Development and Optimization of a Smart System for the

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Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1190–1195
2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing
(SMPM 2019)
2nd International Conference on Sustainable
Materials Processing and Manufacturing
2nd International Conference on Sustainable
Materials Processing and Manufacturing
(SMPM 2019)
(SMPM 2019)
Development and Optimization of a Smart System for the
Development
a Smart
for the
Productionand
of Optimization
Biogas using of
Poultry
andSystem
Pig Dung
Development
and
Optimization
of
a Smart
System
for the
Production of Biogas using Poultry and Pig Dung
Production
of Biogas using Poultry and Pig Dung
Daniyan, I. A.,*a Daniyan, O. L., b Abiona, O. H. c, Mpofu, K. a
Daniyan, I. A.,*a Daniyan, O. L., b Abiona, O. H. c, Mpofu, K. a
b
a
aDepartment
Daniyan,
I. A.,*aEngineering,
Daniyan,
O. L.,
Abiona,
O. H. cPretoria,
, Mpofu,
K.Africa.
of Industrial
Tshwane
University
of Technology,
South
bDepartment of Instrumentation, Centre for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
aDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
cDepartment of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Bablola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
bDepartment
a
of Instrumentation, Centre for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Department of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
bcDepartment
DepartmentofofInstrumentation,
Mechanical and Centre
Mechatronics
Engineering,
Afe Bablola
University
Ado-Ekiti,
for Basic
Space Science,
University
of Nigeria,
Nsukka,Nigeria.
Nigeria.
cDepartment
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Bablola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Abstract
Abstract
Energy is crucial to the development of any nation. In addition to the various sources being developed in the world, the interest of
Abstract
man is is
shifting
renewable energy.
project
entails to
thethe
development
of a waste-to-energy
system
using the
Energy
crucialtowards
to the development
of anyThis
nation.
In addition
various sources
being developedconversion
in the world,
the interest
of
anaerobic
digestion
of blend
of poultry
andThis
pigproject
dung
toentails
produce
biogas
for cooking,
generation
of electrical
energy
organic
man
is shifting
towards
renewable
energy.
the
development
of a waste-to-energy
conversion
system
using
the
Energy
is crucial
to the
development
of any
nation.
In addition
to the
various
sources
being
developed
in the world,
theand
interest
of
fertilizers
for households
andofagricultural
purposes.
materials
employed
include
galvanized
sheets which
is and
used
for the
the
anaerobic
digestion
of blend
poultry
and
pig project
dungThe
toentails
produce
for cooking,
generation steel
of electrical
energy
organic
man
is shifting
towards
renewable
energy.
This
thebiogas
development
of a waste-to-energy
conversion
system
using
fabricationfor
of households
the digester
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© 2019 The
Authors.
Published
by Elsevier
B.V. system for experimental purposes.
research
work
by developing
a small
scale biogas
Peer-review
under responsibility
ofElsevier
the organizing
©
2019 The Authors.
Published by
B.V. committee of SMPM 2019.
©
2019
The
Authors.
Published
by
Elsevier
B.V. committee of SMPM 2019.
Peer-review
responsibility
of Elsevier
the organizing
© 2019 The under
Authors.
Published by
B.V.
Peer-review
under
responsibility
of the Digestion,
organizing Energy,
committee
of SMPM
2019.
Keywords:
Anaerobic,
Animal
waste,
Micro
controller
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee
of SMPM
2019.
Keywords: Anaerobic, Animal waste, Digestion, Energy, Micro controller
Keywords: Anaerobic, Animal waste, Digestion, Energy, Micro controller
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Animal
wastes are rich in methane and can be used to produce biogas through the process of anaerobic digestion of animal waste
1.
Introduction
and slurries
in an
system known
a digester
[l]. There
are also
environmental
benefits
of reducing
greenhouse
gaswaste
Animal
wastes
areairproof
rich in methane
and canasbe
used to produce
biogas
through
the process
of anaerobic
digestion
of animal
emissions
through
the
use
of
biogas
as
well
as
the
supply
of
electricity
in
the
rural
areas
[2-3]
Anaerobic
digestion
is
a
suitable
and
slurries
in an
system known
asbe
a digester
[l]. Therebiogas
are also
environmental
benefits
of reducing
greenhouse
gaswaste
Animal
wastes
areairproof
rich in methane
and can
used to produce
through
the process
of anaerobic
digestion
of animal
2351-9789
©
2019
Published
by as
Elsevier
emissions
through
theAuthors.
use of
biogas
as well
as
the B.V.
supply
electricity
inenvironmental
the rural areas benefits
[2-3] Anaerobic
digestion
is a suitable
and
slurries
in
an The
airproof
system
known
a digester
[l]. of
There
are also
of reducing
greenhouse
gas
Peer-reviewthrough
under responsibility
of the organizing
of of
SMPM
2019. in the rural areas [2-3] Anaerobic digestion is a suitable
emissions
theAuthors.
use of biogas
as by
well
ascommittee
theB.V.
supply
electricity
2351-9789
© 2019 The
Published
Elsevier
Peer-review
the organizing
committee
2351-9789 ©under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of
Published
by Elsevier
B.V. of SMPM 2019.
*Corresponding Author
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
Email: [email protected]
*Corresponding Author
Email:
[email protected]
*Corresponding
Author
Email:
[email protected]
2351-9789
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.076
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
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I.A. Daniyan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1190–1195
1191
process for the conversion of animal waste to biogas and can be catalysed in specific temperatures and in a neutral environment
(pH should be equal to 7).
Anaerobic digestion is the controlled degradation of organic waste in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of anaerobic microorganisms [4-6]. It can be done in a mesophilic environment, corresponding to 32 -42 ° C or a thermophilic one, 50-57 ° C. Under
the action of microbial populations, the organic matter undergoes successive transformations until the final transformation into
methane CH4 [8]. The resource limitations of fossil fuels and the arising problems from their combustion have led to a widespread
research on the development of new and reliable renewable energy resources [9-10]. According to FAO [11], the drivers for
increasing the use of biomass for energy include: the possibility of reduced carbon emissions and meeting climate change
commitments; reduction in the consumption of fossil fuel; technological developments because bioenergy could be used to bridge
the gap between the current use of fossil fuels technologies and future technologies. In many countries, sustainable waste
management as well as waste prevention and reduction have become major political priorities, representing an important share of
the common efforts to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and to mitigate global climate changes [12-14]. Many
researchers have reported the feasibility of the conversion of animal waste to biogas [15-18] According to Brummeler-ten [19] and
Sanders [20], uncontrolled waste dumping is not acceptable in the economy today and even controlled landfill disposal and
incineration of organic wastes are not considered optimal practices, as environmental standards are increasingly become strict while
aiming at energy recovery and recycling of nutrients and organic matter [21-23] Hence, the development of a smart biogas system
using poultry waste will provide a clean method to solve the problem of energy generation in many developing countries. Anaerobic
digestion is a simple and cost-effective process which can be carried out in various environment where organic wastes are generated
on a regular basis. The aim of this work is to develop a smart biogas system capable of operating on animal wastes in order to
generate electrical energy. The objectives are to: design a smart biogas system, fabricate the designed system and evaluate and
optimize the performance of the developed biogas system.
2.
Materials and Method
The experimental setup includes the development of a fixed dome bio-digester with a capacity of 50 litres. A gas storage unit was
also added for the collection of the biogas over the period of digestion. A stirring system comprising of an electric motor, a solid
shaft and bearings is also added to the digester tank to evenly mix the substrate. A monitoring unit is adapted to the system for easy
and efficient monitoring of the digestion processes.
The following materials were used for the construction of the biogas system: galvanized steel sheets, valves and fittings, stirrer,
sparkles electric motor, pressure sensor, arduino micro controller, pH meter kit, temperature sensor, steel shaft and compressor
The materials used in the fabrication of the digester is made of galvanized steel lagged with fibre glass to retain the heat absorbed
by the digester tank.
The material used for the digester construction should meet the following requirements:
i.
Water/gas tightness: Water tightness in order to prevent seepage and the resultant threat to soil and ground water quality.
Gas tightness to ensure proper containment of the entire biogas yield and prevent air entering into the digester.
ii.
Good tensile strength and ease of rolling by machine to required design geometry. The design for the biogas system is shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: 3D Design of the Biogas System
I.A. Daniyan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1190–1195
1192
The following are the design parameters for the digester:
1.
Operating Volume (Vo):
The operating volume of the digester is simply the volume of slurry in the digester. The operating volume of the digester (Vo) is
determined on the basis of the chosen retention time is given as Equation 1.
(1)
Where:
Qx is the feed flow rate (m3/day) and HRT is the hydraulic retention time (Days)
The hydraulic retention time is the interval of time during which the biomass is allowed to decompose in the digester. The retention
time, in turn, is determined by the chosen digester temperature and the amount of biomass resource available. For a plant of simple
design, retention time should amount to at least 20 days, the substrate input is expressed as Equation 2.
S
(2)
2. Total Volume:
The total volume of the digester (VT) should be greater than the operating volume. This is to give room for the biogas produced and
the rise of the slurry during fermentation. The operating volume of the digester must not exceed 90% of the total volume of the
digester. The total volume is thus given as Equation 3.
(3)
Where :
VT is the total volume of digester (m3); r is the radius of digester (m); hd is the height of digester (m)
Using a total volumetric capacity of 0.05m3
hd
For minimal footprint and aesthetic consideration, heuristics is taken as expressed by Equation 4.
(4)
From Equation 3,
(5)
Equating equations (3) and (5)
and
Hence
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (Fig. 2). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller. The Uno differs from all preceding boards because it
does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter [24].
Fig. 2: Arduino Uno Micro-controller
The performance evaluation was carried out in order to access the performance of the biogas system based on the biogas parameters
and the data obtained from the monitoring system. Various data was collected from the system such as the temperature, atmospheric
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
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I.A. Daniyan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1190–1195
1193
pressure, pH and pressure in the system and the equivalent biogas yield was evaluated daily. The animal waste was obtained from
the ABUAD farm and was separated from inorganic materials. The waste was fed into the digester with water in the ratio 1:1and
the mixer was engaged to ensure intimate contact between the microorganisms and to improve the fermentation efficiency. The
waste was allowed to decompose in the digester for 14 days and values of the parameters were recorded over the period of digestion.
3. Results and Discussion
The biogas system was tested using an input waste of 4.3 kg of a substrate mixture of which 60% composed of wood chips which
was used as an additive and 40% composed of animal waste. The substrate was measured individually to determine the weight of
the individual materials. Both materials were then mixed in the ratio 5:2 and fed into the digester. The measuring parameters of the
system were determined and noted as the waste was undergoing fermentation and the amount of biogas produced was recorded.
The result obtained from the performance evaluation carried out is presented in Table 1.
Table 1:
Measuring Parameters of the Biogas System
S/N
Time (Hours)
Organic Loading Rate
(Kg/VDM/m3)
Temperature (˚C)
pH
1.
2
0.5
23.95
7.50
0.6
2.
4
0.6
24.37
6.235
0.63
3.
6
0.8
24.95
6.523
0.68
4.
8
0.65
25.10
6.527
0.69
Pressure (N/mm2)
The systems temperature, pressure and pH were measured and the biogas yield per day was obtained. A view of the developed
biogas system and its evaluation is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3: Developed small-scale biogas plant
After the readings were obtained, the measurement of the total biogas yield was calculated using Equation 6.
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I.A. Daniyan et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1190–1195
(6)
Fig. 4 shows that over time, the organic loading rate of the substrate increased as the temperature of the system increased
.
Fig. 4: Graph of Organic Loading Rate against Temperature
From the results obtained from the evaluation, it was observed that the interaction between the temperature and pressure was
observed to be inversely proportional as increase in temperature reduces the pressure and vice versa, an increase in loading rate
increases the temperature and increases the yield of the biogas, an increase in loading rate increases the pH and increases the yield
of the biogas. Also, an increase in loading rate increases the pressure resulting in an optimum yield of biogas. The value of pH was
slightly unaffected with an increase in temperature and a further increase in temperature beyond the optimum would have killed the
decomposition anaerobic bacteria which will in turn slow down the rate of decomposition resulting in decrease in the yield of the
biogas. It was also observed that the interaction between the temperature and pressure was observed to be inversely proportional as
increase in temperature reduced the pressure and vice versa.
4.
Conclusions
This project involved the design, development and evaluation of a smart biogas system using animal waste as its source of
production. The design was achieved by using SOLIDWORKS design software and was analysed for stress and compatibility. The
monitoring system was incorporated using and Arduino-Uno Micro-Controller, a pH sensor, temperature sensor and a pressure
transducer sensor. The system was monitored using the display and the overall performance was evaluated. This work has been able
to develop a biogas system for domestic and experimental use with the incorporation of an effective means of process monitoring
of the system. The work contributes to knowledge with the generation of a database for scaling its development, incorporation of
low-cost monitoring system for small-scale biogas system and provision of design framework for small-scale biogas system.
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