji dlih`i y cl Á h`kjc `c j é ljulm
jmhstktuyc
jmhstktuy
c cl lliai`m Áh`kjc `c bkekchc mril
skaplkgkji`m. (@MHI[TC y jml., 9;;0).
JSI@TM 3.4.
Zmdrc li disc `c lms vilmrcs mdtchk`ms,
sc mrkchti il pijkchtc ijcrji `c li khgliaijk úh ekhekvil y `cl pmtchjkil jirkme ëhkjm `cl dkmgkla `chtil, tihtm dlih`m jmam jiljkgkji`m.
Iskaksam, sc lc khstruyc ch uhi t ëjhkji `c bkekchc mril quc jmhstktuyc cl acomr aëtm`m
piri prcvchkr guturis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, pu`kch`m jmhtrkdukr khjlusm ch li tcrip ëutkji `c
lcskmhcs jirkmsis hm jivkti`is tmrhih`m lis lcskmhcs ijtkvis ch `ctchk`is.
;6
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
3.4. IHILKZKZ @KCPËPKJM
Pri`kjkmhilachtc, cl ih élksks `c lms b édktms `kctëtkjms rcprcschti uhm `c lms khstruachtms `c cviluijk úh `c lms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms `c li jirkcs `chtil. I li luz `c lms
jmhmjkakchtms vkechtcs, cl jmhschsm ijtuil rcjmhmjc quc chtrc lms gijtmrcs cxtcrhms
quc puc`ch am`kgkjir li prcvilchjki, cl itiquc y li prmercsk úh `c li lcskúh skh lueir i
`u`is cst é li khecsti `c jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs> pcrm tiadk ëh lis chgcrac`i`cs
skstëakjis, li ac`kjijk úh, lms gijtmrcs skjml úekjms y smjkilcs u mtrms quc kaplkquch iltcrijkmhcs ch li silkvijkúh y lms b édktms `c juk`i`m `chtil. Ch mtris pilidris, li hcjcsk`i` `c ihilkzir lms b édktms `kctëtkjms skeuc vkechtc, pcrm skh pcr`cr `c vksti cl skhcreksam
quc sc puc`c `ir jmh mtrms gijtmrcs quc sc mpmhch il rkcsem m lm givmrcjch. (@SEEIL,
4669). ( Jui`rm 3.:) ( Jipátulms 9 y ; ).
Cs kapmrtihtc rcjmhmjcr juélcs smh lms jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs ( Jui`rm
ch quë ilkachtm sc lcs puc`c chjmhtrir.
chjmhtrir. ( Jui`rm 3.3).
ZKHCTEKI @C KHECZPI GTCJSCHPC @C JITDMBK@TIPMZ
GCTACHPIDLCZ JMH BÉDKPMZ @C BKEKCHC MTIL
Vmdrcs bédktms `c bkekchc mril y makskúh
`cl usm `c pisti `chtil glumri`i.
Gijtmr `c rkcsem auy
pm`crmsm.
Duchms bédktms `c bkekchc mril y usm `kirkm
`c pisti `chtil glumri`i.
Gijtmr `c rkcsem auy
pmdrc.
JSI@TM 3.:.
JITDMBK@TIPMZ
GCTACHPIDLCZ
Amhmsijérk`ms
• Elujmsi
• Grujtumsi
@ksijérk`ms
• Zijirmsi
• Ailtmsi
• Lijtmsi
Vmlksijérk`ms
• Elujihm
• Grujtihm
• Autihm
• Ilak`úh
ILKACHPMZ CH LMZ YSC ZC CHJSCHPTIH
JITDMBK@TIPMZ GCTACHPIDLCZ
Zijirmsi?
• Jiriaclms
• Yucqucs
• Vmstrcs
• Acracli`is
• Grutis scjis
• Eiscmsis
• I`kjkmhi`m ch jcrcilcs u
Ailtmsi
• Bk`rúlksks `cl ilak`úh
Elujmsi y grujtumsi
• Gruti
• Akcl
• Bk`rúlksks éjk`i `c sijirmsi
3.0) y
JSI@TM 3.0.
Am`kgkji`m `c IRCLZZMH, 4666.
Ilak`úh
mtrms ilkachtms prmjcsi`ms • Prkem, jchtchm
• Grutis grcsjis
• Irrmz
• Aiáz
Lijtmsi
• Ivchi
• Lcjbc y `crkvi`ms.
• Tiájcs (pipi, jiamtc)
• Achcstris (irvcois, lchtcois, vikhktis)
Shi `kcti i`cjui`i iyu`i i
prcvchkr
prcvch
kr li jirkcs
`chtil.
JSI@TM 3.3.
3.4.9. Aëtm`ms `c ihélksks `kctëtkjm iplkjidlcs i li préjtkji `chtil
Ch li préjtkji m`mhtmlúekji, cl mdoctkvm `c uh ih élksks `kctëtkjm cs cstidlcjcr -jmh cl
achmr eri`m `c crrmr pmskdlc- li aiehktu` `c jmhsuam y lms b édktms `c khecsti, i gkh `c
bijcr vkidlc uhi jmhscocrái `kctëtkji kh`kvk`uilkzi`i, quc jmapitkdklkjc duchms bédktms
`c silu` mril jmh lms `c silu` echcril, plisaih`m isá uhi prmamjkúh `c silu` khtceril.
;9
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Chtrc lms a ëtm`ms a és jmhmjk`ms `cstijih lms skeukchtcs? bkstmrki `kct ëtkji, chtrcvksti- rcjucr`m `c jmhsuam ch 40 bmris, r ëjmr` `c `kcti y rcekstrm `c grcjuchjki `c
khecsti (IRCLZZMH, 4666).
3.4.9.9. Bkstmrki `kctëtkji
Zc rcgkcrc i uhi bkstmrki cspcjkilkzi`i piri hutrkjkmhkstis, juyi mdtchjk úh rcqukcrc
chtrc uhi y `ms bmris. Zu vilk`ijk úh rcqukcrc uh ihélksks jmaplcachtirkm `c li cxjrcjkúh
`c hktrúechm urkhirkm, tm`m lm juil lm bijc pmjm pr éjtkjm piri caplcirlm ch li jl áhkji
`chtil.
3.4.9.4. Chtrcvksti
Chtrcvksti - rcjucr`m `c jmhsuam ch 40 bmris
Ch cstc a ëtm`m, cl chtrcvksti`mr lc prceuhti il pijkchtc ijcrji `c lms ilkachtms
láquk`ms y súlk`ms quc bi khecrk`m ch lis ÿltkais 40 bmris y cstm sc rcpktc pmr lm achms
`urihtc juitrm `áis rcprcschtitkvms `c li scaihi, piri iljihzir uhi vkskúh `c su `kcti
usuil y skh ivksirlc prcvkiachtc il pijkchtc, pucs juih`m sc cst é smdrc ivksm, cxkstc li
tch`chjki i jiadkir m hm rcpmrtir lms ailms b édktms.
Iuhquc cstc aëtm`m cs auy khgluchjkidlc pmr li bidklk`i` `cl chtrcvksti`mr y li jmmpcrijkúh `cl pijkchtc, pcraktc k`chtkgkjir cl tkpm `c hutrkchtcs `c khtcrës> lm juil lm bijc
iprmpki`m piri li pr éjtkji `chtil, pucs lms jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs ismjki`ms i li
jirkcs prmvkchch `c li `kcti `kirki y pmr lm tihtm smh géjklcs `c rcekstrir ch pmjms ` áis.
Ji`i khecsti khtchti rclijkmhir lms ilkachtms y lms b édktms `cl pijkchtc jmh su sktuijk úh smjkil y lidmril, vkhjulih`m pmr cocaplm li jmak`i `c li ai ùihi jmh sus jmstuadrcs rcekmhilcs (vkih`is euir`i`is `cl ` ái ihtcrkmr)> cl jmhsuam ch cl pcr ám`m lidmril
(rcgrkecrkms), chtrc mtrms. Cl prmgcskmhil khtchtir é jmaprch`cr cl pmr quë `c jkcrtms jmhsuams y jmrrcekr `kjbm csqucai `c `kcti.
3.4.9.:. Tëjmr`
Tëjmr` `c `kcti m `kirkm ilkachtirkm
Cs scacoihtc il a ëtm`m ihtcrkmr.
ihtcrkmr. Li `kgcrchjki cstrkdi ch quc cl rcekstrm `cl jmhsuam
`c virkms ` áis (usuilachtc trcs i skctc) lm llcvi cl pijkchtc, pmr lm quc sc rcqukcrc `c
gmraulirkms auy cxpl ájktms y `c uhi i`cjui`i prcpirijkúh, pirtkjulirachtc ch juihtm i
lis khstrujjkmhcs quc `cdc sceukr, lis aksais quc echcrilachtc smh lis skeukchtcs?
9. Aihtchcr lms b édktms `kct ëtkjms y rcekstrir jmh juk`i`m y prcjksk úh. Vmr cocaplm?
½ju éhtis tioi`is y qu ë jlisc `c pih usi piri uh séh`wkjb=, ½lm uhti m lm rcllchi=
½qu ë dcdc jmh m chtrc jmak`is= ½ju éhti izÿjir lc pmhc i li lcjbc= ½jmhsuach lis
lceuadrcs jru`is m jmjk`is=
4. Khjlukr tm`i li khecsti chtrc jmak`is? dmji`ktms, eiscmsis, `uljcs, lcjbc jmh s éh`wkjb,
jbkjlc, tidlctis piri li eireihti, ctjëtcri.
3.4.9.0. Jucstkmhirkm `c grcjuchjki `c jmak`is
@c uhi lksti `c ilkachtms sclcjjkmhi`ms piri klustrir uhi `kcti jmaplcti m uh hutrkchtc
cspcjágkjm, usuilachtc chtrc 36 ú 966 átcas, cl pijkchtc airji su jmhsuam ch uhi csjili quc vi `c lms rihems huhji i aujbis vcjcs pmr ` ái. Zk dkch cstc aëtm`m hm cs
jmaplkji`m hk jmstmsm, su utklk`i` d éskjiachtc sc mrkchti i prmpmrjkmhir uhi pcrjcpjk úh echcril `c uhi khtchsi jmrrclijk ú h chtrc grcjuchjki `c jmhsuam c khecsti `c
hutrkchtcs.
;4
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
@c lms juitrm aëtm`ms `c rcekstrm cxpucstms, lms aés iprmpki`ms piri li préjtkji m`mhtmlúekji ch oúvchcs y ch i`ultms, smh cl `cl rcjucr`m y cl `c rcekstrm `c jmhsuam `urihtc trcs i skc
skctc
tc `áis.
`á is. Il pircjcr, cl rcekstrm `c juitrm `áis pcraktc jmhsk`crir cl tkcapm sugkjkchtc piri cl rcekstrm `c lms akjrmhutrkchtcs quc puc`ch scr jirkmeëhkjms
ji rkmeëhkjms (IRCLZZMH, 4666).
Ch echcril, uhi vcz jmaplcti`ms lms `itms `cl pijkchtc sc prmjc`c i cviluir sus
bédktms `kctëtkjms y cl pmtchjkil jirkmeëhkjm `c su `kcti, cstkaih`m gijtmrcs jmam grcjuchjki `c khecsti quc jmhtchei jirdmbk`ritms gcrachtidlcs, `c rcgrkecrkms chtrc
jmak`is, `c dcdk`is jmh izÿjir pmr lis hmjbcs y jmhsuam `c prm`ujtms jirkmeëhkjms
pceiomsms. Lucem sc prmjc`c i prmvccr rcjmach`ijkmhcs piri acomrir sus bédktms y
`ksakhukr li jirkmechkjk`i` `c su `kcti `c ijucr`m i lm mdscrvi`m.
Ch ileuhms pijkchtcs li ijtkvk`i` jirkmsi puc`c itrkdukrsc i uh bédktm ÿhkjm, pmr
cocaplm li khecsti grcjuchtc `c tidlctis piri li eireihti, dmji`ktms m eiscmsis pmr lis
hmjbcs> cstms bédktms smh géjklachtc k`chtkgkjidlcs y jmrrcekdlcs, capcrm biy mtrms quc
hm lm smh tihtm. Cs guh`iachtil tchcr prcschtc quc hm cs géjkl crri`kjir tilcs bédktms, pmr
cllm prkacrm `cdc amtkvirsc il pijkchtc piri quc jmhskei `coirlms> y, i`caés, cs
ijmhscoidlc bijcrlc uh sceukakchtm jmhtkhum piri iyu`irlm i `coir lms ailms bédktms y
isá acomrir li jilk`i` `c su `kcti.
@c lm achjkmhi`m, surech ileuhis rcjmach`ijkmhcs `kctëtkjis
echcrilcs piri `ksakhukr li jirkmechkjk`i` `c li `kcti y quc igmrtuhi`iachtc smh jmapitkdlcs jmh lis rcjmach`ijkmhcs `c silu` echcril.
Chtrc cllms?
Li khgmraijkúh
`c lms bédktms `c
ilkachtijkúh
`cdc llcvir i uh
`kélmem
ijcrji
• @ksakhukr
@ksakhukr li khecst
khecsti
i `c ilkachtms
ilkachtms `c iltm hkvcl
hkvcl jilúrkj
jilúrkjm
m m jmapchsirl
jmapchsirli
i
`c lms prm`ujtms
iuachtih`m li ijtkvk`i` gáskji.
jirkmeëhkjms,, y i
jirkmeëhkjms
li pmskdklk`i` `c
• Iuach
Iuachtir
tir cl jmhsu
jmhsuam
am `c jirdmb
jirdmbk`rit
k`ritms
ms jmaplcoms
jmaplcoms.. Vmr cocapl
cocaplm?
m? pih
cxjlukr m jiadkir
khtceril, jcrcilcs, vcectilcs, riájcs m grutis.
tilcs prm`ujtms.
• Iua
Iuacht
chtir
ir cl jmh
jmhsua
suam
m `c
`c gkdr
gkdris.
is.
• @ksak
@ksakhukr
hukr li khecs
khecsti
ti `c erisis,
erisis, pirtk
pirtkjulirac
julirachtc
htc lis situ
situri`is
ri`is..
• Li chcreái
chcreái jmhsua
jmhsuak`i
k`i k`cilac
k`cilachtc
htc `cdc
`cdc `kstrkdu
`kstrkdukrsc
krsc `c li
li
C@SLJMTIHPCZ ZSZPKPSPMZ
skeukchtc aihcri?
@C LI ZIJITMZI
- 46 % eri
erisi
sis,
s, aé
aéxk
xkam
am :6
:6%.
%.
Jilúrkjms
Hm jilúrkjms
- 96 i 93
93%
% pr
prmt
mtcá
cáhi
his
s
Zmrdktml
Zijirkhi
- 33 i 76%
76% ji
jird
rdmb
mbk`
k`ri
ritm
tms
s
Rylktml
Jkjliaitm
@c ëstms ÿltkams, uh aéxkam `c 96% puc`c scr sijirmsi, ch
Aihktml
Ispirtiac
jism jmhtrirkm sc rcjmakch`ih sustktutms ( Jui`rm 3.7.).
• Lkakt
Lkaktir
ir li khecst
khecsti
i i juitrm
juitrm m scks vcjcs `kirki
`kirkis
s y cxjlukr
cxjlukr lms
JSI@TM 3.7
ilkachtms pceiomsms y izujiri`ms.
• Aist
Aistkjir
kjir lms
lms ilkacht
ilkachtms
ms cl aiymr hÿacr
hÿacrm
m `c vcjcs pmskdl
pmskdlc.
c.
3.:. IHÉLKZKZ @C ZILKWI
Li silkvi, i`caés `c `cscapcùir sus guhjkmhcs prkamr`kilcs ch li
prkacri ctipi `c li `kecstkúh (ludrkjih`m cl dmlm ilkachtkjkm y iprmvkskmhih`m chzkais `kecstkvis) y ch li buacjtihjki `c li jivk`i` dujil (prm-
Li silkvi oucei uh
pipcll guh`
pipc
guh`iac
iachhtil ch li silu`
mril.
;:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
tcekch`m lms tcok`ms y cstrujturis mrilcs), ijt ÿi `cjkskviachtc ch tm`is lis giscs `cl
prmjcsm `c li jirkcs `chtil.
Ch `kjbm trihsjursm, su khtcrvchjk úh jmaprch`c? li lkapkczi `c lms `kchtcs pmr ijjk úh acjéhkji m iutmjl átkji, li jiptijk úh `c kmhcs act élkjms pmr pirtc lms tcok`ms `chtilcs `chtrm `cl prmjcsm `c `csakhcrilkzijk úh/rcakhcrilkzijkúh (NTKECT, 466:), li khbkdkjk úh `c li akjrmglmri jirkmeëhkji (ac`kihtc sus ielutkhkhis, lksmzkais, khauhmelmdulkhis
y cl dkjirdmhitm `c su jmapmskjkúh), li hcutrilkzijkúh `c li prm`ujjkúh `c éjk`ms (erijkis i su jipijk`i` tiap úh) y li rcamjk úh `c jirdmbk`ritms khsmludlcs, chtrc mtris
(Jipátulm 9).
Sh ipmym piri cl
iscsmriakchtm
`kctëtkjm cs cl usm
`c lis prucdis `c
Li cviluijkúh `cl pipcl `c ji`i uhi `c lis guhjkmhcs `c li silkvi
-rclitkvis il prmjcsm
jirkmsm- scrái suaiachtc cxtchsi, jmstmsi, y pmjm
pr éjtkji. Vmr cllm ijtuilachtc s úlm sc jkrjuhsjrkdc i lms skeukchtcs tkpms
`c ihilásks? li tisi `c scjrcjkúh `c silkvi, li juihtkgkjijk úh `c su jipi-
silkvi, jmam li `cl
lijtmdijkllus. Shi
juchti ilti `c lijtmdijkllus puc`c
kh`kjir uh jmhsuam iltm `c bk`ritms `c jirdmhm.
jk`i` tiapúh y cl rcjuchtm ch li silkvi `c lms akjrmmreihksams `c aiymr
skehkgkjijkúh jirkmeëhkji? Z. autihs y Lijtmdijkllus (VKMWIHM, 9;;;).
Ijtuilachtc cl ihélksks `c silkvi, hm jmhstktuyc i ÿh uhi pr éjtkji echcrilkzi`i> hm mdstihtc, sc prcsuac quc su vilmrijk úh jrcjkchtc iljihzir é tihti kapmrtihjki ch lms prúxkams lustrms, quc cl m`mht úlmem llceiré
i smlkjktirlm jmh uhi grcjuchjki scacoihtc il cschjkil ih élksks `c siherc
m `c mrkhi, quc `cs`c bijc aujbm rutkhirkiachtc smlkjkti cl khtcrhksti.
3.:.9. Pisi `c scjrcjkúh `c silkvi
Li prm`ujjkúh `c silkvi virái `c uh kh`kvk`um i mtrm> lm juil skehkgkji quc iqucllis
pcrsmhis jmh dioi juiht ái `c silkvi sc vcih `csgivmrcjk`is piri jmhtrirrcstir
jmhtrirrcstir lms cgcjtms `clctërcms `c li jirkcs> cllm `cdk`m i quc ch cllis li guhjk úh `c lkapkczi quc cgcjt ÿi
li silkvi sc chjuchtri lkakti`i pmr li `ksakhujk úh `c li jihtk`i`.
Cl irristrc acjéhkjm `c li silkvi
pcraktc
pcra
ktc cl liv
livi`m
i`m
jmhtáhum `c dijtcrkis y `ctrktus
jmh pmtchjkil pitúechm. Vmr lm tihtm, li prkacri guhjkúh dchcgkjkmsi
`c li silkvi cs cl
dirrk`m acjéhkjm.
Iuhquc tm`ms lms gijtmrcs ihtkjirkmeëhkjms silkvilcs guhjkmhch diséh`msc ch rcijjkmhcs qu áakjis, cl dirrk`m acj éhkjm pircjc scr li ÿhkji
cxjcpjkúh, pucstm quc sc guh`iachti ch uh irristrc g áskjm (Jipátulm 9).
Li prcschjki `c uh gluk`m (silkvi) suai`m i li ijjk úh ausjulir `c li
lcheui, lms jirrkllms y lms lidkms, `ctcrakhi uhi ijjk úh `c irristrc quc
bkekchkzi lms sktkms ijjcskdlcs `c li aujmsi dujil y `c lms `kchtcs. Cstc
irristrc acjéhkjm pcraktc cl livi`m jmhtkhum `c dijtcrkis y `ctrktus jmh
pmtchjkil pitúechm. Vmr lm tihtm, li prkacri guhjk úh dchcgkjkmsi `c li silkvi
cs cl dirrk`m acj éhkjm (DTMUH y jml. 9;;9) .
Ch csc jmhtcxtm, li k`chtkgkjijk úh kh`kvk`uil `c li jihtk`i` `c silkvi
prm`ujk`i pmr `ái, jmhstktuyc uh rcgcrchtc `cjkskvm `cl rkcsem `c jirkcs.
Ësti cs iprmxkai`iachtc `c ac`km lktrm `kirkm, pcrm hm sc `i `c aihcri uhkgmrac `urihtc
lis 40 bmris `cl ` ái, yi quc `ksakhuyc `urihtc cl suc ùm y iuachti jmhsk`cridlcachtc
jcrji `c lis bmris `c lis jmak`is y jmh cl cstáaulm `c li aistkjijk úh. Zuclc iljihzir uh
gluom ac`km `c 9.3 - 4.3 al/akh, grchtc i lms cstáaulms prmvchkchtcs `c li aistkjijk úh, cl
mlgitm, lms sidmrcs éjk`ms m `c uh rcglcom jmh`kjkmhi`m (LÚVC_ y DCTACOM, 9;;7).
;0
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
Ch tilcs jkrjuhstihjkis puc`c iuachtir cl áh`kjc `c jirkcs, cspcjkilachtc sk il aksam tkcapm sc iltcrih mtrms gijtmrcs. Ch jism `c scquc`i`
`c li dmji, lms pijkchtcs suclch dusjir ilkvkm jmakch`m `uljcs m khekrkch`m
jmh aiymr grcjuchjki dcdk`is izujiri`is, pcrm jmh cllm sc smdrcpisi li
jipijk`i` tiapmhi`mri `c li silkvi (AMSHP y BSAC, 9;;;).
Juih`m cl gluom
silkvil
silk
vil cst
cstkaul
kauli`m
i`m
`csjkch`c pmr `cdiom `c 6.5 al/akh,
jmhstktuyc uh tristmrhm `chmakhi`m
xcrmstm
xcr
mstmaái.
aái.
Iskaksam, ileuhms géraijms jmhtrkduych i rc`ujkr cl gluom silkvil, chtrc
cllms? ihtkbkpcrtchskvms, ihtkjmlkh ërekjms, ihtkpirnkhsmhkihms y sc`ihtcs
pskjmtrúpkjms. Juih`m sc mdscrvi uhi rc`ujjk úh kapmrtihtc `cl gluom silkvil,
`crkvi`i `c uhi `ctcrakhi`i prcsjrkpjkúh giraijmlúekji, sc puc`c khtchtir sustktukrli
pmr mtri iltcrhitkvi scacoihtc, pirtkjulirachtc sk cl áh`kjc `c jirkcs cs clcvi`m (AMSHP y
BSAC, 9;;;).
(Jui`rm 3.5 ). Mtrms gijtmrcs quc mrkekhih bkpmguhjk ú h `c lis elé h`ulis
silkvilcs y xcrmstma ái smh? ri`kijk úh, chgcrac`i`cs skst ëakjis tilcs jmam? ZK@I, `kidctcs, sáh`rmac `c Zo÷erch, aistkjijkúh rc`ujk`i y `cprcsk úh (VKMWIHM, 9;;;).
ILESHMZ AC@KJIACHPMZ YSC VTM@SJCH RCTMZPMAÁI
Jitcemrái
Cocaplm
Ihmrëxkjms
Gchgluriakhi
Ihskmlátkjms
Lmrizcpia, `kizcpia
Ihtkjmhvulskmhihtcs
Eidipchtkh
Ihtk`cprcskvms
Prkjájlkjms
Iaktrkptklkhi, kakpriakhi
KKZ
ZTZ
Zcrtrilkhi, glumxctkhi
Ihtkcaëtkjms
Ihtkbkstiaáhkjms
Acjlkzkhi
Lmriti`khi
Ihtkpirnkhsmhkihms
Dkpcrk`chm, sclceklkhi
Ihtkpskjútkjms
Jlmzipkhi, jlmrprmaizkhi
Drmhjm`kliti`mrcs
Kpritrmpkua, il
ildutcrml
@csjmhecstkmhihtcs
Vscu`mcgc`rkhi
@kurëtkjms
Cspkrmhmlijtmhi, gurmscak`i
Tclioihtcs ausjulircs
Dijlmgch
Ihileëskjms hirjútkjms
Acpcrk`khi, amrgkhi
Zc`ihtcs
Glurizcpia
JSI@TM 3.5.
Pmai`m `c OKAËHC_, 4663.
Ermssm am`m, li jihtk`i` `c silkvi puc`c `ctcrakhirsc ac`kihtc uhi mdscrvijk úh
vksuil y i triv ës `c li ihiahcsks (AMSHP y BSAC, 9;;;). Hm mdstihtc, jmam li juihtkgkjijk úh
lmeri`i cs sudoctkvi, piri mdtchcr uh `itm jcrtcrm sc rcqukcrc uhi kh`ieijk úh mdoctkvi,
quc sc jmhmjc jmam ac`kjk úh `cl gluom silkvil.
@kjbm cxiach, rcilachtc auy schjkllm `c cgcjtuir,
cgcjtuir, echcrilachtc tmai
ch juchti cl gluom silkvil cstkauli`m. Zc khkjki pk`k ëh`mlc il pijkchtc quc
`urihtc uh akhutm aistkquc emai m pirigkhi ( Gke. 3.9), tris lm juil sc ijmpki
ch uh rcjkpkchtc li silkvi scjrcti`i. ( Gke.3.4). Vmr ÿltkam, skh a és iyu`i
quc uhi viskoi `c ac`kjk úh, sc cstidlcjc li aiehktu` ijuauli`i.
Li khtcrprctijkúh sc rcilkzi `c ijucr`m i li
@ctcrakhi`ms
géraijms jmhtrkduych i rc`ujkr cl gluom
silkvil. (Jui`rm
(Jui`r m
3.5).
Pidli 3.9.
3.9 .
;3
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 3.9.
Zuakhkstrm `c
pirigkhi il
pijkchtc.
TCZSLPI@MZ @CL GLSOM ZILKWIL CZPKASLI@M
Hmrail
@ksakhuk`m
GKESTI 3.4.
Vijkchtc
silkvih`m ch
uh rcjkpkchtc.
PIDLI
PID
LI 3.9.
Glu
luoom si
silk
lkvi
vill cst
stkkaul
uli
i`m
86.5
86
.5a
al./
./a
akh
kh..
<6..5a
<6
5al.
l.//akh
kh..
3.:.4. Jipijk`i` tiapúh `c li silkvi
Cstc cxiach rcvcli su kapmrtihjki pmr quc cl jir éjtcr `c lis dijtcrkis
jirkmeëhkjis, cs piskdlc `c jmhtrirrcstir ac`kihtc li prcschjki `c dkjirdmhitm, kmhcs `c jiljkm y gmsgitm, chtrc mtrms> lms aksams quc hcutrilkzih
Li silkvi tiadkëh
tkchc jmam guhjkúh hcutrilkzir
lms éjk`ms `c lis
dijtcrkis jirkmeëhkjis.
lms é jk`ms `c lis rcgcrk`is dijtcrkis y pmr ch`c jmhtrkduych i li
rcakhcrilkzijkúh. ( Jipátulm 4).
Cl pB silkvil ac`k`m ch scrcs buaihms cs virkidlc. Lms rihems hmrailcs msjklih chtrc 3,5 y 5,7. Zc pm`r ái `cjkr quc cl pB hmrail `c li
silkvi cst é pr úxkam i li hcutrilk`i`. (DTMUH y jml. 9;;9) .
Ch jmh`kjkmhcs hmrailcs li silkvi cst é smdrcsituri`i jmh jiljkm y gmsgitm, lm juil
rcsulti auy jmhvchkchtc grchtc i uhi lcskúh khkjkil skh jivktijkúh, yi quc ësti puc`c scr
rcakhcrilkzi`i pmr lms jmapmhchtcs silkvilcs.
Shm `c lms a ëtm`ms skaplkgkji`ms a és jmhmjk`ms piri `ctcrakhir cl pB `c li silkvi
cs cl `chmakhi`m JTP ® duggcr `c Kvmjlir-Wkvi`cht, cl juil jmhskstc ch rcjmecr uhi emti
`c silkvi (Gke. 3.:. ), `cpmsktirli smdrc cl cxtrcam `c li supcrgkjkc `c li jkhti `c prucdi
(Gke. 3.0 . ), cspcrir
cspcrir 3 akhutms (Gke. 3.3.), mdscrvir cl jmlmr quc i`mpti, jmhgrmht érlm jmh
li jirtklli mrkchti`mri `c jmlmrcs `cl iv ám. ( Gkes. 3.7i. y 3.7d.). Li khtcrprctijk úh sc rcilkzi `c ijucr`m i li Pidli 3.4.
3.4 .
WILMTIJKÚH @C LI
L I JIVIJK@I@
JIVIJK@I@ PIAVÚH
PIAVÚH @C LI ZILKWI
Jmlmr
Ihirihoi`m
Wcr`c
Izul
<0
0.3-3.3
87
Dioi
Ac`kihi
Ilti
pB
Jipijk`i` tiapúh
PIDLI
PI
DLI 3.4.
Mtrm skstcai scacoihtc, surek`m ch
4663, cs cl `chmakhi`m Zilkvi-Jbcjn (EJOip úh) (Gke. 3.5.), `kscùi`m iskaksam piri
kh`kjir -`c am`m skaplkgkji`m- cl pB silkvil
y li jipijk`i` tiap úh `c li silkvi.
;7
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
GKESTI 3.:. Pmair uhi
aucstri `c silkvi.
GKESTI 3.0. @cpmsktir ch cl
cxtrcam `c li tkri `c prucdi.
GKESTI 3.3. Cspcrir
`urihtc 3 akhutms.
GKESTI 3.7i. Bijcr li lcjturi jmrrcspmh`kchtc. Ch cl
cocaplm sc k`chtkgkji uhi
jipijk`i` tiapmhi`mri ilti.
GKESTI 3.7d. Jipijk`i` tiapúh
dioi.
GKESTI 3.5. Zilkvi-Jbcjn EJ. Kh`kji`mr `cl pB
silkvil y li jipijkk`i` tiapúh.
3.:.:. Tcjuchtm `c akjrmmreihksams ch silkvi
Zc jmhsk`cri clcachtil quc li jirkcs `chtil cs cl rcsulti`m `c li ijjk h jmadkhi`i
`c huacrmsis jcpis `c dijtcrkis prm`ujtmris `c éjk`m m ijk`me ëhkjis,úchtrc aujbis
mtris, pirtkjulirachtc Ztrcptmjmjjus, Lijtmdijkllus y Ijtkhmayjcs. ( Jui`rm 3.2. ).
Ch jmhscjuchjki, cl rcjuchtm `cl h ÿacrm `c Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs y Lijtmdijkllus
pmr uhk`i` `c vmluach silkvil, prmpmrjkmDIJPCTKIZ CH LCZKMHCZ @C JITKCZ @CHPIL
hi uhi khgmraijk ú h iprmxkai`i `cl
rkcsem `c jirkcs (AMSHP y BSAC, 9;;;). @c
Khkjki`mrcs
Vrmercskúh `c li
Vrmercskúh ch
`c
lcskúh
lcskúh
ch
`chtkhi
jcrjihi
keuil am`m, ac`kihtc cl amhktmrcm `c lms
csailtc-`chtkhi
i li pulpi
hkvclcs `c Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs `cs`c
Ztrcptmjmjjus
Lijtmdijkllus
Vmrpbyrmamhis
uhi láhci disil y i lm lirem `cl tkcapm, cl
autihs
Ijtkhmayjcs
Vrcvmtclli
m`mhtúlmem puc`c cviluir li cgcjtkvk`i`
Mtrms
Mtr
ms strc
strcptmj
ptmjmjjus
mjjus Vcpt
Vcptmstr
mstrcptmj
cptmjmjjus
mjjus
`c lis ac`k`is piri cl jmhtrml `c li jiLcvi`uris
rkcs `chtil (@IWKZ, 9;;;).
I`ipti`m `c VKMWIHM, 9;;;.
JSI@TM 3.2.
3.:.:.9. Ihélksks akjrmdkmlúekjms skaplkgkji`ms
@cs`c lis ÿltkais ` ëji`is `cl skelm RR sc rcjurrc i uh tkpm `c cstu`km akjrmdkml úekjm `c li glmri dijtcrkihi `cl ac`km dujil> cl aksam quc prcsjkh`kch`m `c lidmritmrkms
akjrmdkmlúekjms sc rcilkzi ch cl eidkhctc `chtil. I cstc tkpm `c cxiach sc lc jmhmjc
jmam ihélksks akjrmdkmlúekjm skaplkgkji`m> cl aksam quc sc vilc `c ac`kms `c jultkvm
prcijmh`kjkmhi`ms, ch lms quc sc skcadri li aucstri `c silkvi y lucem `c uh pcrám`m `c
khjudijkúh sc juihtkgkji> mdvkiachtc hm cl h ÿacrm `c akjrmmreihksams, skhm lis jmlmhkis quc ierupi`is pmr uhk`i` `c supcrgkjkc, vilc `cjkr lis `chmakhi`is uhk`i`cs
;5
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cl rcjuchtm `c Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs y
Lijtmdijkllus, pmr
uhk`i` `c vmluach
ssi
i l k vil , prmpmrjkmhi uhi k`ci
iprmxkai`i `cl
rkcsem `c jirkcs
gmrai`mris `c jmlmhkis (SGJ) pmr al. `c silkvi, sce ÿh juyi `chsk`i`.
sc puc`ch jliskgkjir i lms pijkchtcs `c ijucr`m i sus vilmrcs `c rkcsem
(Pidli 3.:.).
Viri cgcjtuir `kjbm rcjuchtm `c dijtcrkis ch li silkvi sc bih
rcpmrti`m `kvcrsms a ëtm`ms, tilcs jmam? Jirkcsjrcch ZA-IVM (@kiehmstkj Khj., Pmrmhtm)>
Pmrmhtm)> @chtmjult ZA (Mrkmh @kieh ústkji, Bclskhnk)> @chtmjult
LD (Mrkmh @kiehústkji, Bclskhnk)> JTP dijtcrki (Kvmjlir-Wkvi`cht) (UC[HC,
9;;:) y @chtiljult (Lidmrjlkh, Zêm Viulm, Driskl), chtrc mtrms.
Shm `c lms a ëtm`ms skaplkgkji`ms a és utklkzi`ms piri `ctcrakhir li juiht ái `c
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs y Lijtmdijkllus ch li silkvi cs cl JTP ® dijtcrki (Gke. 3.2. i 3.92.).
Cl prmjc`kakchtm sc khkjki smlkjkt éh`mlc il pijkchtc quc aistkquc uhi pistklli `c pirigkhi
`urihtc uh akhutm, pirilcliachtc sc khtrm`ujc uhi pistklli `c dijktrijkhi ch cl grisjm `c
prucdi. Lucem sc lc pk`c il pijkchtc quc silkvc `chtrm `c uh rcjkpkchtc. Jmh iyu`i `c
uh emtcrm sc rcjmec li silkvi y jmh csti, sc buac`cjc jmaplctiachtc iadis supcrgkjkcs
`c li l éakhi quc pmrti cl ac`km `c jultkvm. I jmhtkhuijk úh sc jmlmji cl pmrti-ieir ch cl
grisjm `c prucdi y sc jkcrri. Lucem, ch uhi khjudi`mri, sc aihtkchc cl tudm vcrtkjilachtc `urihtc 02 bmris i :5 ¿J. Vmr ÿltkam, `cspuës `c cxtricr cl tudm sc jmapiri jmh
lis jirtkllis `c vilmrijk úh prmvkstis ch cl ivám (Gke. 3.92. i 3.46.) li `chsk`i` `c lis SGJs
`c lms Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs y `c lms Lijtmdijkllus, quc bih `csirrmlli`m ch iadis
supcrgkjkcs `c li léakhi pmrti`mri `cl ac`km `c jultkvm. Li khtcrprctijk úh sc rcilkzi `c
ijucr`m i li Pidli 3.:.
GKESTI 3.2. Grisjm jmh ac`km `c
jultkvm y pistklli `c dijktrijkhi.
GKESTI 3.99. Vijkchtc silkvih`m
`chtrm `c uh rcjkpkchtc.
GKESTI 3.;. Vrmvkskúh `c pirigkhi
il pijkchtc.
GKESTI 3.94. Zc tmai uhi aucstri
`c silkvi vcrtk`i.
GKESTI 3.96. Grisjm jmh pistklli
`c dijktrijkhi.
GKESTI 3.9:. Zc buac`cjc cl
ihvcrsm `cl pmrti ieir.
;2
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
GKESTI 3.90. Zc buac`cjc cl
rcvcrsm `cl pmrti ieir
ieir..
GKESTI 3.93. Zc jmlmji cl
pmrti ieir ch cl tudm `c
GKESTI 3.97. Zc jmlmji cl
pmrti ieir ch cl tudm `c
prucdi.
prucdi y sc jkcrri.
GKESTI 3.92. Zc
jmapiri cl rcsulti`m jmh
li jirtklli `c vilmrijkúh. Cl
li`m izul `cl ieir cs piri
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs y
cl li`m vcr`c cs piri
Lijtmdijkllus.
GKESTI 3.95. Zc aihtkchc cl tudm vcrtkjilachtc, `urihtc 02 bmris, ch uhi cstugi i :5¿ J.
GKESTI 3.9;.
Ztrcptmjmjjus autihs
( SGJ / al silkvi).
< 963
≣
963
GKESTI 3.46.
Lijtmdijkllus
( SGJ / al silkvi).
s ilkvi).
< 963
≣
963
TCJSCHPM @C Z. ASPIHZ [ LIJPMDIJKLLSZ
P kp m ` c dijt crk i
Ilt m rkcse m
Diom rk csem
Ztrcptmjmjus autihs 8966.666SGJ x al. (96 3)
< 9 6 6 . 6 6 6 S G J x a l . (9 6 3)
8966.666SGJ x al. (96 3)
< 9 6 6 . 6 6 6 S G J x a l . (9 6 3)
Lijtmdijkllus
PIDLI
PI
DLI 3.:.
;;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
3.0 TKCZEM @C JITKCZ
Cl rkcsem `c jirkcs, cs `cjkr li prmdidklk`i` `c i`qukrkr m `csirrmllir lcskmhcs jirkmsis,
sc puc`c khtukr -`cl am`m a és skaplc- eukéh`msc cxjluskviachtc `cl ispcjtm jl áhkjm `cl
pijkchtc. Isá, li prcschjki `c virkis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chmtir é pmjm a és m achms uh
iltm rkcsem, kaprcskúh quc sc igkihziré sk sc jmhstiti i`caés uhi `cgkjkchtc bkekchc dujil.
Ihtc li jmhvchkchjki khjucstkmhidlc quc skehkgkji i ùi`kr lms `caés iechtcs kaplkji`ms
ch li chgcrac`i`, i gkh `c bijcr aés gkcl `kjbi iprcjkijkúh, li prmgcsk úh bi chjiakhi`m
sus csgucrzms `urihtc `ëji`is i jmhjrctir cl acomr am`m `c prc`cjkr li khstiurijkúh m
cl `csirrmllm `c li jirkcs. Is á, ch li ijtuilk`i` cl rkcsem jirkmeëhkjm puc`c cxprcsirsc
ch pmrjchtioc , m sk hm -iuhquc ch gmrai a és kaprcjksi y irdktrirki- jitilmeih`m il
pijkchtc sceÿh sc lc i`ou`kquc uh `ctcrakhi`m hkvcl `c rkcsem? iltm, diom m am`cri`m
(EÚAC_, 4660).
Cl rkcsem `c jirkcs
pu c` c cx pr cs ir sc
ch hkvclcs m -`c
am`m aés prcjksm y
achms irdktrirkm-
Li k`chtkgkjijkúh `c `kjbms pmrjchtiocs m `c lms hkvclcs `c rkcsem
jirkmeëhkjm, bi prmamvk`m `kvcrsms khtchtms piri iljihzir prcjksk úh. (ZCKG
9;;5> VMUCLL, 9;;2). Zkh cadirem il hm bidcrsc lmeri`m i ÿh `kjbm mdoctkvm,
sc aihtkchc cl usm `c li jitcemrkzijk úh `c iltm, ac`km y diom, jmam cl
prmjc`kakchtm a és utklkzi`m> ouhtm il quc rcjkchtcachtc sc bi udkji`m
ch pmrjchtioc.
cl Jirkmeriai® (DTI
DTIPPBILL
PPBILL y jml., 9;;7), uh khtcrcsihtc a ëtm`m disi`m ch
li erigkjijkúh `c pmrjchtiocs.
3.0.9. Hkvclcs `c rkcsem
Zce ÿh cstc am`m `c jitcemrkzijk úh, iltm rcprcschti li vkrtuil sceurk`i` `c mrkekhir
m ijrcjchtir li chgcrac`i`, lm juil -sce ÿh li csjili pmrjchtuil jkti`i- pm`r ái jmrrcspmh`cr i uh pmrjchtioc `c pmskdklk`i`cs pmr chjkai `cl 56%> diom kh`kji uhi a áhkai m
khjlusm huli pmskdklk`i` (cqukvilchtc prmdidlc i uh pmrjchtioc khgcrkmr i :6%)? akchtris
quc am`cri`m cqukvil`rái i uh rihem cquk`kstihtc chtrc iadms hkvclcs (a és `c :6% y
achms `c 56%) ( EÚAC_, 4660).
Li tkpkgkjijkúh `c lms hkvclcs `c rkcsem jirkmeëhkjm sc ipmyi ch li rclijk úh quc euir`i
li chgcrac`i` jmh sus gijtmrcs ctkml úekjms. Isá> cl hkvcl scr é iltm, am`cri`m m diom, ch li
ac`k`i `c li aiehktu` quc iljihjc ji`i uhm `c lms gijtmrcs quc aucstrih uhi rclijk
rclijkúh
`krcjti jmh li jirkcs> tilcs jmam? juiht ái `c dkmgkla `chtil, prcschjki `c dijtcrkis jirkme ë hkjis, `kcti jirkme ë hkji (pirtkjulirachtc li pceiomsi) y grcjuchjki `c khecsti.
Jmhtrirkiachtc, cl hkvcl iuachtir é sce ÿh `ksakhuyih lms vilmrcs ch ji`i gijtmr sktui`m
`chtrm `cl erupm quc mdscrvi uhi rclijk úh khvcrsi? gluom silkvil, jipijk`i` duggcr y
prcschjki `c glumrurms.
3.0.4. Tkcsem ch pmrjchtioc? Jirkmeriai®
Cs kh`u`idlc quc hm disti cstir il tihtm `c lms gijtmrcs ctkmlúekjms `c li jirkcs y `cl
rkcsem jirkmeëhkjm, sk cl pijkchtc hm lmeri jmaprch`crlms `cdk`iachtc. Zmdrc csi disc
ch 9;;5 Drittbill y jml. `csirrmllirmh cl Jirkmeriai ®, uhi bcrriakchti jkdcrh ë tkji
`kscùi`i piri khstrukr il pijkchtc `c aihcri erégkji, ijcrji `c li khtcrijjk úh aultkgijtmrkil
quc kaplkji cl cstidlcjkakchtm y cl `csirrmllm `c jirkcs, y `c mtrm li`m piri eukirlm ch
966
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
juihtm i lis prmdidklk`i`cs, cxprcsi`is ch pmrjchtioc, quc tkchc
kh`kvk`uilachtc `c `csirrmllir hucvis lcskmhcs jirkmsis. Wilc `cjkr,
`cjkr, quc
sus gkhcs hm súlm smh c`ujitkvms skhm tiadk ëh prcvchtkvms y jl áhkjms.
Cl Jirkmeriai® pcraktc khstrukr il pijkchtc rcspcjtm il
mrkech `c li jirkcs
y il rk
rkcs
csem
em kh`kvk
kh`kvk`uil.
`uil.
@c csti gmrai cl Jirkmeriai ® pcraktc quc cl pijkchtc jmaprch`i
quc cl prmdlcai cs cschjkilachtc suym, y quc `c su prmpkm chtch`kakchtm
`cl prmjcsm y `c su jmhskeukchtc jmmpcrijkúh `cpch`cré li tmai `c ijjkmhcs mrkchti`is
i jmaditkr su chgcrac`i`, y quc ë l aksam
aksam cs cl rcspmhsidlc
rcspmhsidlc `c su juaplkakchtm.
Iskaksam, quc il cstkairsc lms gijtmrcs `c rkcsem `c li chgcrac`i` `cdcr é jmaprch`cr
quc ch `kjbm prmjcsm biy acjihksams `c itiquc y `cgchsi y quc ch guhjk úh `cl pcsm
`c lms aksams, cl dilihjc `c li chgcrac`i` sc khjlkhiré bijki uhm u mtrm li`m.
Cl skstcai, `kspmhkdlc erituktiachtc ch 9: k`kmais y ijtuilachtc ch su vcrskúh 4.69
(DTIPPBILL y jml., 4660i), erigkji lms gijtmrcs quc pcraktch cstkair cl rkcsem jirkme
ëhkjm,
`kvk`këh`mlms ch `ms erupms. Cl prkacrm `c cllms quc rc ÿhc lms gijtmrcs khvmlujri`ms ch
cl prmjcsm `c jirkcs, tihtm lms quc cl skstcai `chmakhi gijtmrcs `c itiquc ? cl dkmgkla
`chtil, lms akjrmmreihksams `c li glmri (cspcjkilachtc lms Ztrcptmjmjjus Autihs) y li
`kcti, jmhsk`crih`m su jilk`i` y su grcjuchjki> is á jmam lms acjihksams quc sc
jmhtripmhch i lms `c itiquc, cs `cjkr iqucllms quc cl prmeriai lliai gijtmrcs `c
`cgchsi, `chtrm `c cllms i li silkvi jmh tm`is sus guhjkmhcs y li cxpmskjkúh il Gl ÿmr. Ch
uh sceuh`m erupm sc udkjih lms gijtmrcs iercei`ms, `cskehi`ms isá pmr cl a ëtm`m ch cl
chtch`k`m quc hm pirtkjkpih `krcjtiachtc ch cl `csirrmllm `c li lcsk úh, pcrm quc sc
jmhsk`crih jmhtrkduychtcs, lmjilkzi lms gijtmrcs smjkm-cjmh úakjms y julturilcs, i lms quc
iercei li cxpcrkchjki pisi`i `c jirkcs `cl pijkchtc, disi`i ch su bkstmrkil `c
pi`cjkakchtm y tritiakchtm `c li chgcrac`i`. Zmdrc `kjbi disc sc echcri uh er égkjm ch
cl quc sc lc iskehi i ji`i gijtmr uh vilmr `kgcrchtc, `cpch`kchtc `c? li jihtk`i`, li
grcjuchjki y li `urijkúh `c su khgluchjki ch cl ac`km y ch cl `csirrmllm `c li chgcrac`i`.
I`caés `c csti iskehijk úh kh`kvk`uil, sc cvilÿih y jmapirih tihtm lms gijtmrcs `c itiquc
jmam lms gijtmrcs `c `cgchsi , `crkvih`m ch uhi kaiech gkhil quc jiljuli lis
«pmskdklk`i`cs `c cvktir hucvis lcskmhcs jirkmsis¾ ( DTI
DTIPPBILL
PPBILL y jml., 4 660d).
Vmr jmhskeukchtc, cl Jirkmeriai ® hm cs uh a ëtm`m piri `ctcrakhir uh h ÿacrm `c
lcskmhcs quc pmtchjkilachtc ipircjcr éh ch cl guturm, skhm uh ac`km er égkjm quc pcraktc
khtcrprctir li khgmraijkúh khjmrpmri`i, klustrih`m cl rkcsem echcril ch quc sc chjuchtri
ji`i pijkchtc.
3.0.4.9. Jmhmjkakchtms
Jmhmjkakchtms quc `caih`i cl aihcom `cl prmeriai.
Cs kh`kspchsidlc pmsccr hmjkmhcs d éskjis tilcs jmam? áh`kjcs `c
Vrcvilchjki
`c jirkcs
(jcm`/JVM@)
ch cl
cl
Li
cstkaijkúh
`cl
ás m `kcti
érci y`mh`c
pijkchtc> sidcr
cstidlcjcr
uhi jmrrclijk
úhpi
chtrc
jirkcs,rcsk`c
tihtm ch
rkcsem
`c jirkcs
ipmyi cl choukjkijilk`i` jmam ch grcjuchjki>
grcjuchjki> `ctcrakhir cl Áh`kjc `c Vliji, `c ijucr`m
akhctm prmgcskmil aëtm`m `c Zklhcss-L ÷c> aihcoir cl cstkai`m `c Ztrcptmjmjjus Autihs
hil, hm lm sustktuyc.
ch silkvi> `makhir lms acjihksams `c ijjkúh y dchcgkjkms `crkvi`ms `c
li khecsti y/m iplkjijkúh túpkji `cl Gl ÿmr> a ëtm`ms `c `ctcrakhijkúh `cl
pB, jipijk`i` duggcr y vmluach `c li scjrcjk úh silkvil (jmh m skh cstkaulijk úh)> y pmr
ÿltkam oukjkm jl áhkjm piri cgcjtuir uhi iprcjkijk úh echcril `cl csti`m `c silu` mril `cl
pijkchtc.
969
@CHPIL
IL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
JITKCZ @CHP
3.0.4.4. Mpcrijkúh
Mpcrijkúh `cl prmeriai.
Shi vcz khstili`m cl prmeriai ch cl jmaputi`mr u mr`chi`mr, cl usuirkm `cdcré
giaklkirkzirsc jmh cl aksam, jmh iyu`i `cl aihuil
aihu il `c khstrujjkmhcs ( DTIPPBILL y jml, 4660d ),
cl aksam quc cs géjkl `c jmaprch`cr sk sc aihcoih lms jmhmjkakchtms déskjms ihtcs
achjkmhi`ms.
Il khkjkirsc cl prmeriai sc `csplkcei uhi pihtilli, quc khjluyc cspijkms piri jmlmjir
lms `itms `c k`chtkgkjijkúh `cl pijkchtc. I li `crcjbi `c li aksai sc udkji uhi jmluahi
jmh `kcz rcjui`rms, ch ji`i uhm `c lms juilcs `cdc rcekstrirsc lms jmrrcspmh`kchtcs
vilmrcs (6 i :). Lucem `c bidcr judkcrtm skctc `c lms `kcz átcas amstri`ms, ipircjcré
ipircjcré uh
erégkjm jkrjulir -tkpm pistcl- amstrih`m ch pmrjchtiocs li cviluijkúh `cl rkcsem `c jirkcs
`c li pcrsmhi cxiakhi`i. Il khtrm`ujkr
khtrm`ujk r lms trcs vilmrcs rcstihtcs sc jmaplctiré li kaiech,
quc isá quc`i lksti piri amstrir y cxplkjir il p ijkchtc.
@chtrm `cl járjulm, ch gmrai `c jmrtc `c pistcl, sc rcprcschtih lms scjtmrcs ch
`kgcrchtcs jmlmrcs (Gke. 3.46. ). Ch vcr`c? li pmskdklk`i` `c cvktir hucvis lcskmhcs. Ch
izul? li `kcti. Ch rmom? lis dijtcrkis. Ch jclcstc li susjcptkdklk`i` `cl pijkchtc y ch iairkllm?
lis jkrjuhstihjkis jmaplcachtirkis.
Lms cocaplms prcschti`ms ch lis ( Gkes. 3.46. y 3.49. ), aucstrih `ms sktuijkmhcs
`kgcrchtcs.
0%
90%
9;%
:3%
42%
Gkeuri 3.46. Jirkmeriai®
964
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
;9%
4%
4%
:%
4%
Gkeuri 3.49. Jirkmeriai®
Ch rcsuach
Viri jmhtrkdukr il `kieh ústkjm `c li chgcrac`i` jirkcs `chtil, rcsultih `c erih iyu`i lms `kgcrchtcs `itms tiakzi`ms csjrupulmsiachtc c khtcrprcti`ms i pirtkr `c lms cx éachcs jmaplcachtirkms> jmam smh? li cviluijkúh `c li bkekchc dujil, li iprcjkijk úh `c
lms bédktms `kctëtkjms y cl ihélksks `c silkvi (ac`kjk úh `cl gluom silkvil, `ctcrakhijk úh `c
li jipijk`i` tiap úh `c li silkvi y su ihélksks akjrmdkmlúekjm). @cdc tchcrsc ch juchti
quc lms `itms rcjmpkli`ms, prmdidlcachtc scih `c pmjm m hulm vilmr sk smh tmai`ms ch
juchti ch gmrai pirjkil m iksli`i. Vmr jmhskeukchtc, piri quc i`qukcrih kapmrtihjki y
trisjch`chjki, tm`is lis khgmraijkmhcs mdtchk`is ac`kihtc lms achjkmhi`ms cx éachcs
jmaplcachtirkms `cdch jmadkhirsc chtrc s á y mdvkiachtc, suairsc i iqucllis prmvchkchtcs `c li ihiahcsks, cl cxiach jl áhkjm, cl ri`kmer égkjm, ctj.
Pm`m cllm jmh`ujkr
jmh` ujkr é i k`chtkgkjir plchiachtc li chgcrac`i` y i cstidlcjcr lms hkvclcs
y gijtmrcs `c rkcsem `cl pijkchtc> lm juil pcraktkr é i`mptir uhi `cjkskúh tcripëutkji
jcrtcri> quc cst ë mrkchti`i i rcsirjkr cl `i ùm mjiskmhi`m pmr li chgcrac`i`, pcrm il
aksam tkcapm i jmaditkr lms gijtmrcs quc lis jiusirmh.
Zkh cadirem, cs guh`iachtil
guh`iachtil tchcr prcschtc quc lms aëtm`ms ijtuilcs `c cviluijk úh
`cl rkcsem `c jirkcs sc billih i ÿh ch uhi ctipi `c `csirrmllm -y pmr ch`c tm`iv ái hm
supcrih lms hkvclcs `c iprmxkaijk ú h- y i ÿ h juih`m su cvmlujk ú h llceuc i hkvclcs
khacomridlcs, oia és lmeriréh rccaplizir cl choukjkiakchtm prmgcskmhil kh`kvk`uilkzi`m
quc rcilkzi cl cxiakhi`mr.
cxiakhi`mr. Cllm hm lms `csjilkgkji jmam bcrriakchtis vilkmsis piri khstrukr
iprmpki`iachtc il pijkchtc y ipmyir li tmai `c `cjkskmhcs jmh rcspcjtm i li tcripki.
96:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Ixclssmh V. @kiehmsks ih` Tksn Vrc`kjtkmh mg @chtil Jirkcs.
Kllkhmks? Yukhtcsschjc dmmns> 4666.
Drittbill @, Illih`cr L, Lydceãr` N-M. Jirkmeria ^prmeriai
^pr meriai
`c jmaputi`mriQ. Wcrskúh 4.69. Aila÷? Shkvcrskty mg
Aila÷ @cpirtacht mg Jirkmlmey> 4660i. Zc jmhskeuc
ch STL? bttp?//www.`d.m`.aib.sc/jir/jirkmeria/
jirkmeriakhgm.btal
Drittbill @, Bàhscl Vctcrssmh E, Ztocrhswàr` OT. Jirkmeria
Aihuil. 4ª c`. Shkvcrskty mg Aila÷ @cpirtacht mg
Jirkmlmey> 4660d. ^jkti`i 4665 Gcd 9Q. Zc jmhskeuc ch
STL? bttp?//www.`d.m`.aib.sc/jir/jirkmeria/
jirkmeaihuil469hct.p`g
Drittbill @. @chtil jirkcs? Khtcrvchc` - Khtcrruptc` - Khtcrprctc`. Jmhjlu`khe rcairns ih` jirkmeripby. Cur O Mril
Zjk 9;;7>960(0 ( Vt 4))?027-;9.
Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z, Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air?
Ercchc OJ, Wcrakllkmh OT. Pbc skaplkgkc` mril byekchc kh`cx.
O Ia @cht Issmj 9;70> 72?5 - 9:.
Eúacz Z. Glumrtcripki ch M`mhtmlmeái piri cl hkùm y cl
i`ultm. :ri c`. Zihtkiem? Irihjkdki Bhms> 4660.
Okaëhcz @uirtc O. Ispcjtms jláhkjms y tritiakchtm `c li
Rcrmstmaái.
Rcrmst
maái. Ijti mtrmr
mtrmrrkhmlirkh
rkhmlirkheml
eml jkr jidczi jucllm
4663> ::(9)? 90-46.
Nrissc D. Jirkcs Tksn. 9ª c`. Jbkjiem? Yukhtcsschjc> 9;23.
Nrkecr L. Vrmamåêm `c siÿ`c dujil. :ª c`. Zêm Viulm? Irtcs
Aë`kjis> 466:.
Lúpcz O, Dcracom I. @csúr`chcs `cl gluom silkvil?
bkpmscjrcjkúh c bkpcrscjrcjkúh silkvil. Ac`kjkhi Mril
9;;7> 9? ;7 -967.
Amuht EO, Buac UT. Jmhscrvijkúh y rcstiurijkúh `c li
cstrujturi `chtil. Dirjclmhi? Amsdy - Birjmurt Drijc>
9;;;.
C`. Shkvcrsk`i`
`c Wkùi
Air> 9;;9.
@ivks
T@. Cviluijkúh
`cl `cl
pijkchtc
y plihkgkjijkúh `cl
tritiakchtm mrkchti`m bijki cl prmdlcai. Ch? Zjbwirtz
TZ, Zuaaktt OD, Tmddkhs OU. Guh`iachtms ch
M`mhtmlmeái Mpcritmrki. Jirijis? Ijtuilk`i`cs Aë`kjm
M`mhtmlúekjis Litkhmiaërkji> 9;;;.
@mhiyrc G, Vrmiùm @, Jbévcz D, Zuche L, Lúpcz A, Ilcaih
A, @áiz I, Wkllchi A, Em`my A. Aihuil `c
Vrmjc`kakchtm Jláhkjms Vcrkm`mhtmlmeái. Gijulti` `c
Cstmaitmlmeái `c li Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm
Bcrc`ki> Lkai? 9;;0.
@ueeil AZ, Pmuadi NO, Iaicjbk DP, Nmwisb AD, Bkebia
ZA. Chiacl `cakhcrilkzitkmh kh sktu wktb virkmus grcquchjkcs mg jirdmbk`ritc jmhsuaptkmh wktb ih` wktbmut glumrk`c tmmtbpistc. O @cht Tcs 4669> 26 (2)?9549-0.
Vkmvihm
Z. Cxiach
y `kiehústkjm
Ch?
Dirrihjms
A. Mpcritmrki
@chtil. :ªch
c`.jirkmlmeái.
Duchms Ikrcs?
Aë`kji Vihiacrkjihi> 9;;;.p. 429 - :94.
Vmwcll WL. Jirkcs rksn isscssacht? rclcvihjc tm tbc prijtktkmhcr.. O Ia @cht Issmj 9;;2>94;(:)? :0;-3:.
tkmhcr
Zckg P. Iplkjijkúh Jláhkji `c li Jirkmlmeái. Hkvclcs `c rkcsem
y tcripëutkjis
tcripëutkjis prcvchtkvis. 9ª c`. Jirijis? Ijtuilk`i`cs
Aë`kjm M`mhtmlúekjis> 9;;5. p. 426-:90.
Ucyhc Z. Jirkmlmeái, Ch? Diritkcrk LH, Ih`ri`i AIJ,
Amhtckrm OrZ, Jir`msm IJ, Vmlk`mrm OZ, Ih`ri`i TJ,
Zmusi JH, Drih`cdurem VJ, Lkhs OTZ, Ih`ri`c JI.
Mpcritmrki @chtil Vrmjc`kakchtms prcvchtkvms
y r cs
csti
tiur
ur i`
i`mr
mr cs 4ª c`
c`.. Zê
Zêm
m Vi
Viul
ul m?
m?Yuk
Yuk ht
htcs
cssc
sc hj
hjc>
c>
9;;:.p.9-04.
960
CRÉACHCZ JMAVLCACHPITKMZ VITI @CPCTAKHIT CL TKCZEM @C JITKCZ / jipátulm 3
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ
JITKMZIZ
7
Lcyli @CLEI@M JMPTKHI
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM y jmlidmri`mri *
Lis lcskmhcs `chtilcs quc mjiskmhi li chgcrac`i` jirkcs smh cvk`chjkis jláhkjis `cl
`cscquklkdrkm quc i achu`m sc prm`ujc ch li jivk`i` mril, `cdk`m il prc`makhkm quc
iljihzih lms gijtmrcs quc givmrcjch li `csakhcrilkzijkúh `c lms tcok`ms `chtilcs, smdrc
iqucllm
iqu
cllmss quc prm
prmaucvc
aucvc h su rcakhcril
rcakh crilkzij
kzijkúh.
kúh. Pilcs
Pilcs lcskmhcs suclch jliskgkjirsc m
jitcemrkzirsc piri bijcr vkidlc li i`cjui`i jmaprchskúh y cl aihcom khtceril `c csti
chgcrac`i`, il aksam tkcapm `c givmrcjcr li jmauhkjijkúh.
7.9. @CGKHKJKÚH C KAVMTPIHJKI
Ch su ijcpjkúh aés iaplki, jliskgkjir skehkgkji mr`chir m `kspmhcr pmr jliscs (@TIC,
4669), isuhtm `c prkamr`kil kapmrtihjki ch silu`> yi quc ac`kihtc li khstiurijkúh `c
jliskgkjijkmhcs, chtrc cllis li `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis, sc illihi cl jiakhm bijki li `kguskúh
uhkvcrsil `cl jmhmjkakchtm. Cstm iljihzi hkvcl supcrlitkvm juih`m skrvc `c piuti piri
sclcjjkmhir y iplkjir `c aihcri ijcrti`i uhi `ctcrakhi`i tcripki.
Ch cl jism `c li jirkcs, li jliskgkjijkúh `c lis lcskmhcs quc mjiskmhi
li chgcrac`i` cs pirtkjulirachtc kapmrtihtc, pmrquc -i`caés `c k`chtkgkjir su tkpm- pcraktc `cgkhkr su lmjilkzijkúh, su jmaplcok`i` y su prmercskúh (AMSHP y BSAC> 9;;2)> piréactrms quc jmhtrkduych i airjir uh `crrmtcrm tcripëutkjm (AMSHP y BSAC, 9;;2> LIZGITESCZ, 9;;;> ZIPB[IHITI[IHIH
ZIPB[IHITI[IHIH y
JITMSHHIHK@[> 4664) y isá i rc`ujkr li prmdidklk`i` `c quc cl m`mhtúlmem
khjurri ch crrmrcs `c prcsjrkpjkúh, lms aksams quc sc tmrhih `riaétkjms
juih`m cl tritiakchtm iplkji`m cs krrcvcrskdlc m kitrmeëhkjm.
Li jliskgkjijkúh
k`chtkgkji cl tkpm
`c lcskmhcs y lis
`csjrkdc sceÿh
su?? lm ji
su
jilk
lk zi jk úh
úh,,
jmaplcok`i` y
prmercsk
prme
rcskúh.
úh.
Pm`is lis jliskgkjijkmhcs quc bih surek`m, `cs`c li prkacri khstiuri`i pmr E.W. DLIJN
ch 9;62, bih sk`m jmhjcdk`is piri jliskgkjir lcskmhcs jirkmsis, pcrm -pmr cxtchskúh- sc
bih
iaplki`m
bisti
iljihzir
i lis
prcpirijkmhcs
i lis lcskmhcs hm
jirkmsis,
tilcs
jmam lis
mjiskmhi`is
pmr? jivktirkis
grijturis, yitrkjkúh
y lcskmhcs jcrvkjilcs hm jirkmsis (idgrijjkúh, crmskúh y idriskúh).
Shi acomr jmaprchskúh `c li jirkcs `chtil, cspcjkilachtc `c lms prmjcsms `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh/rcakhcrilkzijkúh, y li ipirkjkúh `c hucvms
aitcrkilcs `chtilcs, idrkcrmh cl jiakhm bijki uhi i`cjui`i sclcjjkúh
Li jliskgkjijkúh
pkmhcri jléskji
jlésk ji `c
lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis guc jmhjcdk`i
jmhjcd k`i
pmr E. W. DL
DLIJ
IJN
N
ch 9;62.
* Dcrtbi GLMTCZ ACHI, Vrmgcsmri
Vrmgcsmri Ismjki`i `c li Zcjjkúh
Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs.
@cpirtiachtm Iji`ëakjm `c Jláhkji Cstmaitúekji. Shkvcrsk`i`.Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki
963
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
`c mpjkmhcs y tëjhkjis `c rcstiurijkúh y il úptkam aihtchkakchtm `c li silu`. I`caés
prmamvkcrmh
prmamvkcr
mh quc `kvcrsms iutmrcs, tilcs jmam? AMSHP y BSAC (9;;5i )> LIZGITESCZ, NILCNI,
LMSKZ (4669) y ZIPB[IHITI[IHIH
ZIPB[IHITI[IHIH y JITMSHHIHK@[
JITM SHHIHK@[ (4664) prmpuskcrih uhi hucvi jliskgkjijkúh
`c lcskmhcs ijmr`c jmh li cvmlujkúh `c lms ÿltkams iùms.
7.4. JLIZKGKJIJKÚH JLÁHKJI
Lis jliskgkjijkmhcs gucrmh jmhjcdk`is piri lcsk mh cs ji rk ms is ,
pcrm su
s u usm sc bi
cxtch`k`m i lis
prcpirijkmhcs
jivktirkis y i
mtris lcskúhcs.
Lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs sc puc`ch jliskgkjir jláhkjiachtc jmhsk`crih`m `kstkhtms jrktcrkms (DISA y jml., 9;;7> AMH@CLLK y jml., 9;;2> ZSAAKP y jml., 4669>
LIHIPI
LIHIP
I y jml., 466:. y DITTIHJ MZ AMMHC[ y DITTIHJMZ, 4667> ).
7.4.9. Zceÿh su lmjilkzijkúh ch li pkczi `chtirki
7.4.9.9. Vmr tkpms `c supcrgkjkcs
i. Lcskúh `c gmsis y gksuris. (Gke. 7.9. ).
d. Lcskúh `c supcrgkjkcs lksis. ( Gke. 7.4. ).
7.4.9.4. Vmr supcrgkjkc ihitúakji
i. Mj
Mjlu
lusi
sil?
l? Zupcrgkjkc aistkjitmrki `c lis pkczis pmstcrkmrcs. (Gke.
d. Kh
Khjk
jksi
sil?
l? Zupcrgkjkc jmrtihtc `c lis pkczis ihtcrkmrcs. ( Gke.
7.9.).
7.:.).
j. Vr
Vrmx
mxka
kail?
il? Zupcrgkjkc acskil (prúxkai i li láhci ac`ki `c li irji`i) m `kstil (`kstihtc
`c li láhci ac`ki `c li irji`i)
irji`i ) `c tm`is lis pkczis `chtirkis.
`chtirki s. (Gkes. 7.0i. y 7.0d.).
`. Jc
Jcrvk
rvkji
jil?
l? Pcrjkm jcrvkjil m ekhekvil `c li pkczi `chtirki, puc`c khjlukr li uhkúh
iaclmjcachtirki. (Gke. 7.3.).
GKESTI 7.9. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c gmsis y gksuris.
GKESTI 7.4. Lcskúh jirkmsi `c supcrgkjkcs lksis.
i.
GKESTI 7.:. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis khjksilcs.
d.
GKESTI 7.0. Lcskmhcs jirkmsi prmxkailcs i. pmstcr
pmstcrkmr
kmr.. d. ihtcrkmr.
967
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipá
jipátulm 7
GKESTI 7.3. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis jcrvkjilcs.
GKESTI 7.2. Lcskúh jirkmsi jmapucsti
mjlusm-acskil.
GKESTI 7.7. Lcskúh jirkmsi ch
GKESTI 7.5. Lcskúh jirkmsi quc
jiri lkdrc.
khvmlujri aÿltkplcs supcrgkjkcs.
GKESTI 7.;. Lcskúh jirkmsi
GKESTI 7.96. Lcskúh jirkmsi
jmaplcoi.
scjuh`irki
c. Jir
Jiris
is lkdrcs
lkdrcs?? Wcstkdulir, pilitkhm/lkheuil `c tm`is lis pkczis `chtirkis. ( Gkes.
7.4.
y 7.7.).
g. Jm
Jmad
adkh
khij
ijkkúh `c supcrgkjkcs? Mjlusm-acskil, mjlusm-`kstil, khjksm-acskil, mjlusm-
vcstkdulir, ctj. ( Gke. 7.5.).
7.4.4. Zceÿh cl hÿacrm `c supcrgkjkcs quc idirji
7.4.4.9. Zkaplcs
Zmh lcskmhcs quc idirjih uhi supcrgkjkc `chtirki, li juil lc jmhgkcrc cl hmadrc i li
lcskúh. (Gkes. 7.9., 7.0i., 7.3 y 7.7.).
7.4.4.4. Jmapucstis
Iqucllis quc khvmlujrih `ms jiris `c uh `kchtc, lis aksais quc `ctcrakhih cl hmadrc
`c li lcskúh. Cocaplm? lcskúh mjlusm-acskil. (Gke. 7.2.), `kstm pilitkhi (Gke. 7.0d.)
7.4.4.:. Jmaplcois
Cstis lcskmhcs idirjih trcs m aés supcrgkjkcs `cl `kchtc. Cocaplm? lcskúh vcstkdulmmjlusm-lkheum-`kstil. (Gke. 7.;.).
7.4.:. Zceÿh cl tkpm
tkpm `c khkjkm
7.4.:.9. Lcskúh khkjkil m prkairki
Iquclli quc sc prm`ujc ch supcrgkjkcs quc hm bih sk`m rcstiuri`is. ( Gke. 7.9.).
7.4.:.4. Lcskúh Zcjuh`irki (JITZ)
Cs li quc sc sktÿi ch li vcjkh`i` khac`kiti `c uhi rcstiurijkúh (Gke. 7.96.) m `c uh
sclli`mr. Viri ilu`kr cstc tkpm `c lcskúh, i achu`m suclc caplcirsc `kvcrsms tërakhms>
965
@CHPIL
IL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
JITKCZ @CHP
tilcs jmam? rcjurrchtc rcsk`uil, rcjk`kvihtc, ctj., lm juil echcri jmhguskúh. Vmr cllm,
ijcrti`iachtc sc bi prmpucstm, auy rcjkchtcachtc, supcrir li `kspirk`i` utklkzih`m
JITZ (jirkcs ismjki`i i rcstiurijkmhcs y sclli`mrcs) jmam `chmakhijkúh ÿhkji (KJ@IZ
JMMT@KHIPKHE
JMMT@KHI
PKHE JMAKPCC, 4663). ( Zcjjkúh 4.0.).
7.4.0. Zceÿh su ijtkvk`i`
Cs kapmrtihtc `ctcrakhir sk uhi lcskúh jirkmsi cs ijtkvi (Gke. 7.99. ) m `ctchk`i (Gke.
7.94. ) (CNZPTIH@ y jml., 9;;2). Viri GCI
GCIPBCTZPMHC
PBCTZPMHC ( 9;;7) cxkstc uhi `kgcrchjki chtrc `ctcjtir
li prcschjki y cxtchskúh `c uhi lcskúh `c jirkcs y ` kiehmstkjir su ijtkvk`i` (Jipátulm 0).
Viri VKPPZ (9;;7), cl `kiehústkjm `c li ijtkvk`i` `c lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs cs jrujkil piri
oustkgkjir `cdk`iachtc li khstiurijkúh `c ac`k`is tcripëutkjis, prcvchtkvis, uhi
jmhouhjkmh `c iadis m hkheuhi khtcrvchjkúh.
Ch uh cstu`km rcilkzi`m pmr
CNZPTIH@ y jml. (9;;2), sc chjmhtrú
quc li cviluijkúh vksuil y ri`kmerégkji pcraktc? `ctcjtir lcskmhcs
mjlusilcs, `ctcrakhir su prmguh`k`i`, `kiehmstkjir su ijtkvk`i` y
`cgkhkr uh aihtchkakchtm lúekjm.
GKESTI 7.99.
ijtkvi.
Lcskúh jirkmsi
GKESTI 7.94.
Lcskúh jirkmsi `ctchk`i.
7.4.3. Zceÿh su prmguh`k`i`
7.4.3.9. Lcskúh hm jivkti`i
@csakhcrilkzijkúh lkakti`i i li supcrgkjkc `cl csailtc, skh llceir i jmhstktukr uhi
jivk`i`. (Gke. 7.9:.).
7.4.3.4. Lcskúh supcrgkjkil
Zu prmguh`k`i` sc jkrjuhsjrkdc il csailtc. ( Gke. 7.90.).
7.4.3.:. Lcskúh am`cri`i
Llcei aáhkaiachtc i li `chtkhi. ( Gke. 7.93. ).
7.4.3.0. Lcskúh prmguh`i
Iljihzi uh cxtchsm jmaprmaksm `c li `chtkhi. (Gke. 7.97.).
7.4.3.3 Lcskúh auy prmguh`i skh
skh jmaprmaksm pulpir
Igcjti li `chtkhi i`yijchtc il tcok`m pulpir.
pulpir. ( Gke. 7.95. ).
7.4.3.7 Lcskúh auy prmguh`i jmh jmaprmaksm
jmaprmaksm pulpir
Iljihzi aáhkai cxpmskjkúh pulpir
pulpir.. ( Gke. 7.92.).
962
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipá
jipátulm 7
GKESTI 7.9:. Csqucai `c
GKESTI 7.90. Csqucai `c lcskúh
GKESTI 7.93. Csqucai `c
lcskúh jirkmsi hm jivkti`i.
jirkmsi supcrgkjkil ch csailtc.
lcskúh jirkmsi am`cri`i.
GKESTI 7.97. Csqucai `c
GKESTI 7.95. Csqucai `c
GKESTI 7.92. Csqucai `c
lcskúh jirkmsi auy prmguh`i
skh jmaprmaksm pulpir.
lcskúh jirkmsi auy prmguh`i
jmh jmaprmaksm pulpir
pulpir..
lcskúh jirkmsi prmguh`i.
7.4.7. Zceÿh li vclmjk`i` `c prmercskúh
7.4.7.9. Lcskúh ieu`i
Li lcskúh prmercsi répk`iachtc `cs`c su prkacri aihkgcstijkúh jláhkji bisti jmaprmactcr li `chtkhi m llceir i prm`ujkr lcskúh pulpir. Cs aés grcjuchtc ch hkùms y
i`ultms oúvchcs. Li `chtkhi suclc amstrirsc `c jmlmr iairkllm
iairk llm jlirm. Vuc`c rcekstrirsc
`mlmr,, iuhquc li prcschjki `c cstc sáhtmai hm cs gmrzmsi.
`mlmr
7.4.7.4. Lcskúh jrúhkji
Li lcskúh prmercsi lchtiachtc y pmr ch`c cl jmaprmaksm `chtkhirkm y pulpir cs aés
tir`ám quc ch li lcskúh ieu`i. Cs aés jmaÿh ch i`ultms. Li `chtkhi jirki`i suclc
amstrirsc `c jmlmr pir`m msjurm. Ch cstc jism, cl `mlmr hm cs uh risem jmaÿh.
7.:. JLIZKGKJIJKMHCZ ZKZPCAIPK_I@IZ
Ji`i uhm `c lms jrktcrkms ihtcs achjkmhi`ms, pcraktc quc tm`is lis
lcskmhcs jirkmsis puc`ih udkjirsc `chtrm `c ileuhi `c cstis
jliskgkjijkmhcs> diséh`msc ch uhi `csjrkpjkúh y juih`m csti sc tmrhc
khsugkjkchtc, puc`ch jmadkhirsc `ms m aés piréactrms. Zkh cadirem,
Viri iljihzir uhi
jliskgkjijkúh aés
khtceril sc bi skstcaitkzi`m cl rcekstrm `c lis lcskmhcs
skmh
cs jirk
j irkmsis
msis..
piri skaplkgkjir mreéhkjiachtc su rcekstrm y vkhjulir su `csjrkpjkúh jmh
cl tritiakchtm quc sc jmrrcspmh`i jmh cl tkpm cspcjágkjm `c lcskúh, suclc
iju`krsc il usm `c jliskgkjijkmhcs echcri`is smdrc li disc `c uhi
skstcaitkzijkúh, tilcs jmam? li `c E.W. DLIJN, li `c E.AMSHP y T. BSAC,
csti ÿltkai sc caplci ch lms ÿltkams iùms, ch uhi vcrskúh i`ipti`i prmpki, ch li Zcjjkúh
`c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs, `cl @cpirtiachtm `c Jláhkji Cstmaitmlúekji
`c li Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki (ZM@IJC).
96;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
7.:.9. Jliskgkjijkúh `c Ercchc Wir`kaih Dlijn (9;62)
E.W.. DLIJN
E.W
DLI JN jliskgkjú lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis diséh`msc ch li
ctkmlmeái y cl tritiakchtm `c
ëstis, i`caés `c lis prmpkc`i`cs `c lms aitcrkilcs caplci`ms piri lis rcstiurijkmhcs.
Csti jliskgkjijkúh guc jmhjcdk`i juih`m iÿh hm sc jmhtidi jmh aitcrkilcs rcstiuri`mrcs
rcstiuri`mrcs
pmlkaërkjms. Ierupi lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c ijucr`m i su lmjilkzijkúh ch lms irjms `chtilcs y li supcrgkjkc `cl `kchtc ch li juil sc udkjih, pucs cllm jmhstktuyc uh gijtmr
kapmrtihtc ch cl `kscùm `c li prcpirijkúh jivktirki (AMSHP y BSAC, 9;;5i y9;;5d> ZSAAKPP,
4669> LIHIPI y JBKIVVITI, 466:) .
Zmdrc li disc `c cstms jrktcrkms, lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis sc `kvk`kcrmh ch `ms erupms?
Erupm 9? lcskmhcs ch gmsis y gksuris.
Erupm 4? lcskmhcs `c supcrgkjkcs lksis.
@cl Erupm 9 surek ú li Jlisc 9 y cl Erupm 4 sc sud`kvk`k ú ch juitrm jliscs, rcsultih`m
ch tmtil jkhjm jliscs sce ÿh csti jliskgkjijk úh> cstis smh.
7.:.9.9. Jlisc 9
Lcskmhcs khkjki`is ch gmsis y gksuris ch? lis supcrgkjkcs mjlusilcs `c amlircs y
prcamlircs, lms 4/: mjlusilcs `c lis supcrgkjkcs vcstkdulircs y pilitkhis `c amlircs y `c
lis supcrgkjkcs pilitkhis `c lms khjkskvms ihtcrkmrcs. ( Gkes. 7.9., 7.9;i., 7.9;d. y 7.9;j.).
Zce ÿh AMH@CLLK y jml. (9;;2), Zmjnwcll jmhsk`cri `chtrm `c csti jliskgkjijk úh lcskmhcs `c
gmsis y gksuris `c li supcrgkjkc vcstkdulir `c lms `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs.
7.:.9.4. Jlisc 4
Lcskmhcs khkjki`is
khkjki` is ch li supcrgkjkc prmxkail (acskil y `kstil)
`kstil ) `c amlircs y prcamlircs.
(Gkes. 7.0i., 7.2., 7.46i., y 7.46d.).
GKESTI 7.9;i. Csqucai `c lcskúh
GKESTI 7.9;d. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis
GKESTI 7.9;j. Lcskúh jirkmsi
jirkmsi mjlusil jlisc 9.
mjlusilcs jlisc 9.
pilitkhi jlisc 9.
GKESTI 7.46. Lcskúh jirkmsi
jlisc 4.
i. Csqucai
d. Wksti jláhkji
i.
d.
996
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipá
jipátulm 7
7.:.9.:. Jlisc :
Lcskmhcs khkjkilcs ch li supcrgkjkc prmxkail (acskil y `kstil)
`c `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs quc hm khvmlujrih
khvmluj rih cl dmr`c khjksil. ( Gkes.
7.0i., 7.49i. y 7.49d.).
7.:.9.0. Jlisc 0
Lcskmhcs ch li supcrgkjkc prmxkail `c `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs jmh
jmaprmaksm `c éheulm khjksil m quc rcqukcri li rcamjk úh `c ëstc.
(Gkes. 7.44i. y 7.44d.).
7.:.9.3. Jlisc 3
GKESTI 7.49i. Csqucai `c
lcskúh jirkmsi jlisc :.
Lcskmhcs udkji`is ch cl tcrjkm jcrvkjil `c lis supcrgkjkcs
vcstkdulir y pilitkhi/lkheuil
pilitkhi/lkheui l `c lms `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs y pmstcrkmrcs.
(Gkes. 7.3. , 7.4:i. y 7.4:d.).
7.:.9.7. Jlisc 7
Vmstcrkmrachtc Bmwir` y Zkamh, rcgcrk`m pmr AMH@CLLK ch 9;;2,
Vmstcrkmrachtc
prmpuskcrmh li khjmrpmrijkúh `c uhi jlisc i`kjkmhil i li jliskgkjijk úh mrkekhil `c DLIJN (9;62), i li quc plihtcirmh `chmakhir Jlisc 7. Csti khjluyc lis lcskmhcs lmjilkzi`is ch? lms dmr`cs khjksilcs
`c lms `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs, lis jÿspk`cs `c amlircs y p rcamlircs y
lis ércis `c géjkl lkapkczi. (Gkes. 7.:. , 7.40i. y 7.40d).
GKESTI 7.49d. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis
jlisc :.
GKESTI 7.44i. Csqucai `c lcskúh
GKESTI 7.4:i. Csqucai `c lcskúh
GKESTI 7.40i. Csqucai `c lcskúh
jirkmsi jlisc 0.
jirkmsi jlisc 3.
jirkmsi jlisc 7.
GKESTI 7.44d. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis
GKESTI 7.4:d. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis
GKESTI 7.40d. Lcskúh jirkmsi
jlisc 0.
jlisc 3.
jlisc 7.
999
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
7.:.4. Jliskgkjijkúh `c E. Amuht y T. Buac (9;;5)
Tcjkchtcachtc, piri acomrir li skstcaitkzijk úh `c lis lcskmhcs, aujbms iutmrcs c
khvcstkei`mrcs suekrkcrmh `krkekrli bijki cl tritiakchtm, khjmrpmrih`m i li jliskgkjijk úh
lis lcskmhcs hm jivkti`is, jitcemr ái quc gijklkti chtch`cr cl sustchtm `c li tcripki hm
rcstiuri`mri m aáhkaiacht
hkaiachtc
c khviskvi
khvisk vi `c lis lcsk
lcskmhcs
mhcs jirkmsis. Is á, sc prcjmhkzi i`mptir
uhi jliskgkjijkúh a és guhjkmhil `c lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs,
jirkcs, disi`i ch su udkjijk úh, pcrm
il aksam tkcapm ch su cxtchskúh (AMSHP y BSAC,
BSAC, 9;;2> LIZGITESCZ,
LIZGITESCZ, 9;;;> C@CLDCTE, 4664).
Zce ÿh AMSHP y BSAC (9;;5i
(9;;5i,, 9;;2), LIZGITESCZ (9;;;) y ZIPB[IHITI[
ZIPB[IHITI[IHIH
IHIH y JITMSHHIHK@[
(4664), cl jmhmjkakchtm y li jmaprchsk úh `c li jirkcs `chtil hm smh hucvms, capcrm li
khstiurijkúh `c prmeriais `c prcvchjk úh, quc khjluych tcripkis jmh glumrurms, bi jmh`kjkmhi`m uhi hucvi vkskúh `cl prmjcsm `csakhcrilkzijkúh/rcakhcrilkzijkúh `c lis cstrujturis `chtilcs y sus cgcjtms ch cstc prmjcsm. Zuai`m i cllm, cl usm `c aitcrkilcs i`bcskvms
jmam kmhúacrm `c vk`rkm y rcskhi jmapucsti bi llcvi`m i am`kgkjir lms jmhjcptms ijcrji
`cl `kscùm `c lis prcpirijkmhcs jivktirkis is á jmam lis iltcrhitkvis `c tritiakchtm. Vmr
lm tihtm, sc bkzm cvk`chtc li hcjcsk`i` jrcjkchtc `c uhi hucvi jliskgkjijkúh `c lcskmhcs
y prcpirijkmhcs jivktirkis, ch vksti `c li jmhguskúh quc jrcih
jrcih prkhjkpilachtc
prkhjkpilac htc lis lcskmhcs
hm jivkti`is y `kakhutis, quc smh kh`kjitkvis `c uh aihcom jmhscrvi`mr m aáhkaiachtc
khviskvm `c li lcskúh.
7.:.4.9. _mhis
Grchtc i li hcjcsk`i` ihtcs scù ili`i, AMSHP y BSAC (9;;5)
`csjrkdkcrmh trcs zmhis m ércis ch lis juilcs sc ijuauli dkmgkla
`chtil , pmr lm juil smh a és susjcptkdlcs i li gmraijk úh `c lcskmhcs.
Cstis zmhis puc`ch lmjilkzirsc ch li jmrmhi m ch li riáz `c uh `kchtc.
(Gke. 7.43.).
i. _m
_mhi
hi 9? Lcskmhcs ch lis gmsis, gksuris y `cgcjtms `cl csailtc ch
lis supcrgkjkcs mjlusilcs `c lms `kchtcs pmstcrkmrcs u mtris supcrgk-
GKESTI 7.43. _mhis susjcptkdlcs i li gmraijkúh `c lcskmhcs
jkcs jmam li gmsi `cl j áheulm `c `kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs. ( Gke. 7.43.).
d. _m
_mhi
hi 4? Érci prmxkail sktui`i khac`kitiachtc vcjkhi `c lms
puhtms `c jmhtijtm jmh lms `kchtcs jmhtkeums. (Gke. 7.43.).
jirkmsis pmr ijÿaulm `c pliji
sceÿh AMSHP y BSAC.
j. _m
_mhi
hi :? Pcrjkm ekhekvil `c li jmrmhi ihit úakji, m ch jism `c
rcjcskúh ekhekvil ch li riáz cxpucsti. (Gke. 7.43.).
7.:.4.4. Piaiùm
Dis éh`msc ch cl prmercsm `c lis lcskmhcs, sc lis `kvk`k ú ch juitrm tiaiùms, kh`cpch`kchtcachtc `cl lueir `c mrkech `c li lcsk úh ( Gke. 7.47. ).
i. Pia iùm 9? aáhkai igcjtijkúh `c li `chtkhi. (Gke.
7.47i.).
d. Pia iùm 4? igcjtijkúh am`cri`i `c li `chtkhi, `c am`m quc uhi vcz rcilkzi`i li
prcpirijkúh `chtil, csailtc ch duch csti`m i`cjui`iachtc smpmrti`m pmr li
`chtkhi> pmr lm tihtm, hm cs prmdidlc quc sc grijturc pmr jireis mjlusilcs
hmrailcs. Cstm skehkgkji quc li cstrujturi `chtil rcaihchtc cs sugkjkchtcachtc
gucrtc piri smpmrtir li rcstiurijkúh. ( Gke. 7.47d.).
j. Pia iùm :? li pkczi csti cxtchsiachtc igcjti`i, pcrm hm khvmlujri j ÿspk`cs m
dmr`cs khjksilcs. (Gke. 7.47j.).
`. Piaiùm 0? lcskúh cxtchsi jmh p ër`k`i kapmrtihtc `c cstrujturi `chtil, quc khjluyc
khjlu yc
jÿspk`cs m dmr`cs khjksilcs. (Gke. 7.47`.).
994
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipá
jipátulm 7
GKESTI 7.47.
Jliskgkjijkúh `c AMSHP y
BSAC sceÿh prmguh`k`i`
i? Piaiùm 9
d? tiaiùm 4
j? Piaiùm :
`? Piaiùm 0
Lis lcskmhcs `c Piaiùm 4, : y 0 puc`ch scr hucvis lcskmhcs quc bih prmercsi`m
jmhsk`cridlcachtc ihtcs quc cl pijkchtc dusquc itchjk úh `c lis aksais m tiadk ëh
puc`ch scr cl rcsulti`m `c grijturis c khjlusm `c rcstiurijkmhcs ihtkeuis quc rcqukcrch
rccaplizm.
Ch aiym `c 9;;;, `urihtc uh skapmskua `c i`bcsk úh ch Virás, LIZGITESCZ prmpusm
uhi jliskgkjijkúh `chmakhi`i ZK/ZPI JMHJCVP (ijrúhkam `c lis pilidris khelcsis Zktc y
Ztiec quc skehkgkjih udkjijk ú h y csti`km rcspcjtkviachtc). @kjbm plihtciakchtm
jmhstktuyú, ch rcilk`i`, uhi am`kgkjijkúh i li jliskgkjijk úh prmpuehi`i pmr AMSHP y BSAC
jmhskstchtc ch iùi`kr uh csti`km i`kjkmhil vcr`i`criachtc prcjmz?
prcjmz? `chmakh éh`mlm Piai ùm 6, lm juil jmaplcachti li prmpucsti mrkekhil quc jmhsk`cri lms tiaiùms 9, 4, : y 0.
(Gkes.
7.45. i 7.4;. y Jui`rm 7.9.).
GKESTI 7.45. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis jcrvk-
GKESTI 7.42. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis GKESTI 7.4;. Lcskúh
jilcs? jihkhm tiaiùm 6 y prcamlir
tiaiùm9
jcrvkjilcs? khjkskvm litcril
tiaiùm 4 y jihkhm tiaiùm :
PIAIÙM
Hm Jivkti`i Aáhkai Am`cri`i Erih`c
_MHI
9. Gmsi
Gmsiss y Gk
Gksu
suri
riss
4. Vu
Vuht
htm
m `c
`c Jmh
Jmhti
tijt
jtm
m
:. Jcrv
rvkj
kjiilc
lcss
jirkmsi jcrvkjil tiaiùm 0
Cxtchsi
6
9
4
:
0
9.6
9.9
9.4
9.:
9.0
4.6
4.9
4.4
4.:
4.0
:.6
:.9
:.4
:.0
:.0
JSI@TM 7.9
Jliskgkjijkúh `c lcskmhcs
jirkmsis sceÿh AMSHP y
BSAC, am`kgkji`m pmr
LIZGITESCZ, NILCNI y
LMSKZ.
99:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
7.:.:. Jliskgkjijkúh `c li Zcjjkúh `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs
@chtilcs `cl @cpirtiachtm `c Jláhkji Cstmaitmlúekji `c li Shkvcrsk`i`
Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki (ZM@IJC-SVJ
(ZM@IJC-SVJB)
B)
ZSVCTGKJKC IGCJPI@I
Vrmxkail ihtcrkmr
Acskil
@kstil
Gmsis y gksuris
Mjlusil
Vilitkhm
Wcstkdulir
Lkheuil
Acskil
@kstil
Vrmx
Vr
mxka
kail
il pm
pmst
stcr
crkm
kmrr
AcskmAcsk
m-mj
mjlu
lusi
sill
@kstm-mjlusil
Jcrvkjil
Wcstkdulir
Vilitkhm
Lkheuil
JSI@TM 7.4.
Jliskgkjijkúh ZM@IJC-SVJB.
Virtkch`m `c li prcaksi `c quc uh duch `kieh ústkjm, disi`m ch uhi jliskgkjijk úh i`cjui`i, pcraktc mrkchtir uh plih
`c tritiakchtm jmh uh achmr airech `c crrmr, sc jmhjkdkú uh
skstcai `c jliskgkjijkúh piri lis lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chtil,
smdrc li disc `c li jmhouhjk úh `c jrktcrkms `c DLIJN (9;62) y
AMSHP y BSAC (9;;5i, 9;;5d), cl juil sc iplkji ch li ZM@IJCSVJB `cs`c cl i ùm 4664. ( Jui`rm 7.4. ).
Cl jrktcrkm piri lmjilkzir lcskmhcs jirkmsis jmhsk`cri erupms `c `kchtcs y supcrgkjkcs khvmlujri`is.
Cl jrktcrkm `c prmguh`k`i` skrvc jmam uh rcgcrchtc piri
sclcjjkmhir cl tritiakchtm i rcilkzir,
rcilkzir, quc ch li ctipi `c `kiehústkjm hm sc utklkzi `cdk`m i su `kgkjulti` `c iplkjijk úh. Cs
vélk`m uhi vcz quc sc bi rctkri`m cl tcok`m jirki`m. Cl jrktcrkm
`c jliskgkjijkúh sceÿh li prmguh`k`i` `csjrkti ch li Zcjjkúh
7.4.3. cs uh jrktcrkm i`ipti`m pmr li ZM@IJC-SVJB, diséh`msc
ch li prmpucsti `c AMH@CLLK y jmls.
Ch rcsuach
Li i`cjui`i jmaprchsk úh y trihsaksk úh `c lms `ctillcs khbcrchtcs i ji`i lcsk úh,
cxkec li utklkzijk úh `c uh a ëtm`m tih drcvc jmam prcjksm piri `csjrkdkr ` kjbis lcskmhcs.
I cstm sc lc `chmakhi? jliskgkjijk úh `c lis lcskmhcs `chtilcs.
Cxkstch virkis gmrais `c jitilmeir m jliskgkjir `kjbis lcskmhcs, lis aksais quc puc`ch `kvk`krsc ch `ms erupms? iqucllis quc jmhsk`crih lms jrktcrkms `c jliskgkjijkúh iksli`iachtc y lis skstcaitkzi`is quc ierupih `ms m a és jrktcrkms. Li i`mpjkúh `c uh skstcai `c jliskgkjijkúh `cdc rcilkzirsc smdrc li disc `c lis hcjcsk`i`cs `c ji`i erupm m
kh`kvk`um ch pirtkjulir, tchkch`m prcschtc
prcschtc quc su gkhilk`i` cs gijklktir li k`chtkgkjijk úh `c
lis lcskmhcs sce ÿh su lmjilkzijkúh, cxtchskúh y jmaplcok`i`.
Ieri`cjkakchtm
I li Vrmg. I`rkihi Mlkvckri Zklvi pmr su echtklczi `c jc`cr lms csqucais utklkzi`ms piri klustrir li Jliskgkjijkúh
`c E.W. Dlijn.
990
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipá
jipátulm 7
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Dirrihjms
Ammhcy
Dirrihjms
VO. Mpcritmrki
@chtil. 0ª
c`. Duchms
Ikrcs?O,Aë`kji
Vihiacrkjihi>
4667.
Diua Ll., Vbkllkps TU, Luhi AT. Jliskgkjijkúh `c jivk`i`cs
y rcstiurijkmhcs Ch? Diua Ll., Vbkllkps TU
TU,, Luhi AT.
Priti`m `c mpcritmrki `chtil. :ª c`. Aëxkjm? AjEriwAjEriwBkll Khtcriacrkjihi>9;;7. p.4;-0;.
Dlijn, EW. Mpcritkvc @chtkstry. 9ª c`. Jbkjiem? Ac`kjm@chtil> 9;62.
@kjjkmhirkm `c li Tcil Iji`caki Cspiùmli, 44i c`. Cspiùi?
Tcil Iji`caki Cspiùmli? 4669. Jliskgkjir> p. :2:.
C`cldcre A. Tcstiurijkmhcs aáhkaiachtc khviskvis Ch?
Bchmstrmzi E. c`ktmr. Cstëtkji y Mpcritmrki @chtil. ;¿
Jmhercsm `c li Ismjkijkúh Litkhmiacrkjihi `c
Mpcritmrki @chtil y Dkmaitcrkilcs y 0ª Jmhercsm `c li
Ismjkijkúh Vcruihi `c M`mhtmlmeái Tcstiuri`mri
y Dkmaitcrkilcs> 4664 Idrkl 43 - 45>Lkai?Vcrÿ.4664.p.
45>Lkai?Vcrÿ.4664.p.
92-49.
Cnstrih` NT, Tkjnctts @H, Nk`` CI, Yvkst W, Zjbmu Z. @ctcjtkmh, `kiehmskhe, amhktmrkhe ih` lmekjil trcitacht
Lisgireucs
OO. i`bcskvc
ZKZPI jmhjcpt?
hcw euk`clkhcs gmr prmpbylixks ih`
`chtkstry.I@CHH@SA>
9;;;.
Ijjcsi`m cl 42 hmvkcadrc `cl 4660. Lmjilkzi`m ch
<&ncywmr`s1&jit‑ bttp?//www.nuririy-`chtil.`c/
che/wksstcjb.btal=rcjZtirt16&AHr1&lhnhiac1
&ncywmr`s1&jit18.
Lisgireucs OO, Nilcni T, Lmuks OO. I hcw tbcripcutkj jlisskgkjitkmh mg jivktkcs. Yukhtcsschjc
Yukhtcsschjc Kht 4669>:4(4)?;5.
Amh`cllk O y jml. @chtástkji Vrmjc`kakchtms prë-jláhkjms. Zêm
Viulm? Zihtms> 4664.
Amh`cllk O y jml. Vrmtcåêm `m jmaplcxm `chtkhmpulpir.
`chtkhmpulpir. 9ª
c`. Zêm Viulm? Irtcs aë`kjis> 9;;2.
Amuht EO, Buac UT. Jivkty Jlisskgkjitkmh. Iust @cht O
9;;5i>04(:)? 496-499.
Amuht EO, Buac UT. I rcvksc` jlisskgkjitkmh mg jirkmus
lcskmhs dy sktc ih` skzc. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;5d>
42(3)?:69-:6:.
Amuht EO, Buac UT. I hcw jivkty jlisskgkjitkmh. Iust
@cht O 9;;2> 0:(:)?93:-93;.
mg mjjlusil jirkcs kh rclitkmh tm lcskmh ijtkvkty ih` scvcrkty? Ih kh vkvm cxiakhitkmh wktb bkstmlmekjil vilk`itkmh.
Jirkcs Tcs 9;;2>:4?405-430.
Gcitbcrstmhc OD@. Jlkhkjil Kaplkjitkmhs? Hcw stritcekcs gmr
jirkcs prcvchtkmh
prcvchtk mh Ch? Ztmmny EJ, Cirly @ctcjtkmh mg @chtil Jirkcs. 9i c`. Kh`kihi? Kh`kihi Shkvcrskty> 9;;7. p.
425-4;3.
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh ih` Isscssacht Zystca
Jmmr`khitkhe Jmaktcc. Titkmhilc ih` Cvk`chjc gmr tbc
Khtcrhitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Zystca (KJ@IZ KK). Umrnsbmp gmr Khtcr hitkmhil Jirkcs @ctcjtkmh Isscssacht Zystca> 4663 Air 94-90> Airylih`, SZI? Hitkmhil Khstktutc mg @chtil ih` Jrihkmgijkil Tcscirjb, Iacrkjih @chtil
Issmjkitkmh, ih` Khtcrhitkmhil Issmjkitkmh gmr @chtil
Tcscirjb> 4663.
Lihiti CO, Jbkippiri DA. Hmachjlituri
Hmachjlituri y jliskgkjijkúh `c
lis jivk`i`cs. Ch Lihiti CO. Mpcritmrki `chtil cstëtkji
y i`bcsk úh 9ª c`. Duchms Ikrcs
Ikrcs?? Erupm euái>46
euái>466:.
6:.
p.::-:2.
Amuht EO. Pmmtb prcpiritkmh gmr rcstmritkmh wktb plistkj
aitcrkils Ch? Amuht EO, Buac UT. Vrcscrvitkmh ih` rcstmritkmh mg tmmtb strujturc. 9i c`. Dirjclmhi? Amsdy>
9;;2. p. 944-93:.
Vktts HD. I`vihjcs kh ri`kmeripbkj `ctcjtkmh actbm`s ih`
jirkcs aihiecacht ritkmhil Ch? Ztmmny EJ, Cirly @ctcjtkmh mg @chtil Jirkcs. 9i c`. Kh`kihi? Kh`kihi Shkvcrskty>
9;;7.p. :;-36.
Zitbyihiriyihih T, Jirmuhhihk`y S. Jlisskgkjitkmh ih`
aihiecacht mg `chtil jirkcs. Hcw jmhjcpts. Kh`kih O
@cht Tcs 4664>9:(9)?49-43
4664>9:(9)?49-43..
Zuaaktt OD. Hmachjliturc ih` khstruachtitkmh. Ch?
Zjbwirtz T, Zuaaktt OD, Tmddkhs OU. Guh`iachtils mg
mpcritkvc `chtkstry. I jmhtcapmriry ipprmijb. 4ª c`.
Kllkhmks? Yukhtcsschjc dmmns> 4669.p.99:-902.
993
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
Zmgái ZMLÁZ WKLLIHSCWI
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
5
illé `c k`chtkgkjir
lis`cl
lcskmhcs
prm`ujk`is
jirkcs -ispcjtm
guh`iachtil
piriAés
`ctcrakhir
li aiehktu`
`ctcrkmrm
prm`ujk`mpmr
ch li
li `chtkjkúhcs prcjksm
ischtir
`kjbms billizems ch uh rcekstrm, jmh cl gkh `c caplcirlm jmam `mjuachtm `c tridiom
mrkchti`mr piri cl tritiakchtm, rcgcrchjki piri cl sudskeukchtc amhktmrcm c khstruachtm
lceil. Viri cllm, hms vilcams `c li bkstmrki jláhkji ihmtih`m ch clli lis iltcrijkmhcs `c lis
jirijtcrástkjis `c lms `kchtcs, li cviluijkúh `c li vktilk`i` pulpir,
pulpir, li khtcrprctijkúh y cl
`kiehústkjm ri`kmerégkjm, ctj> piri lucem erigkjir lms billizems jláhkjms y ri`kmerégkjms
ch cl m`mhtmeriai, utklkzih`m ileÿh skstcai `c hmtijkúh `chtirki, cl juil vi ismjki`m i
uh jmhouhtm `c sáadmlms y jú`kems quc sc i`mptih sceÿh rcqucrkakchtms cspcjágkjms.
Pm`m rcekstrm m`mhtmlúekjm sc sustchti ch li hmachjlituri, li hmtijkúh y ch su jmrrcspmh`kchtc erigkjijkúh> lis aksais quc jmhstktuych cl tcai `c cstc jipátulm.
5.9. HMACHJLIPSTI
Zc chtkch`c pmr hmachjlituri `chtil i li
`cskehijkúh `c lis pkczis y `c sus jmrrcspmh`kchtcs supcrgkjkcs, usih`m piri cllm uh
lëxkjm uhkvcrsilachtc ijcpti`m. Isá, lis supcrgkjkcs `chtirkis sc `chmakhih `c ijucr`m
i su udkjijkúh ch lms aixklircs jmh rcspcjtm
i li láhci ac`ki y i lis cstrujturis vcjkhis.
(Jui`rm 5.9.) ( Gke. 5.9.).
Juih`m cs achcstcr rcgcrkrsc i aés `c
uhi supcrgkjkc `chtil, sc rcjurrc i uhi jmadkhijkúh
`c lisupcrgkjkc
hmachjlituri
quc sc lc bi iskehi`m i ji`i
kh`kvk`uilachtc.
Cstm GKESTI 5.9. Zupcrgkjkcs `chtilcs
i`qukcrc pirtkjulir kapmrtihjki juih`m sc
rcilkzi li `csjrkpjkúh `c ileuhi virkijkúh `c li ipirkchjki jmrrkchtc> pmr cocaplm, sk sc
prcschtiscc uhi pkeachtijkúh m uhi lcskúh ch lis supcrgkjkcs mjlusil y `kstil `c uhi pkczi
prcschtis
`chtil, ësti sc `csjrkdkré jmam `c lmjilkzijkúh mjlusm `kstil juyi idrcvkituri scré (M@).
995
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
@kchtcs pmstcrkmrcs @kchtcs ihtcrkmrcs
(Vrcamlircs y amlircs) (Jihkhms m khjkskvms)
JSI@TM 5.9.
Zupcrgkjkcs
`chtilcs.
I`ipti`m `c
JBIZPCCH,
9;27.
Idrcvkituri
@csjrkpjkúh
Zupcrgkjkc
Zupcrgkjkc aistkjitmrki
vcrtkjil jcrjihi i li láhci ac`ki
Zupcrgkjkc vcrtkjil `kstihtc `c li láhci ac`ki
Zupcrgkjkc vcrtkjil mrkchti`i bijkil lms
jirrkllms m lms lidkms
Zupcrgkjkc vcrtkjil `c lms `kchtcs khgcrkmrcs
mrkchti`i bijki li lcheui
Zupcrgkjkc vcrtkjil `c lms `kchtcs supcrkmrcs
mrkchti`i bijki cl pili`ir
Vmrjkúh jmrmhirki prúxkai i li eáhekvi.
M
Ajclsuksiil l
@kstil
Dujil /
vcstkdulir
Lkheuil
KAhjcksskiill
@kstil
Dujil /
vcstkdulir
Lkheuil
M
A-K
@
D/W
Vilitkhm
Vilitkhm
V
Jcrvkjil
Jcrvkjil
J
ZSVCTGKJKCZ
IDTCWKIPSTI
Mjlusil y acskil
(M) (A)
L
Cl caplcm `c pirëhtcsks echcrilachtc sc ismjki i li
idrcvkituri piri jkrjuhsjrkdkr cl érci i `csjrkdkr. @c csi
aihcri,
sk li
rcgcrchjki kré
sc chtrc
lkakti pirëhtcsks>
i uhi smli jiri,
li idrcvkituri -ch
aiyÿsjulipmr cocaplm?
mjlusil (M), acskil (A). Zk li `csjrkpjkúh sc rcgkrkcsc i `ms
m aés jiris jmhtkeuis `c aihcri jmhouhti, ësti sc
cxprcsiré udkjih`m jmhscjutkviachtc lis jmrrcspmh`
jmrrcspmh`kchkchtcs idrcvkituris, skh puhtm m jmai quc lis scpirc y chtrc
pirëhtcsks> pmr cocaplm? mjlusm`kstil sc cxprcsiré (M@),
acskmjlusm`kstill (AM@). Zk cl érci i `csjrkdkr hm euir`isc
acskmjlusm`ksti
jmhtkhuk`i`, chtmhjcs sc ihmtiréh lis idrcvkituris
kh`kvk`uilkzéh`mlis ac`kihtc pirëhtcsks> pmr cocaplm?
JSI@TM 5.4. Jmadkhijkúh `c supcrgkjkcs
mjlusil y `kstil (M)(@). (Jui`rm 5.4.). Lis idrcvkituris sc
`chtilcs.
jmhskehih khac`kitiachtc `cspuës `c li hmtijkúh quc
k`chtkgkji li pkczi `chtil> pmr cocaplm, sk sc `csci `csjrkdkr uhi lcskúh ch li supcrgkjkc
mjlusil `c li prkacri amlir supcrkmr `crcjbi sc cxprcsiré isá? pkczi 97 (M).
Mjlusm`kstil
Mjlusil y `kstil
Acskmjlusm`kstil
Acskmjlusm `kstil pilitkhm
Acskmjlusm `kstil y pilitkhm
Mjlusil y vcstkdulir
Mjlusmvcstkdulir
Mjlusil y pilitkhm
Mjlusmpilitkhm
(M@)
(M) (@)
(AM@)
(AM@V)
(AM@) (V)
(M) (W)
(MW)
(M) (V)
(MV)
Ileuhis vcjcs li `csjrkpjkúh kh`kvk`uilkzi`i `c `ctcrakhi`is ércis `c lis jiris
mjlusilcs rcqukcrch aiymr `ctillc. Ch til sktuijkúh, cs ÿtkl rcjurrkr i uh sáadmlm i`kjkmhil>
lms hÿacrms 6, 9 ú 4 quc sc ihmti jmam uh supcráh`kjc lmjilkzi`m i jmhtkhuijkúh `c li
lctri M. Cstc cs cl jism `c lis gmsis acskil y `kstil `c prcamlircs> y acskil, jchtril y
`kstil `c amlircs> ch cstis ÿltkais sc lcs iskehi lms hÿacrms 9, 6 y 4 rcspcjtkviacht
rcspcjtkviachtcc y
ch lis prkacri 9 y 4. Vmr cocaplm, lis rcgcrchjkis i lis gmsis acskil y `kstil `c li sceuh`i
amlir khgcrkmr kzqukcr`i sc idrcvkiréh rcspcjtkviachtc isá? :5 (M 9) (M 4) y
:5(M6) piri li gmsi jchtril. ( Gke. 5.4.).
Lms hmadrcs `c
lis supcrgkjkcs
`chtilcs sc utklkzih pir
piri
i `csjrk
`c sjrkdkr
dkr
lis lmjilkzijkmhcs
`c lcskmhcs jirkmsis,
si
s, mt
mtrm
rm tk
tkpm
pm `c
iltcrijkmhcs
y
rcstiurijkmhcs
`chtilcs.
5.4. ZKZPCAIZ @C HMPIJKÚH @CHPIL
Cl tcrakhm hmtijkúh sc rcgkcrc i uh “Zkstcai `c skehms jmhvchjkmhilcs
i`mpti`ms piri cxprcsir jkcrtms jmhjcptms‑ (@TIC, 4669), vilc `cjkr i uhi
rcprcschtijkúh
rcprcsch
tijkúh `c lm quc sc prctch`c chuhjkir. Ch cl jism `c li M`mhtmlmeái i`qukcrc suai kapmrtihjki, `i`i li hcjcsk`i` `c k`chtkgkjir lms
`kchtcs `c aihcri idrcvki`i y répk`i, piri lm juil sc utklkzi uhi sucrtc
`c sáadmlms m kjmhms.
992
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipátulm 5
Bkstúrkjiachtc, lms aëtm`ms `c k`chtkgkjijkúh `chtil ipircjkcrmh jmam rcsulti`m `c li hcjcsk`i` `c k`chtkgkjir ji`i
`kchtc ac`kihtc uhi `cskehijkúh cspcjágkji. Isá, lms
ihitmakstis smláih utklkzir `chmakhijkmhcs ch litáh, pmr cocaplm? amlirks scjuh`us supcrkmr skhkstcr, piri ilu`kr il sceuh`m
amlir supcrkmr kzqukcr`m> `chmakhijkúh prcjksi, pcrm auy cxtchsi, quc jmh cl jmrrcr `cl tkcapm bkzm pitchtc li hcjcsk`i`
`c skaplkgkjir li `cskehijkúh y cl rcjmhmjkakchtm `c lms `kchtcs. @c illá sc `crkvi li ipirkjk úh `c lms skstcais `c hmtijk úh m
huacrijkúh `chtil> lms juilcs tkchch pmr gkhilk`i` gijklktir li
jmauhkjijkúh.
GKESTI 5.4. Gmsis acskil (69), jchtril
(66) y `kstil (M4) `c li pkczi 07.
Lms prkacrms skstcais `c hmtijk úh `chtil surekcrmh il prmac`kir cl skelm RKR y pcraihcjkcrmh vkechtcs jcrji `c skelm y ac`km, skault éhciachtc jmh mtrms ipircjk`ms pmjm
`cspuës. Cl a és ihtkeum guc prmpucstm pmr _ZKEAMH@[ ch 9279 (Wkchi, Iustrki), qukch
suekrkú k`chtkgkjir lms `kchtcs `c li `chtkjk úh pcraihchtc huacréh`mlms `c aihcri jmhscjutkvi, jmachzih`m jmh cl 9 piri lms khjkskvms jchtrilcs y tcrakhih`m jmh cl 2 piri
lis tcrjcris amlircs. I`kjkmhilachtc sc rcqucr ái k`chtkgkjir cl jui`rihtc ch cl juil sc
lmjilkzi cl `kchtc y piri cllm sc caplcidi cl s áadmlm erégkjm `c uh éheulm rcjtm jmlmji`m
irrkdi m `cdiom (sce ÿh jmrrcspmh`i il aixklir supcrkmr m khgcrkmr) y i li `crcjbi m kzqukcr`i
`cl hÿacrm (sk sc qucr ái rcprcschtir uh `kchtc `crcjbm m kzqukcr`m), jmam sc aucstri ch
li Pidli 5.9.
5.9 . Viri huacrir lms `kchtcs prkairkms caplcidi lms h ÿacrms rmaihms `cl K il
W . Cstc a ëtm`m tiadkëh guc `csjrktm pmr Vilacr ch 9256 (UITTCH, MBKM)> pmr csm, ch
ileuhms piáscs `c bidli khelcsi, echcrilachtc cs jmhmjk`m jmam skstcai `c hmtijkúh
Vilacr (PÜTV y ILP,9;;3).
Ch 9256, AÜBLTCKPCT (Zilzdure, Iustrki) prmpusm `cskehir i lms khjkskvms, jihkhms,
prcamlircs y amlircs pcraihchtcs, jmh lis lctris khkjkilcs `c ji`i pkczi ch aiyÿsjulis, cstm cs? K, J, V y A, rcspcjtkviachtc. Jmaplcachtirkiachtc, plihtc ú caplcir hÿacrms piri prcjksir sk sc tritidi `c khjkskvms litcrilcs, prkacrms m sceuh`ms prcamlircs y
ih élmeiachtc jmh lms amlircs (9
(9 piri jihkhms,
jihkhms, 9 ú 4 piri khjkskvms m prcamlircs y 9, 4,
ú : piri amlircs). I`caés, li pmskjk úh `cl hÿacrm -i am`m `c sud m supcr á h`kjc- ch
rclijkúh i li lctri kh`kjidi sk cl `kchtc cri supcrkmr m khgcrkmr y `crcjbm m kzqukcr`m. Lms
`kchtcs prkairkms sc k`chtkgkjih jmlmj éh`mlcs, i`caés, uhi ` ihtcs `c li lctri aiyÿsjuli. (Pidli 5.9.
5.9 .).
@KCHPCZ
ZKZPCAIZ @C HMPIJKÚH @CHPIL
_skeamh`y / Aüblrcktcr Bi`crup Shkvcrsil
Vilacr
G@ K
4
K
4+
5
94
7
A9
-7
9;
:7
KKK
`9J
6:-
T
2:
Khj
hjkksk
skv
vm li
litcri
rill pc
pcra
raih
ihc
cht
htc
c su
supcr
crkkmr `c
`crcjb
jbm
m
4L
Vrkacri amlir pcraihchtc khgcrkmr kzqukcr`i
Jihkhm `cjk`um khgcrkmr `crcjbm
PIDLI 5.9. Cocaplms `c hmtijkúh `chtirki diom `kgcrchtcs skstcais. I`ipti`m `c PÜTV y ILP,9;;3
Ch 9225, BI@CTSV (Jmpchbiech, @khiairji) prmpusm uh skstcai am`kgkjitmrkm `c li
hmtijkúh `c _skeamh`y/Vilacr. Li am`ilk`i` jmhskst ái ch sustktukr cl sáadmlm iheulir,
pmr cl skehm aés (+) piri rcgcrkrsc i `kchtcs supcrkmrcs m pmr cl skehm achms
achms (-) piri
99;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
rcgcrkrsc i `kchtcs khgcrkmrcs. Iadms li`ms, `crcjbm c kzqukcr`m> kh`kjih pmr li udkjijkúh
`cl skehm? ihtcs (li`m kzqukcr`m)> m `cspu ës (li`m `crcjbm) `cl h ÿacrm. Lms `kchtcs
prkairkms sc `cskehidih jmh uh jcrm ihtcs `cl h ÿacrm (Pidli 5.9.
5.9 .). Cstc skstcai iljihzú
pmpulirk`i` ch lms piáscs csjih`khivms.
Cl `chmakhi`m “Zkstcai Shkvcrsil‑, usi`m prkhjkpilachtc ch lms Csti`ms Shk`ms,
surekú ch 9224 prmpucstm pmr cl m`mht úlmem ilca éh OSLKSZ VITTCK@P. Pri`kjkmhilachtc bi
sk`m prmpuehi`m pmr li Ismjkijk úh @chtil Iacrkjihi (I@I) y jmhtkh ÿi sk ëh`mlm il
prmac`kir cl sceuh`m lustrm `cl skelm RRK. Cl skstcai
skstcai `cskehi i lms `kchtcs pcraihchtcs
ac`kihtc hÿacrms jmhscjutkvms `cl 9 il :4, ch schtk`m bmrirkm, i pirtkr `c li tcrjcri
amlir supcrkmr `crcjbi, i li juil sc li k`chtkgkji jmam 9, skeukch`m li irji`i `chtil
supcrkmr bisti li tcrjcri amlir supcrkmr kzqukcr`i, k`chtkgkji`i jmam 97 , piri lucem prmsceukr jmh li tcrjcri amlir khgcrkmr kzqukcr`i, li pkczi 95 , y tcrakhih`m ch li tcrjcri
amlir khgcrkmr `crcjbi, li pkczi :4 . Lms `kchtcs prkairkms sc `cskehih skeukch`m skaklir
scjuchjki, pcrm vilkëh`msc `c lctris? `c li I (sceuh`i amlir supcrkmr `crcjbi) bisti li
P (sceuh`i amlir khgcrkmr `crcjbi) (ZKZPCAI @C HMP
HMPIJK
IJKÚH @C @KCHPCZ 9;;3).
Li Gijulti` `c Cstmaitmlmeái `c li Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki, `cs`c
su guh`ijkúh ch 9;7;, utklkz ú cl skstcai `c hmtijk úh `chtirki
`chtirki `chmakhi`m Shkvcrsil m
`c li [email protected]. (Ismjkijk úh @chtil Iacrkjihi)> pcrm `cs`c 9;;2, ihtc li jrcjkchtc tch`chjki khtcrhijkmhil, `i`is lis rizmhcs quc sc sc ùilih i jmhtkhuijkúh, i khkjkitkvi `c li
Zcjjkúh Iji`ëakji `c Mpcritmrki @chtil y Aitcrkilcs @chtilcs y pmr ijucr`m `cl Jmhscom `c li Gijulti`, sc i`mptú cl usm echcrilkzi`m `cl Zkstcai `c `ms ` áektms m `c li
Gc`crijkúh @chtil Khtcrhijkmhil (G@K). (Gkes. 5.:. y 5.0.).
Lms skstcais `c
hmtijkúh `chtil
gijklktih li `csjrkpjkúh
`c lms
`kchtcs, pcraktkch`m su chtch`kakchtm
uhkvcrsil.
GKESTI 5.:.
Cqukvilchjki chtrc cl
skstcai `c `ms `áektms y
cl uhkvcrsil piri li `chtkjkúh pcraihchtc.
GKESTI 5.0.
Cqukvilchjki chtrc cl skstcai `c `ms
`áektms y cl uhkvcrsil piri `kchtcs
prkairkms m `cjk`ums.
946
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipátulm 5
5.4.9. Zkstcai `c `ms `áektms m `c li Gc`crijkúh @chtil Khtcr hijkmhil (G@K)
Cstc a ëtm`m guc prmpucstm ch 9;59, tris uh khgmrac `cl Jmakt ë Cspcjkil piri li
uhkgmrakzijkúh `c rcekstrms `chtilcs `c li G@K, quc cstidlcjkú lms skeukchtcs rcquksktms.
9.
4.
:.
0.
3.
Zkaplc `c jmaprch`cr y chscùir.
Géjkl `c prmhuhjkir ch li jmhvcrsijk úh y ch cl `kjti`m.
@c g éjkl jmauhkjijkúh csjrkti y pmr jidlc.
Géjkl `c khtrm`ujkr ch lis jmaputi`mris.
@c g éjkl i`iptijkúh piri lis gkjbis quc sc utklkzih ch cl jmhsultmrkm
`chtil.
Li Gijulti` `c Cstmaitmlmeái `c li
SVJB usi, `cs`c
9;;2, cl skstcai
`c hmtijkúh `chtil `c li G@K .
Gkhilachtc, li G@K i`mptú cl skstcai `c `ms ` áektms prmpucstm pmr cl m`mht úlmem
dcrlkhës Omjbch Wkmbl, pmrquc sc jmhsk`crú quc sc ioustidi acomr i lms rcquksktms ihtcs
achjkmhi`ms. Cl ijucr`m sc i`mpt ú ch 9;56 `urihtc li Isiadlci echcril `c li 32 ª
Zcsk úh ihuil `c li Gc`crijkúh @chtil Khtcrhijkmhil rcilkzi`i ch Dujircst, Tuaih ái,
(NCKZCT-HCKLZCT, 9;59> ZKZPCAI @C HMPIJKÚH @C @KCHPCZ, 9;;3).
.
5.4.9.9. Cspcjkgkjijkmhcs `cl skstcai
Cl skstcai huacri ji`i `kchtc vilk ëh`msc `c `ms ` áektms, cl prkacrm `c cllms k`chtkgkji cl jui`rihtc ch cl quc sc udkji li pkczi y cl sceuh`m cl `kchtc ch sá , `c li skeukchtc
aihcri?
i. Cl pr
prka
kacr
cr `áektm kh`kji cl jui`rihtc.
Li huacrijkúh skeuc cl schtk`m bmrirkm i p irtkr `cl jui`rihtc supcrkmr `crcjbm. Isá,
vi `cl 9 il 0 piri lms `kchtcs pcraihchtcs y `cl 3 il 2 piri lms `kchtcs prkairkms
(Jui`rm 5.:.y Gkes. 5.3 y 5.7.).
d. Cl sc
sceu
euh`
h`m
m `áektm rcprcschti cl `kchtc `c ji`i jui`rihtc.
I pirtkr `c li l áhci ac`ki sc chuacri jmhscjutkviachtc `cl 9 il 2 piri `kchtcs
pcraihchtcs (Jui`rm 5.0. y Gke. 5.3.).
Ch `cjk`ums li huacrijk úh `chtil idirji smlm `cl 9 il 3> jmrrcspmh`kch`m lms hÿacrms 0 y 3 i li prkacri y sceuh`i amlir,
amlir, rcspcjtkviachtc (Jui`rm 5.0. y Gke. 5.7.).
Vrkacr
@áektm G@K
Jui`rihtcs
Zceuh`m
@áektm G@K
Vkczi `c
`chtirki
Vcraihchtcs
9
4
Zupcrkmr `crcjbm
Zupcrkmr kzqukcr`m
9
4
Khjkskvm jchtril
Khjkskvm litcril
:
0
:
0
Khgcrkmr kzqukcr`m
Khgcrkmr `crcjbm
@cjk`ums
3
7
5
2
Jihkhm
Vrkacri prcamlir
(prkacri amlir `cjk`ui)
Zceuh`i prcamlir
(sceuh`i amlir `cjk`ui)
Vrkacri amlir
Zceuh`i amlir
Pcrjcri amlir
3
Zupcrkmr `crcjbm
Zupcrkmr kzqukcr`m
7
5
2
Khgcrkmr kzqukcr`m
Khgcrkmr kzqukcr`m
JSI@TM 5.:. Vrkacr `áektm ch cl skstcai G@K.
JSI@TM 5.0. Zceuh`m `áektm ch cl skstcai G@K.
949
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
@KCHPCZ VCTAIHCHPCZ
@crcjbi
GKESTI 5.3.
Zkstcai G@K piri
`kchtcs pcraihchtcs
Kzqukcr`i
92
95
97
93
90
9:
94
99
49
44
4:
40
43
47
45
42
02
05
07
03
00
0:
04
09
:9
:4
::
:0
:3
:7
:5
:2
@KCHPCZ @CJK@SMZ
@crcjbi
GKESTI 5.7. Zkstcai
G@K piri `kchtcs
`cjk`ums
Kzqukcr`i
33
30
3:
34
39
79
74
7:
70
73
23
20
2:
24
29
59
54
5:
50
53
j. Vr
Vrmh
mhuh
uhjk
jkij
ijkkúh y csjrkturi?
Lms `ms ` áektms `cl skstcai `c li G@K `cdch prmhuhjkirsc uhm i uhm pmr scpiri`m,
piri cvktir jmhgusk úh jmh cl Zkstcai Shkvcrsil (P ÜTV y ILP, 9;;3)> , hm mdstihtc, sc
csjrkdch skh puhtm m jmai quc lms scpirc. Vmr cocaplm?
Lms `ms `áektms
`cl skstcai G@K
`cdch prmhuhjkirsc pmr scpiri`m, til juil sc csjrkdch? skh puhtm
m jmai quc lms
scpirc.
scpi
rc.
- Vkczi
Vkczi 92
(Pcrjcr
(Pcr
jcr aml
amlir
ir supc
supcrkm
rkmrr `crc
`crcjbm
jbm pcra
pcraihc
ihchtc
htc))
Zc prmhuhjki uhm-mjbm, HM `kcjkmjbm
- Vkcz
Vkczi
i 5:
(Jihkh
(Jih
khm
m khgc
khgcrk
rkmr
mr kzq
kzquk
ukcr
cr`m
`m `cjk
`cjk`u
`um)
m)
Zc prmhuhjki skctc-trcs, HM sctchti y trcs
`. Wcht
chtiois
iois `cl
`cl skstcai
skstcai `c
`c `ms `áektms `c li G@K
Cl skstcai `c `ms ` áektms `c li G@K huacri lms `kchtcs i gkh `c prmpmrjkmhir uh schtk`m vksuil `c su pmskjk úh y tkpm, ac`kihtc uh a ëtm`m g éjkl `c
khgmrair y `c rcekstrir (PÜTV y ILP, 9;;3).
Cstc a ë tm`m gijklkti li `csjrkpjk ú h `c lms `kchtcs skh tchcr ch juchti l á aktcs
k`kmaétkjms m julturilcs y pmrquc hm hcjcskti tri`ujjk úh m khtcrprctijkúh. Ch cl auh`m `cl skelm RRK, `c jiadkms vcrtkekhmsms
vcrtkekhm sms y `c jmauhkjijkmhcs khstiht éhcis, li ijcptijkúh `c uh skstcai quc sc iplkji elmdilachtc rc`uh`i ch dchcgkjkm `cl m`mht úlmem, `c sus pijkchtcs y jkcrtiachtc `c tm`ms lms quc cst éh `c`kji`ms i li silu`
dujm`chtil (ZKZPCAIZ @C HMP
HMPIJK
IJKÚH @C @KCHPCZ, 9;;3).
5.:. ETIGKJIJKÚH [ IHMP
IHMPIJKÚH
IJKÚH @C @IPMZ
@IPMZ CH LI BKZPMTKI
BKZPMTKI JLÁHKJI
JLÁHKJI
VITI CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL CH CL @CVITP
@CVITPIACHPM
IACHPM
@C JLÁHKJI CZPMAIPMLÚEKJI @C LI SVJB.
Li bkstmrki jl áhkji `chtil cs uh `mjuachtm quc pcraktc rcekstrir khgmraijkúh jmaplcti smdrc tm`ms lms ispcjtms `c li silu` dujil `cl pijkchtc, su silu` echcril y cl juk`i`m
rcjkdk`m ihtcrkmrachtc. Cstc `mjuachtm jmhsti `c átcas quc hms pcraktch rcekstrir lms
`itms quc smh hcjcsirkms piri llceir il `kiehústkjm `c jirkcs `chtil, lms aksams quc sc
`ctillih i jmhtkhuijkúh?
944
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipátulm 5
5.:.9. Cxiach jláhkjm cstmaitmlúekjm
5.:.9.9. @kchtcs
Ihmtir?
• Jihtk`i` `c pkczis pcraihchtcs y/m `cjk`uis prcschtcs ch dmji.
• Kh`kjir li huacrijk úh `c li(s) pkczi(s) quc prcschtch ileuhi `c lis skeukchtcs
jirijtcrástkjis m iltcrijkmhcs?
-
Gmsis
Gmsi
s y gk
gksu
suri
ris
s prm
prmgu
guh`
h`is
is..
Lcsk
Lc
skmh
mhcs
cs jir
jirkm
kmsi
sis
s jmh
jmh cxpm
cxpmsk
skjk
jkúh pulpir m iaplki `cstrujjk úh jmrmhirki.
@mlm
@m
lmrr i li pc
pcrrju
jusk
skúh (vcrtkjil y/u bmrkzmhtil)
Iltcrijkmh
Iltcr
ijkmhcs
cs `c li cstr
cstrujtur
ujturi
i (aihjbi
(aihjbi dlihji,
dlihji, bkpmpl
bkpmpliski
iski `cl
`cl csailtc,
csailtc, crms
crmskkúh,
idriskúh, idgrijjkúh, itrkjkúh m grijturis).
Iltc
Il
tcri
rijk
jkmh
mhcs
cs ch cl ti
tiai
aiùm (akjrm`mhjki m aijrm`mhjki).
Iltc
Il
tcri
rijk
jkmh
mhcs
cs `c
`c li gm
gmra
rai
i (`chs
(`chs kh `chtc, `cs cviekhitus, `kchtcs ch jlivkoi, ctj).
Iltcri
Ilt
crijkm
jkmhcs
hcs ch cl jml
jmlmr
mr (pk
(pkeac
eachti
htijk
jkúh cxtráhscji m khtr áhscji).
Ilttcr
Il
crij
ijkm
kmhc
hcs
s ch
ch cl
cl hÿacrm (supcrhuacrirkms, ihm`mhjkis).
5.:.9.4. Wktilk`i` pulpir
Cviluir li rcspucsti pulpir quc puc`c scr?
Tcspucsti ihmrail (i li clcjtrkjk`i`, il jilmr,
jilmr, il gr ám). Vkczis (#) (iuachti`i, `ksakhuk`i m iuschtc)
5.:.4. Cxiach ri`kmerégkjm?
5.:.4.9. Khtcrprctijkúh y `kiehústkjm ri`kmerégkjm
ri`kmerégkjm
Cl khgmrac ri`kmerégkjm `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis skeuc li scjuchjki skeukchtc?
Vkczi? #
Pkpm `c kaiech? kaiech ri`kmlÿjk`i (KTL) m kaiech ri`kmpiji (KTM).
Lmjilkzijk úh? mjlusil, acskil, `kstil, acskm mjlusm `kstil, mjlusm `kstil, mjlusm acskil,
ch jiri lkdrc (vcstkdulir, lkheuil m pilitkhm), jcrvkjil m ri`kjulir.
(rcjk`kvihtc,
c, iaplki y/m prmguh`i), jivk`i` mpcritmrki,
Jmapitkdklk`i` ? lcskúh jirkmsi (rcjk`kviht
aitcrkil rcstiuri`mr,
rcstiuri`mr, tritiakchtm `c jmh`ujtm, ctj.
Jmaprmaksm `c mrkech pulpir? lcskúh mstcmlátkji ipkjil, lcsk úh mstcmlátkji khtcrri`kjulir
m `c gurjijk úh m lcskúh mstcmeëhkji ipkjil.
Mrkech `c li lcsk úh ipkjil m khtcrri`kjulir ? pulpir y/m pcrkm`mhtil.
Jliskgkjijk ú h ri`kmeré gkji `c Vktts, am`kgkji`i ch li SVJB ? T9, T4, T:, T0, T3.
(Jipátulm 2)
5.:.:. M`mhtmeriai m gkjbi `chtil
Zc jmhgcjjkmhi erigkjih`m lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, lis për`k`is `c cstrujturi y lis rcstiurijkmhcs ch li supcrgkjkc y ch li cxtchsk úh quc sc
mdscrvih jláhkjiachtc, utklkzih`m piri cllm lms jmlmrcs izul, rmom, vcr`c m
airr úh, sceÿh li jm`kgkjijk úh erigkji`i ch cl Jui`rm 5.3. y li Gke. 5.5.
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `kiehmstkji`is ri`kmerégkjiachtc sc `cdch rcekstrir ch
cl m`mhtmeria
m`mhtmeriai.
i.
94:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
TMOM
Vitmlmeái m tritiakchtm
ch ail csti`m
I_SL
Pritiakchtm ch duch
csti`m, pkczi iuschtc
m hm crupjkmhi`i
WCT@C
Aihjbi dlihji
pmr tritir
AITTÚH
Aihjbi dlihji
rcakhcrilkzi`i
JSI@TM 5.3. Jmlmrcs
utklkzi`ms piri rcekstrm ch cl
m`mhtmeriai
GKESTI 5.5. Tcekstrm
ch cl m`mhtmeriai
Lcych`i
Vkczi 92?
92? Zcllihtc
Zcllihtc ch duch
duch csti`m
csti`m
Vkczi 95? Zcllih
Zcllihtc
tc ch ail csti`m
csti`m
Vkczi
Vk
czi 97
97?? Lc
Lcsk
skúh jirkmsi m rcstiurijkúh pilitkhi ch ail csti`m.
Vkczi 43? Aihjbi dlihji
dlihji rcakhcrilkzi`
rcakhcrilkzi`i
i ch vcstkdulir
Vkcz
Vk
czi
i 47?
47? Lc
Lcsk
skúh jirkmsi `u`msi ch gmsi acskil
Vkczi 45?
45? Gmsis prmguh`i
prmguh`is
s sihis (GV ch izul)
Lcskúh jirkmsi m rcstiurijkúh mjlusmacskil ch ail csti`m.
Lcsk
Tcstiu
Tcs
tiurij
rijkkúh mjlusil ch duch csti`m
Aihjbi
Aihjb
i dlihji
dlihji m lcskúh jirkmsi khjkpkchtc ch vcstkdulir
Jmrmhi ch ail csti`m
csti`m m `cstrujjk
`cstrujjkúh jmrmhirki jmaplcti
Pritiakch
Prit
iakchtm
tm `c jmh`ujtm ch ail csti`m, pulpktks
pulpktks krrcvcrskdlc, hcjrmsks pulpir
Vkczi
Vk
czi 40 y :7
:7 Vk
Vkcz
czis
is iu
iusc
scht
htcs
cs
Vkczi 42? Hm crupjkmh
Vkczi
crupjkmhi`i
i`i
Vkczi :5-:3? Vrútcsks pirjkil gkoi ch ail csti`m
Vkczi :4? Jmrmh
Jmrmhi
i gchcstr
gchcstri`i
i`i
Vkczi 00? Jmrmhi ch duch
duch csti`m
csti`m
Vkczi 03? Prit
Pritiakcht
iakchtm
m `c jmh`ujtm
jmh`ujtm y rcstiurijk
rcstiurijkúh ch
duch csti`m
Vkcz
Vk
czi
i 07?
07? Lc
Lcsk
skúh jirkmsi `u`msi ch gmsis y gksuris
Vkczi 05? Zclliht
Zcllihtc
c mjlusil ch gmsi
gmsi `kstil ch ail
ail csti`m
Vkczi 93
Vkczi
93??
Vkczi
Vkc
zi 90?
90?
Vkczi 9:?
Vkczi 99?
99?
Vkczi 49?
5.:.0. @kiehústkjm jláhkjm-ri`kmerégkjm
jláhkjm-ri`kmerégkjm
Pcok`ms @chtilcs?
Li jmhjluskúh `cl
• Jirkcs `chtil? lcskmhcs jivkti`is ch pkczis (#) (supcrgkjkc) y aihjbis
`kiehústkjm
`cdc
súlm lis rcekstrir
iltcr ijkmiltcrijkmhcs quc pi`cjc cl
pijkchtc
pijk
chtc..
dlihjis ch pkczis (#) (supcrgkjkc).
• Lcskúh jcrvkjil hm jirkmsi LJHJ ( crmsk úh, idriskúh, idgrijjkúh) itrkjkúh
m grijturis ch pkczis (#) (supcrgkjkc).
• Vulpktks rcvcrskdlc ch pkczi (#).
• Vulpktks krrcvcrskdlc (ieu`i, jrúhkji m jrúhkji bkpcrpléskji) ch pkczi (#).
940
TCEKZPTM @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ / jipátulm 5
•
•
•
•
Hcjrmsks pulpir (isëptkji m sëptkji) ch pkczi (#).
Pritiakchtm `c jmh`ujtm ch ail csti`m pkczi (#).
@cechcrijkúh pulpir jéljkji (hú`ulir m `kgusi) ch pkczi (# ).
Tcidsmrjkúh `chtkhirki khtcrhi pkczi (#).
(#) Ssir li ihmtijk ú h idrcvki`i `c lis supcrgkjkcs `chtirkis igcjti`is sce ÿh su
udkjijkúh.
Ch rcsuach
Cs guh`iachtil quc tm`m iqucl quc cst ë vkhjuli`m i li M`mhtmlme ái sc rcgkcri skcaprc jmh prmpkc`i` i lis pkczis `chtilcs y i sus supcrgkjkcs, usih`m jmh pirtkjulir
prcjkskúh lis `chmakhijkmhcs uhkvcrsilachtc ijcpti`is, m pmr lm achms iaplkiachtc
`kguh`k`is. Li jmauhkjijkúh sc vc suaiachtc givmrcjk`i pmr cl usm `c idrcvkituris y
skstcais `c hmtijkúh `chtirki, isá jmam `c er égkjms `crkvi`ms `c cllms. I`caés `c
aihcoir uhi skadmlmeái jmaÿh, tiadkëh cs prcjksm rcekstrir iprmpki`iachtc lms billizems
ijmpki`ms, i gkh `c gijklktir cl jiakhm bijki uh `kiehústkjm jlirm c khcqu ávmjm, cl quc
jmhstktuyc li pkc`ri iheulir `c tm`i tcripki.
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Jbistcch OC. Vrkhjkpkms `c jláhkji m`mhtmlúekji. 4ª c`.
Aëxkjm? Aihuil Am`crhm>9;27.
Virrck`t O. _àbluhe `cr _àbhc uh` Dchchhuhe `cr
vcrsjbkc`chch _ibhsmrtch. Ch? Pürp OJ, Ilt NU. @cske-
@kjjkmhirkm `c li Lcheui Cspiùmli, 44i c`. Cspiùi? Tcil
Iji`caki Cspiùmli? 4669. Hmtijkúh> p. 9652.
Bi`crup W.
W. Wmrsjblie zu ckhcr khtcrhitkmhilch
khtcrhitkmhilc h Dczckjbhuhe
`cr _àbhc. NmrrcspDl _ibhàrztc 9225>97?:90-:93. Ch?
Pürp OJ, Ilt NU. @cskehitkhe tcctb? Pbc i`vihtiecs mg
tbc G@K°s twm-`kekt systca. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;3>
47(5)?369-360.
Nckscr-Hcklscr. Pwm `kekt systca mg `cskehitkhe tcctb. G@K
Kht @chtil O 9;59>49(9)?960‚967.
Aüblrcktcr C. Ihitmakc `cs achsjblkjbch Ecdksscs. Lckpzke? Irtbur Gclkx 9256. Jkti`m pmr? Pürp OJ, Ilt NU. @cskehitkhe tcctb? Pbc i`vihtiecs mg tbc G@K°s twm-`kekt
systca. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;3>47(5)?369-360.
hitkhe tcctb? Pbc i`vihtiecs mg tbc G@K°s twm-`kekt systca. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;3>47(5)?369-360. Ch? Zkstcais `c hmtijkúh `c `kchtcs> G@K Umrl` 9;;3>0(:)?96‚
99.
Zkstcais `c hmtijkúh `c `kchtcs> G@K Umrl` 9;;3>0(:)?96‚99.
Pürp OJ, Ilt NU.
NU. @cskehitkhe tcctb? Pbc i`vihtiecs mg tbc
G@K°s twm-`kekt systca. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;3> 47(5)?
369-360.
_skeamh`y I Eruh`züec ckhcr printksjbch Actbm`c zur
risjbch uh` echiuch Wmracrnuhe `cl zibhàrztlkjbch
Dcmdijbtuhech uh` Mpcritkmhch. @tsjb Wkcrtcloibirssjbr
_ibhbckln` 9279>9?46;-499. Jkti`m pmr? Pürp OJ, Ilt NU.
@cskehitkhe tcctb? Pbc i`vihtiecs mg tbc G@K°s twm-`kekt
systca. Yukhtcsschjc Kht 9;;3>47(5)?369-360.
943
LI
TI@KMLMEÁI
CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM
@C JITKCZ
@CHPIL
Wájtmr JIL@CTÚH SDIYSK
Ekldcrtm BCHMZPTM_I BITM
2
Khac`kitiachtc `cspuës
`cspuës `cl `csjudrkakchtm `c lms riyms
riyms R pmr Tmchtech, ch 92;3,
sc bkzm cvk`chtc su vilmr piri cl `kiehústkjm. Li ri`kmerigái `chtil, chtch`k`i jmam uhi
gmtmerigái
uh `kchtc quc
ac`kihtc
utklkzijkúh `c quc
lms riyms
R, ijmhstktuyc
uh iuxklkir`c
guh`iachtil
piricsclmdtchk`i
`kiehústkjm
`c lis lichgcrac`i`cs
igcjtih
lms `kchtcs (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW,
GCOCTZNMW, 9;27> BITKHE y OIHZCH, 4664).
Cl ihélksks ri`kmlúekjm pcraktc `ctcjtir lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, `cdk`m i quc cl prmjcsm pitmlúekjm prmvmji uhi zmhi `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh y csti pcraktc cl pism `c lms riyms
R> lms quc kaprcskmhih i li pclájuli `coih`m uhi zmhi ri`kmlÿjk`i, piri juym cgcjtm cs
hcjcsirkm quc li `csakhcrilkzijkúh supcrc cl 06% (EMI_ y UBKPC, 9;;3> UBKPC y VBITMIB, 4664).
Li vilk`cz `cl cstu`km ri`kmlúekjm, ac`kihtc li ri`kmerigái dktc-wkhe m
`c ilcti `c amr`k`i ch li `ctcjjk úh `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis jmrmhilcs y `c
lcskmhcs jirkmsis hm pcrjkdk`is `urihtc uhi cxplmrijkúh jl áhkji cxbiustkvi, sc chjuchtri iaplkiachtc `mjuachti`i `cs`c 9;36. Vmr cllm, bi
quc`i`m cstidlcjk`m quc lis ri`kmerig áis jmrmhilcs (dktc-wkhe
( dktc-wkhe), jmhouhtiachtc jmh uh i`cjui`m cxiach jl áhkjm, smh prkamr`kilcs piri cgcjtuir uhi cviluijkúh `kiehústkji prcjksi (UBKPC y VBITMIB, 4664> EMI_ y UBKPC,
9;;3> LIHELIH@ y LIHELIKZ, 4664> LIHELIKZ y LIHELIH@, 9;;3> VMMTPCAIH y jml.,
4664).
Viri quc uhi lcsk úh ji rk ms i sc i
mdscrvidlc ch li
ri`kmerigái, juih`m achms, `cdc
bidcr sugrk`m uhi
pë
p
ër`k`i `c cstrujturi `chtirki
akhcrilkzi`i aiymr il 06%.
0 6%.
2.9. IZVCJPMZ TI@KMETÉGKJMZ @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
@urihtc cl prmjcsm `c su mdtchjk úh y bisti cl amachtm ch quc sci cvilui`i pmr cl
mdscrvi`mr,, li kaiech ri`kmer égkji puc`c vcrsc igcjti`i pmr a ÿltkplcs gijtmrcs quc pmmdscrvi`mr
`r áih khglukr ch cl `kieh ústkjm gkhil.
Li kaiech ri`kmerégkji jmhvchjkmhil cst é `ctcrakhi`i pmr? i) lms gijtmrcs `c prm-
`ujjkúh `c riyms R (nklmvmltioc, aklkiapcrkioc, tkcapm `c cxpmskjkúh, `kstihjki `cl puhtm
gmjil i li pcl ájuli y/m mdoctm, ctj). d) lms gijtmrcs `c idsmrjk úh y itchuijk úh> y j) lms
gijtmrcs `c `chsk`i` khtr áhscjms y cxtrá hscjms `cl tcok`m.
Lms aitcrkilcs rcstiuri`mrcs, tiadkëh sc lmerih mdscrvir ch li kaiech ri`kmer égkji>
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Pco
cok`
k`m
m @ur
urm
m
pmr csm cs kapmrtihtc jmhmjcr li `kgcrchjki `c `chsk`i` quc cxkstc
chtrc lms tcok`ms `chtirkms y lms aitcrkilcs rcstiuri`mrcs (Pidli 2.9. ).
Vmr ÿltkam li t ëjhkji caplci`i piri mdtchcr li kaiech y cl rcspcjtkvm
prmjcsi`m `c li pcl ájuli (`chsk`i`/jmhtristc) khgluych ch li jilk`i`
`c li kaiech ri`kmer égkji (UBIKPCZ, 466:> ZC KG
KG,, 9;;5).
@ch
chs
sk`
k`i`
i`
Bucsm.
9.;6
Jcachtm
4.66
@chtkhi
4.96
Csailtc
Tcskhi
4.;3
:.0 - 3.6
Iaileiai
2.4. KHPCTVTCPIJKÚH
KHPCTVTCPIJKÚH @C LI KAIECH TI@KMETÉGKJI CH
JITKCZ @CHP
@C HPIL
IL
49
PIDLI 2.9. @chsk`i`cs `c
`kgcrchtcs cstrujturis
Lms aëtm`ms iprmpki`ms piri li khtcrprctijkúh ri`kmlúekji hm súlm
jmhsk`crih li scjuchjki `kiehústkji, quc jmhskstc ch li khgmraijk úh
ch rclijkúh jmh cl pijkchtc, skhm tiadk ëh uhi scrkc ` c rcqucrkakchtms y ispcjtms lúekjms
jmam smh? rcilkzir li mdscrvijk úh `c kaéechcs súlm ch jmh`kjkmhcs k` cilcs> khtcrprctir
súlm ri`kmerigáis `c úptkai jilk`i`> mdtchcr vkstis i`kjkmhilcs sk smh hcjcsirkis> `csjrkdkr
lms `itms ri`kmer égkjms ch gmrai mr`chi`i, scjuchjki y skstca étkji. @chtrm `c cstms
rcqucrkakchtms, li aiymr sudcstkaijkúh sc `i ch li mdscrvijk úh `c lis ka éechcs ch
jmh`kjkmhcs k`cilcs pcr`kch`m isá li jipijk`i` `c cxtricr li a éxkai khgmraijkúh `c lis
ka éechcs.
Lm a és kapmrtihtc cs rcjmhmjcr quc cl `kieh ústkjm gkhil `cpch`c ch prkacr lueir `c
li bidklk`i` y cxpcrkchjki `cl mpcri`mr> y, ch sceuh`m lueir, `c lms prmjc`kakchtms
`kiehústkjms caplci`ms. Li prkacri tirci `cl tcripcuti cs `ctcrakhir sk cxkstc m hm uhi
lcskúh jirkmsi> li sceuh`i, cstidlcjcr su cxtchsk úh> y li tcrjcri, `cjk`kr sk li lcsk úh
`kiehmstkji`i rcqukcrc uh tritiakchtm rcstiuri`mr m hm (PB[LZPTSV y GC OCTZNMW
OCTZNMW,, 9;27> EMI_
y UBKPC, 9;;3> DTMUH y jml., 9;;9).
Li lktcrituri `chtil rcvcli `kgkjulti`cs y `csvchtiois piri iljihzir uh `kieh ústkjm
prcjksm `c jirkcs. Chtrc cllis, li virkijkúh `c jrktcrkms pmr pirtc `c lms cxiakhi`mrcs,
quc suclch rcekstrir billizems `kspircs (khjluskvc juih`m uhm `c lms cxiakhi`mrcs mdscrvi lis aksais kaéechcs aés `c uhi vcz) sc jmhsk`cri uh prmdlcai sustihjkil piri
li rcprm`ujkdklk`i` `cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis (PB[LZPTSV y GCOCTZNMW, 9;27>
ZBIU y ASTI[, 9;;3).
2.:. LKAKPIJKMHCZ [ WCHPIOIZ
Cxkstc uh clcvi`m
eri`m `c virkidklk`i` ch cl `kiehústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis chtrc
lms `kgcrchtcs prmgcskmhilcs c khjlusm cht
chtrc
rc `kv
`kvcrs
crsis
is
lcjturis
ri`kmlúekjis rcilkzi`is
@c lm ihtcrkmr sc puc`c jmhjlukr quc, piri jmhsk`crir i uh pijkchtc
cxchtm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis, cs kh`kspchsidlc
kh`kspchs idlc cgcjtuir uh cxiach jláhkjmri`kmerégkjm cxbiustkvm. Zkh cadirem, cs achcstcr `cstijir quc cl cxiach ri`kmerégkjm prcschti lis skeukchtcs lkaktijkmhcs?
Tcvcli ÿhkjiachtc lms jiadkms g áskjms quc mjurrch i hkvcl `c lms tcok`ms `urms `cl `kchtc> skcaprc quc li p ër`k`i `c jiljkm prm`uzji uh jiadkm idsmrjkmhil `c lms riyms R mdscrvidlc i li khspcjjk úh ri`kmerégkji.
Cstc bcjbm tiadkëh cxplkji li `ksjrcpihjki quc skcaprc cxkstc chtrc lm
9.
quc cstidlcjc cl cxiach jl áhkjm, cl ri`kmerégkjm y cl bkstmpitml úekjm.
945
pmr uh aksam prmgcskmhil.
Cl cxiach ri`kmerégkjm prmpmrjkmhi uh láaktc “ipirchtc‑ `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis, yi quc smlm rcvcli li zmhi a és `csjiljkgkji`i `c li lcsk úh.
4.
942
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
:.
Li ri`kijkúh mrkekhi uhi kaiech plihi `c uh mdoctm quc cs trk`kachskmhil> ch jmhscjuchjki, tm`m iqucllm udkji`m pmr vcstkdulir y lkheuil sc iprcjki smdrcpucstm ch uh
smlm plihm (DTMUH y jml., 9;;9) .
Ch jmhtripmskjkúh i lis lkaktijkmhcs quc prcschti cl cxiach jmh riyms R, prmpmrjkmhi kapmrtihtcs vchtiois quc supcrih jmh jrcjcs i `kjbms khjmhvchkchtcs, chtrc cllis sc
juchtih?
9. Li ri
ri`k
`kme
meri
riggái cs uh aëtm`m hm khviskvm.
4. Bijc pmskdlc cl cstu`km `c pirtcs `cl `kchtc, khijjcskdlcs pmr mtrms aëtm`ms `kiehústkjms> smdrc tm`m piri cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis prmxkailcs prcjmjcs.
:. Vcrakt
Vcraktc
c mdscrvir
mdscrvir lcskmhcs jirkmsis
jirkmsis rcjurr
rcjurrchtcs
chtcs..
0. Vcraktc mdscrvir `ctcrakhi`ms jiadkms
jiadkms quc mjurrch
mjurrch ch li
li `chtkhi y li jéairi pulpir
pul pir,,
quc sc `crkvih `c li rcijjk úh `chtkhm-pulpir grchtc uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi> pmr cocaplm?
`chtkhi rcpiri`mri, `chtkhi csjlcrútkji, ctj.
3. Vcra
Vcraktc
ktc jmhmj
jmhmjcr
cr li amrgmlm
amrgmlme
eái `c li j éairi pulpir y li prmguh`k`i` ipirchtc `c li
lcskúh jirkmsi ch rclijk úh i li j éairi pulpir.
7. Vcrakt
Vcraktc
c jmhtrm
jmhtrmlir
lir li i`iptij
i`iptijkkúh pr
p rúxkam-jcrvkjil `c lis rcstiurijkmhcs.
5. Vcra
Vcraktc
ktc `ct
`ctcra
crakhi
khirr tëjhkjis `c sceukakchtm `c li lcskúh, i triv ës `cl tkcapm, quc
rcvkstch erih kapmrtihjki piri li khvcstkeijk úh.
2. Jmhstktuyc
Jmhstktuyc uh `mjuach
`mjuachtm
tm lceil.
lceil.
;. Vcra
Vcraktc
ktc amst
amstrir
rir uhi
uhi rclijk
rclijkúh “iprmxkai`i‑ chtrc li lcskúh y li jéairi pulpir (PB[LZPTSV
y GCOCTZNMW,
GCOCTZNMW, 9;27> DTMUH y jml., 9;;9).
Ch uh cstu`km rcilkzi`m pmr NK@@ y VKPPZ ch 9;;6, ijcrji `cl vilmr `cl
cstu`km ri`kmerégkjm ch cl `kiehústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis prmxkailcs,
sc rcvclú quc cl caplcm `c lis ri`kmerig áis dktc wkhe -jmapiri`m ÿhkjiachtc jmh cl cxiach jl áhkjm- `uplkjú cl hÿacrm `c lis lcskmhcs chjmhtri`is smlm jláhkjiachtc. Vmr jmhskeukchtc, sc jmhjluy ú quc, piri cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs prmxkailcs `kakhutis ch `kchtcs pmstcrkmrcs, cl usm `c
lis ri`kmerigáis dktc wkhe sc `cdc jmhsk`crir prkamr`kil. Mtrms cstu`kms
rcjmakch`ih y jmhgkraih quc cl caplcm jmhjurrchtc `c lis ri`kmerig áis
dktcwkhe y cl cxiach jláhkjm cs supcrkmr quc vilcrsc, scpiri`iachtc, `c
tilcs aëtm`ms `c `kiehústkjm (VC ÙI y jml., 9;;;) (Jip á tulm 0) .
Ch `kchtcs pmstcrkmrcs, sc `cdc
jmhsk`crir prkamr`kil cl caplcm
`c lis ri`kmerigáis dktc wkhe
piri `kie
`kiehmst
hmstkjir
kjir
lcskmhcs jirkmsis
pr mx ka il c s, qu c
hm smh `ctcjtidlcs il cxiach
jláhkjm.
2.0. IZVCJPMZ TI@KMETÉGKJMZ @C LIZ LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
Cl ispcjtm ri`kmer égkjm `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis sc jmhsk`cri sce ÿh su lmjilkzijk úh
y cxtchskúh ch cl `kchtc. Ch uhi ri`kmerigái sc mdscrvi jmhscjutkviachtc lis skeukchtcs
supcrgkjkcs? khtcrprmxkailcs, mjlusil, vcstkdulir m lkheuil y ri`kjulir y gkhilachtc sc prcsti itchjkúh i lis rcstiurijkmhcs, ch jism `c uhi lcsk úh rcjurrchtc.
2.0.9. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis khtcrprmxkailcs
Cl tërakhm khtcrprmxkail, kaplkji lmjilkzijkúh chtrc `ms supcrgkjkcs prmxkailcs i`yijchtcs> pmr lm tihtm, li lcsk úh quc sc chjuchtri chtrc `ms `kchtcs jmhtkeums sc `chmakhi
lcskúh jirkmsi khtcrprmxkail. Ch li ri`kmerig ái, li kaiech `c uhi lcsk úh `c cstc tkpm sc
mdscrvi jisk skcaprc ch cl puhtm `c jmhtijtm m ipkjil i ël.
94;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
2.0.9.9. Lcskmhcs prcjmjcs
Lis lcskmhcs khtcrprmxkailcs prcjmjcs sc aucstrih jmam zmhis ri`kmlÿjk`is quc sc
cxtkch`ch i achms `c li akti` `cl cspcsmr `cl csailtc. Cl ispcjtm ri`kmerégkjm echcril
`c uhi lcskúh prcjmz cs cl `c uhi “aucsji‑ ri`kmlÿjk`i ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi `cl
`kchtc (Gkes. 2.9. i 2.:.).
GKESTI 2.9. Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
GKESTI 2.4. Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
jmh lcskúh jirkmsis pmr acskil ch
pkzi 93 jmh ispcjtm `c “aucsji‑.
quc aucstri i lis pkczis :7 y :5
jmh lcskmhcs jirkmsis prcjmjcs pmr
`kstil y acskil, rcspcjtkviachtc.
GKESTI 2.:. Csqucai `c
ispcjtm ri`kmerégkjm `c aucsji.
2.0.9.4. Lcskmhcs am`cri`is
Lis lcskmhcs prmxkailcs sc jmhsk`crih am`cri`is juih`m smdrcpisih li akti` cxtcrhi `cl csailtc, pcrm skh iljihzir ri`kmerégkjiachtc li uhk úh csailtc `chtkhi (SC@).
Echcrilachtc tilcs lcskmhcs
lcskmhc s prcschtih uhm `c cstms trcs pmskdlcs ispcjtms ri`kmer
ri`kme régkjms?
cl prkacrm y a és grcjuchtc (75%) cs cl `c uh trkéheulm jmh su disc aiymr ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi `cl csailtc (Gkes. 2.0. y 2.5 ), cl sceuh`m, y achms grcjuchtc (97%), cs cl `c
uhi kaiech ri`kmlÿjk`i `kgusi (Gkes. 2.3. y 2.2.) y cl tcrjcrm (95%) rcuhc uhi jmadkhijk úh `c iadms> cs `cjkr, uh trk éheulm jmh dmr`cs `kgusms (Gkes. 2.7. y 2.;.).
GKESTI 2.0. Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
GKESTI 2.3. Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
GKESTI 2.7. Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
quc aucstri uhi lcskúh jirkmsi
am`cri`i pmr `kstil `c li pkczi
03, ch gmrai trkiheulir.
quc aucstri uhi lcskúh jirkmsi
am`cri`i pmr acskil `c li pkczi
97, ch gmrai `kgusi.
quc aucstri uhi lcskúh jirkmsi
am`cri`i trkiheulir `c dmr`cs
`kgusms ch `kstil `c li pkczi 93,
GKESTI 2.5. Csqucai `cl
GKESTI 2.2. Csqucai `cl ispcjtm
GKESTI 2.;. Csqucai `cl ispcjtm ri-
ispcjtm ri`kmerégkjm trkiheulir
trkiheulir..
`kmerégkjm trkiheulir jmh dmr`cs `kgusms.
ri`kmerégkjm `kgusm.
9:6
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm
jipátulm 2
2.0.9.:. Lcskmhcs ivihzi`is
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis ivihzi`is sc mdscrvih jmam ércis ri`kmlÿjk`is i hkvcl `cl
csailtc. Zuclch prcschtir prkhjkpilachtc uhi gmrai trkiheulir
trkiheulir,, iuhquc puc`c scr `kgusi
m jmadkhi`i. I`caés, sc hmti uhi prmpieijkúh `cl prmjcsm `c `csakhcrilkzijkúh i
hkvcl `c li SC@, quc smjivi cl csailtc y i`caés llcei i li `chtkhi, gmraih`m uhi sceuh`i
kaiech ri`kmlÿjk`i trkiheulir ch li `chtkhi jmh su disc ch li SC@ y cl vërtkjc `krkek`m
bijki li jivk`i` pulpir (Gkes. 2.96. y 2.99. ). I achu`m, lis lcskmhcs quc jmaprmactch
li `chtkhi pircjch hm bidcr smdrcpisi`m iÿh cl csailtc.
2.0.9.0. Lcskmhcs erivcs
Zmh iqucllis quc ri`kmerégkjiachtc bih smdrcpisi`m li akti` `c li `chtkhi y sc chjuchtrih
auy jcrjihis i li jéairi pulpir.
pulpir. Il cxiakhir li
kaiech, suclc mdscrvirsc uh cstrcjbm triycjtm `c
`cstrujjkúh i trivës `cl csailtc, uhi ri`kmlujk`cz
cxpih`k`i i hkvcl `c li SC@ (quc gmrai li disc
`c su trkéheulm) y li cxtchskúh `cl ivihjc `c li
lcskúh bijki li jéairi pulpir
pulpir.. Aujbis vcjcs, sc
iprcjki quc li lcskúh puc`c igcjtir i li pulpi y
mtris hm. Jmhvkchc `cstijir quc hm cs pmskdlc
jmhgkrair li cxpmskjkúh pulpir ÿhkjiachtc jmh lis
ri`kmerigáis `c ilcti `c amr`k`i, bijkëh`msc hcjcsirki uhi cxplmrijkúh i`kjkmhil jmh uhi khjk`chjki pcrkipkjil. @i`m quc uhi ri`kmerigái cs
uhi kaiech dk`kachskmhil ch li quc sc prmycjtih tm`is lis pirtcs `cl `kchtc, cs pmskdlc quc hm
sc llceuc i rcvclir tm`i li cxtchskúh `cl prmjcsm
jirkmsm. Zmdrc li jéairi pulpir puc`c smdrcpmhcrsc uhi lcskúh auy ilcoi`i `c li aksai> pmr
ch`c, súlm ac`kihtc li vilmrijkúh jláhkji sc puc`c
jmhgkrair li kaprcskúh ipmrti`i pmr li khtcrprctijkúh ri`kmerégkji.
Lis lcskmhcs khtcrprmxkailcs erivcs jmh erih
`cstrujjkúh `c `chtkhi tiadkëh smjivih cl
`kchtc.Vmstcrkmrachtc lis gucrzis `c li aistkjijkúh prmvmjih cl jmlipsm `cl csailtc smjivi`m, `coih`m uhi jivk`i` u mquc`i` auy erih`c
ch cl `kchtc ( Gkes. 2.94. y 2.9:).
2.0.4 Lcskmhcs jirkmsis mjlusilcs
GKESTI 2.96.
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
quc aucstri i lis pkczis 90 y 93 jmh lcskmhcs jirkmsis ivihzi`is
quc jmaprmactch
`chtkhi, pmr `kstil y
acskil, rcspcjtkviachtc.
GKESTI 2.99.
Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil
quc aucstri i li pkczi
07 jmh uhi lcskúh jirkmsi pmr `kstil ivihzi`i quc jmaprmactc li
`chtkhi, `c ispcjtm
trkiheulir jmh vërtkjc
bijki li jéairi pulpir.
pu lpir.
GKESTI 2.94.
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
quc i lis pkczis 97 y
93 jmh lcskmhcs jirkmsis erivcs pmr acskil
y `k st il r cs pc
pcjt
jt kv
kviiachtc, jmh airji`i
prmxkak`i` i li jéairi pulpir.
2.9:. Ti`kmerigái
pcrkipkjil quc aucstri uhi
lcskúh jirkmsi ivihzi`i pmr
acskil `c li pkczi 4: y uhi
lcskúh erivc pmr `kstil bijki
li jéairi pulpir.
GKESTI
2.0.4.9. Lcskmhcs prcjmjcs
Bidktuilachtc, akchtris li lcskúh jirkmsi mjlusil hm iljihjc li `chtkhi, lis ri`kmerigáis hm pcraktch k`chtkgkjirli. Cl ÿhkjm kh`kjkm `ctcjtidlc `c uhi lcskúh prcjmz ch li
supcrgkjkc mjlusil puc`c scr uhi tchuc smadri erkséjci khac`kitiachtc pmr `cdiom `c
9:9
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
li SC@. Hm mdstihtc, cs grcjuchtc mdscrvir ch mjlusil uhi smadri pircjk`i (iuhquc
hmrailachtc achms ihjbi) ch li ka éechcs `c lms `kchtcs sihms, pmr `cdiom m pmr chjkai `cl l áaktc `cl csailtc mjlusil. Csti l áhci `c aiymr `chsk`i` i hkvcl `c li uhk úh rcprcschti uhi kluskúh úptkji quc sc jmhmjc jmam dih`i `c Aijb.
Echcrilachtc, li lcsk úh jirkmsi mjlusil suclc jmachzir i lms li`ms `c li pirc` `c
uhi gmsi m gksuri, ihtcs quc
ch su disc> y tkch`c i pchctrir jisk pcrpch`kjulirachtc
bijki li SC@. Ch li supcrgkjkc mjlusil `cl `kchtc, jl á hkjiachtc puc`ch prm`ujkrsc
jiadkms sujcptkdlcs `c vksuilkzirsc jmam `c ispcjtm erc`msm (jilkzm) m uhi jmlmrijk úh
iairkllchti, pir`uzji m hceruzji> hm mdstihtc, li jmlmrijkúh `c uhi gksuri hm cs uh jrktcrkm gkidlc piri `kiehmstkjir uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi (Gkes. 2.90. y 2.93.).
2.0.4.4. Lcskmhcs am`cri`is
GKESTI 2.90.
Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
quc aucstri pkczis
`chtirkis skh
cvk`chjki `c lcskmhcs
jirkmsis mjlusilcs.
Shi lcskúh mjlusil am`cri`i suclc scr li prkacri ch kh`ujkr jiadkms ri`kmerégkjms cspcjágkjms>
lms aksams quc pcraktch jmhgkrair `cgkhktkviachtc
li prcschjki `c uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi. Cl jiadkm jl éskjm jmhskstc ch uhi gkhi zmhi ri`kml ÿ jk`i `c disc
auy iaplki ch li `chtkhi, jmh pmji m hkheuhi virkijkúh ipirchtc ch cl csailtc. Jmhvkchc mdscrvir `ctchk`iachtc li zmhi `c `chtkhi jmhtkeui i
GKESTI 2.93.
li SC@> yi quc sk ipircjc uhi rcek úh `c ri`kmTi`kmerigái dktc wkhe
quc aucstri li pkczi
lujk`cz bidré quc `cgkhkr sk sc triti `c uhi lcsk úh
05 jmh cvk`chtc
jirkmsi m hm. Mtri aihkgcstijk úh skehkgkjitkvi `c
lcskúh ch mjlusil quc
li lcskúh jirkmsi mjlusil ch li `chtkhi, sc mdscrvi
jmaprcactc il tcok`m
jmam uhi dih`i `c aiymr ri`kmpijk`i` chtrc li
`chtkhirkm.
lcskúh y li j éairi pulpir, quc rcprcschti uhi jiljkgkjijkúh ch li `chtkhi, li juil hm suclc mdscrvirsc ch lis lcskmhcs dujilcs (Gke. 2.93.).
2.0.4.:. Lcskmhcs erivcs
Lis lcskmhcs mjlusilcs erivcs smh g éjklachtc k`chtkgkjidlcs, tihtm jl á hkji jmam
ri`kmerégkjiachtc, yi quc sc triti `c mquc`i`cs m jivk`i`cs g éjklachtc mdscrvidlcs
ch li jmrmhi `c uh `kchtc. @i`m quc li `chtkhi sudyijchtc cst é jirki`i y hm puc`c
sustchtir il csailtc, lis gucrzis aistkjitmrkis suclch mjiskmhir cl jmlipsm `c li supcr
supcr-gkjkc mjlusil. Hm mdstihtc, lis ri`kmerig áis `c ilcti `c amr`k`i pmr s á smlis hm pcraktch
`ctcrakhir sk li pulpi bi quc`i`m jmaprmactk`i> smlm lms kh`kjkms jl á hkjms y,
cvchtuilachtc, li mdtchjk úh `c uhi khjk`chjki ri`kmer égkji pcrkipkjil puc`ch rcspil`ir
li kaprcskúh ri`kmerégkji khkjkil (Gkes. 2.97. y 2.95.).
9:4
GKESTI 2.97.
GKESTI 2.95.
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
quc aucstri li pkczi
:7 jmh lcskúh mjlusil,
iaplki y prmguh`i, i
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
quc aucstri i li pkczi
:7 uhi lcskúh jirkmsi
mjlusil iaplki y prm-
hkvcl
`c cvk`chtc
`chtkhi jmh
për`k`i
`c
csailtc.
guh`i, i jmh
hkvcl
`c li
`chtkhi,
për`k`i
cvk`chtc `c csailtc.
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
2.0.: Lcskmhcs jirkmsis i hkvcl gijkil m ch jiri lkdrc, dujil y lkheuil
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis dujilcs y lkheuilcs sc gmraih ch lis `cprcskmhcs y gksuris `c
csailtc `chtil. Juih`m smh pcquc ùis, lis ri`kmlujk`cjcs quc prm`ujch smh rc`mh`ci`is> il iuachtir `c tiai ùm i`mptih uhi gmrai cl áptkji m scakluhir. Vrcschtih dmr`cs
auy hátk`ms chtrc cl csailtc khtijtm y cl `csakhcrilkzi`m (ri`kmlÿjk`m). Ch uhi ri`kmerigái rcsulti `kgájkl `kgcrchjkir chtrc lcskmhcs jirkmsis dujilcs y lkheuilcs. Il cstu`kir uhi
lcskúh jirkmsi dujil, lkheuil m pilitkhi, cl gijultitkvm
gijultitkvm `cdc dusjir uhi rcek
rcekúh uhkgmrac
`c csailtc hm jirki`m ilrc`c`mr `c li ipirchtc ri`kmlujk`cz. Csti zmhi jkrjulir pcrgcjtiachtc `clkakti`i rcprcschti prksais pirilclms `c csailtc sihm, quc rm`cih li lcskúh
jirkmsi prmxkail y quc puc`c supcrpmhcrsc i li uhk ú h csailtc-`chtkhi (SC@) m
lmjilkzirsc jcrji `c prmxkail y skaulir uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi mjlusil m khtcrprmxkail. Hm
mdstihtc, hmrailachtc lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis mjlusilcs suclch scr a és cxtchsis quc lis
lkheuilcs m lis dujilcs y sus l áaktcs hm smh tih h átk`ms. Li vilmrijk úh jl áhkji iyu`i il
`kiehústkjm `cgkhktkvm (Gkes. 5.92., 2.9;. y 2.46.).
GKESTI 2.92. Ti`kmerigái dktc wkhe
GKESTI 2.9;. Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil
GKESTI 2.46. Ti`kmerigái
quc aucstri i li pkczi :7. sc mdscrvi
uhi zmhi ri`kmlÿjk`i dkch `clkakti`i
ch gmrai rc`mh`ci`i quc jmrrcspmh`c i uhi lcskúh jirkmsi ch jiri lkdrc.
quc aucstri i li pkczi 05 jmh uhi
lcskúh jirkmsi cxtchsi i hkvcl jcrvkjil,
dkch `cgkhk`i y ch gmrai mvili`i,
jmrrcspmh`kchtc i uhi lcskúh ch jiri
lkdrc.
pcrkipkjil quc aucstri i li
pkczi 00 jmh uhi lcskúh
jirkmsi i hkvcl jcrvkjil,
jmh dmr`cs hátk`ms `c
gmrai rc`mh`ci`i,
r c`mh`ci`i, jmrrcspmh`kchtc i uhi lcskúh ch
jiri lkdrc.
2.0.0. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis ri`kjulircs
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c lis supcrgkjkcs ri`kjulircs -tiadk ëh jmhmjk`is jmam `c
jcachtm- igcjtih ch rcilk`i` tihtm il jcachtm jmam i li `chtkhi ( Jip á tulm 4). Pkchch
uhi prcvilchjki `cl 06-56% ch li pmdlijkúh `c li tcrjcri c`i`. Lis supcrgkjkcs `chtilcs
aés igcjti`is smh, ch mr`ch `c grcjuchjki? li dujil, li lkheuil y lis prmxkailcs. Cl jcachtm cxpucstm sc aucstri rclitkviachtc dlih`m y suclc tchcr s úlm `c 46 i 36 ³a `c
cspcsmr jcrji `c li uhk úh chtrc jcachtm y csailtc (SJI)> pmr lm quc sc `ceri`i
répk`iachtc, til jmam sujc`c ch jisms `c itrkjk úh, idriskúh, idgrijjkúh y crmsk úh. Vmr
jmhskeukchtc, li lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kjulir cs uhi lcsk úh `c li `chtkhi ismjki`i i li rcjcsk úh ekhekvil. Cl prmjcsm jirkmsm ri`kjulir prcschti uhi kaiech ri`kml ÿjk`i pmjm `cgkhk`i, ch gmrai `c plitkllm. Zk li supcrgkjkc pcrkg ërkji cs rc`ujk`i, li lcsk úh jirkmsi tch`ré uh
ispcjtm aés ¨gcstmhci`m¨ quc ch gmrai `c plitkllm. Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c li supcrgkjkc
ri`kjulir hm suclch jmaprmactcr il csailtc, silvm juih`m sc cxtkch`ch bisti li `chtkhi
sudyijchtc il csailtc i lm lirem `c li SC@. Ch tilcs jisms cs grcjuchtc i`vcrtkr grijturis
`cl csailtc quc bi quc`i`m `csprmvkstm `c sustchtijkúh `chtkhirki (Gkes. 2.49. y 2.44.).
9::
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 2.49.
GKESTI 2.44.
Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil `c li pkczi :7, jmh
lcskúh jirkmsi quc
jmaprmactc li zmhi
jërvkjmrri`kjulir pmr
`kstil.
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe quc
aucstri i li pkczi 43 jmh
lcskúh jirkmsi jërvkjmrri`kjulir pmr `kstil, ch
gmrai `c plitkllm. Mdsërvcsc quc ch cstc jism, cl
csailtc hm sc chjuchtri
jmaprmactk`m.
2.0.3 Lcskmhcs jirkmsis scjuh`irkis y rcjk`kvihtcs
r cjk`kvihtcs (JITZ)
Shi lcskúh jirkmsi scjuh`irki cs iquclli quc surec khac`kitiachtc pr úxkai m ilrc`c`mr `c uhi rcstiurijkúh. Vuc`c `cdcrsc i uhi aili i`iptijk úh `c li rcstiurijkúh,
quc pcraktc li gkltrijk úh airekhil, m i uhi cxtchsk úh khsugkjkchtc `c li rcstiurijk úh. Iprmxkai`iachtc cl 97% `c lis supcrgkjkcs `chtilcs rcstiuri`is prcschtih lcskmhcs jirkmsis
rcjk`kvihtcs. Cs prkamr`kil tritir cstis lcskmhcs `c khac`kitm yi quc jmhstktuych uhi
jiusi grcjuchtc `c hcjrmsks pulpir.
Cl ispcjtm ri`kmerégkjm `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis rcjk`kvihtcs `cpch`c `cl eri`m `c
`csjiljkgkjijkúh y `c li prcschjki `c ileuhi rcstiurijk úh quc cvchtuilachtc mjultc li
lcskúh. Cs grcjuchtc quc uhi rcstiurijkúh ri`kmpiji chjudri zmhis pcquc ùis y erih`cs
`c `chtkhi `csakhcrilkzi`i (ri`kml ÿjk`i). Ch cstc jism, su `ctcjjkúh y li `ctcrakhijk úh
`c su jmhgmraijk úh `cpch`créh `c uhi actkjulmsi cxplmrijk úh jl áhkji. Lis lcskmhcs
quc acomr sc `ctcjtih ch lis ri`kmerig áis smh lis lcskmhcs rcjk`kvihtcs ch lms dmr`cs
pr úxkamekhekvilcs y mjlusilcs. Khvcrsiachtc, puc`c llceir i prm`ujkrsc uhi jmhsk`cridlc `cstrujjkúh, i trivës `c lms dmr`cs `c lis rcstiurijkmhcs? dujilcs, gijkilcs y lkheuilcs,
ihtcs `c quc puc`ih `ctcjtirsc ch lis ri`kmerig áis (BITKHE y OIHZCH, 4664> EMI_ y UBKPC,
9;;3> UBKPC y VBITMIB, 4664> LIHELIH@ y LIHELIKZ, 4664> LIHELIKZ y LIHELIH@, 9;;3> UBIKPCZ,
466:)
( Gkes. 2.4:. y 2.40.).
Pm`i lcskúh jirkmsi sc
aucstri ri`kmlÿjk`i y
`c láaktcs ail `cgkhk`ms, i cxjcpjkúh `c
lis lcskmhcs quc sc lmjilkzih ch lis supcrgkjkcs? dujilcs, pilitkhis m lkheuilcs, quc sc
`chmakhih lcskmhcs
jirkmsis ch jiri lkdrc.
GKESTI 2.4:. Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe
GKESTI 2.40. Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil
quc aucstri i li pkczi 07 jmh lcskúh
jirkmsi rcjk`kvihtc mjlusil.
quc aucstri i li pkczi :7 jmh lcskúh
jirkmsi rcjk`kvihtc `kstil.
2.3. JLIZKGKJI
JLIZKGKJIJKÚH
JKÚH TI@KME
TI@KMETÉGKJ
TÉGKJI
I @C LCZKMHCZ
LCZKMHCZ JITKMZ
JITKMZIZ
IZ CH
CZAILPC [ @CHPKHI
Li `csjrkpjkúh `c lms ispcjtms ri`kmlúekjms ijcpti`ms bih scrvk`ms piri khtcrprctir
y smdrctm`m piri `csjrkdkr lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis> skh cadirem, ch li lktcrituri sc rcekstrih
9:0
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm
jipátulm 2
huacrmsms aëtm`ms `c jliskgkjijkúh `kscùi`ms smdrc li disc `c
li prmguh`k`i` ri`kmerégkji `c li lcskúh jirkmsi, jmh li gkhilk`i` `c
prmpmrjkmhir uhi rcgcrchjki `c su ijtkvk`i` y pcraktkr su
sceukakchtm y jmhtrml. Iuhquc tm`ivái hm cxkstc uhi cstih`irkzijkúh `c lms aëtm`ms `c jliskgkjijkúh, cstms prcstih erih
utklk`i` jmam jmaplcachtm `c li khgmraijkúh mdtchk`i ch cl
cxiach jláhkjm vksuil y jmam iyu`i piri li tmai `c li `cjkskúh
tcripëutkji.
2.3.9. Jliskgkjijkúh ri`kmerégkji `c Vktts
GKESTI 2.43.
Csqucai ri`kmerégkjm `c
lcskmhcs T9 jmh ispcjtm `c
aucsji.
Shm `c lms achjkmhi`ms aëtm`ms `c jliskgkjijkúh ri`kmerégkji
guc prmpucstm pmr VKPPZ, ch 9;20, jmh lis cspcjkgkjijkmhcs
skeukchtcs?
2.3.9.9. T9
Lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kmerégkji pcqucùi, jmhgkhi`i i li akti` cxtcrhi `cl csailtc (Gkes. 2.43. y 2.47. ).
2.3.9.4. T4
Lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kmerégkji, jmhgkhi`i i li akti` khtcrhi `cl
csailtc (Gkes. 2.45. y 2.42.).
GKESTI 2.47.
Kaiech ri`kmerégkji `c uhi
lcskúh jirkmsi jmh ispcjtm `c
“aucsji‑ ch li supcrgkjkc cxtcrhi `cl csailtc `c li pkczi
:3, pmr `kstil.
2.3.9.:. T:
Lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kmerégkji quc sc cxtkch`c bisti cl láaktc iaclm`chtkhirkm, skh amstrir ri`kmlujk`cz ch li `chtkhi (Gkes. 2.4;. y 2.:6.).
GKESTI 2.45.
Csqucai ri`kmerégkjm
`c li cxtchskúh `c
GKESTI 2.4;.
Cs-qucai
ri`kmerégkjm `c li
lcskúh
T4chtrc
quc
iljihzijirkmsi
cl láaktc
li akti` khtcrhi y
cxtcrhi `cl csailtc.
lcskúh
llcei iljirkmsi
láaktc quc
`cl
csailtc (T:).
GKESTI 2.42.
Kaiech ri`kmerégkji
`c lcskmhcs jirkmsis
quc llceih bisti cl
láaktc chtrc li akti`
khtcrhi y cxtcrhi `cl
csailtc, `c li pkczis
GKESTI 2.:6.
Kaiech ri`kmerégkji
`c li lcskúh jirkmsi
quc idirji bisti li
akti` khtcrhi `cl
csailtc `c li pkczi
:3 pmr `kstil.
93 y 03 pmr `kstil.
9:3
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
2.3.9.0. T0
Lcskúh jirkmsi ri`kmerégkji ch csailtc y `chtkhi, quc sc cxtkch`c
bisti li akti` cxtcrhi `cl cspcsmr `chtkhirkm (Gkes. 2.:9. y 2.:4.).
2.3.4. Jliskgkjijkúh ri`kmerégkji `c Vktts, am`kgkji`i ch
li Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki?
GKESTI 2.:9. Csqucai ri`kmerégkjm `c li lcskúh jirkmsi
quc llcei bisti li akti` cxtcrhi `c li `chtkhi (T0).
Zmdrc li disc `c li jliskgkjijk úh `c Vktts, sc bih prmpucst
prmpucstm
m ileuhis
am`kgkjijkmhcs, chtrc cllis li plihtci`i ch li Shkvcrsk`i` Vcruihi
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki, `c li skeukchtc aihcri?
T9? Lcskúh supcrgkjkil `c csailtc (akti` cxtcrhi)
T4? Lcskúh prmguh`i `c csailtc (akti` khtcrhi)
T:? Lcskúh supcrgkjkil `c `chtkhi
T0? Lcskúh prmguh`i `c `chtkhi skh jmaprmaksm pulpir
T3? Lcskúh prmguh`i `c `chtkhi jmh jmaprmaksm pulpir
2.7. @KIEHMZPKJM @KGCTCHJKIL
Kaiech
GKESTI
2.:4.
ri`kmerégkji
`c li lcskúh
jirkmsi quc iljihzi li akti`
cxtcrhi `c li `chtkhi ch li
pkczi 99, pmr `kstil.
2.7.9. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis ri`kjulircs, vcstkdulir m lkheuil,
vcrsuss cxmrkz
vcrsu
cx mrkzélks
élksks.
ks.
Ti`kmerégkjiachtc hm cs pmskdlc `kgcrchjkir sk li zmhi ri`kjulir
jmaprmactk`i cst é cxpucsti il ac`km dujil ( Gke. 2.::.).
2.7.4. Lcskmhcs jirkmsis vcrsus prcpirijkmhcs jivktirkis.
Zc `kgcrchjki pmr cl jmhtmrhm `cl érci ri`kmlÿjk`i. Isá, ch lis prcpirijkmhcs lms
dmr`cs sc mdscrvih hctms y dkch rcjmrti`ms, akchtris quc ch lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis lms
a érechcs sc `kstkheuch a és krrceulircs y `kgusms ( Gke. 2.:0.).
2.7.:. Lcskmhcs pmr idriskúh vcrsus lcskmhcs jirkmsis vcstkdulircs.
Li lcskúh pmr idrisk úh sc iprcjki ch li ri`kmerig ái jmam uhi érci ri`kmlÿjk`i `c
dmr`cs hátk`ms, quc jmaprmactc tm`m cl tcrjkm jcrvkjil `c li jiri vcstkdulir `c li jmrmhi
9:7
GKESTI 2.::.
GKESTI 2.:0. Ti`kmerigái
GKESTI 2.:3. Ti`kmerigái
Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil `c li pkczi 49
quc aucstri uhi cxmrkzélksks ch li
supcrgkjkc
supcrg
kjkc ri`kjulir, i hkvcl `cl tcrjkm
ac`km. Hútcsc li rcidsmrjkúh `cl
bucsm ilvcmlir quc ijmapiùi i csti
lcskúh y li gilti `c csailtc `c li jmrmhi pmr cl tilli`m prmtëskjm.
pcrkipkjil `c li pkczi 49
quc aucstri uhi kaiech
ri`kmlÿjk`i dkch `clkakti`i, jmh dmr`cs hctms
jmapitkdlc jmh uhi prcpirijkúh `chtirki.
pcrkipkjil `c lis pkczis :3
y :0 qu c au cs tr i uh i
ri`kmlujk`cz i hkvcl jcrvkjil
ch gmrai `c dih`i jmh
dmr`cs hctms, skehm ri`kmlúekjm `c idriskúh.
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
`chtirki. I`caés, lms jmh`ujtms pulpircs sc prcschtih
cstrcjbms y li lcskúh puc`c jmaprmactcr virkms `kchtcs.
Lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis `c jiris lkdrcs prcschtih dmr`cs
a é s `kgusms y jmaprmactch4 i uhm m `ms `kchtcs.
Jl áhkjiachtc cs g éjkl llceir il `kieh ústkjm `kgcrchjkil
(Gkes. 0.95 y 2.:3.).
2.7.0.. Zcu`m
2.7.0
Zcu`m jirkcs
jirkcs vcrsus
vcrsus lcskú
lcskúh
h jirkmsi
jirkmsi
jërvkjmprmxkail.
GKESTI 2.:7. Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil
`c lis pkczis 95, 97, 93 y 90. Hútcsc
Ch `kjbi zmhi puc`c ipircjcr uhi érci ri`kmlÿjk`i
ércis ri`kmlÿjk`is `c gmrai trkiheu`c gmrai trkiheulir y echcrilachtc lmjilkzi`i i iadms
lir, i hkvcl jërvkjmrri`kjulir `c lis
supcrgkjkcs prmxkailcs
li`ms prmxkailcs `cl `kchtc, li juil puc`c khtcrprctirsc
crr ú hciachtc jmam lcsk ú h jirkmsi. Csti kaiech sc
`cdc i li prmycjjk úh `c li pmrjk úh ri`kjulir khac`kiti i li csjmti`uri jcrvkjil prmxkail
`cl csailtc. Cl `kieh ústkjm `kgcrchjkil sc cstidlcjc pmr quc li kaiech sc lmjilkzi ch
ércis ilcoi`is `cl puhtm `c jmhtijtm y pmr su gmrai trkiheulir ( Gke. 2.:7.).
2.7.3 Mtris.
Chtrc cllms? bkpmpliski `cl csailtc, idgrijjk úh, crmskúh, itrkjkúh ( Gkes. 0.44. y 2.:5.),
grijturi `chtil (Gkes. 0.49. y 2.:2.), bkpmpliski `cl csailtc (Gkes 0.90, 0.93. y. 2.:;.),
bkpmpliski `c Purhcr ( Gke. 2.06.), iaclmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti (Gkes. 0.94., 0.9:. y 2.09.),
`chtkhmeë hcsks kapcrgcjti ( Gkes. 0.97. y 2.09d. ), ctj. lis juilcs, `cdch cstu`kirsc
`ctilli`iachtc (LIHELIKZ y LIHELIH@, 9;;3).
GKESTI 2.:5. Ti`km-
GKESTI 2.:2. Ti`kmerigái
erigái pcrkipkjil `c lis
pkczis :4, :9, 09 y 04,
`c uh pijkchtc `c
ivihzi c`i`, quc prcschtih li gilti `cl tcrjkm
khjksil `c li jmrmhi.
Hútcsc lms dmr`cs hctms
il aksam hkvcl `c tm`is
lis pkczis `chtirkis
jmaprmactk`is, skehm
ri`kmerégkjm `c `cseistc
pmr itrkjkúh.
pcrkipkjil `c li pkczi 99
quc prcschti uh érci
ri`kmlÿjk`i i hkvcl `cl
tcrjkm i khjksil, jmrrcspmh`kchtc grijturi jmrmhirki.
GKESTI 2.:;. Ti`kmeri-
GKESTI 2.06.
gái pcrkipkjil `c lis
pkczis 99 y 49, quc
prcschti ércis ri`kmlÿjk`is dkch `clkakti`is `c
gmrai rc`mh`ci`i, i
hkvcl `cl tcrjkm khjksil `c
li jmrmhi, jmrrcspmh`kchtc i bkpmpliski `c
csailtc ch gmrai `c
bmyuclms.
Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe `c
li pkczi 00 jmh iltcrijkúh
amrgmlúekji y cstrujturil
`c li jmrmhi, ch uh
`kchtc jmh Bkpmliski `c
Purhcr.
9:5
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 2.09i. Ti`kmerigái dktcwkhe `c li zmhi am-
GKESTI 2.09d. Ti`kmerigái pcrkipkjil `c lis pkczis
lir - prcamlir kzqukcr`i, quc prcschti iltcrijkúh
echcrilkzi`i `c li amrgmlúekji y cstrujturi `c lis jmrmhis, jmrrcspmh`kchtc i Iaclmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti.
Hútcsc tiadkëh li prcschjki `c rcidsmrjkúh cxtcrhi
i hkvcl ri`kjulir `c ileuhis pkczis.
94, 99, 49 y 44, `c uhi pijkchtc `c 92 iùms `c
c`i`, quc prcschti scvcri për`k`i `cl tcrjkm khjksil y ac`km `c li jmrmhi, jmh dmr`cs hctms il
aksam hkvcl `c tm`is lis pkczis `chtirkis
jmaprmactk`is. Cl `kiehústkjm `cl pijkchtc rcsultú
scr? @chtkhmeëhcsks kapcrgcjti.
2.5. PCJHMLMEÁIZ TI@KMETÉGKJIZ ILPC
ILPCTHI
THIPKW
PKWIZ
IZ VITI
VITI LI
@CPCJJKÚH @C LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
2.5.9. Li ri`kmlmeái `kektil.
Ijtuilachtc sc juchti jmh khhmvi`mrcs skstcais quc sc vilch `c tëjhkjis `kektilcs
piri mdtchcr kaéechcs ri`kmerégkjis khtrimrilcs. Li ri`kmlme ái `kektil tkchc jmam gkhilk`i`
li prm`ujjkúh `c ka éechcs `kektilcs ch mpmskjkúh jmh li ri`kmlme ái jmhvchjkmhil quc
`csirrmlli pclájulis ri`kmerégkjis. Shi kaiech cs `kektil juih`m cst é jmapucsti pmr
virkms clcachtms `kstkhtms m scpiri`ms (pkjturc
(pkjturc clcacht m páxcl ). I ji`i páxcl s úlm sc lc
puc`c jmhjc`cr uh vilmr huaërkjm lkakti`m `c jmlmrcs, m `c tmhms erkscs ch uhi kaiech
ri`kmerégkji. Cl hÿacrm `c aitkjcs `c erks `cpch`c `cl hÿacrm `c dkts caplci`ms piri
ilaijchir uh p áxcl. Sh páxcl `c uh dkt súlm puc`c tmair `ms vilmrcs (6 ú 9, hcerm m
dlihjm). Sh páxcl `c 2 dkts tmai 437 vilmrcs. Pmaih`m ch juchti quc cl mom buaihm
`kg ájklachtc pcrjkdc aés `c 06 aitkjcs `c erks, cstms p áxclcs sc jmlmjir éh ch gklis y
jmluahis gmraih`m uhi aitrkz. Isá, cl tiaiùm `cl p áxcl `ctcrakhi li rcsmlujk úh `c li
kaiech. Juihtm a és pcqucùm sci cl páxcl, sc mdtch`ré acomr rcsmlujkúh, mdscrvéh`msc
acomr y a és lms `ctillcs. Jmam li mdscrvijk úh `c lis ri`kmerig áis `kektilcs sc rcilkzi
bidktuilachtc ch cl amhktmr, ëstc `cdcré tchcr uhi rcsmlujk úh quc il achms sci keuil i
li `c li aitrkz.
Ëstms skstcais caplcih trcs aëtm`ms `kgcrchtcs> cl prkacrm `c cllms, `chmakhi`m
Aëtm`m kh`krcjtm m ri`kmerigá i `kektilkzi`i -quc csté `kspmhkdlc `cs`c gkhcs `c lms
iùms ‒56- jmhvkcrtc lis ka éechcs `c uhi pclájuli ri`kmerégkji jmhvchjkmhil il gmraitm
`kektil, jmh li iyu`i `c? vk`cmj éairis, jéairis gmtmerégkjis `kektilcs, csjéhcrcs u mtrms
tkpms `c lcjtmris `c ka éechcs. Sh sceuh`m a ëtm`m, jmhmjk`m jmam Aëtm`m `kektil
`krcjtm , prcsjkh`c `c pcl ájulis y ch su lueir caplci uh rcjcptmr clcjtrúhkjm quc jipti
li chcreái `c lms gmtmhcs `c riyms R y lms jmhvkcrtc ch sc ùilcs clcjtrúhkjis, quc trihsaktc
`krcjtiachtc i uh jmaputi`mr u mr`chi`mr, yi sci i triv ës `c uh jidlc m `c am`m
khiléadrkjm (Gkes. 2.04. y 2.0:. ). @kjbm schsmr puc`c scr `c `ms tkpms? cl lliai`m JJ@
(khkjkilcs
`cm su
h ch khel
`cvkjc
1 i`ktiachtm
jirei
ës? jbirec-jmuplc`
ijmpli`i)
cl `chmakhijk
jmhmjk`m újmam
JAMZ
(khkjkilcs `c su
`chmakhijk
ú h ch`ckhel
ë s?
9:2
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
jmaplcachtiry actilkj mxk`c scakjmh`ujtmr 1 scakjmh`ujtmr
jmaplcachtirkm `c úxk`m actélkjm), lms quc `kgkcrch ÿhkjiachtc
ch li akjrmirquktcjturi `cl jbkp. (WIH @CT ZPCLP,
ZPCLP, 4663> I@IJZT, 4667).
Cl tcrjcr aëtm`m, `chmakhi`m `kektil scak`krcjtm (Gkes. 2.00. i
2.07. ), sustktuyc li pcl ájuli pmr uhi pliji judkcrti pmr jrkstilcs
`c g úsgmrm, quc ilaijchih lms gmtmhcs `c lms riyms R `urihtc uh
lipsm. @kjbi pliji, jma ÿhachtc cs lliai`i VZV (khjkilcs `c su
`chmakhijkúh ch khelës? pbmtm-stkaulidlc pbmspbmr 1 G úsgmrm gmtm
cstkaulidlc), iuhquc i vcjcs tiadk ëh sc lc `cskehi jmam? pliji
gmsgúrkji piri ilaijchiakchtm.
ilaijchiakchtm. Cstc tkpm `c skstcai rcqukcrc
`c uh cqukpm i`kjkmhil (csj éhcr), quc pcraktc jmhvcrtkr li chcreái
GKESTI 2.04. Zkstcai `kektil
`krcjtm JJ@.
jipti`i pmr cl schsmr ch ka éechcs `kektilcs y is á trihsgcrkrlis i
uh jmaputi`mr ( UCH_CL y jml., 9;;9> ZCKG,
ZCKG, 9;;5> WIH @CT ZPCLP,
ZPCLP, 4663> I@IJZT, 4667) .
Cl Jui`rm 2.9. prcschti ileuhms cocaplms jmacrjkilcs `c lms skstcais achjkmhi`ms.
GKESTI 2.0:. Zmgtwirc `cl skstcai `kektil
GKESTI 2.00. Cqukpiakchtm `cl skstcai
`krcjtm jmh li kaiech ri`kmerégkji.
`kektil `krcjtm VZV.
GKESTI 2.03. Vmskjkmhi`mrcs `cl skstcai
GKESTI 2.07. Zmgtwirc `cl skstcai `kektil
`kektil `krcjtm VZV
VZ V.
VZV jmh li ki kaiech ri`kmerégkji.
Li ri`kmlmeái `kektil prcschti vchtiois rcspcjtm i li ri`kmlmeái jmhvchjkmhil, pcrm il
aksam tkcapm ileuhis `csvchtiois. ( Jui`rm 2.4.).
y jml., ch 9;;9, jmapirirmh li prcjkskúh `c li pclájuli ri`kmerégkji jmhvchjkmhil, li ri`kmerig ái `kektilkzi`i, y li ri`kmerigái `kektil `krcjti (JJ@) piri li `ctcjjkúh
`c lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chtkhirki, ch li supcrgkjkc mjlusil
m jlusil `c `kchtcs cxtriá`ms hm jivkti`ms.
Mdscrvirmh quc, iuhquc cl prmjc`kakchtm `c ka éechcs `kektilkzi`is y li jipturi `krcjti
UCH_CL
9:;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
ILESHMZ CYSKVMZ TI@KMLÚEKJMZ @KEKPILCZ
@krcjtms
•
•
•
•
•
Zcak-`krcjtms
Nm`in TWE 7666 (Nm`in)
J@T Cstéh`ir m Ukrclcss (Zjbkjn)
@CRKZ (@cxks)
Zk`cxks 964 (Zkrmhi)
Zkeai (Khstruachtirkua @chtil)
• ZjihR (Ikr Pcjbhkqucs)
• MpPkac (Zmrc`cx)
• @chMptkx YZP (Ech`cx)
Jui`rm 2.9. (Disi`m ch? JLKHKJIL TCZCITJB IZZMJKIPCZ, 4663i, 4663d)
WCHPIOIZ[ @CZWCHPIOIZ @C LMZ CYSKVMZ TI@KML
TI@K MLÚEKJMZ @KEKP
@KEK PILCZ
Wchtiois
@csvchtiois
• Kaiech khstihtéhci
• Khtcrijjkúh jmh cl pijkchtc
• Vmskdklk`i` `c aihkpulir li
•
•
•
•
•
kaiech (jmhtristc, `chsk`i`,
khvcrskúh `c pmsktkvm i hceitkvm,
iplkjir m clkakhir jmlmrcs)
Clkakhijkúh `cl prmjcsm `c
rcvcli`m, jmh lm quc sc clkakhi
ilti jmhtiakhijkúh.
Achms ri`kijkúh
Ilaijchiakchtm clcjtrúhkjm
Vmskdklk`i` `c iaplkir li kaiech
Vcraktc khtcrjmhsulti i `kstihjki
•
•
•
•
•
•
Iltm jmstm
Zchsmrcs khjúam`ms
Vmdrc jilk`i` `c kaiech
@kgkjulti` ch iprch`cr li
aihkpulijkúh c khstilijkúh
@cpch`chjki `c li
jmaputi`mri
@kgkjulti` ch udkjir cl
schsmr jmrrcjtiachtc
• Vrmdlcais tëjhkjms
Jui`rm 2.4. (Disi`m ch? JLKHKJIL TCZCITJB IZZMJKIPCZ, 4663i).
tkch`ch i scr a és prcjksms quc li ri`kmerigá i jmhvchjkm
jmhv chjkmhil,
hil, hm sc cstidlcjkcrmh `kgcrchjkis
csti`á stkjiachtc skehkgkjitkvis. Ch uh cstu`km a és cspcjkgkjm, UCH_CL y jml., ch 9;;3
jmapirirmh li jipijk`i` `c `kiehústkjm `c lis uhk`is disi`is ch cl JJ@ (P
(Prmpby
rmpby TWE,
Zchs-I-Tiy, Wksuilkx) y uhi uhk`i` disi ch VZV (Zkstcai `c pliji `c g úsgmrm) `c Zmrc`cx
@kemri piri li `ctcjjkúh `c jirkcs mjlusil. Jmhjluycrmh quc lms juitrm cstu`kms llcvi`ms i
jidm gucrmh keuilachtc duchms piri li `ctcjjk úh `c jirkcs kh vktrm.
Ch uh cstu`km a és rcjkchtc (UBKPC y [MMH, 9;;5), sc cviluú li khtcrprctijk úh `c uh
skstcai `kektil disi`m ch JJ@ (Zjbkjn J@T) piri `ctcjtir lcskmhcs jirkmsis, ch li supcrgkjkc prmxkail, ch jmapirijkúh jmh li pcl ájuli. Hm mdstihtc, lis `kgcrchjkis ch li
schskdklk`i` y cspcjkgkjk`i` `c ji`i skstcai, ch t ërakhms echcrilcs, lms rcsulti`ms hm
irrmoirmh `kgcrchjki csti` ástkji skehkgkjitkvi.
2.5.4. Li ri`kmlmeái
ri`kmlmeái pmr sustrijjkúh `kektil ch
ch li `ctcjjkúh
`ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs
lcskmhcs
jirkmsis
Pkchc su mrkech ch cl a ëtm`m pmr sustrijjk úh gmtmerégkji piri li kaiech ri`kmer égkji,
quc sc `km i jmhmjcr ch 9;:0, pcrm quc smlm sc utklkz ú `c aihcri lkakti`i :6 i ùms `cspu ës. Zu iplkjijkúh sc disidi ch smdrcpmhcr lis kaprcskmhcs gmtmer égkjis pmsktkvis y
hceitkvis lmeri`is i pirtkr `c `ms ka éechcs ri`kmerégkjis, mdtchk`is ch amachtms `ks-
906
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
tkhtms, y clkakhir tm`i pmrjkúh jmaÿh i iadis (iqucllm quc pcraihcjc khiltcri`m), `coih`m `cstiji`is lis ka éechcs quc sc prctch`c amhktmrcir (ZCKG ,9;;5).
Jmh cstc a ëtm`m cxkstáih `ms lkaktijkmhcs prkhjkpilcs khbcrchtcs i li pclájuli? pmr uh
li`m, li kapmskdklk`i` `c jmrrcekr li ecmactr ái `c prmycjjkúh `c lis ka éechcs y pmr mtrm,
li `chsk`i` `cl jmhtristc> lm juil sc bi supcri`m jmh li iyu`i `c uh prmjcsm `kektil
jmaputirkzi`m quc bi pcraktk`m li aihkpulijkúh cgkjkchtc `c lis ka éechcs> i`caés `c
rc`ujkr cl tkcapm quc rcqukcrc
rcqukcrc cl aëtm`m gmtmerégkjm.
Li hiturilczi `c li ri`kmlme ái pmr sustrijjkúh `kektil li bijc pirtkjulirachtc ÿtkl
piri cviluir cl prmercsm `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis m su rcakhcrilkzijk úh> skh cadirem,
iÿh hm iljihzi i scr uh a ëtm`m `c iplkjijkúh aiskvi (BKHP_C [ UCH_CL, 9;;7> AML y jml., 466:).
2.5.:. Pmamerigái jmaputirkzi `c ipcrturi skhtmhkzi`i.
Lms rcjcptmrcs ri`kmerégkjms `kektilcs khtrimrilcs ijtuilcs, il pircjcr,
pircjcr, mgrcjch uh rch`kakchtm `c prcjksk úh `kiehústkji skaklir il `c li pliji jmhvchjkmhil. Zkh cadirem, li
kaiech ri`kmerégkji sc aihtkchc jmam li rcprm`ujjk úh dk`kachskmhil `c cstrujturis
trk`kachskmhilcs. Ihtc csti lkaktijk úh, cs auy prmdidlc quc ch cl guturm sc lmerc prmvccr
uhi aiymr prcjkskúh piri cl `kieh ústkjm `c jirkcs jmh li iyu`i `c a ëtm`ms ri`kmerégkjms
ais ivihzi`ms> tilcs jmam? cl skstcai PIJP
PIJP (pmr sus skelis `cl khelës piri tmamerig ái
jmaputirkzi`i `c ipcrturi skhtmhkzi`i) u mtrms, quc bijch vkidlc prcschtir
trk`kachskmhilachtc (:@) cstrujturis dk`kachskmhilcs.
@urihtc a és `c uhi ` ëji`i, li lktcrituri bi rcekstri`m li cxplmrijk úh `c li iplkjijk úh `cl a ëtm`m PIJP, ch rclijk úh il éadktm m`mhtmlúekjm. Lms cstu`kms aucstrih -jisk
khvirkidlcachtc- quc li PIJP cs supcrkmr i lis am`ilk`i`cs prc`cjcsmris `c mdtchjkúh
`c kaéechcs (ri`kmlme ái jmhvchjkmhil y `kektil) piri li aiymr ái `c tircis, khjluk`i li
`ctcjjkúh `c lis lcskmhcs jirkmsis.
Cl skstcai PIJP utklkzi a ÿltkplcs ka éechcs `c uh aksam mdoctm, mdtchk`ms pmr cl
amvkakchtm `c li guchtc `c riyms R ch uh aksam plihm, jmh rcspcjtm i li cstrujturi `c
khtcrës y il rcjcptmr> rcilkzih`m isá prmycjjkmhcs ch `kgcrchtcs éheulms.
Viri cl `kiehústkjm `chtil, sc rcqukcrc quc cl aëtm`m PIJP pirti `c uh a áhkam `c
mjbm kaéechcs. Cl
tkcapm rcqucrk`m piri mdtchcr ka éechcs ac`kihtc uh skstcai iutmaitkzi`m `mti`m `c uhi guchtc aultktudms cs `c 4 sceuh`ms. Zkh cadirem, cl érci quc
idirji li kaiech cs auy rc`ujk`i (cqukvilchtc i li jmrmhi `c uh smlm `kchtc), lm juil til
vcz rcprcschtc su prkhjkpil `csvchtioi.
Lms rcsulti`ms `c `kvcrsms cstu`kms suekcrch quc -piri li `ctcjjk úh `c lcskmhcs
jirkmsis- lis kaéechcs `c PIJP sc aihtkchch jmam li prmacsi ais gkrac `c jmhstktukrsc ch li am`ilk`i` a és cgkjiz `c prmycjjkúh `c kaéechcs> uhi sucrtc `c khstihjki `c
cvmlujkúh auy supcrkmr i li pcl ájuli m i lms skstcais `kektilcs `krcjtms (GIKT, 9;;2> IDTCS,
4669> 4664> 4660) (Gkes. 2.05. y 2.02.).
909
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI 2.05. Kaéechcs rcprcschtitkvis
Vcl á juli
@kektil
PIJP? uh jmrtc
`c? pclájuli, `kektil y PIJP. Cl cstu`km
bkstmlúekjm rcvclú quc li lcskúh prmxkail
kzqukcr`i iljihzidi cl tcrjkm `chtkhirkm
khtcrhm, li mjlusil llceidi i li akti` `cl
csailtc y li prmxkail `crcjbi, il tcrjkm
ac`km `chtkhirkm.*
GKESTI 2.02. Kaéechcs `kektilcs trk`kachskmhilcs ch PIJP, amstrih`m kaéechcs ch scjuchjki `c ekrm. Hútcsc li
virkijkúh `c li vkskdklk`i`
vkskdklk`i` `c li lcskúh prmxkail, sceÿh jiadki li iheulijkúh.*
* Gkeuris tmai`is `c IDTCS y jml., 9;;;.
Ch rcsuach?
Li ri`kmlmeái rcprcschti uhi bcrriakchti `c iyu`i kh`kspchsidlc piri li `ctcjjkúh
`c lcskmhcs jirkmsis prmxkailcs y mjlusilcs> pirtkjulirachtc iqucllis ka éechcs mdtchk`is jmh li t ëjhkji Dktc wkhe m `c ilcti `c amr`k`i. Viri cllm, cs prcjksm cstir giaklkirkzi`m jmh cl ispcjtm `c tilcs ka éechcs, isá jmam `c lis jmrrcspmh`kchtcs i mtrm tkpm `c
lcskmhcs, i gkh `c illihir i`cjui`iachtc su `kgcrchjkijk úh y jmhskeukchtc khtcrprctijk úh, disc kh`kspchsidlc piri llceir uhi jmhjluskúh `kiehústkji jcrtcri.
@urihtc lms prkacrms i ùms `cl skelm RRK, lis am`ilk`i`cs ri`kmer égkjis khtrimrilcs
jmhvchjkmhilcs -iqucllis quc sc vilch `c plijis m pcl ájulis- jmhtkhÿih skch`m lis a és
iaplkiachtc utklkzi`is piri cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis> hm mdstihtc, su `cscapc ù m `kieh ústkjm hm cs chtcriachtc sitksgijtmrkm. @kvcrsms cstu`kms bih khgmrai`m
vilmrcs `c schskdklk`i` chtrc 6.06 y 6.76 (@MSELIZ y jml., 9;27> CZVCLK@, 9;27). @c ill á li
ipirkjkúh `c am`ilk`i`cs iltcrhitkvis, chtrc lis quc sc khjluyc li ri`kmlmeái `kektil, juym
usm vkchc khjrcachtéh`msc `cdk`m i quc rc`ujc li cxpmskjkúh i li ri`kijk úh y cs uhi
tëjhkji aés r épk`i rcspcjtm il a ëtm`m jmhvchjkmhil. Zkh cadirem, bisti cl amachtm su
jipijk`i` `c prmvccr aiymr prcjksk ú h hm `coi `c scr jmhtrmvcrskil. Iskaksam, bih
surek`m? li sustrijjkúh `kektil y cl a és rcjkchtc aëtm`m `c kaiech `c rcjmhstrujjkúh ch
:@, quc mgrcjc jmam vchtioi uhi prmactc`mri acomri ch li cgkjijki, iuhquc jmhllcvi uh
iltm jmstm. I`ca és cl pclkerm `c quc, cvchtuilachtc, li kaiech pm`r ái aihkpulirsc jmh
gkhcs rcùk`ms jmh li ëtkji, pmskdklk`i` quc hm cxjluyc a ëtm`m `kektil ileuhm.
904
LI TI@KMLMEÁI CH CL @KIEHÚZPKJM @C JITKCZ @CHPIL / jipátulm 2
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Idrcu Or A, Pyh`ill @I, Vlitkh C, Lu`lmw BD ih` Vbkllkps J.
Pwm- ih` tbr cc- `kachskmhil kaiekhkhe am`ilktkcs gmr
`ctcjtkmh mg jirkcs.
jirkcs. I jmapirksmh dctwcch gkla, `kektil ri`kmeripby ih` tuhc` ipcrturc jmaputcr tmameripby (PIJPPA). @chtmaixkllmgij Ti`kml 9;;;> 42? 934935.
Idrcu Or A, Pyh`ill @I, Lu`lmw OD ih` Hmrtoë JO? Pbc cggcjt mg tbc huadcr mg ktcritkvc rcstmritkmhs mh tuhc` ip-
Liheliks VT, Lihelih` CM. @kiehmstkj kaiekhe mg tbc oiws.
9ri c`. Diltkamrc? t Ukllkias y Uklnkhs>9;;3.
Lihelih` CM, Liheliks VT. Vrkhjápkms `m `kiehústkjm
kaieca ca m`mhtmlmeki. 9ª c`. Zêm Viulm? Zihtms>4664
Aml I, @uhh ZA, Bkll HJ ih` Vksjitiwiy HO. Pbc pcrgmraihjc mg prmocjtkvc stih`ir`kzitkmh gmr `kektil sudtrijtkmh
ri`kmeripby. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril Vitbml Mril Ti`kml
Ch`m` 466:> ;7? :5:-:24.
crturc jmaputcr
tmameripby
gmr4669>
ipprmxkail
jirkcs `ctcjtkmh.
@chtmaixkllmgij
Ti`kml
:6? :43-:4;.
Idrcu Or A, Pyh`ill
Py h`ill @I, Lu`lmw OD ih` Hmrtoë JO. Khgluchjc
mg tbc huadcr mg disks kaiekhkhe ih` prmocjtkmh irriy
mh jirkcs `ctcjtkmh uskhe tuhc` ipcrturc jmaputcr tmameripby (PIJP). @chtmaixkllmgij Ti`kml
Ti`k ml 4664> :9? 40:9.
Idrcu Or A, [u-Jbkhe L ih` Idrcu IL. Jmapiritkvc `kiehmstkj pcrgmr aihjc mg PIJP
PIJP slkjcs ih` kts aultkplc smurjc
kaiecs? ih kh vktrm stu`y. @chtmaixkllmgij Ti`kml 4660>
::? ;:-;5.
Iacrkjih @chtil Issmjkitkmh Jmuhjkl mh Zjkchtkgkj Iggikrs.
Pbc usc mg `chtil ri`kmeripbs. O Ia @cht
@cht Issmj 4667>
9:5(;)?9:60-44.
Drmwh V, Hkjmlkhk Z, Mhcttm OC. Jirkcs. 9ª c`. Wkùi `cl Air?
Shkvcrsk`i` `c Wilpiriásm> 9;;9
Jlkhkjil Tcscirjb Issmjkitcs. @kektil Ti`kmeripby 4663i
(Virt 9). JTI Hcwslcttcr 4663> 4;(4)?9-0.
Jlkhkjil Tcscirjb Issmjkitcs. @kektil Ti`kmeripby 4663d
Vcùi
y jml. @kgcrchjkis
`kiehústkjm `cIvihjcs
jirkcs chtrc
li OA
cxplmrijkúh
jláhkjichyclri`kmerégkji.
`c
m`mhtmcstmaitmlmeái 9;;;> 93?:6:-:67.
Vktts HD. Zystcas gmr eri`khe ipprmxkail jirkmus lcskmhs
ih` mvcrlips `kiehmsc` gmra dktcwkhe ri`kmeripbs.
Jmaauhkty `chtil mril cpk`cakml 9;20> 94?990-44.
Vmmrtcaih OB, Iirtaih KB, Nkcgt OI. Ti`kmeripbkj prcvilchjc mg ipprmxkail chiacl lcskmhs ih` rclitkmhsbkp
rclitkmhsbk p wktb
`chtkhc lcskmhs ih` rcstiuritkmhs kh `utjb i`mlcsjchts.
Kht @cht O 4664>34(9)?93-9; .
Zckg TP. Jirkmlmeái, prcvchjkúh, `kiehústkjm y tritiakchtm
jmhtcapmréhcm `c li jirkcs `chtil. 9ª c`. Jirijis?
Ijtuilk`i`cs aë`kjm m`mhtmlúekjis litkhmiacrkjihis>
9;;5
Zbiw L, Auriy O. Khtcr-cxiakhcr ih` khtri-cxiakhcr
rcprm`ujkvkty kh jlkhkjil ih` ri`kmeripbkj `kiehmsks. Drktksb Omurhil 9;;3> 43(0).
Pb yl st rp I, Gc oc rs nm
nmv
v M. Ji rk cs . 9ª c`
c`.. Di rj cl mh i?
@myai>9;27
(Virt 4). JTI 4663> 4;(99)?9-0.
@muelis JU, Wilijbmvkj TU, Ukocskhbi I, JBiuhjcy BB,
Nipur NN, AjHckl DO. Jlkhkjil cggkjijy mg `chtil ri`kmeripby kh tbc `ctcjtkmh mg `chtil jirkcs ih` pcrkm`mhtil
`kscisc. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril Vitbml 9;27> 74? ::6:;.
Cspclk` K. Ti`kmeripbkj `kiehmsks ih` trcitacht `cjkskmh
mh ipprmxkail jirkcs. Jmaauhkty @cht Mril Cpk`cakml
9;27> 90? 473-56.
Emiz UV, Ubktc JZ. Ti`kmlmeái mril, prkhjkpkms c
khtcrprctijkúh. 9ª c`. Dir jclmhi? Amsdy/@myai>9;;3
Birkhe KO, Oihsch L. Ti`kmlmeái `chtil. Vrkhjkpkms y tëjhkjis.
4ª c`. Aëxkjm? Aj Eriw Bkll Khtcriacrkjihi>4
Khtcriacrkjihi>4664
664
Bkhtzc B, Uchzcl I. Jlkhkjil ih` lidmritmry ri`kmeripbkj
jirkcs `kiehmsks. I stu`y mg tbc siac tcctb.
@chtmaixkllmgij Ti`kml 9;;7> 43? 993-992.
Nk`` CI, Vktts HD. I rcippriksil
rcippriks il mg tbc viluc mg tbc dktcwkhe
ri`kmeripb kh tbc `kiehmsks mg pmstcrkmr ipprmxkail jirkcs. Dr @cht O 9;;6> 97;(5)?9;3-466.
Wih `cr Ztclt VG.
VG. Gklalcss kaiekhe. Pbc uscs mg `kektil ri`kmeripby kh `chtil prijtkjc. O Ia @cht Issmj
4663>9:7(96)?9:5;-25.
Uchzcl I, Bkhtzc B, Aknnclsch L, Amuych G. Ti`kmeripbkj
`ctcjtkmh mg mjjlusil jirkcs kh hmhjivktitc` tcctb. I jmapirksmh mg jmhvchtkmhil gkla ri`kmeripbs, `kektkzc` gkla
ri`kmeripbs, ih` Ti`kmWkskmErippby. Mril Zure Mril Ac`
Mril Vitbml 9;;9> 54?749-747.
Uchzcl I, Vktts H. @cvclmpachts kh ri`kmeripbkj jirkcs
`kiehmsks. O @cht 9;;:> 49(:)?9:9-906.
Uchzcl I, Dmre C, Bkhtzc B, Ermh`ibl BE. Ijjurijy mg
jirkcs `kiehmsks kh `kektil kaiecs grma jbirec-jmuplc`
`cvkjc ih` stmriec pbmspbmr systcas? Ih kh vktrm stu`y.
@chtmaixkllmgij.. Ti`kml 9;;3> 40? 436-0.
@chtmaixkllmgij
Ubiktcs C. Vrkhjkpkms `c ri`kmlmeái m`mhtmlúekji. :ª c`.
Zêm Viulm? Irtac`> 466:
Ubktc ZP, Vbirmib AO. Ti`kmlmeái mril, prkhjkpkms c
khtcrprctijkúh. 0ª c`. Dirjclmhi? Birjmurt y Amsdy> 4664
Ubktc ZJ, [mmh @J. Jmapiritkvc pcrgmraihjc mg `kektil
ih` jmhvchtkmhil kaiecs gmr `ctcjtkhe prmxkail surgijc
jirkcs. @chtmaixkllmgij Ti`km 9;;5>47?:4-:2.
90:
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL
;
Bcrhéh WKLLCHI AITPÁHC_
Cl `kiehústkjm `cl csti`m `c li pulpi `chtil y `c lms tcok`ms pcrkipkjilcs, cs kaprcsjkh`kdlc piri clidmrir y plihtcir su i`cjui`m tritiakchtm> pirtkjulirachtc juih`m li
pkczi `chtil prcschti uhi lcskúh jirkmsi quc pm`rái cstir ismjki`i i uh jmaprmaksm
krrcvcrskdlc `c li silu` pulpir. Pil jkrjuhstihjki, `caih`i tm`m hucstrm csgucrzm y
`cstrczi> isá jmam li iplkjijkúh `c prmjc`kakchtms skstcaitkzi`ms quc hms jmh`uzjih
i uh rcsulti`m jláhkjm `c li aiymr prcjkskúh.
Viri cllm, hms vilcams `c tëjhkjis scakmlúekjis quc pcraktch rcjmecr tm`ms lms
sáhtmais y skehms quc prcschti cl pijkchtc, skch`m rcekstri`ms ch su bkstmrki jláhkji.
@kjbi rcjmlcjjkúh lmeri utklk`i`, juih`m skeuc uh prmjc`kakchtm skstcaitkzi`m, cl juil
-ch rclijkúh i li pulpi `chtil- cs `c pirtkjulir iyu`i `kspmhcr `c uhi jmhjcpjkúh khtceril
`c lms trihstmrhms quc puc`ih iqucoir li silu` pulpir.
pulpir.
;.9. BKZPMTKI JLÁHKJI
Li bkstmrki jláhkji cs uh `mjuachtm quc euir`i tm`i li khgmraijkúh jmhjcrhkchtc il
pijkchtc. Khvmlujri `ms khstihjkis? li ihiahcsks y cl cxiach jláhkjm.
;.9.9. Ihiahcsks
Jmhskstc ch uh jmhvcrsitmrkm jmh cl pijkchtc ijcrji `c li `mlchjki quc lc iqucoi. I
trivës `c ël cs pmskdlc mdtchcr uhi prkacri kaprcskúh `kiehústkji `cl prmdlcai? sk sc
triti `c uh prmdlcai khgliaitmrkm m khgcjjkmsm, m sk cs ieu`m m jrúhkjm.
Cl `mlmr cs prmdidlcachtc cl sáhtmai aés kapmrtihtc `c jmhsk`crir ch cl `kiehústkjm
pulpir> `c illá quc sci kh`kspchsidlc piri cl jláhkjm jmhmjcr tm`is sus jirijtcrástkjis.
;.9.9.9. Zcakmlmeái `cl `mlmr.
@chtrm `c sus jirijtcrástkjis `cdcams jmhsk`crir?
i. Jrmhmlmeái `cl `mlmr? su ipirkjk úh y `urijk úh, su pcrkm`kjk`i`.
d. Pkpm `c `mlmr? ieu`m, smr`m, puls étkl, lihjkhihtc, y `c plchktu`.
903
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Khtchsk`i`? lcvc, tmlcridlc, khsmpmrtidlc.
`. Cst áaulm quc lm prm`ujc m am`kgkji ? puc`c scr cspmht éhcm m prmvmji`m.
j.
c.
Sdkjijkúh? lmjilkzi`m m rcgcrk`m (LIZILI, 9;5;).
;.9.9.4. @mlmr `chtkhirkm-`mlmr pulpir
pulpir..
Cs kapmrtihtc cstidlcjcr `cs`c uh khkjkm, quc li ÿhkji rcspucsti jláhkji `c li pulpi
`chtirki grchtc i lms `kgcrchtcs cst áaulms cs cl @MLMT (ZCLP_CT y DCH@CT, 9;53).
Li khcrvijkúh pulpir khjluyc hcurmhis igcrchtcs quc jmh`ujch lms kapulsms schsmrkilcs> isá jmam gkdris skap étkjis cgcrchtcs quc prm`ujch am`ulijkúh hcurmeëhkji `cl
gluk`m siheuáhcm `c li pulpi.
Cl @MLMT cs li
ÿhkji rcspucs-ti
jláhkji quc aihkgkcsti li pulpi
`chtil.
Lis gkdris schsmrkilcs `c li pulpi jmhskstch ch gkdris I akclkhkzi`is
y gkdris J hm akclkhkzi`is m iakcl áhkjis, iadis `crkvi`is `cl hcrvkm trke ëakhm.
akh
m. Lis gkdris skapétkjis sc `crkvih `cl eihelkm jcrvkjil supcrkmr.
supcrkmr. Li aiymrái
`c lis gkdris I tkchc uh `k éactrm prmac`km `c 9- 0 ³a akchtris quc cl
`k éactrm prkhjkpil `c lis gkdris J cs achmr i 9 ³a (PTMUDTK@EC, 9;27).
Li vclmjk`i` `c jmh`ujjkúh cs prmpmrjkmhil il `kéactrm `cl ixúh.
Lis gkdris I a és erih`cs, smh rclitkviachtc gkdris `c jmh`ujjkúh répk`i> tchkch`m li
vclmjk`i` `c jmh`ujjkúh ilrc`c`mr `c 9: a/sce> akchtris quc li vclmjk`i` `c jmh`ujjk úh
`c lis Gkdris J, a és pcqucùis, cs iprmxkai`iachtc 9 a/sce.
Lis gkdris I tkchch uh uadril `c cxjktidklk`i` a és diom quc lis gkdris J> lm quc
skehkgkji quc puc`ch scr ijtkvi`is pmr cst áaulms aés `ëdklcs. Aés iÿh, li hiturilczi
`cl `mlmr ismjki`m jmh li ijtkvijkúh `c cstc tkpm `c gkdris pircjc scr `kgcrchtc. Cl `mlmr
ismjki`m jmh li cstkaulijk úh `c lis gkdris I sc `csjrkdc echcrilachtc jmam ieu`m,
akchtris quc li cstkaulijk úh `c lis gkdris J prm`ujch uhi schsijk úh “smr`i ‑. Cl `mlmr
`c lis gkdris I tkch`c i scr lmjilkzi`m, akchtris quc cl `mlmr `c lis gkdris J sc jirijtcrkzi
pmr scr `kgusm c krri`ki`m. Vmr cocaplm, `cspuës `c uh pkhjbizm jmh uhi ieuoi, cl `mlmr
ieu`m pcrjkdk`m khkjkilachtc cs jmh`ujk`m pmr gkdris I `clti, akchtris quc cl `mlmr “smr`m‑
quc lc skeuc cs jmh`ujk`m pmr gkdris J. (DT ÀHHZPTMA y IZPTMA, 9;54> PTMUDTK@EC, 9;27).
(Jui`rm ;.9.).
JSI@TM ;.9.
Jirijtcrástkjis
guhjkmhilcs `c lis gkdris
hcrvkmsis schsmrkilcs `c
li pulpi.
GKDTIZ I
GKDTIZ J
@ml
mlmr
mr ie
ieu`
u`m
m, pu
puhz
hzih
ihttc pch
chct
ctri
riht
htc
c
@mlmrr sm
@mlm
smrr`m
`m,, qu
quc
caih
ihttc,
schsijkúh `mlmrmsi pmr su
pcraihchjki
Tcspmh`c i li prcpirijkúh jivktirki,
till
ti
lli`
i`m,
m, sc
scji
ji`m
`m,, jur
jurct
ctio
ioc
c `c
`c li
li `ch
`chtk
tkhi
hi,,
vktilk`i` pulpir clëjtrkji.
Tcspmh`c ch
ch ji
jism `c
`iùm tksulir.
@mlmr `chtkhirkm
@mlmr pulpir
@mlmr lmjilkzi`m
@mlmr `kgcrk`m
@mlmr prmvmji`m
@mlmr cspmhtéhcm
907
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
;.9.9.:. Pc
Pcmráis
mráis piri li trihsakskúh `cl
` cl `mlmr `chtkhirkm.
Cxkstch `kgcrchtcs tcmráis quc tritih `c cxplkjir li trihsaksk úh `cl `mlmr `chtkhirkm.
Li Pcmrái Bk`rm`khéakji.
Vrmpucsti pmr DTÀHHZPTMA, ch 9;27. Zc chuhjki jmam? “uh répk`m `cspliziakchtm
`c gluk`ms jmhtchk`ms ch lms tÿdulms `chtkhirkms, quc cs khkjki`m pmr pmtchtcs gucrzis
`c jipklirk`i`‑ Cs li tcmrái aés ijcpti`i bisti cl amachtm. ( Gkes. ;.9i. i ;.9`.
y ;.4.).
Zc puc`c jmhsk`crir, pmr lm tihtm, quc lms t ÿdulms smh tudms jipklircs
Li tcmrái bk`rm`khéakji
llchms jmh láquk`m. Vircjc scr quc cl amvkakchtm `c lms gluk`ms mjiskmhi
`c Dràhstrma
uhi `kstmrsk ú h acj é hkji `c lis tcrakhijkmhcs hcrvkmsis
cs li aés ijcp(gkdris tcrakhilcs m gkdris hmjkjcptkvis) sktui`is ch cl l á aktc
ti`i piri cxpulpm`chtkhirkm, `cgmraih`m li acadrihi `c li j ëluli hcrvkmsi. Li
plkjirr li tri
plkji
trihshs`cgmraijkúh chsihjbi lms jihilcs k úhkjms `c li acadrihi pcraktkchakskúh `cl `m`m quc cl kúh sm`km sc vijkc `chtrm `c li j ëluli y quc cstm i su vcz
lmr `chtkhirkm.
jiusc `cspmlirkzijkúh, skch`m chtmhjcs aés pmsktkvi quc ch su jmh`kjk úh `c `csjihsm ([ITMH y ZVKTM, 9;23). Pil
Pil jiadkm cs pmtchjkilachtc
cxjktihtc y jiusi kapulsms quc smh khkjki`ms ch lis gkdris hcrvkmsis. @c csti aihc-
Gkeuri. ;.9i. Vulpi hmrail. Láaktc pulpm-`chtkhirkm.
Gkeuri. ;.9d. Tcspucsti il grám.
Gkeuri. ;.9j. Tcspucsti il jilmr
Gkeuri. ;.9`. Tcspucsti il jbmrrm `c ikrc
905
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
ri, li chcre á i acj é hkji sc trihsgmrai ch uh kapulsm
cl ë jtrkjm pmr uh acjihksam `c “ trihs`ujjkú h ‑ ch cl
tcrakhil hcrvkmsm schsmrkil (rcjcptmrcs m hmjkjcptmrcs
pmlkam`ilcs, quc smh jipijcs `c rcspmh`cr i uhi
virkc`i` kapmrtihtc `c cstáaulms? clëjtrkjms, acjéhkjms,
tërakjms) (DT ÀHHZPTMA, 9;5;> ZSÉTC_, 9;;2).
Jmh`ujjk úh `cl kapulsm `mlmrmsm.
Pihtm li schsijk
sc hsijk úh jmam li trihs`ujjk úh khvmlujrih i uhi
hcurmhi `c prkacr mr`ch ch li v ái isjch`chtc bijki cl
skstcai hcrvkmsm jchtril (ZHJ), bijkch`m skhipsks ch cl
hÿjlcm trkecakhil (h ÿjlcm jiu`i`m) jmh uhi hcurmhi `c
sceuh`m mr`ch, jmhtkhuih`m bisti cl t é liam mptkjm
(H ÿjlcms vchtrilcs pmstcrmac`kilcs y pmstcrmlitcrilcs `cl
téliam) y `c ill á llceiré pmr ac`km `c uhi hcurmhi
hcurmhi `c tcrjcr
mr`ch i lms hkvclcs jmr tkjilcs jmrrcspmh`kchtcs `mh`c sc
`ksjrkakhi y ihilkzi cl `mlmr
`mlmr.. Ch mtris pilidris, li jmrtczi
GKESTI ;.4. @kstrkdujkúh `c lis gkdris
jcrcdril cs cl jchtrm `cl prmjcsi`m quc ilaijchi
hcrvkmsis ch cl dmr`c pulpm-`chtkhirkm
khgmraijkúh `c cxpcrkchjkis prcvkis. Gkhilachtc, uhi vcz
pcrjkdk`m cl `mlmr sc prm`ujc uhi rcspucsti pmr li v á i `csjch`chtc? amtmri
(jmhtrijjkúh ausjulir) y iutmh úakji (skapétkji? su`mrijkúh) (DCOIT IHM y ZJBAK@P,
9;22> KHELC y PIKHPMT, 9;;4> ZSÉTC_, 9;;2).
;.9.4. Cxiach jláhkjm
Cl cxiach jláhkjm jmaprch`c lms cxéachcs cxtrimril c khtrimril
;.9.4.9. Cxiach cxtrimril
Mdscrvircams khkjkilachtc il pijkchtc ch su jmhouhtm, piri lucem lkaktirhms i li
zmhi `c lms aixklircs. Mdscrvir sk cxkstch jiadkms `c vmluach, prcschjki `c jkjitrkjcs,
g ástulis, bcaitmais, ctj. ( Gkes. ;.:. i ;.3. ).
GKESTI ;.:. C`cai `cl aixklir
GKESTI ;.0. Gástuli jcrvkjil `c
GKESTI ;.3. Gástuli aixklir `c mrkech
khgcrkmr.
mrkech `chtirkm.
`chtil.
902
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
;.9.4.4. Cxiach khtrimril
Cxiakhcams li jivk`i` mril ch su jmhouhtm, lkakt éh`mhms
gkhilachtc il `kchtc m érci jmaprmactk`i. Viri cl cgcjtm, hms
vilcams `c lms skeukchtcs cx éachcs jláhkjms? khspcjjkúh, (Gkes.
;.:. i li ;.99.), pilpijkúh (Gke. ;.94.), pcrjuskúh (Gke. ;.9:.),
prucdis `c vktilk`i`
vktil k`i` pulpir
pulpi r. (Gke. ;.90i. i ;.97.), amvklk`i` (Gke.
;.95. ), prucdi `c li ihcstcski, prucdi `c li jivk`i`,
trihskluakhijkúh ( Gke. ;.9;.) y cxiach ri`kmer égkjm (Gke. ;.46. ).
Zk dkch tm`ms smh kapmrtihtcs, súlm cs hcjcsirkm sclcjjkmhir
cl caplcm `c trcs m juitrm `c cllms, `c ijucr`m il jism (ETMZZAIH,
9;29> JMBCH y DSTHZ, 9;;0> UCKHC, 9;;5).
GKESTI ;.7. Gástulis vcstkdulircs
GKESTI ;.5. Grijturi jmrmhirki jmh
GKESTI ;.2. Gástuli pilitkhi.
GKESTI ;.;. Gástuli lkheuil.
GKESTI ;.99. @ksjrmaki ch li
GKESTI ;.94. Vilpijkúh `kektil.
ch lms khjkskvms Khgcrkmrcs.
cxpmskjkúh pulpir
pulpir..
GKESTI ;.96. Vúlkpm pulpir.
pkczi 49.
GKESTI ;.9:. Vcrjuskúh vcrtkjil.
GKESTI ;.90i. Vrucdi clëjtrkji `c
vktilk`i` pulpir
pulpir..
GKESTI ;.90d. Vulpúactrm @kektcst.
90;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
GKESTI ;.93i. Vrucdi `c vktilk`i` pulpir
GKESTI ;.93i. Ch`m-Grmst
GKESTI ;.97. Vrucdi `c vktilk`i`
il grkm.
piri rcilkzir li prucdi `c
vktilk`i` il grkm.
pulpir il jilmr.
GKESTI ;.95. Vrucdi `c li
GKESTI ;.92. Prihskluakhijkúh.
GKESTI ;.9;. Pëjhkji
amvklk`i`.
ri`kmerégkji pcrkipkjil.
;.4. JLIZKGKJIJKÚH @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
@cs`c uh puhtm `c vksti cstrkjtiachtc jl áhkjm, i`mptircams li skeukchtc jliskgkjijk úh? (WKLLCHI, 4669) (Jui`rm ;.4.).
;.4.9. Wktil
Li pulpi sc chjuchtri jl áhkji
y guhjkmhilachtc hmrail.
;.4.4. Csti`ms rcvcrskdlcs
r cvcrskdlcs
CZPI@MZ @C LI VSLVI
Wktil
Csti`ms rcvcrskdlcs
- Vulpktks rcvcrskdlc
Csti`ms krrcvcrskdlcs
-
Csti`ms `cechcritkvms
- @cechcrijkúh jéljkji
(hm`ulir, `kgusi)
;.4.4.9. Vulpktks rcvcrskdlc
Cs uh csti`m khgliaitmrkm `c
li pulpi, jirijtcrkzi`m pmr li prcschjki `c gchúachms visjulircs
quc iÿh sc aihtkchch `chtrm `c
lms láaktcs gkskmlúekjms.
@KIEHÚZPKJM
Vulpktks ieu`i
Vulpktks jrúhkji
Vulp
Vu
lpkt
ktks
ks bk
bkpc
pcrp
rplléskji
Hcjr
Hc
jrms
msks
ks pu
pulp
lpir
ir
- Tcidsmrjkúh `chtkhirki
khtcrhi
JSI@TM ;.4. Csti`ms `c li pulpi `chtil.
Záhtmais
Lms jiadkms `c tcapcrituri prm`ujch `mlmr,
`mlmr, cspcjkilachtc il gr ám. Piadkëh puc`c
scr jiusi`m pmr `uljcs m éjk`ms. Vmr jmhskeukchtc, cl `mlmr hm cs cspmht éhcm skhm prmvmji`m. Cs `c hiturilczi ieu`i, puhzihtc y `csipircjc jmh cl rctkrm `cl cst áaulm.
936
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
Cxiach jl áhkjm
Vuc`c mdscrvirsc uhi jivk`i` jmh cxpmskjk ú h `chtkhirki m uhi
rcstiurijkúh rcjkchtc. Ti`kmerégkjiachtc li zmhi ipkjil cs hmrail.
@kieh ústkjm
Zc rcilkzi tmaih`m ch jmhsk`crijk ú h lms s á htmais, jmh cl
jmaplcachtm `c cxéachcs jláhkjms iuxklkircs.
Vulpktks rcvcrskdlc? csti`m khgliaitmrkm pulpir quc sc
s c aihtkchc `chtrm `c
lms láaktcs gkskmlúekjms.
Vrmh ústkjm
Duchm.
;.4.:. Csti`ms krrcvcrskdlcs
;.4.:.9. Vulpktks ieu`i
Cs li jmhtkhuijkúh `cl csti`m khgliaitmrkm pulpir. Grcjuchtcachtc,
lms jiusihtcs `c csti sktuijk úh smh lms prmjc`kakchtms m`mhtml úekjms
khjmrrcjtms (grcsi`m skh li `cdk`i rcgrkecrijkúh, cxpmskjkmhcs pulpircs
khi`vcrtk`is, gilti `c prmtcjjk úh pulpir, ctj).
Vulpktks ieu`i? csti`m pulpir quc
sc jir
jirijtc
ijtcrkzi
rkzi pmr
`mlmr scvcrm, puhzi ht c , pu ls ét kl y
pcraihch
pcra
ihchtc.
tc.
Záhtmais
@mlmr pirmxástkjm cspmht éhcm jiusi`m, il khkjkm, pmr jiadkms `c tcapcrituri m pmr `uljcs m ilkachtms éjk`ms. Cl `mlmr cs ieu`m, puhzihtc m
pulsétkl y `kgkcrc `c lms csti`ms rcvcrskdlcs pmr scr a és scvcrm y pcraihcjcr
pcraihcjcr `cspuës
`cl rctkrm `cl iechtc krrktitkvm. Vuc`c scr khtcraktchtc, pcrm pmstcrkmrachtc sc bijc jmhtkhum
y auy khtchsm. Zc khjchtkvi il khjlkhir li jidczi, pmr
pmr khjrcachtm `c li prcsk
prcskúh siheuáhci.
Ch lis ctipis gkhilcs cl `mlmr puc`c ijchtuirsc jmh cl jilmr y ileuhis vcjcs, `ksakhuyc
jmh cl gr ám. Zk li khgliaijk ú h m khgcjjk ú h pisiri i trivë s `cl gmriach jiusir á i uhi
pcrkm`mhtktks, quc`ih`m cl `kchtc schskdlc i li amr`k`i.
Cxiach jl áhkjm
Cl `kchtc sc prcschti auy schskdlc il skaplc jmhtijtm. Cl uadril `c rcijjkúh cs auy
diom, pmr lm quc sc rcqucrkrái uhi cstkaulijk úh pcqucùi ch lis prucdis `c vktilk`i`. Cl
jilmr cxijcrdi cl `mlmr> ch tihtm quc cl gr ám, ch ileuhms jisms, pm`r ái jilairlm (pulpktks
idsjc`msi). Ti`kmerégkjiachtc sc mdscrvi uhi jivk`i` prmguh`i,idkcrti u mdturi`i,
jmh ipirchtc jmaprmaksm pulpir. Lms tcok`ms ipkjilcs sc aucstrih hmrailcs.
@kieh ústkjm
Lms skehms y sáhtmais smh `ctcrakhihtcs skch`m cl `kieh ústkjm schjkllm.
Vrmh ústkjm
Cs `csgivmridlc piri li supcrvkvchjki `c li pulpi, skch`m kapmskdlc su rcjupcrijk úh.
Cvchtuilachtc, puc`c pcraihcjcr ch csti`m jr úhkjm y iskhtmaétkjm> cl aksam quc sc
rcieu`kziré sk lis jmh`kjkmhcs sc am`kgkjih.
;.4.:.4. Vulpktks jrúhkji
Aucstri lis jirijtcr ástkjis tápkjis `c tm`i khgliaijk úh jr
j rúhkji
Záhtmais
Zk lms budkcrih, lms s áhtmais smh `c lirei `urijkúh. Cl `mlmr cs smr`m, tmlcridlc,
khtcraktchtc, cspmhtéhcm, jmhtrmlidlc pmr cl prmpkm pijkchtc.
pijkchtc. Zkh cadirem, sk
sk lis jmh`kjkmhcs jiadkih, cl csti`m pulpir jr úhkjm puc`c ieu`kzirsc, cstidlcjkëh`msc lm quc sc
`chmakhi uhi pulpktks jrúhkji rcieu`kzi`i, jmh lis aksais jirijtcr ástkjis quc cl jui`rm ihtcrkmr.
939
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Cxiach jláhkjm
I li khspcjjk úh sc mdscrvi uhi jivk`i` iaplki idkcrti m jcrri`i pmr tkcapm prmlmhei`m. Hm cs schskdlc i li pilpijk úh hk i li pcrjusk úh. Hm prcschti amvklk`i`. Li rcspucsti
i li prucdi `c vktilk`i` cl ëjtrkji sc vc iuachti`i y su rcspucsti i lms jiadkms t ërakjms
cs tir`ái. Ch cl cxiach ri`kmerégkjm sc iprcjki jmaprmaksm `c li j éairi pulpir y ch
mjiskmhcs chermsiakchtm `cl pcrkm`mhtm ipkjil.
@kiehústkjm
Zc `ctcrakhi pmr li skhtmaitmlmeái prmlmhei`i, li `ksakhujk úh `c li rcspucsti i lis
prucdis `c vktilk`i` y pmr lms billizems jl áhkjm-ri`kmerégkjms.
Vrmh ústkjm
Ch tm`ms lms jisms li pulpi amrkr é.
• Vulpktks jrúhkji bkpcrpléskji
Záhtmais
Iskhtmaétkji.
Cxiach jláhkjm
Zc prcschti ch pcrsmhis o úvchcs jmh lcskmhcs jirkmsis iaplkis, `mh`c lms dmr`cs
`c li jivk`i` skrvch `c cst áaulm krrktitkvm lcvc smdrc li pulpi `chtirki> `ih`m jmam rcsulti`m uhi aisi rmoi grkidlc `c erih tiaiùm quc llchi m rcdisi li lcsk úh jmrmhirki. Cs
khschskdlc, pcrm répk`iachtc siherihtc. Vuc`c judrkrsc `c cpktclkm, `cdk`m il trisli`m
`c j ëlulis cpktclkilcs `csjiai`is `c li aujmsi dujil. I cstc tcok`m sc lc lliai jma ÿhachtc “púlkpm pulpir‑ (Gke. ;.96. ).
@kiehústkjm
Cs mdvkm. Vuc`c jmhguh`krsc jmh uh p úlkpm ekhekvil. Zc lc `kgcrchjki udkjih`m cl
pc` ájulm quc lm smstkchc.
;.4.:.:. Hcjrmsks pulpir
i. Hcjrmsks is ëptkji
Echcrilachtc `c mrkech triua étkjm skh pirtkjkpijkúh `c akjrmmreihksams. Li rupturi `cl piquctc v ésjulm-hcrvkmsm i hkvcl ipkjil, jmhllcvi li aucrtc `cl tcok`m pulpir pmr
gilti `c krrkeijkúh y hutrkjk úh.
Záhtmais
Zk cs khac`kitm i uh ijjk`chtc, cl `kchtc puc`c amstrirsc aúvkl y iÿh cxtruk`m pmr
ivulskúh.
Cxiach jláhkjm
Li jmrmhi puc`c amstrirsc `c uhi jmlmrijk úh rmokzi pmr bcamrrieki khtcrhi. Ch cstis jmh`kjkmhcs, li pulpi cst é ch csti`m `c sbmjn> skch`m kapmskdlc `ctcrakhir jmh
jcrtczi cl eri`m `c vktilk`i` bisti `cspu ës `c :6 ` áis. Ch mtrms jisms `c bkstmrki `c
triuai ihtkeum, cl `kchtc sc prcschti iskhtmaétkjm> pcrm jmh jiadkms `c jmlmrijk úh
jmrmhirki quc vir ái `cl iairkllm pir`uzjm il hcerm m airr úh jig ë u msjurm.
@kieh ústkjm
Li bkstmrki `c emlpc m ijjk`chtc cs kapmrtihtc> keuilachtc cl billizem `c grijturis
jmrmhirkis m jiadkms `c jmlmr. Ti`kmer égkjiachtc cs pmskdlc chjmhtrir jiljkgkjijkúh
pirjkil m tmtil `c li j éairi pulpir m jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir,
ri`kjulir, ch jisms `c aiymr ihtkeüc`i`.
Li rcspucsti i lis prucdis `c vktilk`i` cs hceitkvi.
934
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
Vrmhústkjm
Tcscrvi`m ch lms jisms `c triuai rcjkchtc. @csgivmridlc ch lms `ca és jisms.
d. Hcjrmsks sëptkji
Cs li aucrtc pulpir pmr khvisk úh dijtcrkihi, echcrilachtc `crkvi`i
`c uhi lcskúh jirkmsi. Piadkëh, puc`c scr jmhscjuchjki `c uhi pulpktks
jr úhkji hm triti`i.
Záhtmais
Li hcjrmsks isëptkji, echcrilachtc, cs `c mrkech
triuaétkjm skh
Li skhtmaitmlmeái cs virkidlc, akchtris ch uhms jisms cl `kchtc sc
pirt
pi
rtkj
kjkpi
kpijkú
jkú h `c
chjuchtri iskhtmaétkjm ch mtrms cs scvcri. Cl `kchtc sc tmrhi `mlmrmsm,
schskdlc i li pilpijk úh, i li aistkjijkúh y i vcjcs il skaplc jmhtijtm. Cl
`mlmr puc`c vmlvcrsc cspmht éhciachtc auy khtchsm, ieriv éh`msc jmh cl
jilmr.
akjrmmreihksams,
akchtris quc ch
li sëptkji biy khviskúh dijtc
d ijtcrki
rkihi.
hi.
Cxiach jl áhkjm
Cl `kchtc prcschti uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi auy cxtchsi m rcstiurijkmhcs ihtkeuis iaplkis. Lis prucdis `c vktilk`i` pulpir smh hceitkvis. Cl cxiach ri`kmer égkjm aucstri
jmaprmaksm `cl pcrkm`mhtm ipkjil y ch ileuhms jisms jmaprmaksm `c lms tcok`ms
pcrkipkjilcs. Li hcjrmsks sëptkji cst é echcrilachtc ismjki`i i uhi lcsk úh khgcjjkmsi
`cl pcrképkjc.
@kieh ústkjm
Cl pijkchtc rcgcrkré uhi bkstmrki `mlmrmsi ihtkeui, jmh cpksm`kms `c khtchsk`i` virkidlc. Hm prcschti skehms `c vktilk`i` pulpir. Cl cxiach ri`kmerégkjm aucstri chermsiakchtm `cl pcrkm`mhtm ipkjil m uhi lcsk úh mstcmlátkji pcrkipkjil.
Vrmh ústkjm
@csgivmridlc piri li pulpi `chtirki.
• Zcjuclis `c li hcjrmsks sëptkji
Jmhstktuych li jmhscjuchjki `cl smdrcpisc bijki lms tcok`ms pcrkipkjilcs `c lis
dijtcrkis y sus tmxkhis jmhtchk`is ch cl jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir igcjt éh`mlms (LCMHIT@M y
ZKAÓCZ, 9;50> AITZBILL, 9;5;> ETMZZAIH, 9;29> GMTACT y TM@T
TM@TÁESC_-VMHJC, 466:).
Jliskgkjijkúh?
9. Vcrkm`mhtktks ipkjil ieu`i
4. Vcrkm`mhtktks ipkjil jr úhkji
4.9. Erihulmai ipkjil
4.4. Yukstc ipkjil
4.:. Mstcktks jmh`chsihtc
:. Idsjcsm ipkjil ieu`m
0. Idsjcsm ipkjil jr úhkjm
9. Vcrkm`mhtkt
Vcrkm`mhtktks
ks ipkjil ieu`i.
Zc jirijtcrkzi pmr khgliaijkúh `c li acadrihi pcrkm`mhtil ipkjil.
Cl `mlmr i li pcrjusk úh cs cl sáhtmai jirijtcrástkjm. Ch jisms cxtrcams ch `kchtc
puc`c prcschtirsc suaiachtc schskdlc iuh il achmr jmhtijtm, jmh uhi schsijk úh `c
cxtruskúh `chtirki.
93:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
Il cxiach ri`kmer é gkjm puc`c mdscrvirsc lkecrm chermsiakchtm `cl lkeiachtm
pcrkm`mhtil. Ch mtrms jisms lis cstrujturis pcrkipkjilcs, pcrkm`mhtm y l éakhi `uri sc
aihtkchch hmrailcs. Lis prucdis `c vktilk`i` echcrilachtc smh hceitkvis pmr tritirsc
`c `kchtcs hcjrútkjms, cxjcpjkmhilachtc ch ileuhms jisms `c pulpktks puc`c mdtchcrsc
ile ÿh eri`m `c rcspucsti.
4. Vcrkm`mhtktks ipkjil jrúhkji
Cs uhi khgliaijkúh `c lirei cvmlujkúh `c lms tcok`ms `cl pcrk épkjc.
Echcrilachtc cs iskhtmaétkji. I li pilpijk úh `cl gmh`m `cl vcst ádulm `cl `kchtc
igcjti`m, puc`c prcschtir uhi lkecri amlcstki jiusi`i, prmdidlcachtc, pmr jiadkms
quc sc vih prm`ujkch`m tihtm ch li jmrtkjil úsci jmam ch cl bucsm tridcjulir. I li
pcrjuskúh hm biy `mlmr m uhi lcvc amlcstki. Cl `kchtc hm rcspmh`c i lis prucdis `c
vktilk`i` pulpir pmr scr uh `kchtc hcjr útkjm.
Il cxiach ri`kmerégkjm sc iprcjki `cs`c uhi p ër`k`i `c li l éakhi
`uri y chermsiakchtm `cl cspijkm pcrkm`mhtil bisti lcskmhcs mstcml átkjis
`c achmr m aiymr cxtchsk úh. ( Gke. ;.46.).
erihulmais y qukstcs
Jliskgkjijkúh. Bkstmlúekjiachtc sc jliskgkjih jmam erihulmais
ipkjilcs (VSAITMLI y JIHIL@I, 4669).
4.9. Erihulmai ipkjil.
GKESTI ;.46. Kaéechcs
mstcmlátkjis pcrkipkjilcs.
Cs uhi chtk`i` pitmlúekji jmhgmrai`i pmr tcok`m `c erihulijk úh
jmam rcspucsti `cgchskvi i lms cst áaulms krrktitkvms prmvchkchtcs `cl
jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir khgcjti`m. Echcrilachtc cs iskhtmaétkjm. Jidc li
pmskdklk`i` quc sc jmaplkquc jmh li gmraijk úh `c uh idsjcsm ch su
jmhtchk`m m tiadkëh puc`c cpktclkzirsc prmvmjih`m s áhtmais y skehms
prmpkms `c ji`i chtk`i`.
I li khspcjjkúh, pilpijkúh, amvklk`i`, hm mgrcjch skhtmaitmlme ái ileuhi.
Il cxiach ri`kmer égkjm sc iprcjki uhi kaiech ri`kml ÿjk`i jmh dmr`cs aés m achms
`cgkhk`ms, `c gmrai a és dkch rc`mh`ci`i quc jkrjuh`i cl épkjc ri`kjulir. Csti kaiech
cs skaklir i li quc hms mgrcjc uh idsjcsm jr úhkjm ipkjil m uh qukstc ri`kjulir, skch`m
kapmskdlc su `kgcrchjkijkúh pmr cstc aëtm`m `c `kieh ústkjm.
Zce ÿh `kvcrsms cstu`kms bkstmpitmlúekjms (DBIZNIT, 9;77, 9;54> DCH@CT, 9;54) cstis
lcskmhcs scráih lis `c aiymr grcjuchjki prcschtcs ch li rcek úh pcrkipkjil.
4.4. Yukstc ipkjil m piri`chtirkm.
Zc jirijtcrkzi pmr li gmraijkúh `c uhi jivk`i` úsci ch cl érci pcrkipkjil, rm`ci`i
`c cpktclkm y jmh uh jmhtchk`m gluk`m ch su khtcrkmr. Zmh a és grcjuchtcs ch cl aixklir
supcrkmr quc ch cl khgcrkmr. Zu khjk`chjki rcpmrti`i vir ái `cl 7% il 33% (HIKT y ZJBAK@ACKT, 9;27).
Pihtm ch li acadrihi pcrkm`mhtil jmam ch cl bucsm jkrjuh`ihtc il épkjc ri`kjulir
Pihtm
sc chjuchtrih jëlulis cpktclkilcs jmhmjk`is jmam lms rcstms cpktclkilcs `c Ailisscz quc
930
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
`crkvih `c li `cskhtcerijk ú h `c li vikhi `c Bcrtwke. Cstis j ë lulis
pcraihcjch `mrak`is
`mr ak`is m khijtkvis bisti quc rcjkdch cl cstáaulm `c ile ÿh
iechtc krrktitkvm quc prmaucvc su prmlkgcrijk ú h jclulir. Ch ileuhms
erihulmais ipkjilcs tiadk ë h cs pmskdlc chjmhtrir tcok`m cpktclkil
cstritkgkji`m. Zceÿh HIKT (9;;0), 03% smh erihulmais cpktclkzi`ms quc
cvchtuilachtc puc`ch scr cl mrkech `c guturis
guturis gmraijkmhcs
gmraijkmhcs quástkjis.
Zmh lcskmhcs quc tkchch uhi cvmlujk úh sklchjkmsi. Vuc`ch scr `csjudkcrtms pmr uh cxiach ri`kmer égkjm `c rutkhi, prcschtih`m uhi kaiech
mstcmlátkji dkch `cgkhk`i, rm`ci`m pmr uhi láhci ri`kmpiji quc hm skcaprc
cst é prcschtc. (Gkes. ;.46. y ;.49. ). Juih`m li lcskúh i`qukcrc uh aiymr
tiaiùm li kaiech ri`kmerégkji sc ijmapi ùi `c mtrms skehms jl áhkjms
jmam? iskactrái gijkil, iuachtm `c vmluach m clcvijk úh `c li tidli úsci,
schsijkúh `c rchktchjki m rcdmtc i li pilpijkúh, amvklk`i` `chtirki m
`cspliziakchtm `chtirkm pmr jmaprcsk úh `cl jmhtchk`m qu ástkjm.
GKESTI ;.49. Kaiech jmapitkdlc jmh qukstc ipkjil
4.:. Mstcktks jmh`chsihtc.
Piadkë h cs lliai`i mstcktks csjlcrmsihtc gmjil, mstcmcsjlcrmsks pcrkrri`kjulir,
mstcátks csjlcrmsihtc, bucsm csjlcr útkjm. HIKT (9;;0) i`caés li achjkmhi jmam pcrkm`mhtktks
ipkjil jmh`chsihtc.
jmh`chsih tc. Cs li rcspucsti i uhi khgliaijkúh jrúhkji lcvc `cl érci pcrkrri`kjulir
jmam rcsulti`m `c uhi krrktijk úh am`cri`i vái cl jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir.
ri`kjulir. Zc prcschti aés
grcjuchtcachtc
grcjuchtcacht
c ch pcrsmhis o úvchcs (ZKAMH, 9;;;)
- Zu ctkmlmeái cs uhi ijtkvk`i` pulpir quc cstkauli li ijtkvk`i`
-
-
mstcmdléstkji `cl bucsm ilvcmlir.
C s isk ht m a étkjm, `csjudkcrtm `urihtc cx é achcs ri`kmlúekjms `c rutkhi.
Ti`kmerégkjiachtc sc aucstri jmam uhi lcsk úh ri`kmpiji
`kgusi, jirijtcrkzi`i pmr uhi rcijjkúh úsci lmjilkzi`i.
(ZASLZMH y jml., 9;;5).
C l `kiehústkjm sc cstidlcjc i trivës `cl cxiach ri`kmer égkjm. Zc mdscrviré uh érci `c ri`kmpijk
ri`kmpijk`i`
`i` (Gke ;.44.)
lmjilkzi`i ilrc`c`mr `cl `kchtc igcjti`m (KHELC y
PIKHPMT, 9;;4).
GKESTI ;.44. Kaéechcs mstcmlátkjis
pcrkipkjilcs.
:. Idsjcsm ipkjil ieu`m
Cs uhi khgliaijkúh ieu`i `c lms tcok`ms jkrjuh`ihtcs il gmriach ipkjil
ipkj il
jmh gmraijkúh `c jmlcjjk úh purulchti ch cl tcok`m ústcmilvcmlir pcrkipkjil.
Cs cl jui`rm jláhkjm aés `riaétkjm quc puc`c prcschtir uh pijkchtc.
Cl `mlmr quc cxpcrkachti cs khsmpmrtidlc, auy khtchsm, vkmlchtm, puls étkl,
krri`ki`m, vi ijmapiùi`m `c c`cai `c lms tcok`ms jmh tuacgijjkúh `c li
rcek úh, chrmocjkakchtm `cl érci jmaprmactk`i y prcschjki `c eihelkms
khgirti`ms, li pkczi `chtirki puc`c prcschtirsc auy schskdlc y cxtruk`i
`kgkjultih`m su hmrail mjluskúh.
Cl
jil idsjcsm
ieu`m scipkjirijtcrkzi pmr li
gmraijkúh `c
uhi jmlcjjkúh
purulchti ipkjil
y `mlmr
`ml mr scvcr
sc vcrm.
m.
Il cxiach ri`kmer é gkjm, khkjkilachtc puc`c mdscrvirsc lms tcok`ms pcrkipkjilcs
hmrailcs m jmh uh lkecrm chermsiakchtm pcrkm`mhtil, pmstcrkmrachtc, lucem `c : ú 0
`áis, yi sc cvk`chjki uhi kaiech ri`kml ÿjk`i jmam jmhscjuchjki `c li `cstrujjk úh úsci.
933
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
0. Idsjcsm ipkjil jrúhkjm
Shi vcz jmhtrmli`m cl idsjcsm ilvcmlir ieu`m pisi i uh pcrkm`m `c litchjki m gisc
jr úhkji.
Ch csti sktuijk úh cl pijkchtc riri vcz prcschti skhtmaitmlmeái, puc`ch pisir i ùms y
iuh tm`i li vk`i skh quc cxkstih amlcstkis.
Jl áhkjiachtc sc puc`c mdscrvir li prcschjki `c uh trijtm gkstulmsm ch li zmhi `c li
aujmsi `c vcjkh`i` m pcrkipkjil, pmjis vcjcs puc`c cvk`chjkirsc uhi g ástuli jut éhci.
Vmr scr uhi jmhscjuchjki `c li hcjrmsks s ëptkji pulpir hm mgrcjc hkheuhi rcijjkúh
i lis prucdis `c vktilk`i`.
Ti`kmer é gkjiachtc sc mdscrvi uh érci ri`kmlÿ jk`i pcrkipkjil jmapitkdlc jmh cl
jui`rm idsjc`msm. Vuc`c mdscrvirsc ile ÿh eri`m `c rcidsmrjkú h ri`kjulir.
Idsjcsm “Gëhkx ‑.
Cs uh idsjcsm ipkjil jrúhkjm ieu`kzi`m.
ieu`kzi`m. Cs li cxijcrdijkúh ieu`i `c uhi lcsk úh
pcrkrri`kjulir jrúhkji iskhtmaétkji `c mrkech pulpir.
Ieu`kzijk úh ch`m`úhjkji (Glirc-up).
Li `kgcrchjki d éskji chtrc uhi ieu`kzijkúh ch`m`úhjkji y uh idsjcsm ipkjil jr úhkjm
ieu`kzi`m ri`kji ch quc ch cl prkacrm cxkstc uh ihtcjc`chtc `c khtcrvchjkúh ch`m`úhtkji ch cl `kchtc igcjti`m pmr pirtc `cl m`mht ú lmem, lm quc vir á i jmh lms iechtcs
`cschji`chihtcs.
Lms sáhtmais khjlukréh uh `mlmr khtchsm, quc i achu`m, sc khjrcachti ch khtchsk`i`.
Lms skehms sc jirijtcrkzir é h pmr chrmocjkakchtm `c li aujmsi m tuacgijjk ú h jmh
schsijkúh `c ailcstir echcril. Ch t ërakhms echcrilcs, cl jui`rm jl áhkjm scré skaklir il
`csjrktm piri uh idsjcsm ieu`m.
;.4.0. Csti`ms `cechcrit
`cechcritkvms
kvms pulpircs
Lms tkpms `c khtcrës jl
j láhkjm smh? (ZCLP_CT y DCH@CT, 9;53> JMBCH y DSTHZ, 9;;0).
;.4.0.9. @cechcrijkúh jéljkji
Vuc`c scr hm`ulir m `kgusi.
i. Hm`ulir
Zmh jiljkgkjijkmhcs quc i`qukcrch gmrais rc`mh`ci`is m ilireis
y `clei`is. Zu kapmrtihjki jl áhkji cs cschjkilachtc acj éhkji, yi
quc pmr su udkjijkúh puc`ch mjlukr cl khercsm il jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir
(h ú`ulm m j éjulm mdlktcrihtc). Zmh iskhtmaétkjis.
Ti`kmerégkjiachtc sc mdscrvih jmam aisis ri`kmpijis ch cl
khtcrkmr `c li j éairi pulpir m jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir. ( Gke. ;.4:.).
d. @kgusi
Li ctkmlmeái cs keuilachtc `csjmhmjk`i. Zc prcschti jmam aisis
jiljkgkji`is krrceulircs. Zmh iskhtma étkjms. Ch mjiskmhcs, il cxiach ri`kmer égkjm puc`ch
GKESTI ;.4:. Jéljulm mdlktcrihtc.
937
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
vcrsc jmam uh vclm lkecriachtc ri`kmpijm quc judrc li jé airi pulpir
m li zmhi jmaprmactk`i.
;.4.0.4. Tcidsmrjkúh `chtkhirki khtcrhi
Cs uhi lcsk ú h cxtri ù i quc sc prcschti cspmr é `kjiachtc. Li
ctkmlme á i cs `csjmhmjk`i, iuhquc sc li ismjki grcjuchtcachtc i
triuaitksams.
Li rcidsmrjkúh `chtkhirki khtcrhi cs
uhi lcskúh `cechcritkvi y `cstrujtkvi
`c li `chtkhi.
Vmjis vcjcs prmvmji uhi skhtmaitmlmeái `mlmrmsi> skh cadirem, pm`r ái prcschtirsc
ileuhi amlcstki.
Zc jirijtcrkzi pmr scr uhi lcsk úh `cstrujtkvi `c li `chtkhi, quc sc
cxtkch`c ch gmrai jchtr águei, `cs`c cl tcok`m pulpir bijki cl cxtcrkmr,
pu`kch`m prm`ujkr li grijturi pitml úekji ri`kjulir.
Juih`m sc prcschti ch li jéairi pulpir,
pulpir, li jmrmhi `cl `kchtc i`qukcrc uhi tmhilk`i` rms éjci pmr trihspirchjki `c li erih jihtk`i` `c
visms siheuáhcms prcschtcs ch li lcsk úh. Vmr cstc amtkvm, csti chtk`i`
tiadkëh sc jmhmjc jmam “aihjbi rmsi‑.
Ti`kmerégkjiachtc sc prcschti jmam uhi kaiech ri`kml ÿjk`i, scacoihtc i uhi lcsk úh jirkmsi> echcrilachtc rc`mh`ci`i m ilirei`i quc
jmaprmactc jmh aés grcjuchjki cl jmh`ujtm ri`kjulir (Gke. ;.40.).
GKESTI ;.40. Tcidsmrjkúh
ri`kjulir khtcrhi.
Ch rcsuach
I achu`m, lis scjuclis quc mrkekhi li jirkcs, vilc `cjkr lis lcskmhcs prm`ujk`is ch
lis pkczis `chtilcs, jmaprmactch li silu` pulpir `c aihcri krrcac`kidlc. @c ill á q uc
rcsulti kaprcsjkh`kdlc jmhmjcr lis jirijtcr á stkjis scakml ú ekjis `c ji`i chtk`i`
hmsmlúekji quc igcjti li pulpi, i gkh `c gijklktir su `kgcrchjkijk úh y isá mrkchtir tm`m
csgucrzm chjiakhi`m i su jmhscrvijk úh. Viri cllm, sc rcqukcrc clidmrir uhi ijujkmsi
bkstmrki jláhkji jmhtih`m jmh li iyu`i `c cx éachcs iuxklkircs quc pcraktih rcuhkr li
aiymr khgmraijkúh scakmlúekji `c khtcrës. @chtrm `c cllm, `cstiji jmh kapmrtihjki jipktil
jipk til
cl s á htmai `mlmr , ch juihtm i? sus jirijtcr á stkjis, su trihsaksk ú h hcrvkmsi y su
jmh`ujjkúh> isá jmam li `kgcrchjkijkúh chtrc cl `mlmr `chtkhirkm y cl `mlmr pulpir
pulpir..
935
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehústkjm
TCGCTCHJKIZ
Dcoirihm VG
VG,, Zjbak`t A@. Chtch`kch`m
Chtch`kch`m cl prmdlcai `cl
`mlmr? Acjihksams y scakmlmeái. Prkduhi Aë`kji.
Dmemté. Lidmritmrkms Idccgc> 9;22.
Dch`cr KD. I jmaachtiry mh Echcril Dbisnir's bypmtbcsks. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril Vitbml 9;54> :0(:)?
07;-57.
Dbisnir ZH. Mril surecry--mril pitbmlmey
pitbmlmey jmhgcrchjc Hm.
95, Uiltcr Tcc` Iray Ac`kjil Jchtcr. Vcrkipkjil lcskmhs-typcs, khjk`chjc, ih` jlkhkjil gciturcs. Vcrkipkjil lcskmhstypcs, khjk`chjc, ih` jlkhkjil gciturcs. Mril Zure Mril
Ac` Mril Vitbml 9;77> 49(3)? 735-59.
Dbisnir ZH. Hmhsurekjil rcsmlutkmh mg ri`kjulir jysts. Mril
Zure Mril Ac` Mril Vitbml 9;54> :0(:)? 032-72.
Airsbill GO. Vlihkgkjijkúh `cl tritiakchtm ch`m`úhjkjm.
Jláhkjis M`mhtmlúekjis `c Hmrtciaërkji 9;5;> 0?0;9390.
Hikr V.
V. Vitbmlmey mg ipkjil pcrkm`mhtktks. Ch? Mrstivkn @>
Vktt Gmr` PT. Csschtkil Ch`m`mhtmlmey. Dlijnwcll Zjkchjc>
9;;0. p.72-963.
Hikr V, Zjbak`-Ackcr C. Ih ipkjil erihulmai wktb cpktbclkil khtceuacht. Mril Zure Mril Ac` Mril Vitbml
9;27>74(7)? 7;2-56:.
Vuairmli O, Jihil`i J. Vitmlmeái `c li pulpi y `cl pcrképkjc.
Ch? Jihil`i J, Driu C. Ch`m`mhjki. Aissmh> 4669. Jkti`m
pmr? Ilviri`m IA. Vitmlmeái Ch`m`úhjkji-Vcrk-Ti`kjuCh`m`úhjkji-Vcrk-Ti`kjulir y su `kiehústkjm. M`mhtúkhvkti`m 4664 ^jkti`i 4665
Dràhhstrma A. Pbc trihsaksskmh ih` jmhtrml mg `chtkhil
pikh. Ch? Ermssaih L (c`.). Prihsijtkmhs mg tbc skxtb Khtcrhitkmhil Jmhgcrchjc mh Ch`m`mhtkjs. Aissmh> 9;5;.
chc 92Q. Zc jmhskeuc ch STL? bttp?//
www.jirlmsdmvc`i.jma/M`mhtmlmemsgml`cr/
m`mhtmkhvkti`mml`/m`mhtmkhvkti`m]43.bta
p.93 :3
Dràhhstrma A, Isrtrma Pbc By`rm`yhiakj Pbcmry mg
@chtkhil Vikh? Zchsitkmh kh Vrcpiritkmhs, Jirkcs ih` tbc
@chtkhil Jrijn Zyh`rmac. O Ch`m` 9;27>94(96)? 03:-5.
Drihhstrma A, Istrma I. Pbc by`rm`yhiakjs mg tbc `chtkhc> kts pmsskdlc rclitkmhsbkp tm `chtkhil pikh. Kht @cht O
9;54> 44(4)? 49;-45.
Jmbch Z. Durhs TJ. Lis váis `c li Vulpi. 3ª c`. Duchms
Ikrcs? Khtcriacrkjihi> 9;;0.
Gmracr HL, Tm`ráeucz-Vmhjc
Tm`ráeucz-Vmhjc I. Vitmlmeái Vulpm-VcrkipkVulpm-Vcrkipkjil. Ch? Ch`m`mhjki.
Ch`m`mhjki. Jmhsk`crijkmhcs
Jmhsk`crijkmhcs Ijtuilcs. Jirijis? Ijtuilk`i`cs Aë`kjm M`mhtmlúekjis Litkhmiaërkji>
466:. p. 465-9;.
Ermssaih LK. Vréjtkji
Vréjtkji Ch`m`úhtkji. 0ª c`. Duchms Ikrcs?
Auh`k> 9;29.
Khelc O, Pikhtmr O. Ch`m`mhjki. :ª c`. Aëxkjm?
Khtcriacrkjihi> 9;;4 p.346-5:..
Lisili I. Ch`m`mhjki. :ª c`. Dirjclmhi? Zilvit> 9;5;.
Lcmhir`m AL, Zkaócs G. Ch`m`mhjki. Duchms Ikrcs?
Vihiacrkjihi> 9;50.
Zcltzcr Z, Dch`cr KD. Pbc @chtil Vulp. 4 c`. Vbkli`clgki?
Lkppkhjmm Jm>9;53.
Zkamh O. Vitmlmeái Vcrkipkjil. Ch? Jmbch Z, Durhs T. Wáis
`c li Vulpi. 5ª c`. Ai`rk`? Birjmurt Drijc> 9;;;.
9;;;.
Zaulsmh A, Biech O, Cllcz Z. Vitmlmeái Vcrkipkjil y
jmhsk`crijkmhcs khauhmlúekjis. Ch? Uckhc G.
Pritiakchtm Ch`m`úht kjm. 3ª c`. Ai`rk`? Birjmur t
Drijc> 9;;5. p.979-;2.
Zuércz I. Cl `mlmr ch éadktm m`mhtmlúekjm? Jirijtcrástkjis
y tritiakchtm. Eijcti M`mhtmlúekji 9;;2> 4(9)? 92-4:.
Prmwdrk`ec BM. Tcvkcw mg @chtil Vikh ‚ Bkstmlmey ih`
Vbyskmlmey. O Ch`m` 9;27>94(96)?
9;27>94(96)? 003-34.
Wkll chi B. Pcrip
Pcripki
ki Vulp ir. Lkai ? Shkv crsk `i` Vcru ihi
Jiyctihm Bcrc`ki> 4669.
Uckhc GZ. Pritiakchtm Ch`m`úhtkjm. 3ª c`. Ai`rk`?
Birtjmurt Drijc>9;;5.
[irmh [, Zpkrm AC. Cxtrijc
Cxtrijcllulir
llulir pmtisskua kmh ac`kitc spcjkgkj hcurmhil khtcrijtkmhs. Jkti`m pmr? Prmwdrk`ec BM.
Khtri`chtil Zchsmry Shkts. Vbkskmlmekjil ih` Jlkhkjil Ispcjts. O Ch`m` 9;23>99(99)?02;-;2.
932
@KIEHÚZPKJM JLÁHKJM @CL CZPI@M VSLVIT
VSLVIT [ VCTKIVKJIL / jipátulm ;
CL @KIEHÚZPKJM CVK@CAKMLÚEKJM
@C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL
Ihi ITIHI ZSHMBITI
C`uir`m DCTHIDË MTPK_
Gcrhih` m ZILI_IT ZKL
ZKLW
WI
96
Zceÿh EMT@KZ (9;;7), li cpk`cakmlmeái cs “li riai `cl jmhmjkakchtm jkchtágkjm quc sc
`c`kji il cstu`km `c li `kstrkdujkúh `c li silu` y li chgcrac`i` ch pmdlijkmhcs, y i li
k`chtkgkjijkúh `c lms gijtmrcs quc khgluych ch su `kstrkdujkúh‑. Lms cstu`kms cpk`cakmlúekjms smh `c utklk`i` piri? i) `ctcrakhir li aiehktu` `c li chgcrac`i`, k`chtkgkjih`m
i lms erupms `c pmdlijkúh quc sc chjuchtrih igcjti`ms? ch pcrsmhi, cspijkm y tkcapm>
d) k`chtkgkjir lms gijtmrcs ismjki`ms jmh li chgcrac`i`>
chgcr ac`i`> j) jmaprch`cr li bkstmrki hituril
`c li chgcrac`i`, cs `cjkr su mrkech, prmercsm, rcsulti`m y scjucli> y `) plihkgkjir y
cviluir khtcrvchjkmhcs sihktirkis `krkek`is i prcvchkr y jmhtrmlir lis chgcrac`i`cs.
Akchtris quc cl `kieh ústkjm jláhkjm `c jirkcs dusji `ctcrakhir cl csti`m `c silu` `c
uh pijkchtc kh`kvk`uil, cl `kiehústkjm cpk`cakmlúekjm tkchc jmam prmpúsktm `ctcrakhir cl
csti`m `c silu` `c uhi pmdlijk úh m erupm `c pcrsmhis, ch gmrai pcrk ú`kji, jmh cl gkh `c
`ctcjtir sus virkijkmhcs ch cl trihsjursm `cl tkcapm. Ch jmhscjuchjki, uh erupm `c
cxiakhi`mrcs `cdc cxiakhir i uh erih h ÿacrm `c kh`kvk`ums. Vmr cllm, cl ëhgisks ch cl
`kscùm `c uh cstu`km cpk`cakmlúekjm cstiré ch chtrchir i lms cxiakhi`mrcs ch li utklkzijkúh
`c uh jrktcrkm `kiehústkjm iprmpki`m, `c gmrai til quc sc akhkakjc li pmskdklk`i` `c
virkijk úh, chtrc sus mdscrvijkmhcs, ch cl trihsjursm `cl tkcapm. Cstm eirihtkziré li vilk`cz
y jmhgkidklk`i` `cl cstu`km.
Jmrrcspmh`c il prcschtc jip átulm `csjrkdkr ileuhms a ëtm`ms y prmjc`kakchtms, quc
puc`ch utklkzirsc piri cgcjtuir li ac`kjkúh `c li jirkcs `chtil ch uhi pmdlijk úh> isá
jmam lis jmhsk`crijkmhcs hcjcsirkis piri sclcjjkmhir y iplkjir cl jrktcrkm, y lms a ëtm`ms `c `kieh ústkjm cpk`cakmlúekjm.
96.9. AC@KJKÚH @C LI CHGCTAC@I@
Ch uh cstu`km cpk`cakmlúekjm cs kh`kspchsidlc quc li chgcrac`i` sc
ak`i juihtktitkviachtc ( DSTP y CNLSH@, 9;;4 )> cs `cjkr, quc i ji`i
mdscrvijkúh sc lc iskehc uh vilmr. Ch cl jism `c li jirkcs `chtil sc puc`c
juihtkgkjir,
juihtkgk
jir, pmr cocaplm,
cocaplm , li prmpmrjkúh `c kh`kvk`ums `c uhi pmdlijk úh quc
smh igcjti`ms pmr li chgcrac`i` ch uh amachtm cspcj ágkjm> li juil sc
jmhmjc jmam prcvilchjki. Zc puc`c juihtkgkjir tiadk ëh cl hÿacrm `c
Li prcvilchjki sc
utklkzi piri rcglcoir li aiehktu` `c
li chgcrac`i`
cxkstchtc, akchtris quc li khjk`chjki `csjrkdc li
mjurrchjki
`c
hucvms jisms `c
li chgcrac`i`.
93;
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehú
`kiehústkjm
suoctms quc i`qukrkcrmh li chgcrac`i` ch uh pcrkm`m
`c tkcapm `ctcrakhi`m> i cstm sc `chmakhi
khjk`chjki .
26
56
76
ik
j
h
cl
i
36
Jmsti Tkji
06
Oiaikji
:6
v
c
r
V
46
96
Juih`m sc cstkai li prcvilchjki `c li chgcrac`i` ch uhi pmdlijk úh, cl kh`kvk`um cs li uhk`i`
`c mdscrvijkúh. Ch cl Er
Eré
égkjm 96.9. sc mdscrvi quc
cl 56% `c lms hk ùms `c Jmsti Tkji y cl 06% `c Oiaikji, sugrch `c jirkcs `chtil i li c`i` `c 94 i ùms.
6
Zkh cadirem, li prcvilchjki hm cxprcsi li khJmsti Tkji
Viáás
Vi
Oiaikji
ETÉGKJM 96.9.
Vrcvilchjki `c jirkcs `chtil ch Jmsti Tkji (9;;;) y
tchsk`i` jmh quc li jirkcs `chtil igcjti i uhi
pmdlijkúh. Viri ac`kr li scvcrk`i` `c jirkcs `chtil
ch uhi pmdlijkúh sc utklkzi cl áh`kjc JVM, cl juil
juihtkgkji lms csti`ms jláhkjms `c li chgcrac`i` ch
Oiaikji (9;;3) (cxtrik`m `c Cstupkùéh-@iy,
Cstupkùéh-@iy, 4663).
uhi csjili hua ërkji (JBI
(JBIWCZ,
WCZ, 9;55).
96.9.9. Cl áh`kjc JVM
Cl áh`kjc `c jirkcs `chtil a és utklkzi`m cs cl áh`kjc JVM, quc guc jmhjcdk`m pmr
NLCKH y VILACT ch 9;:5 juih`m li jirkcs `chtil cri uhi chgcrac`i` iltiachtc prcvilchtc
ch lms piáscs mjjk`chtilcs. Tcprcschti uhi cxprcskúh `c li bkstmrki `c jirkcs sugrk`i pmr
uh kh`kvk`um m pmr uhi pmdlijk úh, y puc`c iplkjirsc i li `chtkjkúh pcraihchtc (JVM) y
i li `chtkjk úh `cjk`ui (jcm), erijkis i lis am`kgkjijkmhcs bcjbis pmr ETSCDDCLL ch
9;00 il áh`kjc mrkekhil.
Li skeli J `csjrkdc cl h ÿacrm `c `kchtcs igcjti`ms pmr jirkcs `chtil i hkvcl `c
lcskúh jivkti`i. V cxprcsi cl hÿacrm `c `kchtcs pcr`k`ms (cxtri á`ms) jmam jmhscjuchjki
`c jirkcs `chtil, y M cl h ÿacrm `c `kchtcs rcstiuri`ms u mdturi`ms jmam jmhscjuchjki
`c li jirkcs `chtil. Cl áh`kjc JVM cs cl rcsulti`m `c li suai `c cstms vilmrcs. Ch jism
`c quc li uhk`i` mdscrvi`i budkcsc sk`m cl `kchtc, cl áh`kjc sc cxprcsiré jmam JVM@
m jcm`> akchtris quc sk `kjbi uhk`i` budkcri sk`m li supcrgkjkc, cl áh`kjc sc cxprcsiré
rcspcjtkviachtc jmam JVMZ m jcms, `cpch`kch`m `cl tkpm `c `chtkjkúh cxiakhi`i.
Ch cl jism `c uh kh`kvk`um i`ultm, cl áh`kjc JVM puc`c i`mptir lms vilmrcs `c 6 i :4,
akchtris quc ch uhi pmdlijk úh cl rcsulti`m quc sc rcpmrti cs cl áh`kjc JVM prmac`km
`cl erupm. Cs `cjkr
`cjkr,, cl vilmr mdtchk`m `c li suai `c lms vilmrcs
JVM@
Mdscrvijkmhcs
J
V
M
Kh`kvk`um 9
9
6
0
3
Kh`kvk`um 4
4
6
0
7
Kh`kvk`um :
4
9
4
3
Kh`kvk`um 0
9
6
3
7
Kh`kvk`um 3
4
4
6
0
Kh`kvk`um 7
6
6
6
6
kh`kvk`uil
Vmdlijkmhil
JVM@ 1
∙JVM@
H¶ suoctms
3+7+3+7+0+6 1 47 1
7
7
JVM@ 1 0.:
PIDLI 96.9 Jéljulm `cl áh`kjc JVM piri uh erupm `c scks kh`kvk`ums.
kh`kvk`uilcs, `kvk`k`m pmr cl h ÿ acrm `c suoctms mdscrvi`ms
(Pidli 96.9.).
Ch cstc jism, cl vilmr JVM@
prmac`km `cl erupm `c 7 kh`kvk`ums cs `c 0.: `kchtcs jmh lcskmhcs `c jirkcs `chtil. Shi jirijtcrr á stkji kapmrtihtc `cl JVM cs
tc
quc sc triti `c uh á h`kjc krrc-
976
@KIEH
@KIEHÚ
Ú ZPKJM CVK@CAKMLÚ
CVK@CAKML Ú EKJM @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jip
jipáá tulm 96
vcrskdlc> cs `cjkr, quc lms vilmrcs mdtchk`ms ch uhi sceuh`i ac`kjk úh,
hm puc`ch scr achmrcs quc lms mdtchk`ms ch uhi prkacri, juih`m sc
vuclvc i cxiakhir cl aksam erupm, yi quc uhi vcz jivkti`i li lcsk úh, ësti
hm rcercskmhiré y, ÿhkjiachtc pm`ré aihtchcrsc ch csc csti`km, m dkch
scr mdturi`i -c khjlusm cxtricrsc li pkczi- jmam rcsulti`m `c li
chgcrac`i`.
Cs pmr cllm, quc ch cl trihsjursm `cl tkcapm, cl áh`kjc súlm puc`c
khjrcachtirsc m pcraihcjcr cstidlc y tiadk ëh virkir li jmhtrkdujk úh `c
`c
ji`i jmapmhchtc (jirki`m, pcr`k`m u mdturi`m) ch cl vilmr tmtil `cl JVM.
Vmr cocaplm, cl vilmr `cl jmapmhchtc J pm`r ái `ksakhukr i cxpchsis `c
Zk cl áh`kjc JVM
rcekstri`m ch uhi
ssc
ceuh`i ac`kjkúh ch cl aksam
kh`kvk`um, gucsc
achmr il khkjkil,
sc bidrái prm`ujk`m uh gchúachm
jmhmjk`m jmam
rcvcrsi > cl ju il
kh`kji uh crrmr ch
cl `kiehústkjm m
ch cl rcekstrm `c
li chgcrac`i`.
lms jmapmhchtcs V u M, sk cs quc uh `kchtc jirki`m `urihtc cl prkacr
cxiach, budkcsc sk`m pmstcrkmrachtc mdturi`m m pcr`k`m y rcekstri`m `c
csi aihcri ch cl sceuh`m cxiach. Il iplkjir cstc jmhjcptm il kh`kvk`um 4 `c li
Pidli 96.9., pm`rái scr quc ch uhi sceuh`i cviluijk úh, cl vilmr `cl jmapmhchtc J
`ksakhuyi `c 4 i 6, akchtris cl vilmr `cl jmapmhchtc M sc khjrcachti `c 0 i 7. Ch cstc
jism, cl vilmr tmtil `cl JVM `c cstc kh`kvk`um pcraihcjkú khiltcri`m.
96.4. CL JTKPCTKM @KIEHÚZPKJM
@KIEHÚZPKJM
Cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm sc rcgkcrc i li `cgkhkjk úh quc `csjrkdc li gisc `c li bkstmrki
hituril `c li chgcrac`i`, i pirtkr `c li juil sc jmhsk`cri cl `kchtc m li supcrgkjkc `chtirki
jmam igcjti`i pmr jirkcs `chtil. Il scr li jirkcs `chtil uh cvchtm prmercskvm `c
`cstrujjkúh `chtirki, cxkstc jmhtrmvcrski smdrc juéh`m uhi lcsk úh `cdc jmhsk`crirsc
jmam jirkmsi. Cs kapmrtihtc quc lms khvcstkei`mrcs
khvcstkei`m rcs sclcjjkmhch uh jrktcrkm `c `kieh ústkjm
i`cjui`m quc pcrakti li mdtchjkúh `c khgmraijkúh jmhgkidlc, rcprm`ujkdlc y jmapiridlc.
Ihtcs `c cocjutir uh cstu`km cpk`cakml úekjm, cl m lms cxiakhi`mrcs `cdcr éh scr
chtrchi`ms rkeurmsiachtc ch li utklkzijk úh `cl ilu`k`m jrktcrkm. Zk cstm hm sc juaplkcri,
sc jmrrcr á i cl rkcsem quc ileuhis pkczis m supcrgkjkcs `chtirkis scih jliskgkji`ms
cqukvmji`iachtc jmam sihis m jmam chgcrais> lm juil sc jmhmjc jmam scsem `c
jliskgkjijk úh crri`i m `c aili jliskgkjijk úh.
Ch li lktcrituri sc `csjrkdc uhi virkc`i` `c jrktcrkms piri cl `kieh ústkjm jláhkjm y
cpk`cakmlúekjm `c li jirkcs `chtil (TI@KNC, 9;72> VKPPZ y jml., 9;;5> UBM, 9;;5> H[WI@ y jml.,
9;;;> G[GGC y jml., 4666) . Ëstms puc`ch sclcjjkmhirsc jmhsk`crih`m lis hcjcsk`i`cs `cl
cstu`km y lis ijjkmhcs quc sc tmair éh uhi vcz ihilkzi`ms lms rcsulti`ms.
Jmh li gkhilk`i` `c jmapirir lms rcsulti`ms `c cstu`kms `c jirkcs
j irkcs `chtil i hkvcl elmdil,
li Mreihkzijkúh Auh`kil `c li Zilu` (UBM, 9;;5) suekcrc caplcir li jm`kgkjijk úh quc sc
aucstri ch li Pidli 96.4.
Cs kapmrtihtc tchcr ch juchti quc cl jrktcrkm `c `kieh ústkjm `c jirkcs `chtil utklkzi`m
pmr li MAZ cs `c hkvcl jivktirkm, cs `cjkr, juih`m? “ch uh puhtm m gksuri, m supcrgkjkc
`chtil lksi sc mdscrvi li prcschjki `c uhi jivk`i` cvk`chtc, uh smjivi`m ch cl csailtc,
m uh rcdlih`cjkakchtm ch cl tcok`m `chtirkm `c lis pirc`cs m pksm `c li jivk`i`‑. Piadkëh
979
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehú
`kiehústkjm
JM@KGKJIJKÚH VITI CL TCEKZPTM @C LCZKMHCZ JITKMZIZ
JITKMZI Z
Jú`kem
Jmh`kjkúh
@chtkjkúh
@chtkjkúh
@cj
cjk`
k`u
ui
Vcr
cra
aih
ihch
chtc
tc
I
6
Zihm
D
9
Jirki`m
J
4
Mdturi`m jmh jirkcs
@
:
Mdturi`m skh jirkcs
C
0
Vcr`k`m jmam rcsulti`m `c jirkcs
-
3
Vcr`k`m pmr juilqukcr mtrm amtkvm
G
7
Zcllihtc m gksuri mdturi`i
E
5
Vklir `c Vuchtc, jmrmhi m kaplihtc
-
2
@kchtc pcraihchtc skh crupjkmhir
-
;
Hm rcekstridlc
P
P
Priuai m grijturi
sc khjluyc ch csti jitcemrái uh `kchtc jmh
rcstiurijkúh tcapmril y lms rcaihchtcs
ri`kjulircs rcsultihtcs `c jirkcs `chtil.
Juih`m sc utklkzi cl jrktcrkm `c li
MAZ, cl vilmr `cl JVM@/Z sc mdtkchc il
suair lms vilmrcs mdtchk`ms kh`cpch`kchtcachtc `c ji`i uhm `c sus
jmapmhchtcs. @c csti aihcri, cl vilmr
`c J rcsulti `c li suai `c lms `kchtcs
`kchtcs/supcrgkjkcs jmh jú`kem 9 ú 4. Cl
vilmr `c V,
V, `c li suaitmrki `c lms `kchtcs/
supcrgkjkcs jmh j ú `kem 0 ch suoctms
achmrcs `c :6 iùms, y jú`kems 0 ú 3 ch
suoctms aiymrcs `c :6 i ùms `c c`i`, y
cl vilmr `c M, `c li suai `c lms ` kchtcs/
supcrgkjkcs jmh j ú `kem :. Lms mtrms
PIDLI 96.4. Zkstcai prmpucstm pmr li MAZ.
jú`kems, jmam cl 7 ú 5 hm sc khjluych ch
cl jéljulm `cl JVM.
96.4.9. Zclcjjkúh `cl jrktcrkm `kiehústkjm
Jmam yi sc bi achjkmhi`m, i`ca és `cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm `csjrktm pmr li MAZ,
cxkstch mtrms jrktcrkms piri `kiehmstkjir jirkcs ` chtil. Ëstms viráih ch quc ileuhms `kstkheuch chtrc jirkcs ijtkvi y hm ijtkvi (H[WI@ y jml., 9;;;> G[GGC y jml., 4666) (Jip
Jipáátulm 0)> mtrms
khjluych i lis lcskmhcs hm jivkti`is (H[WI@ y jml., 9;;;? VKPPZ y jml., 9;;5) ( Jip
Jipáátulms 4 y 0 ) y
mtrms, quc `csjrkdch i li jirkcs `chtil jmam jivk`i` juih`m li lcskúh bi pchctri`m ch
li `chtkhi (TI@KNC, 9;72> UBM, 9;;5).
@urihtc iùms, lis aihkgcstijkmhcs tcaprihis `c li jirkcs `chtil (lcskmhcs khjkpkchtcs ch csailtc) gucrmh kehmri`is ch lms cstu`kms cpk`cakml úekjms. Zkh cadirem, il jiadkir lms pcrgklcs cpk`cakml úekjms y il rc`ujkrsc iaplkiachtc li prcvilchjki c khjk`chjki
`c li chgcrac`i` ch lms pi áscs mjjk`chtilcs, sc bkzm cvk`chtc li hcjcsk`i` `c utklkzir
jrktcrkms quc gijklktch cl `kieh ústkjm `c li chgcrac`i` a és prcjmzachtc (H[WI@ y jml., 9;;;).
Ch li prkacri akti` `cl skelm RR, cl p crgkl cpk`cakmlúekjm `c lms piáscs mjjk`chtilcs
sc jirijtcrkzú pmr li ilti prcvilchjki y scvcrk`i` `c li chgcrac`i`. Zc pu`m mdscrvir
quc, juih`m li aiymr pirtc `c li pmdlijk úh sugrc `c jirkcs `chtil, sc clcvi tiadkëh cl
cl
hÿacrm `c `kchtcs igcjti`ms pmr pcrsmhi> isá jmam cl hÿacrm `c supcrgkjkcs y li scvcrk`i` `c lis lcskmhcs> lis juilcs aiymrktirkiachtc yi idirjih li `chtkhi m li pulpi,
khvmlujrih`m uhi iaplki `cstrujjkúh jmrmhirki.(Erig. 96.4.).
Ch li ijtuilk`i`, ch iqucllms pi áscs, súlm uhi akhmr ái `c li pmdlijkúh sugrc `c jirkcs
`chtil y cl hÿacrm `c `kchtcs igcjti`ms cs achmr quc ch cl pisi`m, jmh lcskmhcs aiymrktirkiachtc rcstrkhek`is i lis supcrgkjkcs mjlusilcs y ch csti`kms tcaprihms `c cvmlujk úh. Zc bi ireuachti`m quc, ihtc csi rcilk`i`, cl rcstrkhekr cl jrktcrkm `kiehústkjm i li
prcschjki `c jivk`i` pm`r ái mjiskmhir uhi sudcstkaijkúh `c li chgcrac`i`.
974
@KIEH
@KIEHÚ
Ú ZPKJM CVK@CAKMLÚ
CVK@CAKML Ú EKJM @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jip
jipáá tulm 96
Shi `c lis prcmjupijkmhcs quc
surec il khjlukr lcskmhcs hm jivkti`is
ch cl `kieh ústkjm `c jirkcs `chtil,
cs li `kgkjulti` `c lmerir rcsulti`ms
rcprm`ujkdlcs. Zkh cadirem, rcjkchtcs cstu`kms, prkhjkpilachtc `c
mrkech curmpcm ( H[WI@ y jml., 9;;;>
G[GGC y jml., 4666), bih `camstri`m quc
cs pmskdlc prm`ujkr rcsulti`ms
jmhgkidlcs skaklircs i lms mdscrvi`ms
ch cl `kieh ústkjm `c lcskmhcs jivkti`is, pcrm csm rcqukcrc `c jmh`kjkmhcs `c cxiach iprmpki`is jmam
luz, iuschjki `c dkmgkla `chtil y
scji`m `c li supcrgkjkc i cxiakhir.
Jmam cs auy `kg ájkl isceurir quc
966
96
6
26
m
`
9;20
9;;3
76
il
u
a
u
j
06
i
@
M
V
J
46
6
6
96
46
:6
06
36
76
56
26
;6
966
Vmrjchtioc ijuauli`m
ijuauli`m ch li pmdlijkúh
ETÉGKJM 96.4. Tclijkúh chtrc li prcvilchjki `c li jirkcs y JVM@.
(Vmrjchtioc ijuauli`m `cl JVMZ ch lms hkùms `c 94 iùms `c c`i` ch
Oiaikji ch 9;20 y 9;;3) (cxtrik`m `c UIVCBI y jml> 4669) .
`kjbis jmh`kjkmhcs cst ëh prcschtcs
ch aujbms cstu`kms ch gmrai skstcaétkji, ileuhms iutmrcs prcgkcrch i`mptir uh `kieh ústkjm jmhscrvi`mr, disi`m ch li
prcschjki `c jivk`i`, jmh cl gkh `c isceurir li rcprm`ujkdklk`i` `c lms rcsulti`ms, pmr
chjkai `c li `ctcjjkúh khcquávmji `c lis scjuclis quc prm`ujc li chgcrac`i` ch sus
csti`kms khkjkilcs.
Vmr lm tihtm, li sclcjjk úh `cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm `cpch`cré ch erih ac`k`i `c li
rcilk`i` quc sc prctch`c cstu`kir y `c lms mdoctkvms quc pcrskeih lms khvcstkei`mrcs> isá
jmam `c lis ijjkmhcs quc sc tmairéh uhi vcz mdtchk`ms lms rcsulti`ms `cl aksam. Zc bi
suecrk`m quc, akchtris li prcschjki `c jivk`i` jmam jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm puc`c iyu`ir
ch li plihkgkjijkúh `c scrvkjkms `c rcjupcrijkúh, li k`chtkgkjijkúh `c csti`kms prcvkms
puc`c ipmrtir il cstu`km `c li jmhtrkdujkúh `c khtcrvchjkmhcs prcvchtkvis.
96.4.4. Aëtm`ms `c `kiehústkjm
Cl aëtm`m `c `kiehústkjm cs cl jmhouhtm `c prmjc`kak
prmjc`kakchtms
chtms quc sc utklkzih, scjuchjkil
y mr`chi`iachtc, piri cxiakhir ji`i pkczi m supcrgkjkc `chtirki jmh li gkhilk`i` `c
quc lms rcsulti`ms `cl cstu`km puc`ih scr vcrkgkji`ms, ac`kihtc rcpctkjk úh, pmr mtrms
khvcstkei`mrcs skeukch`m lms aksams prmjc`kakchtms.
prmjc`kakchtms.
Cxkstc uhi erih virkc`i` `c a ëtm`ms quc sc utklkzih piri rcilkzir cl `kiehústkjm
cpk`cakmlúekjm `c li jirkcs `chtil. Lms a és utklkzi`ms smh lms prmjc`kakchtms `c mdscrvijkúh, quc puc`ch scr vksuil y vksuil-t éjtkl. Mtrms sc rcgkcrch i lms i`ktiachtms rcjmach`i`ms pmr `kgcrchtcs iutmrcs piri acomrir lis jmh`kjkmhcs `c cxiach> pmr cocaplm
li utklkzijkúh `c bksmpms piri cl scji`m `c lis supcrgkjkcs `chtilcs, cl tkpm `c kluakhijk úh, li lkapkczi `c lms `kchtcs, ctj.
I `kgcrchjki `cl a ëtm`m vksuil , cl juil sc disi cxjluskviachtc ch li mdscrvijk úh
`krcjti m kh`krcjti cgcjtui`i pmr cl cxiakhi`mr, cl a ëtm`m vksuil-t éjtkl jmhskstc ch li
`ctcjjkúh `c lcskmhcs jirkmsis ac`kihtc cl usm jmadkhi`m `c li mdscrvijkúh y uh khs-
97:
JITKCZ @CHPIL Vrkhjkpkms y prmjc`kakchtms piri cl `kiehú
`kiehústkjm
truachtm, echcrilachtc uh cxplmri`mr m smh`i, piri `ctcjtir
` ctcjtir li prcschjki `c jivk`i`,
supcrgkjkc rctchtkvi, rcdlih`cjkakchtm m krrceulirk`i` ch li supcrgkjkc `cl csailtc, sceÿh
lm `cgkhk`m ch cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm (KZAIKL, 4660).
Cstu`kms rcjkchtcs bih amstri`m quc iadms aëtm`ms pmscch uhi dioi schskdklk`i`
(jipijk`i` piri k`chtkgkjir `kchtcs m supcrgkjkcs jmh jirkcs), pcrm uhi am`cri`i i ilti
cspcjkgkjk`i` (jipijk`i` piri k`chtkgkjir `kchtcs m supcgkjkcs sihis), ch li `ctcjjk úh
`c lis lcskmhcs jivkti`is (KZAIKL, 9;;5> IZZIG y jml., 466:> IZZIG y jml., 4660).
Li utklkzijkúh `cl cxplmri`mr jmam kaplcachtm piri li iyu`i `kieh ústkji guc jma ÿh
bisti bijc ileuhis ` ëji`is. Zkh cadirem, `coú `c utklkzirsc lucem quc sc `camstr ú
quc cl csailtc igcjti`m pcrm jmh pmtchjkil `c rcakhcrilkzijkúh puc`c scr `iùi`m `c aihcri
krrcvcrskdlc `urihtc li aihkpulijk úh jmh li puhti `cl cxplmri`mr (HCUDTSH, 9;;:). Ch su
lueir, ch 9;;5 li MAZ khtrm`uom li utklkzijk úh `c li smh`i KVJ, quc csté `mti`i `c pcquc ùi
csgcri `c 6,3 aa `c `kéactrm ch su cxtrcam lkdrc y airjis i lms :,3 y 3,3 aa, y quc
mrkekhilachtc sc utklkzidi s úlm piri cl cxiach `c dmlsis pcrkm`mhtilcs ( Gkes. 96.9i. y
96.9d. ) (UBM, 9;;5).
Lms clcachtms quc ch li lktcrituri sc `ksjutch jmam
iltcrhitkvis ch cl ijjcsm vksuil ch cl `kieh ústkjm `c li
jirkcs `chtil khjluych lms skeukchtcs? (9) cl usm `c dioilcheuis (`cprcsmrcs `c lcheui) vcrsus cspcoms dujilcs
plihms> (4) cl usm `c cspcoms dujilcs skh iaplkgkjijk úh
vcrsus iqucllms jmh iaplkgkjijk úh> (:) cl usm `c bksmpms
(tmruh`is `c ilem` ú h) m pcris `c emai vcrsus cl ikrc
i.
jmaprkak`m prmvchkchtc `c cqukpms m`mhtml úekjms, piri
scjir li pkczi m supcrgkjkc `chtil i cviluir> (0) li lkapkczi
prcvki `c lms `kchtcs rcilkzi`i pmr cl prmgcskmhil vcrsus cl
iutmjcpklli`m pmr lms suoctms? y (3) li cocjujk úh `cl cxiach
diom luz hituril vcrsus luz irtkgkjkil. Cs mdvkm quc cl hÿacrm
`c jmadkhijkmhcs pmskdlcs cs auy erih`c y hm cxkstc
cvk`chjki sugkjkchtcachtc jliri `c j ú am igcjti ji`i
jmadkhijkúh pmskdlc ch cl `kieh ústkjm `c jirkcs `chtil i
hkvcl cpk`cakmlúekjm.
d.
Cstu`kms rcjkchtcs aucstrih quc piri rcilkzir cl cxiach
ch lis acomrcs jmh`kjkmhcs vksuilcs, sc rcqukcrc `c? luz
irtkgkjkil, jcpklli`m `chtil prcvkm il cxiach y scji`m `c
Gkeuri. 96.9i. y d. Zmh`i KVJ (MAZ)
ji`i `kchtc ihtcs `c su cxiach> cspcjkilachtc juih`m sc triti `c k`chtkgkjir lcskmhcs
hm jivkti`is (IZZIG y jml., 466:> ACHCEBKA y jml., 466:> IZZIG y jml., 4660).
Zkh cadirem, tilcs jmh`kjkmhcs hm skcaprc cst é h `kspmhkdlcs piri uh cstu`km
cpk`cakmlúekjm. Cs pmr cllm quc lis jmh`kjkmhcs ch lis quc sc rcilkzih lis cviluijkmhcs
ch jiapm, cl tkcapm quc sc caplci ch li cviluijk úh `c ji`i kh`kvk`um y cl iltm jmstm
quc kaplkji utklkzir ileuhms i`ktiachtms `kiehústkjms, rcprcschtih gijtmrcs kapmrtihtcs
i tmair ch juchti piri li sclcjjk úh `c lms a ëtm`ms piri cl `kiehústkjm. Vmr lm tihtm,
jmam a á hkam, cl khvcstkei`mr `cdc `csjrkdkr ch cl prmtmjmlm y ch cl rcpmrtc `c lms
rcsulti`ms `cl cstu`km, li gmrai jmam sc rcilkzirmh lms cxéachcs.
970
@KIEH
@KIEHÚ
Ú ZPKJM CVK@CAKMLÚ
CVK@CAKML Ú EKJM @C LI JITKCZ @CHPIL / jip
jipáá tulm 96
96.:. JMHGKIDKLK@I@ KHPTI C KHPCT-CRIAKH
KHPCT-CRIAKHI@MT
I@MT
Akchtris quc, piri cgcjtuir cl `kiehústkjm jláhkjm `c jirkcs `chtil ch uh kh`kvk`ums
sc pmhc ëhgisks ch li iprmpki`i iplkjijkúh `cl jrktcrkm y `cl a ëtm`m `c `kiehústkjm, ch
uh cstu`km cpk`cakml úekjm, cl `kieh ústkjm `c jirkcs `chtil ch li pmdlijk úh `cpch`cré
i`kjkmhilachtc `c lis jkrjuhstihjkis diom lis juilcs sc rcilkzih lis mdscrvijkmhcs, lis
juilcs smh cgcjtui`is echcrilachtc pmr a és `c uh cxiakhi`mr, `urihtc uh `ctcrakhi`m
`ctcr akhi`m
pcr ám`m `c tkcapm.
Sh cstu`km cs jmhgkidlc juih`m ch cl prmjcsm `c cxiach, sc mdtkchch rcsulti`ms
skaklircs ch rcpctk`is mdscrvijkmhcs `cl m `c lms cxiakhi`mrcs. Viri lmerir cstm, lms
cxiakhi`mrcs `cdch scr jipijcs `c iplkjir cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm `c
aihcri i`cjui`i y jmhskstchtc> piri lm juil `cdch scr prcvkiachtc
chtrchi`ms ac`kihtc uh prmjcsm jmhmjk`m jmam jilkdrijkúh, m aé s
iprmpki`iachtc “cstih`irkzijk úh‑.
Li jilkdrijkúh/cstih`irkzijkúh cs uh cocrjkjkm `c chtrchiakchtm
ch trchiakchtm tcúrkjm
y préjtkjm, ac`kihtc cl juil, lms jih`k`itms i cxiakhi`mr smh chtrchi`ms
ch li iplkjijkúh `cl jrktcrkm `kieh ústkjm y `cl skstcai `c jm`kgkjijk úh.
Cl mrkech `c lis
virkijkmhcs ch lis
mdscrvijkmhcs
pm`rái
pm`r
ái itr
itrkduk
kdukrsc
rsc
i? li chgcrac`i`
aksai, li pmdlijkúh, lms cxiak-