laBtools Tables for laboratory use The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. LabTools LabTools offers you tables with all the information you need while working with chemicals. Moreover, our tables which are combined in this booklet, will help you to communicate the basic rules in your laboratory in an easy and comprehensive manner. WE ARE MERCK 1668 founded 66 countries 50,000 employees € 1.7 bn invested in R&D in 2015 € 12.8 bn sales in 2015 HEALTHCARE Prescription medicines to treat, for example, cancer, multiple sclerosis and infertility, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals for everyday health protection or to provide fast relief of colds and pain, as well as innovations in the areas of allergies and biosimilars. LIFE SCIENCE Innovative tools and laboratory supplies for the life science industry that make research and biotech production easier, faster and more successful. PERFORMANCE MATERIALS A wide range of specialty chemicals, such as liquid crystals for displays, effect pigments for coatings and cosmetics, or high-tech materials for the electronics industry. Total capital 100 % Merck Family Equity interest 70.3 % Shareholders Share capital 29.7 % Family-owned for 13 generations Publicly traded since 1995 DAX member since 2007 Contents 01 Safety in the laboratory Proper behavior inside a laboratory Hazard and precautionary statements Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach Hazard pictograms Incompatible chemicals Safety Data Sheet Lable information Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials 02 40 Solutions – aqueous systems General formulas for mixing liquids Conversion table for water hardness units Mixture rules Preparation of dilute solutions Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature Solubility products of slighty soluble inorganic compounds Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents Sulfuric acid Phosphoric acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide solution Potassium hydroxide solution Ammonia Commercially available concentrations of some acids and bases 04 8 10 18 19 20 22 28 32 34 36 hemical and physical C properties of elements and inorganic compounds Table of elements 03 page 48 49 50 51 52 60 63 64 66 66 68 70 72 74 75 Indicators and buffers pH indicators Buffer solutions pKa values of selected biological buffers Buffer ranges 78 80 82 83 05 06 Analytical chromatography page Thin-layer chromatography Analytical HPLC Specification of column sorbents LC Troubleshooting Sample preparation 86 88 90 94 100 Organic solvents Organic solvents properties and drying agents Sustainable Solvent Alternatives Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures Drying agents Solvents for organic instrumental analysis Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances 07 Physical methods for the determination of elements Flame photometry Wavelength and wave number Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance Calculation of the standard deviation Direct-current polarography Cathode ray polarography 08 118 118 118 118 119 119 Conversion factors and units Energy dimensions – conversion factors Pressure dimensions – conversion factors Decimal units multiplies and subdivisions Concentrations Basic units Derived units with conversion of previous units US and British measuring units 09 104 108 110 111 112 114 122 122 123 123 123 124 128 Other useful tables Physical constants NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Synthetic Trace Impurities Greek alphabet Greek numbers / Roman numbers Freezing mixtures Extran® laboratory cleaning agents Particle sizes NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts NMR: Proton chemical shifts Miscibility table Periodic table of the elements 132 133 136 137 138 138 140 142 144 146 148 01 Safety in the laboratory Proper behavior inside a laboratory 8 Hazard and precautionary statements 10 Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets 18 GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach 19 Hazard pictograms 20 Incompatible chemicals 22 Safety Data Sheet 28 Lable information 32 Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging 34 Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials 36 Proper behavior inside the laboratory Chemistry is fascinating, not only for beginners in related jobs. Handling chemicals is not only fascinating, but can also be very dangerous for human health and the environment, especially if they are not used adequately. This is one of the reasons why it is that important to inform oneself upfront about the hazard profile of a chemical and to have excellent knowledge about all relevant state-of-the-art precautionary measurements to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Therefore, it is a must to read and understand all safety related information provided on the label and in the safety data sheet. Any manufacturer/importer has to classify and label hazardous chemical products in accordance with the respective national law, and also has to provide a safety data sheet. Most highly industrialized economies and even developing countries have implemented or are going to implement GHS. This is a big step forward to harmonize hazard communication round the world. 8 General instructions how to use hazardous substances in the laboratory 1. Within a risk assessment the employer has to cover all activities with hazardous chemical products. 2. andling of hazardous chemicals should only be allowed if all H necessary measures have been taken to ensure proper protection regarding health hazards and environmental protection. 3. All substances and mixtures, including waste, must be part of this assessment. 4.All hazardous substances and mixtures have to be labeled in a way that appropriate protection measures can be taken. 5. General safety rules should always be respected: b. Wear safety glasses, special working clothes or a lab coat, suitable lab shoes and, where necessary, suitable gloves. c. Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals. d. I n case of accidents, or if you feel unwell consult a physician/ doctor and state the cause of accident including the name of the chemical involved. e. In case of eye-contact with corrosive chemicals rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Safety in the laboratory a. In any case avoid contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Safety carrier for glass bottles Chemicals in glass bottles have hazard potential; glass can break! Our solution is a bottle safety carrier – a carrier with PE-foam inlay with high compression strength and a leak proof top cover. In case of accident the PE-foam of the falling carrier protects the bottle from breaking. In the unlikely event that the bottle should break the leak proof top cover ensures that no glass splinters or harmful solvent vapors escape. 9 Hazard and precautionary statements According to the 5th revised edition of the UN GHS and in addition EU hazard statements based on the CLP Regulation. H200 H201 H202 H203 H204 H205 H220 H221 H222 H223 H224 H225 H226 H227 H228 H229 H230 H231 H240 H241 H242 H250 H251 H252 H260 H261 H270 H271 H272 H280 H281 H290 H300 H300 + H310 H300 + H310 + H330 10 Hazard statements Unstable explosives. Explosive; mass explosion hazard. Explosive, severe projection hazard. Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard. Fire or projection hazard. May mass explode in fire. Extremely flammable gas. Flammable gas. Extremely flammable aerosol. Flammable aerosol. Extremely flammable liquid and vapour. Highly flammable liquid and vapour. Flammable liquid and vapour. Combustible liquid. Flammable solid. Pressurised container: May burst if heated. May react explosively even in the absence of air. May react explosively even in the absence of airat elevated pressure and/ or temperature. Heating may cause an explosion. Heating may cause a fire or explosion. Heating may cause a fire. Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air. Self-heating: may catch fire. Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire. In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously. In contact with water releases flammable gases. May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer. May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer. May intensify fire; oxidizer. Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury. May be corrosive to metals. Fatal if swallowed. Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin. Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled. www.merckmillipore.com/ghs H335 H336 H340 Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled. Toxic if swallowed. Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin. Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled. Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled. Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin. Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or ifinhaled. Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled. May be harmful if swallowed. May be harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin. May be harmful if swallowed, in contact with skinor if inhaled. May be harmful if swallowed or if inhaled. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways. Fatal in contact with skin. Fatal in contact with skin or if inhaled. Toxic in contact with skin. Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled. Harmful in contact with skin. Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled. May be harmful in contact with skin. May be harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Causes skin irritation. Causes skin and eye irritation. Causes mild skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. Causes serious eye damage. Causes serious eye irritation. Causes eye irritation. Fatal if inhaled. Toxic if inhaled. Harmful if inhaled. May be harmful if inhaled. May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathingdifficulties if inhaled. May cause respiratory irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. May cause genetic defects. Safety in the laboratory H300 + H330 H301 H301 + H311 H301 + H311 + H331 H301 + H331 H302 H302 + H312 H302 + H312 + H332 H302 + H332 H303 H303 + H313 H303 + H313 + H333 H303 + H333 H304 H305 H310 H310 + H330 H311 H311 + H331 H312 H312 + H332 H313 H313 + H333 H314 H315 H315 + H320 H316 H317 H318 H319 H320 H330 H331 H332 H333 H334 11 H341 H350 H350i* H351 H360 H360D* H360Df* H360F* H360FD* H360Fd* H361 H361d* H361f* H361fd* H362 H370 H371 H372 H373 H400 H401 H402 H410 H411 H412 H413 H420 Suspected of causing genetic defects. May cause cancer. May cause cancer by inhalation. Suspected of causing cancer. May damage fertility or the unborn child. May damage the unborn child. May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility. May damage fertility. May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child. May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Suspected of damaging the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child. May cause harm to breast-fed children. Causes damage to organs. May cause damage to organs. Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Very toxic to aquatic life. Toxic to aquatic life. Harmful to aquatic life. Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquaticlife. Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere. * EU hazard statement EUH001 EUH014 EUH018 EUH019 EUH029 EUH031 EUH032 12 Additional EU hazard statements Explosive when dry. Reacts violently with water. In use may form flammable / explosive vapour-air mixture. May form explosive peroxides. Contact with water liberates toxic gas. Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas. EUH044 EUH066 EUH070 EUH071 EUH201 EUH202 EUH203 EUH204 EUH205 EUH206 EUH207 EUH208 EUH209 EUH209A EUH210 EUH401 Risk of explosion if heated under confinement. Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. Toxic by eye contact. Corrosive to the respiratory tract. Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or sucked by children. Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of the reach of children. Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction. Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction. Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction. Warning! Do not use together with other products. May release dangerous gases (chlorine). Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Comply with the safety instructions. Contains <name of sensitising substance> May produce an allergic reaction. Can become highly flammable in use. Can become flammable in use. Safety data sheet available on request. To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with the instructions for use. Precautionary statements If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. P102 Keep out of reach of children. P103 Read label before use. P201 Obtain special instructions before use. P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P211 Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. P220 Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials. P222 Do not allow contact with air. P223 Do not allow contact with water. P230 Keep wetted with … P231 Handle and store contents under inert gas. P231 + P232 Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture. P232 Protect from moisture. Safety in the laboratory www.merckmillipore.com/ghs P101 13 P234 P235 P240 P241 Keep only in original packaging. Keep cool. Ground and bond container and receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof electrical/ ventilating/ lighting/ …/ equipment. P242 Use non-sparking tools. P243 Take action to prevent static discharges. P244 Keep valves and fittings free from oil and grease. P250 Do not subject to grinding/ shock/ friction/ … P251 Do not pierce or burn, even after use. P260 Do not breathe dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray. P261 Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray. P262 Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. P263 Avoid contact during pregnancy and while nursing. P264 Wash … thoroughly after handling. P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P272 Contaminated work clothing should not be allowedout of the workplace. P273 Avoid release to the environment. P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eyeprotection / face protection. P282 Wear cold insulating gloves and either face shield or eye protection. P283 Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing. P284 In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection. P301 IF SWALLOWED: P301 + P310 IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER/ doctor… P301 + P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …/ if you feel unwell. P301 + P330 IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. + P331 P302 IF ON SKIN: P302 + P334 IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wetbandages. P302 + P335 IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in + P334 cool water or wrap in wet bandages. P302 + P352 IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/ … P303 IF ON SKIN (or hair): P303 + P361 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated + P353 clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower. 14 www.merckmillipore.com/ghs P304 + P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P305 IF IN EYES: P305 + P351 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. + P338 Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P306 IF ON CLOTHING: P306 + P360 IF ON CLOTHING: rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes. P308 IF exposed or concerned: P308 + P311 IF exposed or concerned: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ … P308 + P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention. P310 Immediately call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ … P311 Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ … P312 Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …/ if you feel unwell. P313 Get medical advice/ attention. P314 Get medical advice/ attention if you feel unwell. P315 Get immediate medical advice/ attention. P320 Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label). P321 Specific treatment (see … on this label). P330 Rinse mouth. P331 Do NOT induce vomiting. P332 If skin irritation occurs: P332 + P313 If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/ attention. P333 If skin irritation or rash occurs: P333 + P313 If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/ attention. P334 Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages. P335 Brush off loose particles from skin. P336 Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. P336 + P315 Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. Get immediate medical advice/ attention. P337 If eye irritation persists: P337 + P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/ attention. P338 Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P340 Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P341 If breathing is difficult, remove victim to freshair and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P342 If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Safety in the laboratory P304 IF INHALED: P304 + P312 IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor if you feel unwell. 15 P342 + P311 If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ … P351 Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. P352 Wash with plenty of water/ … P353 Rinse skin with water or shower. P360 Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skinwith plenty of water before removing clothes. P361 Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. P361 + P364 Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P362 Take off contaminated clothing. P362 + P364 Take off contaminated clothing and wash it beforereuse. P363 Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. P364 And wash it before reuse. P370 In case of fire: P370 + P372 In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area. + P380 + DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. P373 P370 + P376 In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so. P370 + P378 In case of fire: Use … to extinguish. P370 + P380 In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the + P375 risk of explosion. P370 + P380 In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the + P375 + risk of explosion. Use … to extinguish. P378 P371 In case of major fire and large quantities: P371 + P380 In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. + P375 Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. P372 Explosion risk. P373 DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. P375 Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. P376 Stop leak if safe to do so. P377 Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leakcan be stopped safely. P378 Use … to extinguish. P380 Evacuate area. P381 In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources. P390 Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. P391 Collect spillage. P401 Store in accordance with … P402 Store in a dry place. P403 Store in a well-ventilated place. P403 + P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep containertightly closed. 16 P403 + P235 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. P404 Store in a closed container. P405 Store locked up. P406 Store in corrosive resistant/ … container with a resistant inner liner. P407 Maintain air gap between stacks or pallets. P410 Protect from sunlight. P410 + P403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place P410 + P412 Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/122 °F. P411 Store at temperatures not exceeding … °C/ … °F. P412 Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/ 122 °F. P413 Store bulk masses greater than … kg/ … lbs at temperatures not exceeding … °C/ … °F. P420 Store separately. P501 Dispose of contents / container to … P502 Refer to manufacturer or supplier for informationon o recovery or recycling. Safety in the laboratory www.merckmillipore.com/ghs Chemizorb® – absorbents for spilled liquids Mishaps and accidents happen – every day and nearly in every lab! With Chemizorb® you can remove spilled liquids quickly and safely. Chemizorb® is capable of taking up to 400 % (depending on the type) of their own weight in liquid material. We offer you specific absorbents for each problem: Allrounders Chemizorb® powder and granules, Specialists Chemizorb® Alkali, Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid, All-in-one Chemizorb® Mercury set 17 Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets Inappropriate storage of different chemicals in a safety cabinet might cause accidents. The following storage rules will help to reduce the risks. The storage table for small quantities shows, by means of GHS pictograms, combinations of products which may be stored together (+) or not (–). There are no exceptions for explosive substances, gases, organic peroxides, selfreactive substances and radioactive substances; the mixed storage table of the StoreCard still applies. Please refer to our StoreCard for more information: www.merckmillipore.com/safe-storage none none + + - - - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - + + + - - + + + + + - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - + + - + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + Flammable liquids and aerosols Flammable solids Substances liable to spontaneous combustion Substances that form flammable gases in contact with water 18 GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was developed by the United Nations over more than a decade of intense work. It is a “living” document which will be regularly revised and updated to reflect new national, regional and international experiences in the area of hazard communication. Scope GHS covers inter alia the following elements: Harmonized criteria for classifying substances and mixtures according to their health, environmental and physical hazards Harmonized hazard communication elements, including requirements for labelling and safety data sheets For more information please visit our website: www.merckmillipore.com/ghs www.merckmillipore.com/safety Safety in the laboratory Purpose Enhance the protection of human health and the environment by providing an internationally comprehensible system for hazard communication Reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals, and facilitate international trade in chemicals whose hazards have been properly assessed on an international basis 19 Hazard pictograms GHS – Hazard pictograms and examples for associated hazard classes Physical Hazards Explosives Flammable liquids Oxidising liquids Corrosive to metals 20 Gases under pressure www.merckmillipore.com/ regulatory-support Health Hazards Skin corrosion Skin irritation CMR1), STOT2), Aspiration hazard Safety in the laboratory Acute toxicity Environmental hazards 1) MR: carcinogenicty, C germ cell mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity 2) TOT: specific target organ S toxicity Hazardous to the aquatic environment 21 Incompatible chemicals The chemicals listed below may react violently with one another. They must be kept apart and must never come into contact with one another. The objective of this list is to give information on how to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Due to the great number of hazardous materials, this list includes only some examples. Detailed information about the stability and reactivity of the substance are available in the safety data sheet. Substance: Acetic acid Incompatible with Risk of explosion with: Risk of ignition of inflammable gases or vapours with: Possible formation of: Violent reactions possible with: Order number: 100063 Peroxy compounds, perchloric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, phosphorus halides, hydrogen peroxide, chromium(VI) oxide, potassium permanganate, peroxides, strong oxidizing agents Metals, iron, zinc, magnesium, mild steel Hydrogen Strong alkalis, anhydrides, aldehydes, alkali hydroxides, non-metallic halides, ethanolamine, acetaldehyde, alcohols, halogen-halogen compounds, chlorosulfonic acid, chromosulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, nitric acid Substance: Ammonia solution Incompatible with A risk of explosion and / or of toxic gas formation exists with the following substances: Oxidizing agents, phosgene, oxides of phosphorus, mercury, acids, nitric acid, oxygen, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, silver compounds, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen trichloride, hydrogen peroxide, silver, lead, zinc, heavy metals, heavy metal salts, strong alkalis, acrolein, antimony, hydride, boron, hydrogen bromide, chlorates, hydrogen chloride gas, chromium(VI) oxide, chromyl chloride, dimethylsulfate, ethylene oxide, hydrogen fluoride, halogens, halogen-halogen compounds, halogen oxides, carbon dioxide, acids Acid in Safebreak bottle Acids in glass bottles have hazard potential: glass can break! 22 Order number: 105423 Substance: Ammonium nitrate Incompatible with Exothermic reaction with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Substance: Aniline Order number: 101188 Reducing agents, oils, metallic chlorides, chlorates, salts of oxyhalogenic acids, sulphides, organic nitro compounds, aluminium, organic substances, oxidizing agents, ammonium compounds, alkalines, nitrites, combustible substance, carbides, non-metals, alkali metals, metals, acids, mild steel Acetic acid, metals, nitrites, ammonium compounds, potassium dichromate Order number: 101261 Risk of explosion with: Exothermic reaction with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Substance: Bromine Incompatible with Exothermic reaction with: Risk of explosion with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Oxidizing agents, peroxi compounds, perchlorates, perchloric acid, nitric acid, oxygen, organic nitro compounds, benzene-benzene derivatives, nitrates Semi metallic halides, acetic anhydride, acids Fluorine, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals Order number: 101948 Safety in the laboratory Incompatible with Hydrides, amides, phenols, ether, halogen-halogen compounds, halogen oxides, non-metals, alcohols, organic substances, alkali oxides, alkali metals, semimetals, acetylene, amines, ketones, aldehydes, nitrides, germanium, rubber, phosphides, metals, sodium hydroxide, iron-iron-containing compounds, mercury, titanium, boranes Ammonia, azides, silanes, zinc diethyl, hydrogen, organic substances, ozone, nitriles, halogen oxides, phosphine, potassium, sodium, carbides, nickel carbonyl, phosphine, phosphorus, reducing agents, oxidisable substances, hydrogen with pressure, heat, metals with moisture, lithium sensitive to shock, antimony in powder form Acetylidene, aluminium, halides, hydrides, hydrocarbons, fluorine, fluorides, lithium silicide, oxides of phosphorus, tin, arsenic in powder form 23 Incompatible chemicals Substance: Chromium(VI) oxide Incompatible with Risk of ignition or formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Organic combustible substance, alkali metals, ammonia, non-metals, halogen-halogen compounds hydrazine and derivatives, nitrates, reducing agents, nitric acid Substance: Copper Incompatible with Exothermic reaction with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Risk of explosion with: Order number: 102703 Ethylene oxide, fluorine, hydrogen sulphide, halogen-halogen compounds, alkali oxides, nitrides, sulphuric acid, salts of hydrazine Oxidizing agents, chlorine Acetylene, azides, ammonium compounds, peroxides, chlorates, picrates, bromates, iodates, perchlorates Substance: Hydrogen peroxide Incompatible with Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Exothermic reaction with: 24 Order number: 100229 Order number: 107209 Hydrazine and derivatives, hydrides, combustible substance, ether, anhydrides, oxidizing agents, organic substances, peroxi compounds, permanganates, organic solvents, organic nitro compounds, brass, alkali metals, alkali salts, alkaline earth metals, metals, metallic oxides, metallic salts, non-metals, non-metallic oxides, aldehydes, alcohols, amines, ammonia, acids, strong alkalis, acetaldehyde, acetone, activated charcoal, anilines, lead, powdered metals, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, potassium, iodides, potassium permanganate, methanol, sodium oils, phosphorus, oxides of phosphorus, conc. sulfuric acid, heavy metals, silver in powder form, alkali hydroxides with heavy metals, vinyl acetate with catalyst Alkali hydroxides, metals, nitric acid, zinc oxides, metallic salts, phenol with metal catalysts Incompatible with Risk of explosion with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Exothermic reaction with: Substance: Mercury Incompatible with Risk of explosion with: Order number: 104761 Reducing agents, alkali metals, acetylene, ammonia, potassium, copper compounds, sodium, oxyhalogenic compounds, Boron, halogen oxides, iodides, azides, ammonium compounds, antimony, in powder form, mercury oxide with methanol and ethanol Powdered metals, zinc, semimetals, halogenhalogen compounds, non-metals, non-metallic oxides, alkali salts, iron, fluorine, formaldehyde, hydrides, sodium phosphide, phosphorus, sulphur, titanium, powdered aluminium, acetylidene, combustible substances, powdered magnesium, petrol, butadiene, calcium hydride, diethyl ether with aluminium Carbides, azides, turpentine oils and/or turpentine substitutes, alkali oxides, lithium silicide, alkaline earth compounds, nitrides, acetaldehyde, lithium, fluorides, oxides of phosphorus, chlorine, iron in powder form Order number: 104401 Acetylene, alkali metals, aluminium, amines, ammonia, chlorine dioxide, potassium, sodium, oxalic acid, perchlorates Chlorine, silanes, oxygen Safety in the laboratory Substance: Iodine Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Generates dangerous Nitric acid gases or fumes in contact with: Exothermic reaction Bromine, metals, acetylidene, oxygen with: 25 Incompatible chemicals Substance: Nitric acid Incompatible with Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Violent reactions possible with: Order number: 101719 Formaldehyde, glycerol, sulphuric acid, hydrogen iodide, chlorates, organic substance, carbon / soot, hydrocarbons, alkali metals, lithium silicide, organic solvent, phosphorus, pyridine, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, acetylidene, alcohols, anilines, antimony hydride, amines, ammonia, combustible substances, phosphides, aldehydes, dichloromethane, hydrazines, dioxane, acetic acid, acetone, acetic, anhydride, fluorine, powdered metals Nitriles, antimony, arsenic, boron, ferric oxide, alkalines, sodium hypochlorite Substance: Perchloric acid Incompatible with Risk of explosion with: Exothermic reaction with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: 26 Order number: 100519 Semimetals, Antimony oxide, Metals, Hydrogen, Impurities, organic combustible substance, acetic acid, Halogenated hydrocarbon, hydrogen halides, fluorine, ether, sulfoxides, metallic oxides, iron, ferric oxide, acetic anhydride, ethanol, glycerol, methanol, dichloromethane, phenol, phosphine, oxides of phosphorus, pyridine, reducing agents, sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxide, halogenated compounds, iron-iron-containing compounds, mild steel, carbon, nitric acid with organic substances, acetylene with formaldehyde, acetic acid with acetic anhydride, sulphuric acid with organic substances Ketones, phosphides, bases Anilines with formaldehyde, hydrogen iodide Substance: Potassium chlorate Exothermic reaction with: Risk of ignition of formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Arsenic, resins, charcoal, powdered metals, sulphuric acid, nitrates, tannin, zinc oxide, alcohols, organic combustible substances, sulphides, hydrocarbons, ammonium compounds, reducing agents, phosphorus, hydrides, fluorine, alkali metals, cyanides, alkali amides, sulphur, potassium dichromate, powdered aluminium, germanium, potassium, copper compounds, powdered magnesium, nitric acid, titanium, sugars, organic substances Ammonia, calcium silicide, nitrides, phosphides, chromium Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen iodide Substance: Potassium perchlorate Incompatible with Exothermic reaction with: Risk of explosion with: Substance: Sulfuric acid Incompatible with Violent reactions possible with: Order number: 104944 Order number: 105076 Fluorine Activated charcoal, powdered aluminium, combustible substances, halogenated compounds, ethanol, charcoal, organic substance, polyvinylchloride, reducing agents, acids, sulphur, resins, sugar, powdered metals, ethylene glycol, powdered magnesium, ammonium salts, combustible substances, hydrides, aldehydes, nitrates, calcium carbonate, furaldehydes potassium nitrate with aluminium and water Safety in the laboratory Incompatible with Risk of explosion with: Order number: 112080 Water, alkali metals, alkali compounds, ammonia, aldehydes, acetonitrile, alkaline earth metals, alkalines, acids, alkaline earth compounds, metals, metal alloys, oxides of phosphorus, phosphorus, hydrides, halogen-halogen compounds, oxyhalogenic compounds, permanganates, nitrates, carbides, combustible substances, organic solvent, acetylidene, nitriles, organic nitro compounds, anilines, peroxides, picrates, nitrides, lithium silicide, iron(III) compounds, bromates, chlorates, amines, perchlorates, hydrogen peroxide 27 Safety Data Sheet The safety data sheet (SDS) is the most important and common document when talking about product safety. With the implementation of all safety and precautionary measures given in the SDS the protection of human health and the environment as well as a sufficient workplace safety standard should be assured. Here some examples of relevant information given in following sections of an EU SDS: Section Section Section Section 28 2: 7: 8: 10: Hazard identification Handling and storage Exposure controls / personal protection Stability and reactivity Safety in the laboratory Section 2: Hazards identification Section 7: Handling and storage 29 Safety Data Sheet Section 8: Exposure controls / personal protection 30 Safety in the laboratory Section 10: Stability and reactivity Safety in the laboratory The video guides you through a wide range of important topics but basic rules for lab safety are trained as well. View this video as a one-stop refresher course! www.merckmillipore.com/safety-film 31 Label information With GHS for the first time standardized and harmonized elements for global hazard communication are available: Hazard pictograms in the same shape Signal words Hazard statements Precautionary statements The label example on page 33 describes where to find this key information. As mentioned already on page 28, the SDS includes all essential information concerning product safety. This implies next to the labeling elements also the classification of a hazardous chemical product based on GHS requirements. 32 5°C Storage temperature 30°C H (hazard) and P (precautionary) statements and special US requirements Signal word Batch number 1.06469.1000 Empirical formulas, Density, Molar mass BATCH12345 1 kg Safety in the laboratory Hazard pictograms Name and address of supplier (US / EU) Country of orgin 33 Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging If flammable liquids (e.g. solvents) are to be used, the container (10 L and more) must be properly earthed according to valid safety regulations to avoid explosion and fire risks. Appropriate measures must be taken to discharge static electricity. The fire and explosion triangle Ignition source Heat, electricity, static electricity, friction, chemical reactions, spontaneous combustion, dieseling, pyrophors, sudden decompression, catalytic reactions AT OX YG E HE N Oxidizer Planned introduction of air, inadvertent intro­duction of oxygen, release of hydrocarbons into air, weathered fluids, oxidizers FUEL Heavy and light gases, hydrocarbon liquids and vapors, vapors of chemicals / lubricants / solvents, frac oils, flammable materials Removing at least one of the components avoids the fire / explosion. 34 General warnings and safety instructions must be observed. ll components (e.g. container and withdrawal system) must be grounded A separately in accordance with the applicable safety regulations. Grounding clamps must have metallic contact with both the container and the withdrawal system, and a safe ground connection. he grounding of the container and the grounding of the withdrawal T system must be installed before opening the container. he user must always wear conductive personal protective equipment, T especially shoes and gloves, to avoid electrostatic charges. Therefore, the user must always wear conductive personal protective equipment, especially shoes and gloves. The floor has to be conductive. efore using organic solvents, the user must ensure that there are B no additional ignition hazards caused by process-specific parameters, such as increased ignitability of the substances due to changed environmental conditions or when sampling in combination with highly charge-generating processes. These measures reduce the risk of electrostatic separation of charges to increase safety in daily solvents handling dramatically. Safety in the laboratory ampling vessels made of insulating material with a volume greater than S 1 liter should not be used. 35 Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials Merck packaging materials are based on European state-of-the-art technology and undergo rigorous technical and analytical quality controls both when they themselves are being manufactured and also during filling and packaging operations at Merck. All suppliers are qualified to manufacture the respective type of packaging material. The compliance to Merck packaging materials standards is controlled under an appropriate QA system at Merck. All of the primary and secondary packaging materials used at Merck undergo quality control testing to reach a consistently high standard of quality. Testing is performed using defect evaluation lists and on feature lists published by the German Chemical Industry Association, VCI. The methods used for testing are based on DIN, EN and CEN Standards. Only flawless packaging materials reach point-of-use. 36 The starting materials used to manufacture the packagings either contain no hazardous substances, no origin animal substances (TSE/BSE free) or their percentages are below the legal limits. The materials employed conform to the REACH regulation for chemicals, contain no Substances of very high concern (SVHC) or other toxic substances, and satisfys Directive 1935/2004/EC on materials coming into contact with foods as well as Regulation EU 10/2011 and Regulation Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC. Safety in the laboratory We confirm also that all of the packaging units used fully meet the international requirements for transport of dangerous goods by road (ADR), rail (RID), sea (IMDG Code) and air (IATA). Unit packs are specifically tested and released for the respective modes of transport. The packaging used for individual modes of transport will already have been type-tested and approved for compliance with UN regulations. 37 292 1.70 Co , 2, 3 -1, 0 7 4s2 d [Ar] 3 45 8 1 5s Rh Ni 1 102.9 4 196 3695 1.45 46 4, 5 1 2, 3, 0, 1, ] 4d8 5s [Kr .23 033 5012 1.52 77 ,8 , 4, 66 2 6s f14 5d Ir Pd 2 192.2 6 244 4428 1.55 109 7s f14 6d Rn] 5 6 14 5f [Rn] 2 .24 016 3074 1.07 e] 61 Pm 8 195.0.2 1768 5 382 1.42 [Xe] 7 2 Sm .03 *238 35 11 4131 1.22 3, 4, 93 5, 62 [Xe .05 *237 44 6 3902 1.22 Np 94 5, 6 3, 4, 1 7s2 4 6d 5f [Rn] [K Cd 7 196.9 8 1 , 4 6 10 56 28 1.42 [Xe] H 1 *280 111 [Rn] 7s 14 5f 6d 8 2 63 2, 32 6 6s 80 1, 31 10 s 14 5d 6 4f Rg f [Xe] 4 Eu .06 *244 40 6 3228 1.22 Pu 48 1, 21 10 5s d 4 ] r Au *281 6 150.3 2 107 1794 1.07 02 3 2 4 4f 6s 4 0, 2, 1 9 6s d 4f 5 [Rn] 6d 7s 7 107.8 8 7 . 1 6 9 2162 1.42 79 14 Ds 62 3 2 5 6s f 4 ] Ag 110 [ .91 *144 42 10 3000 1.07 47 ,4 0, 2 10 d 4 ] [Kr Pt .1 *268 Mt 2 106.4.8 1554 3 296 1.30 78 , 4, 62 1, 2, 3 -1, 0, 4f14 5d7 6s [Xe] 4 *277 0 d1 4s [Ar] 3 3 0, 2, 2 8 4s d [Ar] 3 95 5, 6 3, 4, 6 7s2 f 5 ] n [R 7s 14 5f 6d 6 151.9 2 82 1596 1.01 9 64 2, 32 f7 6s 4 ] [Xe G .06 *243 76 11 2011 1.20 Am 9 5, 6 3, 4, 7 7s f 5 [Rn] 1 7 321.0 7 76 1.46 In 2 2 10 5s d r] 4 [K 6 s2 Pb [Xe] 10 207.2 6 327.4 9 174 1.55 14 5 157.2 3 131 3273 1.11 10 65 0 162.5 2 141 2567 1.10 2 67 Ho 3 158.9 9 135 Chemical and physical 3230 properties of 1.10 3 Tb Dy elements and 3, 42 compounds inorganic 51.08 3 2 1 7 5d 6s f [Xe] 4 7 .0 *247 45 13 Cm 66 4f 6s Table of elements [Xe] 97 1.20 3, 42 1 7 6d 7s f 5 Rn] .07 *247 96 9 Bk 2 f 6s [Xe] 4 9 98 1.20 3, 42 f9 7s 5 ] [Rn Cf 11 2 10 s 7p 6d 7 [ 2 7s 14 5f 6d [Xe U 5f [Rn] 1 2 Bi *287 Fl Uut 83 2, 42 2 10 6s 6p 14 4f 5d 114 10 7s 7p f14 6d Rn] 5 [Rn] 96 14 2 2 2 5s 5p 82 113 *2 Cn Gd 8 204.3 4 30 1473 1.44 1, 31 s2 6p 6 f 5d [Xe] 4 *284 1, 22 10 6s d f 5 [Xe] 4 85 s2 [K Tl 14 112 1 2 10 d [Kr] 4 5s 5p r] 4d 10 81 9 200.5 3 –38.8 2 356.6 4 1.4 Hg 3 Sn 164.9 147 27 1 [Xe] 10 *2 900 99 1.20 [Rn] 3, 42 10 f 5 7s *2 40 Es [ sin ce bu scien e f li The *most stable isotope **sublimate Table of the elements 40 Element name Sym- Atomic Relative bol No. atomic mass in g/mol Density (20 °C) Actinium Aluminium Americium Ac Al Am 89 13 95 227.03* 26.982 243.06* Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Sb Ar As At Ba Bk 51 18 33 85 56 97 Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Californium Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Cs Ca Cf Carbon Cerium Melting Point in °C Boiling Point in °C Atomic Electronegativity radius (Allred- (Pauling) in pm Rochow) 10.07 g/cm3 1050 2.7 g/cm3 660.32 13.67g/cm3 1176 3198 2519 2011 187.8 143.2 173 1.00 1.47 ~1.20 1.10 1.61 - 121.76 39.948 74.922 209.99* 137.33 247.07* 6.69 g/cm3 1.66 g/L 5.72 g/cm3 3.65 g/cm3 13.25 g/cm3 630.63 -189.36 616** 302 727 996 1587 -185.85 616** 336.95 1897 - 145 174 124.5 145 217.4 170 1.82 2.20 1.96 0.97 ~1.20 2.05 2.18 2.20 0.89 - 4 83 107 5 35 48 55 20 98 9.0122 208.98 264.12* 10.811 79.904 112.41 132.91 40.078 251.08* 1.85 g/cm3 9.8 g/cm3 2.46 g/cm3 3.14 g/cm3 8.64 g/cm3 1.9 g/cm3 1.54 g/cm3 15.1 g/cm3 1287 271.4 2075 -7.2 321.07 28.44 842 900 2471 1564 4000 58.8 767 671 1484 - 111.3 154.5 79.5 114.5 151 265.5 197.4 186 1.47 1.67 2.01 2.74 1.46 0.86 1.04 ~1.20 1.57 1.90 2.04 2.96 1.69 0.79 1.00 - C Ce 6 58 12.011 140.12 3.51 g/cm3 6.77 g/cm3 3550 799 4827 3443 77.2 182.5 2.50 1.08 2.55 1.12 Chlorine Chromium Cl Cr 17 24 35.453 51.996 2.95 g/L 7.14 g/cm3 -101.5 1907 -34.04 2671 99.4 128 2.83 1.56 3.16 1.66 Cobalt Co 27 58.933 8.89 g/cm3 1495 2927 125.3 1.70 1.88 Copernicium Cn Copper Cu 112 29 285* 63.546 8.92 g/cm3 1084.62 2562 127.8 1.75 1.90 Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Cm Ds 96 110 247.07* 281* 13.51 g/cm3 1345 - - 174.4 - ~1.20 - - Db Dy Es Er Eu 105 66 99 68 63 262.11* 162.50 252.08* 167.26 151.96 8.56 g/cm3 9.05 g/cm3 5.25 g/cm3 1412 860 1529 822 2567 2868 1596 178.1 186 176.1 185 1.10 ~1.20 1.11 1.01 1.22 1.24 - Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He 100 114 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 257.095* 287* 18.998 223.02* 157.25 69.723 72.64 196.97 178.49 277* 4.0026 1.58 g/L 7.89 g/cm3 5.91 g/cm3 5.32 g/cm3 19.32 g/cm3 13.31 g/cm3 0.17 g/L 1527 -219.67 27 1313 29.76 938.25 1064.18 2233 -272.2 -188.12 677 3273 2204 2833 2856 4603 -268.93 190 70.9 270 180.4 122.1 122.5 144.2 156.4 126 128 ~1.20 4.10 0.86 1.11 1.82 2.02 1.42 1.23 - 3.98 0.70 1.20 1.81 2.01 2.40 1.30 - Electron configuration Percentage mass Ionization of the earth’s energy core in eV Redox potential (0°C, 1 bar) 3 3 3, 4, 5, 6 [Rn] 6d1 7s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 6.4 × 10-14 7.57 - 5.17 5.9858 5.9738 -3, 3, 5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 -3, 3, 5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 2 [Xe] 6s2 3, 4 [Rn] 5f 9 7s2 6.5 × 10-5 4 × 10-4 5.5 × 10-4 3 × 10-24 0.03 - 8.6084 15.7596 9.7886 5.2117 6.1979 2 [He] 2s2 3, 5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 3 [He] 2s2 2p1 -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 1 [Xe] 6s1 2 [Ar] 4s2 3, 4 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 5 × 10-4 2 × 10-5 0.001 6 × 10-4 3 × 10-5 6 × 10-4 3.39 - 9.3227 7.2855 8.298 11.8138 8.9938 3.8939 6.1132 6.2817 -4, 2, 4 3, 4 0.087 0.004 11.2603 5.5387 -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 0, 2, 3, 6 [Ar] 3d5 4s1 0.19 0.02 12.9676 6.7665 -1, 0, 2, 3 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 0.004 7.881 1, 2 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s1 0.01 7.7264 3, 4 - [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2 - 5.9914 - -2.13 V (III) -1.676 V (III) -1.95 V (II), -2.07 V (III) +1.150 V (III) +0.240 V (III) +0.25 V (-I) -2.92 V (II) -1.54 V (II), -1.96 V (III) -1.97 V (II) +0.317 V (III) -0.890 V (III) +1.065 V (-I) -0.403 V (II) -2.923 V (I) -2.84 V (II) -1.97 V (II), -1.91 V (III) +0.206 V (IV) -1.33 V (IV), -2.34 V (III) +1.358 V (-I) -0.913 V (II), -0.744 V (III) -0.277 V (II), +0.414 V (III) +0.340 V (II), +0.521 V (I) -1.2 V (II), -2.06 V (III) - 3 3 3 2, 3 [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 4.2 × 10-4 2 × 10-4 10-5 5.9389 6.42 6.1077 5.6704 3 -1 1 3 3 4 1, 3 4 - [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2 [He] 2s2 2p5 [Rn] 7s1 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 1s2 0.03 10-21 6 × 10-4 0.003 6 × 10-4 5 × 10-7 4 × 10-4 4 × 10-7 6.5 17.4228 4.0727 6.1498 5.9993 7.8994 9.2255 6.8251 24.5874 [He] 2s2 2p2 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 -2.2 V (II), -2.29 V (III) -2.2 V (II), -1.98 V (III) -2.32 V (III) -2.80 V (II), -1.99 V (III) -2.5 V (II), -2.07 V (III) +3.053 V (-I) -2.9 V (I) -2.28 V (III) -0.529 V (III) -0.036 V (IV) +1.691 V (I) -1.70 V (IV) - Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds Oxidation states 41 42 Element name Sym- Atomic Relative bol No. atomic mass in g/mol Density (20 °C) Melting Point in °C Boiling Point in °C Atomic Electronegativity radius (Allred- (Pauling) in pm Rochow) Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Ho H In I Ir 67 1 49 53 77 164.93 1.0079 114.82 126.90 192.22 8.78 g/cm3 0.084 g/L 7.31 g/cm3 4.94 g/cm3 22.65 g/cm3 1472 -259.1 156.60 113.7 2446 2700 -252.76 2072 184.4 4428 176.2 37.5 162.6 133.3 135.7 1.10 2.20 1.49 2.21 1.55 1.23 2.2 1.78 2.66 2.20 Iron Fe 26 55.845 7.87 g/cm3 1538 2861 126 1.64 1.83 Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Livermorium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Kr La Lr Pb Li Lv 36 57 103 82 3 116 83.798 138.91 262.11* 207.2 6.941 291* 3.48 g/L 6.16 g/cm3 11.34 g/cm3 0.53 g/cm3 - -157.36 920 327.46 180.5 - -153.34 3464 1749 1342 - 189 187 175 152 - 1.08 1.55 0.97 - 1.10 1.80 0.98 - Lu Mg Mn 71 12 25 174.97 24.305 54.938 9.84 g/cm3 1.74 g/cm3 7.44 g/cm3 1663 650 1246 3402 1090 2061 193.3 159.9 127 1.14 1.23 1.60 1.00 1.31 1.55 Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Mt Md 109 101 268.14* 258.10* - 827 - - ~1.20 - Hg Mo 80 42 200.59 95.94 13.55 g/cm3 -38.83 10.28 g/cm3 2623 356.62 4639 151 139 1.44 1.30 1.90 2.16 Nd Ne Np 60 10 93 144.24 20.1797 237.05* 7 g/cm3 1016 3074 181.4 0.84 g/L -248.609 -246.053 20.48 g/cm3 644 3902 155 1.07 1.22 1.14 1.30 Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Ni Nb N No Os 28 41 7 102 76 58.693 92.906 14.007 259.10* 190.23 8.91 g/cm3 8.58 g/cm3 1.17 g/L 22.61 g/cm3 1455 2477 -210.00 3033 2913 4744 -195.798 5012 124.6 146 71 135 1.75 1.23 3.07 1.20 1.52 1.91 1.60 3.04 2.20 Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum O Pd P Pt 8 46 15 78 15.999 106.42 30.974 195.08 1.33 g/L 12.02 g/cm3 1.82 g/cm3 21.45 g/cm3 -218.79 1554.8 44.15 1768.2 -182.95 2963 280.5 3825 60.4 137.6 110.5 138.5 3.50 1.30 2.06 1.42 3.44 2.20 2.19 2.20 Plutonium Pu 94 244.06* 19.74 g/cm3 640 3228 159 1.22 1.30 Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Po K Pr 84 19 59 208.98* 39.098 140.91 9.2 g/cm3 0.86 g/cm3 6.48 g/cm3 254 63.5 931 962 759 3520 164 227.2 182.4 1.76 0.91 1.07 2.00 0.82 1.13 Pm Pa 61 91 144.91* 231.04* 7.22 g/cm3 1042 15.37 g/cm3 1572 3000 - 183.4 163 1.07 1.14 1.50 Ra Rn Re 88 86 75 226.03* 222.02* 186.21 5.5 g/cm3 696 9.23 g/L -71 3 21.03 g/cm 3185 1140 -61.7 5596 223 137.2 0.97 1.46 0.90 1.90 Electron configuration Percentage mass Ionization of the earth’s energy core in eV Redox potential (0°C, 1 bar) 3 -1, 1 3 -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 -2, 0, 2, 3, 6 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 1s1 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 10-4 0.88 10-5 6 × 10-6 10-7 6.0215 13.5984 5.7864 10.4513 8.967 -2.33 V (III) ±0.00 V (I) -0.338 V (III) +0.536 V (-I) +1.156 V (III) [Ar] 3d6 4s2 4.7 7.9024 2, 4 3 3 2, 4 1 - [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Xe] 5d1 6s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [He] 2s1 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 2 × 10-8 0.002 0.002 0.006 - 13.9996 5.5769 7.4167 5.3917 - -0.440 V (II), -0.036 V (III) -2.38 V (III) -2.1 V (III) -0.125 V (II) -3.040 V (I) - 3 2 -1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 3 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 [Ne] 3s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 7 × 10-5 1.94 0.085 5.4259 7.6462 7.434 [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 - 6.58 1, 0, 5, 3 3, [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Kr] 4d5 5s1 4 × 10-5 0.001 10.4375 7.0924 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [He] 2s2 2p6 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 0.002 5 × 10-7 4 × 10-17 5.525 21.5645 6.2657 0, 2, 3 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 3, 5 [Kr] 4d4 5s1 -3, 2, 3, 4, 5 [He] 2s2 2p3 2, 3 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 -2, 0, 2, 3, [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 4, 6, 8 -2, -1 [He] 2s2 2p4 0, 2, 4 [Kr] 4d10 -3, 3, 5 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 0, 2, 4 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 0.01 0.002 0.03 10-6 7.6398 6.7589 14.5341 6.65 8.4382 -2.2 V (II), -2.32 V (III) -1.01 V (V), -1.79 V (III) -0.257 V (II) -1.099 V (III) +1.45 V (III) -2.6 V (II), -1.26 V (III) +0.687 V (IV) 49.4 10-6 0.09 5 × 10-7 13.6181 8.3369 10.4867 8.9588 +1.229 V (-II) +0.915 V (II) -0.502 V (III) +1.188 V (II) 3, 4, 5, 6 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 2 × 10-19 6.026 2, 4, 6 1 3, 4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Ar] 4s1 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 2 × 10-14 2.4 5 × 10-4 8.414 4.3407 5.473 3 4, 5 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 10-19 9 × 10-11 5.582 5.89 2 2 0, 2, 4, 6, 7 [Rn] 7s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 10-10 6 × 10-16 10-7 5.2784 10.7485 7.8335 -1.25 V (IV), -2.00 V (III) <-1.0 V (-II) -2.925 V (I) -0.96 V (IV), -2.35 V (III) -2.29 V (III) -1.19 V (V), -1.5 V (III) -2.916 V (II) +0.22 V (IV) 2 2, 3, 4, 6 4, 5, 6 -2.30 V (III) -2356 V (II) -1.180 V (II), -0.28 V (III) -2.53 V (II), -1.74 V (III) +0.860 V (II) -0.20 V (III) Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds Oxidation states 43 44 Element name Sym- Atomic Relative bol No. atomic mass in g/mol Density (20 °C) Melting Point in °C Boiling Point in °C Atomic Electronegativity radius (Allred- (Pauling) in pm Rochow) Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rg 111 280* 12.41 g/cm3 1964 3695 134.5 1.45 - - - - Rb Ru 37 44 85.468 101.07 1.53 g/cm3 39.3 12.45 g/cm3 2334 - 688 4150 247.5 134 0.89 1.42 0.82 2.20 Rutherfordium Samarium Rf 104 261.11* - - - - - - Sm 62 150.36 7.54 g/cm3 1072 1794 180.4 1.07 1.17 Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 44.956 266.12* 78.96 28.086 107.87 22.990 87.62 32.065 180.95 97.907* 127.60 158.93 2.99 g/cm3 4.82 g/cm3 2.33 g/cm3 10.49 g/cm3 0.97 g/cm3 2.63 g/cm3 2.06 g/cm3 16.68 g/cm3 11.49 g/cm3 6.25 g/cm3 8.25 g/cm3 1541 221 1414 961.78 97.80 777 115.21 3017 2157 449.51 1359 2836 685 3265 2162 883 1377 444.61 5455 4262 988 3230 162 140 117.6 144.5 153.7 215.1 103.5 146 136 143.2 177.3 1.20 2.48 1.74 1.42 1.01 0.99 2.44 1.33 1.36 2.01 1.10 1.36 2.55 1.90 1.93 0.93 0.95 2.58 1.50 2.10 2.10 - Thallium Thorium Tl Th 81 90 204.38 232.04* 11.85 g/cm3 304 11.72 g/cm3 1750 1473 4788 170 179.8 1.44 1.11 1.80 1.30 Thulium Tin Titanium Tm Sn Ti 69 50 22 168.93 118.71 47.867 9.32 g/cm3 7.29 g/cm3 4.51 g/cm3 1950 2602 3287 175.9 140.5 144.8 1.11 1.72 1.32 1.25 1.96 1.54 Tungsten W 74 183.84 19.26 g/cm3 3422 5555 139 1.40 1.70 Ununoctium Ununpentium Ununseptium Ununtrium Uranium Uuo Uup 118 115 294* 288* - - - - - - Uus 117 294* - - - - - - Uut U 113 92 284* 238.03* 18.97 g/cm3 1135 4131 138.5 1.22 1.70 Vanadium V 23 50.942 6.09 g/cm3 1910 3407 134 1.45 1.63 Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 54 70 39 30 40 131.29 173.04 88.906 65.409 91.224 4.49 6.97 4.47 7.14 6.51 -111.74 824 1522 419.53 1855 -108.09 1196 3345 907 4409 218 193.3 180 134 159 1.06 1.11 1.66 1.22 2.60 1.22 1.65 1.33 - g/L g/cm3 g/cm3 g/cm3 g/cm3 1545 231.93 1668 2.28 Electron configuration Percentage mass Ionization of the earth’s energy core in eV Redox potential (0°C, 1 bar) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - [Kr] 4d8 5s1 10-7 7.4589 +0.76 V (III) [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2 - - - 1 -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 - [Kr] 5s1 [Kr] 4d7 5s1 0.03 2 × 10-6 4.1771 7.3605 -2.924 V (I) +0.623 V (III) [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 - - - 2, 3 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 6 × 10-4 5.6437 3 -2, 4, 6 -4, 4 1, 2 1 2 -2, 2, 4, 6 5 7 -2, 4, 6 3, 4 [Ar] 3d1 4s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s1 [Ne] 3s1 [Kr] 5s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 5 × 10-4 8 × 10-5 25.8 10-5 2.64 0.01 0.048 8 × 10-4 5 × 10-16 10-6 9 × 10-5 6.5615 9.7524 8.1517 7.5762 5.1391 5.6949 10.36 7.5496 7.28 9.0096 5.8638 1, 3 4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 3 × 10-5 0.001 6.1082 6.3067 2, 3 2, 4 3, 4 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 2 × 10-5 0.003 0.41 6.1843 7.3439 6.8281 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 0.006 7.864 -2.67 V (II), -2.30 V (III) -2.03 V (III) +0.40 V (-II) -0.909 V (IV) +0.799 V (I) -2.713 V (I) -2.89 V (II) +0.144 V (-II) -0.812 V (V) +0.28 V (IV) -0.69 V (-II) -0.9 V (IV), -2.31 V (III) -0.336 V (I) -1.83 V (IV), -1.16 V (III) -2.3 V (II), -2.32 V (III) -0.137 V (II) -1.63 V (II), -1.21 V (III) -0.119 V (IV) [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 - - - - [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 - - - 3, 4, 5, 6 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 3 × 10-4 6.1941 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 0.01 6.7462 2, 4, 6 2, 3 3 2 4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Kr] 4d1 5s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 2 × 10-9 3 × 10-4 0.003 0.01 0.02 12.1298 6.2542 6.2173 9.3942 6.6339 -0.83 V (VI), -1.66 V (III) -1.186 V (II), -1.876 V (III) +2.32 V (II) -2.8 V (II), -2.22 V (III) -2.37 V (III) -0.763 V (II) -1.55 V (IV) Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds Oxidation states 45 03 Solutions – aqueous systems General formulas for mixing liquids 48 Conversion table for water hardness units 49 Mixture rules 50 Preparation of dilute solutions 51 Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature 52 Solubility products of slighty soluble inorganic compounds 60 Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents 63 Sulfuric acid 64 Phosphoric acid 66 Hydrochloric acid 66 Nitric acid 68 Sodium hydroxide solution 70 Potassium hydroxide solution 72 Ammonia 74 Commercially available concentrations of some acids and bases 75 General formulas for mixing liquids A=c–b B= C (a – c) a–b C= B (a – b) a–c With: A = weight of the original liquid B = weight of the diluent C = weight of the prepared mixture For water as diluent: b = 0 a = its content in % by weight b = its content in % by weight c = its content in % by weight Example 10 L of battery sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.28. 1.28 is required. 4° Available: concentrated sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.84 (= 97.5 weight%). 4° How much sulfuric acid and how much water are needed to prepare 10 L (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid? Calculation In the table ‘Sulfuric acid’ on page 64 we find: d 20° = 1.28 equivalent to 37.36 weight %. 4° C (a – c) 12.80 (97.50 – 37.36) 7.895 kg diluent = = = (water) B a – b 97.50 – 0 Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 L) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg (= L) of water to yield 4° 10 L of battery acid with a density of d 20° = 1.28. 4° 48 Alkaline earth ions in mval/L German degree in °d CaCO3 conc. in ppm British degree in °e French degree in °f 1 mmol/L 1.00 Alkaline earth ions 2.00 5.60 100.00 7.02 10.00 1 mval/L 0.50 Alkaline earth ions 1.00 2.80 50.00 3.51 5.00 Alkaline earth ions in mmol/L 1 German degree 0.18 0.357 1.00 17.80 1.25 1.78 1 ppm CaCO3 0.01 0.020 0.056 1.00 0.0702 0.10 1 British degree 0.14 0.285 0.798 14.30 1.00 1.43 1 French degree 0.10 0.200 0.560 10.00 0.702 1.00 With MQuant™ Total Hardness strips you can easily and quickly check the water hardness in the following ranges: < 4 – 26°e < 6 – 31°e soft – medium – hard Solutions – aqueous systems Conversion table for water hardness units www.merckmillipore.com/test-strips 49 Mixture rules Example Sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.520 is to be prepared 4° from sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.435 and sulfuric 4° acid of d 20° = 1.824. 4° 1.435 1.824 1.520 Calculation The table ‘Sulfuric acid’ (page 64) informs that sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.435 = 54.00 weight% H2SO4 contains sulfuric acid with 4° a density of d 20° = 1.824 = 92.00 weight% H2SO4 and that of 4° d 20° = 1.520 = 62.00 weight% H2SO4. 4° From this, form the mixing cross: 54 92 62 30 8 i.e. 30 parts by weight of 54.00 % sulfuric acid must be mixed with 8 parts by weight of 92.00 % sulfuric acid to yield sulfuric acid of 62.00 weight% H2SO4, equivalent to d 20° = 1.520. 4° 50 Preparation of dilute solutions Slowly stir the stated quantity of concentrated solution or solid KOH or NaOH, respectively, into water. Example 6 mol/L HNO3 from 6/1 x 56 mL = 336 mL 96 % H2SO4. Solution to be prepared weight% Original quantity to prepare 1 L of dilute solution density mol/L weight% mL Acetic acid 12 1.01 2 100 115 Nitric acid 12 1.07 2 65 140 Hydrochloric acid 7 1.03 2 36 165 Sulfuric acid 9.5 1.06 1 96 56 Ammonia 3.5 0.98 1 30 115 Potassium hydroxide solution 10.5 1.09 2 113 g solid KOH (85 %) Sodium hydroxide solution 7.5 1.08 2 80 g solid NaOH (100 %) Solutions – aqueous systems Caution! Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature, then make up to 1 liter with water. Store alkaline solutions in polyethylene bottles, because they attack glass. As a rule of thumb, more concentrated solutions can be prepared by taking a multiple of the stated quantity. 51 Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature Name A B C I 52 Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium hydrogen carbonate di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ord. No. Formula 101031 AlNH4(SO4)2 · 12H2O 101084 101063 101047 AlCl3 · 6H2O Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O AlK(SO4)2 · 12H2O 101102 101125 101145 101126 101131 101207 Al2(SO4)3 · 18H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NH4H2PO4 NH4HCO3 (NH4)2HPO4 Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium monovanadate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony(III) chloride Barium acetate Barium chloride dihydrate Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium nitrate di-Boron trioxide Boric acid Cadmium sulfate hydrate Calcium chloride dihydrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chromium(VI) oxide 103792 101226 101188 101217 101213 107838 101704 101719 101737 101729 100163 100165 102027 102382 102121 102161 102038 102856 100229 (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 · 6H2O NH4VO3 NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN SbCl3 Ba(CH3COO)2 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 · 8H2O Ba(NO3)2 B2O3 H3BO3 3CdSO4 · 8H2O CaCl2 · 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O CaSO4 · 2H2O CsCl CsNO3 CrO3 Cobalt chloride hexahydrate Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate 102539 102536 CoCl2 · 6H2O Co(NO3)2 · 6H2O Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Copper(I) chloride 102556 102739 CoSO4 · 7H2O CuCl Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper (II) sulfate anhydrous Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate 102733 102753 102791 102790 103943 CuCl2 · 2H2O Cu(NO3)2 · 3H2O CuSO4 CuSO4 · 5H2O FeCl3 · 6H2O Content of the total solution at 20°C in % 6.18 0 20 40 60 80 100 2.60 6.59 12.36 21.1 35.2 44.9 61.0 2.96 45.6 75.44 6.01 46.3 89.0 13.6 47.0 108.0 33.3 47.7 – 72.0 31.2 60.6 29.7 22.7 11.9 57.5 36.44 75.5 37.56 36.8 21.22 68.6 45.6 91.1 46.0 56.7 36.6 81.8 58.0 107.8 55.3 82.9 59.2 97.6 73.0 126.7 65.6 120.7 109.2 (115.5) 109.2 (95°C) – – 109.0 (90°C) 89.0 145.6 77.3 174.0 355.0 – 17.8 – 118.5 70.4 115.0 601.6 58.0 30.7 1.5 4.95 1.1 2.66 75.75 – 101.0 0.176 161.0 9.3 163.0 26.9 4.8 187.7 75.44 163.0 931.5 72.0 35.7 3.48 9.06 2.2 5.042 76.69 – 129.39 0.36 187.0 23.0 166.72 38.5 13.2 283.0 81.2 235.0 1368.0 79.0 40.8 8.2 14.4 4.0 8.7 79.26 128.1 196.0 0.2122 208.0 47.2 171.0 53.4 – 415.0 87.4 347.0 4531.0 74.0 46.4 21.0 20.3 6.2 14.8 81.9 136.8 – 0.2047 230.0 83.8 176.0 73.0 – 610.0 94.1 (525) – 74.0 52.5 – 27.2 9.5 23.6 84.6 147.0 – 0.1966 250.0 134.0 189.0 – – 1000.0 102.0 – – 74.0 58.7 – 34.2 15.7 39.7 – 159.0 – 0.1619 271.0 197.0 199.0 21.2 – 65.0 43.0 61.98 90.31 – 26.3 3.36 8.3 2.15 4.8 43.4 – 56.4 0.204 – – 62.50 41.9 83.5 53.62 100 69.5 126 – – – – 34.9 50.0 25.5 – 36.26 1.52 (25°C) 77.0 – 36.2 20.77 91.94 49.9 – – 169.5 (56°C) – – – – – – 83.8 160.0 48.0 29.0 – 91.2 179.0 60.0 39.1 – 99.2 208.0 70.0 53.6 – 107.9 (257.0) 83.0 73.6 – 26.6 1.497 (25°C) 43.5 – – 17.2 47.9 70.65 – 25.5 14.8 74.5 31.3 43.0 5.67 26.7 43.9 27.3 26.9 17.5 40.70 Density of the total solution at 20°C in % 1.0459 (15.5°C) – – 1.053 1.308 – 1.075 – 1.070 1.3436 (14.5°C) 1.180 – 1.308 1.247 – – – 1.280 1.040 1.0691 – 1.015 1.616 – – 1.001 – – 1.7100 (16.5°C) – – Solutions – aqueous systems Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C – – 1. 55 – – 1.1965 1.520 53 I L M N P Name Ord. No. Formula Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate 103861 103965 FeCl2 · 4H2O FeSO4 · 7H2O Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate Lead chloride Lead nitrate Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride monohydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate 103967 103943 807383 107398 105680 105677 105694 105833 105853 FeSO4 · H2O FeCl3 · 6H2O PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2 Li2CO3 LiCl · H2O LiSO4 · H2O MgCl2 · 6H2O Mg(NO3)2 · 6H2O Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 105886 MgSO4 · 7H2O Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate 105927 MnCl2 · 4H2O Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Mercury(II) bromide 105934 105941 104421 MnCl2 · 2H2O MnSO4 · H2O HgBr2 Mercury(II) chloride Nickel chloride hexahydrate Nickel nitrate hexahydrate Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide 104419 106717 106721 106727 104912 104905 104928 104944 104936 104952 104967 HgCl2 NiCl2 · 6H2O Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O Ni2SO4 · 6H2O KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium 104864 104873 105057 119238 104984 104973 104854 105099 105104 104885 105002 K2Cr2O7 KH2PO4 K2S2O5 K2 [Pt(Cl)6] K4 [Fe(CN)6] · 3H2O K3 [Fe(CN)6] KHCO3 K2HPO4 · 3H2O K2HPO4 KHSO4 KOH · H2O dichromate dihydrogen phosphate disulfite hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate hexacyanoferrate(III) hydrogen carbonate di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide monohydrate 54 0 20 40 60 80 100 – 15.65 62.35 26.58 68.6 40.3 – – – – – 74.5 0.6728 36.4 – – 36.2 52.8 63.9 – 91.94 0.99 52.22 1.33 82.82 34.8 54.57 70.07 – – 1.45 69.4 – 90.4 33.5 57.5 81.8 78.3 47.6 (50°C) – – 1.98 88.0 – 100.0 32.3 60.7 93.7 Content of the total solution at 20°C in % 38.4 21.0 43.8 – 2.62 107.5 – 113.0 31.5 65.87 – (31.6) – 3.31 127.3 – (127.5) 31.0 72.7 – – 47.9 0.98 34.3 1.31 45.3 25.6 35.3 41.2 30.05 (10°C) 63.6 35.6 45.4 – – – 26.25 – 1.520 1.007 1.40 – 1.290 1.23 1.331 1.388 (25°C) 1.310 73.62 88.7 – – 42.4 1.499 – – – – – 0.62 (25°C) 6.61 55.3 94.1 – 6.8 65.85 111.5 7.3 34.24 63.68 71.6 (25°C) 12.49 22.7 44.9 1.1 28.87 46.0 33.3 159.0 – 51.4 – – 60.0 (0.96) (106.0) (58.1°C) – 58.6 1.67 110.5 45.5 2.77 115.0 35.5 4.9 13.9 – – 57.0 22.0 85.9 127.0 25.9 45.6 70.9 81.0 (50°C) 45.6 48.6 85.0 2.6 56.0 70.9 60.0 – 266.0 – 147.0 24.2 – – – 33.9 95.3 140.0 39.7 51.0 75.1 (95.0) (75°C) 73.0 68.0 108.0 3.8 68.9 81.8 – – – – 160.0 4.29 51.7 79.2 – 3.1 54.0 105.5 3.3 28.15 59.0 (63.0) 4.68 14.3 27.5 0.74 15.0 29.9 22.6 – – 36.3 – 9.6 – 118.8 – 13.1 76.1 117.0 14.5 40.3 67.0 – 26.3 33.9 63.9 1.7 42.7 59.5 45.3 212.5 – 76.3 136.4 – – 0.62 (25°C) 54.1 6.2 – 35.6 – 48.5 – – 49.7 6.4 104.9 39.7 156.0 52.8 56.2 6.8 56.2 25.5 79.2 38.9 122.0 41.73 (103.3°C) (25°C) 103.0 11.1 – 18.5 133.0 30.99 5.2 – (82.7) 22.4 91.6 31.51 – 24.98 – 61.39 – – 121.6 33.95 178.0 – Density of the total solution at 20°C in % 1.490 1.225 – – – 1.052 1.46 – – 1.048 1.370 1.580 1.042 1.174 1.378 – Solutions – aqueous systems Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C 1.077 – – – 1.160 1.180 1.180 – – – – 55 P S 56 Name Ord. No. Formula Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate di-Potassium oxalate monohydrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Potassium peroxodisulfate Potassium sulfate Potassium thiocyanate Rubidium chloride Silver nitrate Silver sulfate Sodium acetate trihydrate 105051 105043 105063 105073 105076 105082 105091 105153 105125 107615 101512 101509 106267 KlO3 Kl KNO3 K2C2O4 · H2O KClO4 KMnO4 K2S2O8 K2SO4 KSCN RbCl AgNO3 Ag2SO4 NaCH3COO · 3H2O Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium carbonate monohydrate Sodium carbonate anhydrous Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium dichromate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous tetra-Sodium diphosphate decahydrate Sodium disulfite Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen carbonate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous Sodium hydroxide monohydrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium perchlorate monohydrate 106363 106391 106386 106392 106420 106404 106336 106342 106370 106591 106528 106449 106329 106579 106575 106580 106586 106466 106498 106525 106523 106537 106549 106564 NaBr Na2CO3 · 10H2O Na2CO3 · H2O Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2Cr2O´7 · 2H2O NaH2PO4 · 2H2O NaH2PO4 Na4P2O7 · 10H2O Na2S2O5 NaF NaHCO3 Na2HPO4 · 12H2O Na2HPO4 · 7H2O Na2HPO4 · 2H2O Na2HPO4 NaOH · H2O NaOH NalO3 Nal NaNO3 NaNO2 NaClO4 · H2O tri-Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfate anhydrous Sodium sulfite di-Sodium tetraborate Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous 106578 106648 106649 106657 106310 106516 106512 Na3PO4 · 12H2O Na2SO4 · 10H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO3 Na2B4O7 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O Na2S2O3 0 20 40 60 80 100 4.7 127.8 13.25 – 0.76 2.83 0.18 7.33 177.0 70.6 115.0 0.573 36.3 8.11 144.51 31.66 35.88 1.73 6.43 0.47 11.11 218.0 83.6 219.2 0.796 46.42 12.9 161.0 63.9 – 3.63 12.56 1.1 14.79 – – 334.8 0.979 65.4 24.8 191.5 169.0 – 13.38 – – 21.29 – – 652.0 1.3 – 32.3 208.0 245.2 – 22.2 – – 24.1 – 128.0 1024.0 1.46 – – 6.86 – 7.1 80.5 35.6 163.2 57.7 – 2.7 – (3.6) 6.89 1.63 – – – – – – – 70.7 73.0 167.0 – 21.66 – 21.4 98.82 35.8 180.16 85.2 – 5.48 65.3 4.1 9.6 7.7 – – – 109.22 – – – 88.3 84.52 181.0 – – 48.9 48.5 115.2 36.42 220.5 138.2 – 12.5 71.1 – 12.7 – 55.0 – – 126.0 – – – 104.9 95.7 243.0 18.5 176.2 109.9 – 7.18 22.4 – 18.2 – – 471.0 1.15 138.0 (58°C) 118.0 – 46.2 46.5 (138.0) 37.05 283.0 – 179.3 21.9 79.9 – 16.0 – – 83.0 – 178.0 – – – 124.7 112.3 – Content of the total solution at 20°C in % 7.5 59.1 24.1 26.4 1.7 6.0 0.468 10.0 68.55 – 68.6 0.75 31.7 118.3 – 44.5 45.8 (167.0) 38.05 385.0 – 207.3 30.0 88.7 – 19.7 – – 92.4 – – 313.7 27.0 295.0 148.0 135.5 – 121.2 – 44.5 45.5 204.0 39.2 – – 284.4 40.26 (100.0) – 23.6 – – – 104.1 – 341.0 32.8 303.0 176.0 163.0 – – 17.8 – – 49.7 26.4 64.3 46.0 – 5.2 39.5 3.94 8.76 7.2 – – – 52.2 – – – 46.8 45.8 64.41 1.5 4.56 – – 1.2 52.5 – 12.11 19.19 – – 2.7 70.07 – 31.0 – 48.1 37.0 6.0 102.6 – 55.0 – 45.26 33.2 20.3 – – 81.0 – 43.09 29.0 31.5 – 245 108.0 – 42.3 26.6 52.5 – 266 10.8 16.1 – – – 41.2 – Density of the total solution at 20°C in % 1.064 1.710 1.160 – 1.008 1.040 – 1.0807 1.420 – 2.180 – 1.170 – 1.1941 – – – 1.201 – – – 1.050 – 1.040 1.080 1.080 – – – 1.550 – – – 1.380 1.330 1.757 (25°C) 1.106 1.150 – – – 1.390 – Solutions – aqueous systems Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C 57 S Z Name Ord. No. Formula Strontiumchloridhexahydrat Strontiumhydroxidoctahydrat Strontiumnitrat Zinc chloride Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfate monohydrate 107865 107876 107872 108816 108833 108883 108882 SrCl2 · 6H2O Sr(OH)2 · 8H2O Sr(NO3)2 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 · 4H2O ZnSO4 · 7H2O ZnSO4 · H2O Our range of Inorganic Salts EMSURE® contains a wide assortment of inorganic salts for analytical use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of various substances and substance mixtures in the analytical laboratory. Inorganic Salts EMSURE® are manufactured under strictly controlled conditions at Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, Germany. The key feature of these salts is their analytical purity (their assay and trace element content are precisely known). 58 0 20 40 60 80 100 44.1 0.35 – – – 41.6 – 53.85 0.7 – – – 53.8 – 66.6 1.5 91.2 453.0 211.5 – – 85.2 3.13 94.2 488.0 – – 76.5 – 7.02 97.2 541.0 – – 66.7 – 24.2 101.2 614 – – 60.5 Content of the total solution at 20°C in % 35.0 0.69 – – – 35.0 – Density of the total solution at 20°C in % 1.390 – – – – 1.470 – Solutions – aqueous systems Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C 59 Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds Substance Formula Solubility product at given temperature in mol/L A Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 4.00 x 10–13 1.50 x 10–15 3.70 x 10–15 (15°) (18°) (25°) B Barium carbonate BaCO3 Barium chromate BaCrO4 Barium fluoride BaF2 Barium oxalate Barium sulfate BaC2O4 · 2H2O BaSO4 7.00 x 10–9 8.10 x 10–9 1.60 x 10–10 2.40 x 10–10 1.60 x 10–6 1.70 x 10–6 1.20 x 10–7 8.70 x 10–11 1.08 x 10–10 1.98 x 10–10 (16°) (25°) (18°) (28°) (10°) (18°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (50°) Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth oxide chloride Bismuth sulfide Cadmium carbonate Cadmium oxalate Cadmium sulfide Calcium carbonate Calcium fluoride Be(OH)2 Bi(OH)3 BiOCl Bi2S3 CdCO3 CdC2O4 · 3H2O CdS CaCO3 CaF2 Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxalate Ca(OH)2 CaC2O4 · H2O Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 Calcium tartrate Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) sulfide Copper(I) bromide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Copper(I) thiocyanate Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Lanthanum hydroxide Lead bromide Lead carbonate CaC4H4O6 · 2H2O CoCO3 CoS CuBr CuCO3 CuCl Cu(OH)2 CuL Cu2S CuS CuSCN FeCO3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 La(OH)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 2.70 x 10–19 4.30 x 10–31 1.60 x 10–31 1.60 x 10–72 2.50 x 10–14 1.53 x 10–8 3.60 x 10–29 4.80 x 10–9 3.40 x 10–11 3.95 x 10–11 5.47 x 10–6 1.78 x 10–9 2.57 x 10–9 1.00 x 10–25 6.10 x 10–5 2.45 x 10–5 7.70 x 10–7 1.00 x 10–12 1.90 x 10–27 4.15 x 10–8 1.37 x 10–10 1.02 x 10–6 5.60 x 10–20 5.06 x 10–12 2.00 x 10–47 8.00 x 10–45 1.60 x 10–11 2.50 x 10–11 1.64 x 10–14 1.10 x 10–36 ~ 10–20 3.90 x 10–5 3.30 x 10–14 (25°) (18°) (25°) (18°) (25°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (18°) (26°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) (10°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (20°) (18 – 20°) (25°) (18 – 20°) (25°) (18 – 20°) (18°) (18°) (18°) (20°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) (18°) C I L 60 M N P S Formula Solubility product at given temperature in mol/L Lead chloride Lead chromate Lead fluoride PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Lead iodate Pb(IO3)2 2.12 1.77 2.70 3.20 5.30 1.20 2.60 Lead iodide Pbl2 Lead oxalate Lead sulfate Lead sulfide Lithium carbonate Magnesium ammonium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Manganese carbonate Manganese sulfide Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) chromate Mercury(I) cyanide Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(I) sulfide Mercury(II) sulfide Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) sulfide Potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV) Potassium hydrogen tartrate Potassium perchlorate Silver arsenate Silver bromide Silver chloride AgCl x x x x x x x 10–5 10–14 10–8 10–8 10–14 10–13 10–13 (25°) (25°) (9°) (18°) (9.2°) (18°) (25.8°) PbC2O4 PbSO4 PbS Li2CO3 MgNH4PO4 7.50 x 10–9 1.40 x 10–9 2.74 x 10–11 1.06 x 10–8 3.40 x 10–28 1.70 x 10–3 2.50 x 10–13 (15°) (25°) (18°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) MgCO3 MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MnCO3 MnS Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2CrO4 Hg2(CN)2 Hg2I2 HgI2 Hg2O HgO Hg2S HgS NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 NiS K2PtCl6 2.60 x 10–5 7.10 x 10–9 1.20 x 10–11 8.80 x 10–10 7.00 x 10–16 1.30 x 10–21 2.00 x 10–18 2.00 x 10–9 5.00 x 10–40 1.20 x 10–28 3.20 x 10–29 1.60 x 10–23 1.70 x 10–26 1.00 x 10–47 3.00 x 10–54 1.35 x 10–7 1.60 x 10–14 1.00 x 10–26 1.10 x 10–5 (12°) (18°) (18°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) (20°) (18°) KHC4H4O6 3.80 x 10–4 (18°) KClO4 Ag3AsO4 AgBr 1.07 x 10–2 1.00 x 10–19 4.10 x 10–13 7.70 x 10–13 0.21 x 10–10 0.37 x 10–10 1.56 x 10–10 13.2 x 10–10 215 x 10–10 (25°) (25°) (18°) (25°) (4.7°) (9.7°) (25°) (50°) (100°) Solutions – aqueous systems L Substance 61 S T Z 62 Substance Formula Solubility product at given temperature in mol/L Silver chromate Ag2CrO4 Silver iodide Agl Silver sulfide Silver thiocyanate Ag2S AgSCN Strontium Strontium Strontium Strontium SrCO3 SrF2 SrC2O4 SrSO4 1.20 x 10–12 9.00 x 10–12 0.32 x 10–16 1.50 x 10–16 1.60 x 10–49 0.49 x 10–12 1.16 x 10–12 1.60 x 10–9 2.80 x 10–9 5.60 x 10–8 2.80 x 10–7 3.80 x 10–7 3.90 x 10–6 1.90 x 10–4 5.80 x 10–8 1.40 x 10–53 9.00 x 10–23 2.30 x 10–4 6.00 x 10–11 1.00 x 10–17 6.90 x 10–26 1.10 x 10–24 carbonate fluoride oxalate sulfate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(III) hydroxide Thallium(II) sulfide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Zinc carbonate Zinc hydroxide Zinc sulfide, alpha Zinc sulfide, beta TlBr TlCl TlI Tl(OH)3 Tl2S TlSCN ZnCO3 Zn(OH)2 ZnS ZnS (14.8°) (25°) (13°) (25°) (18°) (18°) (25°) (25°) (18°) (18°) (2.9°) (17.4°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (25°) (20°) (25°) Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents Unless otherwise stated, this table indicates the solubility of the anhydrous substance in 100 g pure solvent Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Ammonium nitrate Antimon(III) chloride Barium nitrate Boric acid Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) sulfate anhydrous Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Lead(II) nitrate Lithium chloride Magnesium sulfate anhydrous Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide red Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium thiocyanate Silver nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Strontium chloride hexahydrate Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Methanol Acetone Pyridine 106009 3.4 17.1 - 100014 538 109728 8.14 (25°C) - 101729 100165 11 (25°C) 102556 2.5 (3°C) 0.5 (25°C) 5.5 0.5 - - 102733 - - 8.9 (15°C) - 102791 - 1.05 - - 102790 1.1 (3°C) 15.6 - - 107398 0.04 105679 24 106067 1.3 (3°C) 1.4 1.2 2.3 (25°C) - 5.8 (25°C) 13.5 (28°C) - 105886 - 41 - - 104421 23 (25°C) 104419 49 (25°C) 104428 2.2 (25°C) 46 (25°C) 53 3.4 (25°C) 143 2 (25°C) 25 32 106717 53.7 - - - 104905 104936 104967 105033 2 (25°C) 0.5 4.9 (25°C) - 0.02 (25°C) - - Ord. No. 101125 101145 101188 107838 Ethanol (absolute) 100983 0.6 (15°C) 3.8 - 0.14 (25°C) 0.0034 0.9 37 (30°C) 105043 1.75 105124 - 16.5 - 20.8 (22.5°C) 101512 2.1 3.7 0.44 106404 0.07 1.41 106523 43.1 (22.5°C) 77.7 (22.5°C) 106537 0.036 (25°C) 0.41 106549 0.31 4.4 106673 63.3 (6°C) - - 108816 108883 - 2.6 - 5.9 43.5 - Solutions – aqueous systems Solubility in g / 100 g Solvent 36.6 - 63 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol Density 20° d 4° 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 64 H2SO4 content weight% 0.2609 0.9855 1.731 2.485 3.242 4.000 4.746 5.493 6.237 6.956 7.704 8.415 9.129 9.843 10.56 11.26 11.96 12.66 13.36 14.04 14.73 15.41 16.08 16.76 17.43 18.09 18.76 19.42 20.08 20.73 21.38 22.03 22.67 23.31 23.95 24.58 25.21 25.84 26.47 27.10 27.72 28.33 28.95 29.57 30.18 30.79 31.40 32.01 mol/L Density 20° d 4° 0.0266 0.1010 0.1783 0.2595 0.3372 0.4180 0.4983 0.5796 0.6613 0.7411 0.8250 0.9054 0.9865 1.066 1.152 1.235 1.317 1.401 1.484 1.567 1.652 1.735 1.820 1.905 1.990 2.075 2.161 2.247 2.334 2.420 2.507 2.594 2.681 2.768 2.857 2.945 3.033 3.122 3.211 3.302 3.391 3.481 3.572 3.663 3.754 3.846 3.938 4.031 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 H2SO4 content weight% 32.61 33.22 33.82 34.42 35.01 35.60 36.19 36.78 37.36 37.95 38.53 39.10 39.68 40.25 40.82 41.39 41.95 42.51 43.07 43.62 44.17 44.72 45.26 45.80 46.33 46.86 47.39 47.92 48.45 48.97 49.48 49.99 50.50 51.01 51.52 52.02 52.51 53.01 53.50 54.00 54.49 54.97 55.45 55.93 56.41 56.89 57.36 57.84 mol/L 4.123 4.216 4.310 4.404 4.498 4.592 4.686 4.781 4.876 4.972 5.068 5.163 5.259 5.356 5.452 5.549 5.646 5.743 5.840 5.938 6.035 6.132 6.229 6.327 6.424 6.522 6.620 6.718 6.817 6.915 7.012 7.110 7.208 7.307 7.406 7.505 7.603 7.702 7.801 7.901 8.000 8.099 8.198 8.297 8.397 8.497 8.598 8.699 H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530 1.535 1.540 1.545 1.550 1.555 1.560 1.565 1.570 1.575 1.580 1.585 1.590 1.595 1.600 1.605 1.610 1.615 1.620 1.625 1.630 1.635 1.640 1.645 1.650 1.655 1.660 1.665 1.670 1.675 1.680 1.685 1.690 1.695 1.700 1.705 1.710 1.715 H2SO4 content weight% 58.31 58.78 59.24 59.70 60.17 60.62 61.08 61.54 62.00 62.45 62.91 63.36 63.81 64.26 64.71 65.15 65.59 66.03 66.47 66.91 67.35 67.79 68.23 68.66 69.09 69.53 69.96 70.39 70.82 71.25 71.67 72.09 72.52 72.95 73.37 73.80 74.22 74.64 75.07 75.49 75.92 76.34 76.77 77.20 77.63 78.06 78.49 78.93 mol/L 8.799 8.899 9.000 9.100 9.202 9.303 9.404 9.506 9.608 9.711 9.8136 9.916 10.02 10.12 10.23 10.33 10.43 10.54 10.64 10.74 10.85 10.96 11.06 11.16 11.27 11.38 11.48 11.59 11.70 11.80 11.91 12.02 12.13 12.24 12.43 12.45 12.56 12.67 12.78 12.89 13.00 13.12 13.23 13.34 13.46 13.57 13.69 13.80 Density 20° d 4° 1.720 1.725 1.730 1.735 1.740 1.745 1.750 1.755 1.760 1.765 1.770 1.775 1.780 1.785 1.790 1.795 1.800 1.805 1.810 1.815 1.820 1.821 1.822 1.823 1.824 1.825 1.826 1.827 1.828 1.829 1.830 1.831 1.832 1.833 H2SO4 content weight% 79.37 79.81 80.25 80.70 81.16 81.62 82.09 82.57 83.06 83.57 84.08 84.61 85.16 85.74 86.35 86.99 87.69 88.43 89.23 90.12 91.11 91.33 91.56 91.78 92.00 92.25 92.51 92.77 93.03 93.33 93.64 93.94 94.32 94.72 mol/L 13.92 14.04 14.16 14.28 14.40 14.52 14.65 14.78 14.90 15.04 15.17 15.31 15.46 15.61 15.76 15.92 16.09 16.27 16.47 16.68 16.91 16.96 17.01 17.06 17.11 17.17 17.22 17.28 17.34 17.40 17.47 17.54 17.62 17.70 Solutions – aqueous systems Density 20° d 4° 65 Phosphoric acid Hydrochloric acid H3PO4 , M = 97.99 g/mol 66 HCl, M = 36.47 g/mol Density 20° d 4° H3PO4 content weight% mol/L 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0255 1.0309 1.0365 1.0420 1.0476 1.0532 1.0590 1.0647 1.0705 1.0764 1.0824 1.0884 1.0946 1.1008 1.1071 1.1134 1.1199 1.1263 1.1329 1.1395 1.1462 1.1529 1.1597 1.1665 1.1735 1.1805 1.216 1.254 1.293 1.335 1.379 1.426 1.476 1.526 1.579 1.633 1.689 1.746 1.770 1.794 1.819 1.844 1.870 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 92 94 96 98 100 0.102 0.206 0.312 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740 0.851 0.962 1.074 1.189 1.304 1.420 1.538 1.657 1.777 1.899 2.021 2.147 2.272 2.400 2.529 2.659 2.791 2.924 3.059 3.195 3.333 3.473 3.614 4.333 5.118 5.938 6.811 7.740 8.731 9.784 10.90 12.08 13.33 14.65 16.03 16.61 17.20 17.82 18.44 19.08 Density 20° d 4° weight% HCl content mol/L 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.198 0.3600 1.360 2.364 3.374 4.388 5.408 6.433 7.464 8.490 9.510 10.52 11.52 12.51 13.50 14.495 15.485 16.47 17.45 18.43 19.41 20.39 21.36 22.33 23.29 24.25 25.22 26.20 27.18 28.18 29.17 30.14 31.14 32.14 33.16 34.18 35.20 36.23 37.27 38.32 39.37 40.00 0.09872 0.3748 0.6547 0.9391 1.227 1.520 1.817 2.118 2.421 2.725 3.029 3.333 3.638 3.944 4.253 4.565 4.878 5.192 5.5095 5.829 6.150 6.472 6.796 7.122 7.449 7.782 8.118 8.459 8.809 9.159 9.505 9.863 10.225 10.595 10.97 11.34 11.73 12.11 12.50 12.90 13.14 www.merckmillipore.com/acids Acids for analysis EMSURE® Solutions – aqueous systems Merck’s acids for analysis EMSURE® are delivered to you with the highest possible quality standard and with the greatest safety. Our products underlie strict quality checks in ultra-modern laboratories using the latest and most sensitive analytic instruments. Take advantage of our outstanding, application-oriented quality and of reliable and reproducible results of your analysis. 67 Nitric acid HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol Density 20° d 4° 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 68 HNO3 content weight% 0.3333 1.255 2.164 3.073 3.982 4.883 5.784 6.661 7.530 8.398 9.259 10.12 10.97 11.81 12.65 13.48 14.31 15.13 15.95 16.76 17.58 18.39 19.19 20.00 20.79 21.59 22.38 23.16 23.94 24.71 25.48 26.24 27.00 27.76 28.51 29.25 30.00 30.74 31.47 32.21 32.94 33.68 34.41 35.16 35.93 36.70 37.48 38.25 mol/L 0.05231 0.2001 0.3468 0.4950 0.6445 0.7943 0.9454 1.094 1.243 1.393 1.543 1.694 1.845 1.997 2.148 2.301 2.453 2.605 2.759 2.913 3.068 3.224 3.381 3.539 3.696 3.854 4.012 4.171 4.330 4.489 4.649 4.810 4.970 5.132 5.293 5.455 5.618 5.780 5.943 6.107 6.273 6.440 6.607 6.778 6.956 7.135 7.315 7.497 Density 20° d 4° 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 HNO3 content weight% 39.02 39.80 40.58 41.36 42.14 42.92 43.70 44.48 45.27 46.06 46.85 47.63 48.42 49.21 50.00 50.85 51.71 52.56 53.41 54.27 55.13 56.04 56.95 57.87 58.78 59.69 60.67 61.69 62.70 63.72 64.74 65.84 66.97 68.10 69.23 70.39 71.63 72.86 74.09 75.35 76.71 78.07 79.43 80.88 82.39 83.91 85.50 87.29 mol/L 7.679 7.863 8.049 8.237 8.426 8.616 8.808 9.001 9.195 9.394 9.590 9.789 9.990 10.19 10.39 10.61 10.83 11.05 11.27 11.49 11.72 11.96 12.20 12.44 12.68 12.93 13.19 13.46 13.73 14.01 14.29 14.57 14.88 15.18 15.49 15.81 16.14 16.47 16.81 17.16 17.53 17.90 18.28 18.68 19.09 19.51 19.95 20.43 HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.501 1.502 1.503 1.504 1.505 1.506 1.507 1.508 1.509 1.510 1.511 1.512 1.513 HNO3 content weight% 89.07 91.13 93.49 95.46 96.73 96.98 97.23 97.49 97.74 97.99 98.25 98.50 98.76 99.01 99.26 99.52 99.77 100.0 mol/L 20.92 21.48 22.11 22.65 23.02 23.10 23.18 23.25 23.33 23.40 23.48 23.56 23.63 23.71 23.79 23.86 23.94 24.01 Acids in Safebreak bottles Accidents happen… and in some cases serious injury, contamination or consequential damage is the result – especially when we think about hazardous liquids like acids! Therefore Merck comes up with an effective solution: The Safebreak bottle – a glass bottle coated with polyethylene. This PE coating provides maximum safety in cases of breakage. Solutions – aqueous systems Density 20° d 4° www.merckmillipore.com/safebreak 69 Sodium hydroxide solution NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol 70 Density 20° d 4° weight% NaOH content mol/L 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 0.159 0.602 1.0455 1.49 1.94 2.39 2.84 3.29 3.745 4.20 4.655 5.11 5.56 6.02 6.47 6.93 7.38 7.83 8.28 8.74 9.19 9.64 10.10 10.55 11.01 11.46 11.92 12.37 12.83 13.28 13.73 14.18 14.64 15.09 15.54 15.99 16.44 16.89 17.34 17.80 18.25 18.71 19.16 19.62 20.07 20.53 20.98 21.44 0.0398 0.151 0.264 0.378 0.494 0.611 0.731 0.851 0.971 1.097 1.222 1.347 1.474 1.602 1.731 1.862 1.992 2.123 2.257 2.391 2.527 2.664 2.802 2.942 3.082 3.224 3.367 3.510 3.655 3.801 3.947 4.095 4.244 4.395 4.545 4.697 4.850 5.004 5.160 5.317 5.476 5.636 5.796 5.958 6.122 6.286 6.451 6.619 Density g/mL (20°C) 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 NaOH content weight% mol/L 21.90 22.36 22.82 23.275 23.73 24.19 24.645 25.10 25.56 26.02 26.48 26.94 27.41 27.87 28.33 28.80 29.26 29.73 30.20 30.67 31.14 31.62 32.10 32.58 33.06 33.54 34.03 34.52 35.01 35.505 36.00 36.495 36.99 37.49 37.99 38.49 38.99 39.495 40.00 40.515 41.03 41.55 42.07 42.59 43.12 43.64 44.17 44.695 6.788 6.958 7.129 7.302 7.475 7.650 7.824 8.000 8.178 8.357 8.539 8.722 8.906 9.092 9.278 9.466 9.656 9.875 10.04 10.23 10.43 10.63 10.83 11.03 11.24 11.45 11.65 11.86 12.08 12.29 12.51 12.73 12.95 13.17 13.39 13.61 13.84 14.07 14.30 14.53 14.77 15.01 15.25 15.49 15.74 15.98 16.23 16.48 NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol weight% NaOH content mol/L 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530 45.22 45.75 46.27 46.80 47.33 47.85 48.38 48.905 49.44 49.97 50.50 16.73 16.98 17.23 17.49 17.75 18.00 18.26 18.52 18.78 19.05 19.31 Solutions – aqueous systems Density 20° d 4° 71 Potassium hydroxide solution KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol Density 20° d 4° 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 72 KOH content weight% 0.197 0.743 1.295 1.84 2.38 2.93 3.48 4.03 4.58 5.12 5.66 6.20 6.74 7.28 7.82 8.36 8.89 9.43 9.96 10.49 11.03 11.56 12.08 12.61 13.14 13.66 14.19 mol/L 0.0351 0.133 0.233 0.333 0.4355 0.536 0.6395 0.774 0.848 0.954 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.38 1.49 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94 2.05 2.16 2.28 2.39 2.51 2.62 2.74 2.86 Density 20° d 4° 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 KOH content weight% 14.705 15.22 15.74 16.26 16.78 17.29 17.81 18.32 18.84 19.35 19.86 20.37 20.88 21.38 21.88 22.38 22.88 23.38 23.87 24.37 24.86 25.36 25.85 26.34 26.83 27.32 27.80 mol/L 2.975 3.09 3.21 3.33 3.45 3.58 3.70 3.82 3.945 4.07 4.195 4.32 4.45 4.57 4.70 4.83 4.955 5.08 5.21 5.34 5.47 5.60 5.74 5.87 6.00 6.135 6.27 KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol weight% KOH content mol/L 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 28.29 28.77 29.25 29.73 30.21 30.68 31.15 31.62 32.09 32.56 33.03 33.50 33.97 34.43 34.90 35.36 35.82 36.28 36.73 37.19 37.65 38.105 38.56 39.01 39.46 39.92 40.37 6.40 6.54 6.67 6.81 6.95 7.08 7.22 7.36 7.49 7.63 7.77 7.91 8.05 8.19 8.335 8.48 8.62 8.76 8.905 9.05 9.19 9.34 9.48 9.63 9.78 9.93 10.07 Density 20° d 4° weight% KOH content mol/L 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530 40.82 41.26 41.71 42.155 42.60 43.04 43.48 43.92 44.36 44.79 45.23 45.66 46.095 46.53 46.96 47.39 47.82 48.25 48.675 49.10 49.53 49.95 50.38 50.80 51.22 51.64 10.22 10.37 10.52 10.67 10.82 10.97 11.12 11.28 11.42 11.58 11.73 11.88 12.04 12.19 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 12.97 13.13 13.29 13.45 13.60 13.76 13.92 14.08 Solutions – aqueous systems Density 20° d 4° 73 Ammonia NH3 , M = 17.03 g/mol 74 Density 20° d 4° NH3 content 0.998 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.988 0.986 0.984 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.968 0.966 0.964 0.962 0.960 0.958 0.956 0.954 0.952 0.950 0.948 0.946 0.944 0.942 0.940 0.938 0.936 0.934 0.0465 0.512 0.977 1.43 1.89 2.35 2.82 3.30 3.78 4.27 4.76 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.26 7.77 8.29 8.82 9.34 9.87 10.405 10.95 11.49 12.03 12.58 13.14 13.71 14.29 14.88 15.47 16.06 16.65 weight% mol/L 0.0273 0.299 0.570 0.834 1.10 1.365 1.635 1.91 2.18 2.46 2.73 3.01 3.29 3.57 3.84 4.12 4.41 4.69 4.98 5.27 5.55 5.84 6.13 6.42 6.71 7.00 7.29 7.60 7.91 8.21 8.52 8.83 9.13 Density 20° d 4° 0.932 0.930 0.928 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.920 0.918 0.916 0.914 0.912 0.910 0.908 0.906 0.904 0.902 0.900 0.898 0.896 0.894 0.892 0.890 0.888 0.886 0.884 0.882 0.880 NH3 content weight% 17.24 17.85 18.45 19.06 19.67 20.27 20.88 21.50 22.125 22.75 23.39 24.03 24.68 25.33 26.00 26.67 27.33 28.00 28.67 29.33 30.00 30.685 31.37 32.09 32.84 33.595 34.35 mol/L 9.44 9.75 10.06 10.37 10.67 10.97 11.28 11.59 11.90 12.21 12.52 12.84 13.16 13.48 13.80 14.12 14.44 14.76 15.08 15.40 15.71 16.04 16.36 16.69 17.05 17.40 17.75 Name weight% Acetic acid Acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) Acetic acid Acetic acid Ammonia solution Ammonia solution Ammonia solution Formic acid Hydriodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, fuming Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid, fuming Ortho-Phosphoric acid Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Potassium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid 96 99 – 100 60 30 32 30 25 98 – 100 57 47 25 32 37 48 40 65 69 100 85 70 60 47 32 10 36 45 50 95 – 97 25 Density 20° d 4° Concen­ tration in mol/L 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.04 0.88 0.90 0.90 1.22 1.7 1.49 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.39 1.41 1.51 1.71 1.68 1.53 1.48 1.35 1.11 1.39 1.48 1.52 1.84 1.18 17 17.5 10.5 5 16.5 16 13.5 26 7.5 8.5 7.5 10 12 28 22.5 14.5 15.5 24 15 11.5 9 12.5 11 3 12.5 16.5 19 18 3 Solutions – aqueous systems Commercially available concentrations of some acids and bases * rounded off Baumé degrees (°Bé) and density °Bé = 145 – 145 density Example Sodium hydroxide solution 40 % with a density of 1.430 g/cm3 145 – 145 = 43.60°Bé density 75 04 Indicators and buffers pH indicators 78 Buffer solutions 80 pKa values of selected biological buffers 82 Buffer ranges 83 pH-indicators Ord. No. Material name 105225 Cresol red 105228 m-Cresol purple 108176 pink 3 brown pink yel Thymol blue violet - red bro 107241 Phenol red brownish orange y 111748 Phenol red sodium salt brownish orange y 102282 Quinaldine red 108122 Bromophenol blue 101340 Congo red (C.I. 22120) 101322 Methyl orange (C.I. 13025) 108121 Bromocresol green 101541 Bromocresol green sodium salt indicator water-soluble 106278 Alizarin red S mono sodiumsalt (C.I. 58005) 106076 Methyl red (C.I. 13020) 106078 Methyl red sodium salt (C.I. 13020) water-soluble 103023 Bromophenol red 103024 Chlorophenol red 103025 Bromocresol purple 106798 4-Nitrophenol 103026 Bromothymol blue 101895 Bromothymol blue sodium salt indicator water-soluble 106794 3-Nitrophenol 101369 Neutral red (C.I. 50040) 106246 1-Naphtholphthalein 106202 1-Naphtholbenzein 107233 Phenolphthalein 108175 Thymolphtalein 109196 Alkali blue (C.I. 42765) 101307 Titan yellow (C.I. 19540) The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations 78 0 1 2 pH value and color change colorless greenish yellow violet pink yellowish gr yellow - gr ligh br 4 5 6 7 8 9 yellow nish yellow ownish yellow 11 12 13 14 purple brownish yellow llow 10 violet greenish yellow blue yellow brownish yellow red - violet yellow brownish yellow red - violet red blue - violet orange - red orange - yellow blue blue htly yellow brown - orange pink red violet Indicators and buffers reen reen yellow red - violet brownish yellow yellow purple rownish yellow red - violet greenish yellow blue - violet colorless yellow yellow blue yellow blue colorless yellow orange yellow violet - red pinkbrownish blue apricot turquoiseblue colorless colorless red - violet blue blue - violet yellow dark - pink orange For more information please visit: www.merckmillipore.com/labtools than choose pH-Indicator Selector 79 Buffer solutions Prepare stock and buffer solutions with distilled, boiled, CO2-free water. No. Stock solutions and their content of buffer substance A Composition of buffer solution 1 Glycine 0.1 mol/L + NaCl 0.1 mol/L HCl 0.1 mol/L [Glycine: 7.507 g/L + NaCl: 5.844 g/L] x parts A + (100-x) parts B 2 di-Sodium citrate 0.1 mol/L HCl 0.1 mol/L [Citric acid monohydrate: 21.014 g/L + 200 mL NaOH 1 mol/L] x parts A + (100-x) parts B 3 Potassium hydrogen phthalate L 0.1 mol/L [C8H5KO4: 20.42 g/L] HCl 0.1 mol/L 50 mL A + x mL B make up to 100 mL* 4 As No. 3 NaOH 0.1 mol/L 50 mL A + x mL B make up to 100 mL* 5 As No. 2 NaOH 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 6 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1/15 mol/L [KH2PO4: 9.073 g/L] [Na2HPO4 · 2 H2O: 11.87 g/L] di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate 1/15 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 7 5.5-Diethylbarbituric acid sodium salt 0.1 mol/L [Barbital-Na: 20.62 g/L] HCl 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 8 Borax solution 0.05 mol/L [H3BO3: 12.37 g/L + 100 mL NaOH 1 mol/L] HCl 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 9 As No. 1 NaOH 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 10 di-Sodium hydrogen x parts A + Citric acid 0.1 mol/L [Citric acid monohydrate: 21.014 g/L] phosphate 0.2 mol/L (100-x) parts B [Na2HPO4 · 2 H2O: 35.60 g/L] 11 Sodium acetate 0.1 mol/L [C2H3O2Na: 8.204 g/L or C2H3O2Na · 3 H2O: 13.61 g/L] Acetic acid 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B 12 Imidazole 0.2 mol/L [C3H4N2: 13.62 g/L] HCl 0.1 mol/L 25 mL A + x mL B, make up to 100 mL* 13 Triethanolamine 0.5 mol/L + Titriplex® III [C6H15NO3: 74.60 g/L + Titriplex® III: 20 g/L] HCl 0.05 mol/L 10 mL A + x mL B, make up to 100 mL* 14 Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane 0.2 mol/L [TRIS: 24.23 g/L] HCl 0.1 mol/L 25 mL A + x mL B, make up to 100 mL* 15 Sodium carbonate 0.1 mol/L (10.60 g/L) [Na2CO3: 10.60 g/L] [NaHCO3: 8.401 g/L] Sodium hydrogen carbonate 0.1 mol/L x parts A + (100-x) parts B Number of the buffer solution 80 B * fill up with dissolution Indicators and buffers CertiPUR®-Buffer Sachets for calibration of pH instruments! 81 pKa values of selected biological buffers Buffer ACES 82 pKa (4°C) 7.22 pKa (20°C) pKa (25°C) pKa (37°C) 6.90 6.80 6.56 pKa/°C – 0.020 ADA 6.80 6.62 6.56 6.43 – 0.011 BES 7.41 7.15 7.07 6.88 – 0.016 BICIN 8.64 8.35 8.26 8.04 – 0.018 BIS-TRIS 6.88 6.56 6.46 6.22 – 0.020 – 0.011 CHES 9.73 9.55 9.50 9.36 Citrat pKa2 4.79 4.77 4.76 4.74 – 0.0016 Glycin pKa2 10.32 9.91 9.78 9.47 – 0.026 Gly-Gly 8.85 8.40 8.26 7.92 – 0.028 HEPES 7.77 7.55 7.48 7.32 – 0.014 HEPPS 8.18 8.00 7.95 7.82 – 0.011 Imidazole 7.37 7.05 6.95 6.71 – 0.020 MES 6.33 6.15 6.10 5.97 – 0.011 MOPS 7.41 7.20 7.14 6.98 – 0.013 – 0.0085 PIPES 6.94 6.80 6.76 6.66 Phosphate pKa2 7.26 7.21 7.20 7.17 – 0.0028 TAPS 8.02 8.31 8.40 8.62 + 0.018 TES 7.82 7.50 7.40 7.16 – 0.020 TRICIN 8.49 8.15 8.05 7.79 – 0.021 TRIS 8.75 8.30 8.08 7.82 – 0.028 Buffer ranges Buffer Glycine / HCl Citric acid / Na-citrate Acetic acid / Na-acetate KH2PO4 / Na2HPO4 MES BIS-TRIS ADA ACES PIPES Imidazole / HCl BES MOPS HEPES TES TRIS / HCl Indicators and buffers HEPPS TRICIN Gly-Gly BICIN Na-borate / HCl Glycine / NaOH CHES AMP / HCl Na2CO3 / NaHCO3 Na-borate / NaOH pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 83 05 Analytical chromatography Thin-layer chromatography 86 Analytical HPLC 88 Specification of column sorbents 90 LC Troubleshooting Sample preparation 94 100 Thin-layer chromatography Thin-layer chromatography is a simple, fast and highly versatile separation tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The field of application covers virtually all classes of substances including pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, lipids, nucleotides, glycosides, carbohydrates, fatty acids and many others. heap separation method without the need for sophisticated instruments C No cumbersome sample preparation step needed because plates are disposable Sample components are stored on the plate allowing to repeat the analysis several times Multiple samples (up to 72) can be run simultaneously under identical conditions Easy 2 dimensional separation by using two distinct mobile phases in different directions Thin-layer chromatography can be a manual method as in classical TLC, or automated as in instrumented high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Furthermore, it can be easily extended to preparative scale for PLC. Unmodified silica gel covers more than 80 % of thin-layer chromatography applications for both adsorption- and partition thin-layer chromatography. It allows separating a large range of different substances such as aflatoxins, alkaloids, anabolics, benzodiazepins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycosides, lipids, mycotoxins, nucleotides, peptides, pesticides, steroids, sulfonamids, surfactants, tetracyclines and many others making it suitable for: In-process control in drugs Purity checks of synthesis steps Identity testing of pharmaceutical compounds HPTLC Premium Purity plate is designed for high performance, completely contamination free separations especially in demanding pharmacopoeia applications. ighly pure, exhibiting minimal background even with middle-polar H solvent systems Identical separation performance as the related HPTLC plate product Especially suited for pharmacopoeia applications www.merckmillipore.com/chromatography 86 Comparison of the separation of dansyl amino acids on a (A) classical TLC silica gel 60 plate or (B) HPTLC silica gel 60 plate under identical conditions. The comparison clearly demonstrates that the HPTLC plate delivers sharper zones with shorter migration distances and hence running times. In addition the HPTLC plate allows the separation of twice the number of samples simultaneously. Analytical chromatography Aluminium and plastic backed plates can be cut to smaller size to reduce the cost of analysis. Compounds: 1. N-alpha-dansyl-L-arginine 2. alpha-dansyl-L-arginine 3. Dansyl-L-cysteic acid 4. N-Dansyl-glycine 5. Dansyl-glycine 6. N-N-Didansyl-L-tyrosine Sample volume: TLC 4 µL; HPTLC 0,3 µL Mobil phase:Ethyl acetat / methanol / propionic acid (22/10/3) Migration distance: TLC 10 cm; HPTLC 5 cm Analysis time:TLC 42 min; HPTLC 13 min 45 sec Detection: UV 366 87 Analytical HPLC Analytical HPLC has taken on a position of central importance in research and development, in pharmaceutical quality control and in environmental analysis. Merck is among the major suppliers of HPLC products worldwide. Our extensive portfolio comprises products for analytical and preparative HPLC. With our series of very widely used HPLC sorbents, which includes LiChrosorb®, LiChrospher®, Superspher®, Purospher® and SeQuantTM ZIC®HILIC, we offer you the most suitable products for your application. With Chromolith® – an HPLC column based on monolithic technology – we have established and maintained technology leadership in chromatography to ideally fulfill your requirements. LiChrospher® is a reliable and versatile traditionally produced spherical silica carrier with a particle size of 5 µm or 10 µm, providing well balanced pressure / separation performance ratio. A broad range of modifications on LiChrospher® are very widely used by HPLC-users all over the world for a broad range of applications. LiChrospher® sorbents are available as reversed phase derivatives (RP-8, RP-18 endcapped, RP-18, RP-18 endcapped and RP-select B), medium polar (NH2, CN, DIOL) and polar derivatives (Si 60). Furthermore LiChrospher® PAH is highly efficient and selective for the separation of PAH; LiChrospher® WP is very well suited for the separation of peptides and low molecular weight proteins. www.merckmillipore.com/analytical-hplc 88 SeQuantTM ZIC®-HILIC HPLC columns provides excellent selectivity for separation of strongly polar and hydrophilic compounds, which often have little or no retention on reversed phase columns. Merck's unique ZIC®-HILIC technology is based on a stationary phase with a covalently bonded, highly polar zwitterionic functional group that provides higher stability and more robust HILIC separations than conventional silica or amino phases. IC RPLC Schematic illustration demonstrating how ZIC®-HILIC complements other areas of chromatography and extends the separation capabilities. ZIC®-HILIC NPLC Analytical chromatography Purospher® HPLC columns are based upon a high-purity silica for excellent separations with very good peak symmetry. The base material for Purospher® high-purity HPLC columns consists of tetra-alkoxysilane. Due to the absence of heavy metals in the silica matrix and in combination with a complete coverage of the silica surface, this stationary phase enables tailing-free chromatography of acidic, basic and chelating compounds. This is of particular advantage for method development. Thanks to its outstanding performance and stability, Purospher® STAR RP-18 endcapped is the most versatile column in the Purospher® range. Robust methods can be developed across the entire pH spectrum from 1.5 to 10.5 enabling the use of the complete range of mobile phases and temperatures. In addition Purospher® STAR RP-18 endcapped, 2 µm and 3 µm UHPLC columns speed separation up to 10 times and save up to 84.5 % solvent. Chromolith® HPLC columns provide excellent separations in a fraction of the time that a standard particulate column will take – typically four times faster, because they are made from highly porous monolithic rods of silica with a bimodal pore structure. The column is no longer packed with small particles but instead consists of a single piece of high-purity silica gel. Longer lifetime and lower matrix sensitivity with biological samples are additional advantages of Chromolith® columns. Multiple Chromolith® columns coupled together provide separation efficiencies of 100,000 plates / column at normal pressure. New Chromolith® HighResolution has around 50 % higher efficiency, excellent peak symmetry and still more than 30 % longer lifetime compared with particulate columns. 89 Specifications of column sorbents Polar stationary phases (normal phase chromatography) (shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1)) Designation Sorbent characteristics LiChrosorb® Si 60 irregular particles of silica LiChrosorb® Si 100 irregular particles of silica LiChrospher Si 60 spherical particles of silica LiChrospher® Si 100 spherical particles of silica LiChrospher® Si 300 spherical particles of silica LiChrospher® Si 1000 spherical particles of silica LiChrospher® Si 4000 spherical particles of silica Superspher® Si 60 spherical particles of silica ® Purospher® STAR Si spherical particles of high purity silica Chromolith Si Monolithic high purity silica ® Specifications of column sorbents Medium polar stationary phases (shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1)) Designation Sorbent characteristics LiChrosorb® CN irregular particles of silica with -Cyanopropyl function irregular particles of silica with -Aminopropyl function spherical particles of silica with DIOL function on carbonchains spherical particles of silica with -Cyanopropyl function spherical particles of silica with -Aminopropyl function spherical particles of silica with DIOL function on carbonchains spherical particles of high purity silica with -Aminopropyl function LiChrosorb NH2 ® LiChrosorb® DIOL LiChrospher® CN LiChrospher® NH2 LiChrospher® DIOL Purospher® STAR NH2 90 Pore size in Å Pore volume in mL/g Spec. surface area in m2/g 5, 7, 10 60 0.75 500 5, 7, 10 100 1.0 300 5, 10 60 0.85 700 5, 10 100 1.25 400 10 300 0.78 60 10 1000 0.78 30 10 4000 0.78 10 4 60 0.85 700 5 120 1.1 330 monolithic 130 1 300 Particle size in µm Pore size in Å Pore volume in mL/g Spec. surface in m2/g Carbon content in % Surface coverage in µmol/m2 5, 10 100 1.0 300 6.1 3.82 5, 10 100 1.0 300 3.5 3.54 5, 10 100 1.0 300 7.1 3.91 5, 10 100 1.25 350 6.6 3.52 5, 10 100 1.25 350 4.6 41 5, 10 100 1.25 350 8.0 3.87 5 120 1.1 330 3.5 3 Analytical chromatography Particle size in µm 91 Specifications of column sorbents Non-polar stationary phases (reversed phase chromatography) (shipping eluent: acetronitrile / water) Designation Sorbent characteristics LiChrosorb® RP-8 irregular particles of silica with octyl derivative irregular particles of silica with octyl derivative irregular particles of silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative endcapped spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative endcapped spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative endcapped spherical particles of silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of high purity silica with octadecyl derivative polar endcapped spherical particles of high purity silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of high purity silica with octyl derivative spherical particles of high purity silica with octadecyl derivative spherical particles of high purity silica with octadecyl derivative Monolithic high purity silica with octyl derivative Monolithic high purity silica with octadecyl derivative LiChrosorb RP-select B ® LiChrosorb® RP-18 LiChrospher® RP-8 LiChrospher® RP-8 endcapped LiChrospher® RP-select B LiChrospher® RP-18 LiChrospher® RP-18 endcapped LiChrospher® WP 300 RP-18 LiChrospher® PAH Superspher® RP-8 Superspher® RP-8 endcapped Superspher® RP-select B Superspher® RP-18 Superspher® RP-18 endcapped Purospher® RP-18 Purospher® RP-18 endcapped Purospher® STAR RP-8 endcapped Purospher® STAR RP-18 endcapped Purospher® HC Chromolith® RP-8 endcapped Chromolith® RP-18 endcapped 92 Pore size in Å Pore volume in mL/g Spec. surface in m2/g Carbon content in % Surface coverage in µmol/m2 5, 7, 10 100 1.0 300 9.5 3.4 5, 7, 10 60 0.75 300 11.4 4.21 5, 7, 10 100 1.0 300 16.2 3.0 5, 10 100 1.25 350 12.5 4.04 5, 10 100 1.25 350 13.0 4.44 5, 10 60 0.9 360 11.5 3.55 5, 10 100 1.25 350 21.0 3.61 5, 10 100 1.25 350 21.6 4.09 5, 12, 15 300 1.0 80 n.a. n.a. 5 150 n.a. 200 20 4.04 4 60 1.25 350 12.5 4.44 4 60 1.25 350 13.0 3.55 4 60 0.9 360 11.5 3.61 4 100 1.25 350 21.0 4.09 4 100 1.25 350 21.6 5 90 1.05 480 17.0 5 90 1.05 480 18.0 2, 3, 5 120 1.1 330 11.2 2, 3, 5 120 1.1 330 17.0 5 90 1.05 470 18.0 monolithic 130 1 300 11.0 monolithic 130 1 300 18.0 Analytical chromatography Particle size in µm 3 93 LC Troubleshooting Problem Possible cause High pressure Precolumn blocked Column head blocked Capillary blocked No peaks; changing peakhight No flow; leak Noise or drift problems Column is not in equilibrium Sample injection is not reproducible Impurities elute slowly from the column Enrichment of impurities Differences in temperature (column or detector) Air bubbles Detector lamp Electrical interferences Ghost peaks Peaks from previous injection Unknown sample compounds Column contamination Solvent impurities Mixing problems of mobile phase Oxidation of TFA (peptide mapping) Peaks with shoulders; Fronting Precolumn defective or soiled Cavity at column head (dead-volume) or channels in column packing Sample dissolved in wrong solvents Interfering compounds; Impurities Column overload Extra column effects Peaks are broad Precolumn or column defective or soiled Column overload; injection volume too large Sample dissolved in wrong solvent Too weak buffer Extra column effects 94 Solution Change precolumn Change filter of column head; flush column; change column Change capillary Checkpump; check frit; check mobil phase composition; fix leak Check sample injection system Flush column Flush column with strong eluent Flush column; improve sample cleanup; use HPLC-grade solvents Use column thermostat Degas mobile phase; use back-pressure regulator Use voltage stabilizer; check for local interference sources Use longer run-time; flush column with strong solvent after each run; improve sample cleanup; use gradient elution Improve sample cleanup Flush column with strong solvent after each run; improve sample cleanup Use HPLC-grade solvents Dissolve sample in mobil phase Prepare fresh daily; use antioxidant Change precolumn Change column Analytical chromatography Replace UV lamp (expected life time: 1,000 h) Dissolve sample in mobil phase or (if not possible) inject very small sample volume (1 µL) Improve sample cleanup; check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents Dilute sample Check capillary connections Change precolumn or column Reduce sample volume; dilute sample Dissolve sample in mobile phase Use higher concentration or different buffer Check capillary connections 95 LC Troubleshooting Problem Possible cause Peaks are broad Leak between column and detector; large detector cell Too low column temperature; high mobile phase viscosity Too low column temperature; high mobile phase viscosity Too long capillary connections Poor column efficiency Peak tailing Column overload Interfering peaks; Impurities Silanol interactions Blocked column frit Extra column effects; dead-volume Column void or channeling Peak doubling or splitting Sample volume too large; column overload Sample dissolved in wrong solvent Column void or channeling Blocked column frit Unswept injector flowpath Increasing retention times Flow rate is decreasing Active sites on silica packing Loss of bonded stationary phase Mobile phase composition changing Temperature decreasing Decreasing retention times Flow rate is increasing Column overload Loss of bonded stationary phase Mobile phase composition changing Temperature increasing Column ageing 96 Solution Fix leak; use smaller cell Increase column temperature Increase column temperature Use shorter capillaries with smaller i.D.; check for dead volume Use column with smaller particles Decrease sample size; increase column diameter; use higher capacity stationary phase Improve sample cleanup; adjust mobile phase; check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples Check capillary connections Replace column; use less aggressive conditions Reduce sample volume; dilute sample; inject sample prepared in mobil phase Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible) inject very small sample volume (1 µL) Replace column; use less aggressive conditions Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples Replace injecto rotor Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles; check for cavitation Analytical chromatography Use modifier (triethylamine); increase buffer or salt concentration (ion-pairchromatography); lower mobil phase pH; use base deactivated column Use mobile phase modifier; add triethylamine; use base-deactivated column Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5 Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile phase Use column thermostat Check pump; check flow Decrease sample size Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5 Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile phase Use column thermostat Replace column; use guard column 97 LC Troubleshooting Problem Possible cause Retention times changing Flow rate varying Insufficient column equilibration Insufficient buffer capacity Mobile phase composition changing; poor mixing Column temperature varying Contamination build up Change in column activation Differences in selectivity Different in mobile phase composition Too weak solvent Sample dissolved in wrong solvent Decreasing column life; contamination Temperature varying Column to column reproducibility 98 Solution Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles; check for phase Equilibrate with at least 10 column volume of mobile phase Use buffer concentration > 20 mM and < 50 mM Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile phase Use column thermostat Flush column Condition column with initial injection of concentrated of mobile Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile Use buffer or ion-pair system Replace column; improve sample cleanup; check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvent Use column thermostat Replace column; check with manufacturer Analytical chromatography Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible) inject very small sample volume (1 µL) 99 Sample preparation The more complicated the matrix, the more important the sample preparation! The better the sample preparation, the simpler the subsequent chromatographic separation! The consequence of these two statements is: Sample preparation is a must! Best performance with Merck products: igestion systems and ultrapure digestion media for more ‘difficult’ D dissolutions or processes to be performed in accordance with DIN (German Institute of Standardization) standards An extensive range of different reagents and solvents for improved precipitation, distribution and extraction he Extrelut® product range – a porous kieselguhr – and corresponding T prepacked columns provide not only quicker but also better results than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous matrices in the separation funnel LiChrolut® extraction columns for rapid, convenient and efficient extractions, enrichments and selective elutions LiChroCART® range of precolumns, which are an excellent alternative for online sample preparation for HPLC I norganic membrane filters avoiding clogging of your HPLC columns by particles Derivatization substances for gas chromatography, i.e. for samples which are volatile by definition Sample preparation with Merck for reliable performance! 100 Routine laboratory work involves purifying, enriching or separating for subsequent analysis. The number of samples to be analysed is constantly on the increase: Comprehensive control of the most important parameters helps to ensure product quality, prevent damage and maintain quality of life. In order to be able to utilise the possibilities offered by instrument analysis, the sample must be optimally prepared. This is often the most time consuming and critical step of the entire analysis. Selective and specific sample preparation ensures rational, economic and meaningful analysis. The goals of sample preparation are: If no sample preparation is carried out, the HPLC as well as the GC column may become blocked and in extreme cases this can lead to the irreversible adsorption of substances onto the column. Analyte enrichment can increase the detection sensitivity of the detector by a factor of 100 to 5,000. Only then can the substances be identified and quantitatively determined in the required concentration range. Merck offers a wide range of products with absorptive, filtration and clarification properties. LiChrolut® for solid-phase extraction: as sorbents and extraction columns available Extrelut® NT for liquid-liquid extraction: as sorbents and columns specially for preparation of aqueous matrices available Analytical chromatography he removal of interfering sample components T Selective enrichment of the substances to be analysed iChrospher® ADS only as column available L for LC-integrated solid-phase extraction 101 06 Organic solvents Organic solvents properties and drying agents 104 Sustainable Solvent Alternatives 108 Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures 110 Drying agents 111 Solvents for organic instrumental analysis 112 Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances 114 Organic solvents properties and drying agents Solvent Acetic acid Density d 20° 4° Refractive index in n 20° D Flash point in °C 117.9 1.05 1.372 + 39 138 –140.5 1.08 1.390 + 49 Acetone 56.2 0.79 1.359 < –20 Acetonitrile 81.6 0.786 1.344 +2 Aniline 184 1.02 1.586 + 76 Anisole 154 0.995 1.517 + 45.5 Benzene 80.1 0.88 1.501 – 11 1-Butanol 116 –118 0.81 1.399 + 34 2-Butanol 99 –102 0.81 1.398 + 24 81– 83 0.78 1.388 + 14 n-Butyl acetate 126 0.88 1.394 + 27 Carbon disulfide 46.5 1.26 1.632 – 30 Chlorobenzene 132 1.11 1.524 + 27 61 1.48 1.446 non-flammabl 81 0.78 1.424 – 18 0.886 1.470 < 54 40 1.33 1.424 non-flammabl 126 0.97 1.385 + 33 0.944 1.410 + 51 34.6 0.71 1.353 – 40 67–70 0.72 1.366 – 28 Dimethyl formamide 153 0.94 1.431 + 57.5 Dimethyl sulfoxide 189 1.10 1.479 + 87 101.5 1.03 1.422 + 11 78.3 0.793 1.361 + 12 77 0.90 1.372 –4 197.6 1.11 1.432 + 111 125 0.964 1.402 + 37 32 – 34 0.974 1.361 – 19 175 Acetic anhydride tert-Butanol Chloroform (Trichloromethane) Cyclohexane Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1.4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethyl formate 189/191 155 –165 Formamide 210 1.13 1.447 Glycerol 290 1.26 1.475 + 199 – 1.69 – non-flammabl 69 Hexafluoroacetone (sesqui-hydrate) n-Hexane 0.66 1.373 – 22 Isobutanol 106 –108 0.802 1.396 + 28 Isobutyl methyl ketone 106 –118 0.80 1.396 + 14 64.5 0.792 1.329 + 10 56 – 58 0.932 1.361 – 13 Methanol Methyl acetate 104 Boiling point in °C 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 202 1.03 1.468 + 91 Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone) 79.6 0.805 1.379 –4 Nitrobenzene 211 1.20 1.556 + 88 le ppm Drying agent (1) mg/m3 10 25 CuSO4 5 21 – 500 1200 20 34 CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm 2 7,7 KOH; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm – – CaCl2; Distillation; Na; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm – – CaCl2; Na; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; CaH2 100 310 K2CO3; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm – – K2CO3; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm 20 62 100 480 CaO; Freezing; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm 5 16 CaCl2; P2O5 CaCl2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm MgSO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm 10 47 0.5 2.5 CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; P2 05 200 700 CaCl2; KOH; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm 5 29 50 180 – – 5 28 400 1200 200 850 – CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm – CaCl2; Na; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm CaCl2; CaH2; LiAlH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na CaCl2; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na 5 15 Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2 50 160 Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm; CaH2 20 73 CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2 500 960 CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm 200 750 K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm 10 26 Distillation; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm Distillation 1 3.2 100 300 – – – 200E 50 180 100 310 20 83 200 270 100 310 20 82 le Organic solvents le MAC (2) MgSO4; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm Na2SO4; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm Distillation – CaH2; LiAIH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na K2CO3; CaO; Mg; Ca; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm CaCl2; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm, MgO K2CO3; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm – 200 600 K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm 0.1 0.51 CaCl2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; P2O5 105 Solvent n-Pentane Boiling point in °C ca. 36 Density d 20° 4° 0.63 Refractive Flash index in n 20° point in °C D 1.358 – 48 1-Propanol 96.5 – 98 0.80 1.385 + 15 2-Propanol 82.4 0.786 1.378 + 12 Pyridine 115 0.982 1.510 + 17 65 – 66 0.89 1.405 – 21.5 200 –209 0.97 1.541 + 71–77 110.6 0.87 1.494 +4 87 1.46 1.477 non-flammable 136 –145 0.87 ~ 1.50 + 24 Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) Toluene Trichloroethylene Xylene (isomeric mixture) (1)For details of drying methods please refer to www.merckmillipore.com/drying-agents (2) MAC values (Minimum allowed concentration) E = Measured as inhalable fraction Substances for which no MAC value is given have not been classified by the German Senate Commission on hazardous materials, though this fact is not to be construed as meaning that the substances carry no risk. 106 MAC (2) Drying agent (1) mg/m3 – – CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na – – CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm 200 500 – – 50 150 2 11 50 190 – – 100 440 CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm Molecular sieve 0.3 nm; CaO; Mg; MgO Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2; KOH – CaCl2; CaH2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na Distillation; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; Na2SO4 CaCl2; CaH2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na Organic solvents ppm 107 Sustainable Solvent Alternatives The products we create help our customers improve people's lives every day, but we recognize that every product we make also has an environmental impact. That's why we are committed to continually improving the sustainability performance of our products and adopting a greener chemical process. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (Methyl THF) 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is a greener alternative to dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran. It is derived from renewable resources such as corncobs and sugarcane bagasse. Benefits Produced from renewable sources Reliable availability (supply risk uncoupled from petrochemical production) Less solvent needed due to more efficient extraction and higher reaction yields Lower volatility and higher flash point increase user safety Limited miscibility in water reduces waste stream Ordering Information Product Description 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran EMPLURA® GL = glass bottle 108 Pack size and material 1 L GL 2.5 L GL 4 L GL Ord. No. 1.08292.1000 1.08292.2500 1.08292.4000 www.SigmaAldrich.com/ greener-solvents Ethyl lactate Ethyl lactate is a safer and more sustainable alternative to ethyl acetate and acetone. It is an ester of natural L-lactic acid, which is produced by fermentation of sugar. Benefits Increased user safety due to less toxicity (non-carcinogenic) No waste due to 100 % biodegradability Non-corrosive in contact with metals Ordering Information Product Description Pack size and material 1 L GL 2.5 L GL 4 L GL Ethyl lactate EMPLURA® Ord. No. 1.09639.1000 1.09639.2500 1.09639.4000 GL = glass bottle Cyclopentyl methyl ether is a greener substitute for tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, 1,4 dioxane and other ether solvents. It is produced by an 100% atomic catalytic reaction without any formation of by-products. Benefits Resistance to peroxide formation improves laboratory safety One-step reaction saves energy and reduces waste water More stable than tetrahydrofuran More hydrophobic solvent increases yields and selectivity Limited miscibility in water reduces waste stream Organic solvents Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) Ordering Information Product Description Cyclopentyl methyl ether EMPLURA® Pack size and material 1 L GL 2.5 L GL 4 L GL Ord. No. 1.08293.1000 1.08293.2500 1.08293.4000 GL = glass bottle 109 Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures % by weight Ethanol 110 Density in g/cm3 (20°C) % by weight Ethanol Density in g/cm3 (25°C) 0 0.99820 0 0.99705 5 0.98935 5 0.98814 10 0.98184 10 0.98040 15 0.97511 15 0.97331 20 0.96861 20 0.96636 25 0.96165 25 0.95892 30 0.95379 30 0.95064 35 0.94491 35 0.94143 40 0.93515 40 0.93145 45 0.92469 45 0.92082 50 0.91381 50 0.90982 55 0.90255 55 0.89847 60 0.89110 60 0.88696 65 0.87945 65 0.87524 70 0.86763 70 0.86337 75 0.85561 75 0.85131 80 0.84341 80 0.83908 85 0.83093 85 0.82658 90 0.81795 90 0.81360 95 0.80422 95 0.79989 100 0.78932 100 0.78504 Drying agents Name Formula Applicable Not applicable Water content of air in equilibrium, in mg/L (25°C) Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Hydrocarbons, ether and solvents 0.003 Calcium chloride CaCl2 Compounds contain epoxy-, carboxylor thiol groups, hydrogen sulfide Ammonia, amine, alcohol, aldehyde, phenol, ester, ketone Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Copper sulfate Magnesium oxide Magnesium perchlorate CaO Saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl halogenides, ether, ester Ammonia, amine, Acid, acid derivatives alcohol, nitrous oxide aldehyde, ketone Universal application – CuSO4 MgO Mg (ClO4)2 Magnesium sulfate MgSO4 Molecular sieves Potassium hydroxide Phosphorus pentoxide (Sicapent®) – Silica gel SiO2 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 KOH P2O5 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Low fatty acids, alcohol, ester Alkaline liquids, hydrocarbons, alcohol Inert gases, air, ammonia 0.003 0.004 – 0.07 – 1.4 Acid compounds 0.008 Organic substance (explosion hazard) 0.0005 – 0.002 Acid, acid derivatives, aldehyde, ketone Gases and liquids – 1.0 – 0.0001 – 0.5 Alkaline liquids (e.g. amine) Gas drying of neutral and acidic saturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acetylene, anhydride, nitrile, alkyl- and aryl halogenides, hydrogen sulfide Gas drying, organic liquids Alkyl- and aryl halogenides, acids, acid derivatives, aldehyde, ketone Inert neutral and acidic gases, in desiccators Acid, ester, amide, phenol Alcohol, amine, acid, ketone, ether, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid 0.002 Hydrofluoric acid 0.003 – 1.0 Organic solvents CaSO4 < 0.00001 < 0.000025 Unsaturated 0.005 – 0.3 compounds, organic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen iodide 111 Solvents for organic instrumental analysis Elutropic series Total polarity index(1) Molar mass in g/mol n-Heptane n-Hexane Cyclohexane Isohexane Isooctane Toluene tert-Butyl methyl ether Benzene 1-Chloro­butane Chloroform Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1-Butanol Tetrahydrofuran 2-Propanol Ethylacetate 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Acetone Acetonitrile Methanol Water Trifluoro acetic acid – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.3 2.9 3.0 – 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.4 6.2 6.6 9.0 100.21 86.18 84.16 86.18 114.23 92.14 88.15 78.12 92.57 119.38 84.93 98.97 74.12 72.11 60.10 88.10 88.11 46.07 58.08 41.05 32.04 18.01 114.02 Refractive index in Boiling point n 20° D in °C 1,388 1,375 1,427 1,376 1,392 1,496 1,369 1,501 1,402 1,446 1,424 1,445 1,399 1,405 1,378 1,372 1,422 1,361 1,359 1,344 1,329 1,333 1,2855 98.4 68.9 80.7 55 – 62 99.2 110.6 55 80.0 78 61.7 40.0 83.4 117.2 66.0 82.4 77.1 101.0 78.5 56.2 81.6 65.0 100.0 72 Vapor pressure Dynamic viscosity in hPa in mPa · s (20°C) (22°C) (1) L .R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland; Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons. Inc.,New York, (1979) (2) Detailed solvents tables acc. to H. Halpaap can be found in: Einführung in HDPE, ed. R.E. Kaiser, (1979); HPTLC, ed. A. Zlatkis, R.E. Kaiser Elsevier and IfC (1977) 112 (40°C) 48 0.40 0.33 160 0.31 0.26 104 0.94 0.71 160 – 190 0.32 (20°C) 0.27 51 0.51 0.50 29 0.58 0.47 268 0.36 (20°C) – 101 0.65 (20°C) – 110 0.47 (20°C) – 210 0.56 0.47 453 0.43 0.36 87 0.80 0.65 67 2.95 1.78 200 0.47 0.38 43 2.27 1.35 97 0.44 0.36 41 1.21 0.92 59 1.20 0.83 233 0.32 0.27 97 0.39 – 128 0.52 0.45 23 0.95 0.65 141 Dielectric Dipole ° against constant moment Al2O3 (1) (1) [DK] 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.4 – 2.28 7.15 4.8 9.1 10.6 17.8 7.4 18.3 6.0 2.2 24.3 20.7 37.5 32.6 80.2 42.1 Ord. No. Migration distance in nm LiChrosolv® Uvasol® 200 195 200 195 215 284 210 280 220 245 232 230 265 212 205 256 215 210 330 190 205 – 104390 104391 102827 104335 104717 108327 101845 101768 101692 102444 106044 113713 101988 108101 101040 100868 103132 111727 100020 100030 106007 115333 (50 mm) (70 mm) (100 mm) 0 0 0 0 0 0.36 – 0 1.74 1.01 1.60 1.75 1.66 1.63 1.66 1.78 0.40 1.70 2.88 3.92 1.70 1.85 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.29 0.2 0.32 0.26 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.7 0.57 0.82 0.59 0.56 0.88 0.56 0.65 0.95 – 9.2 12.5 5.4 12.5 7.9 8.3 – – – 9.0 10.1 7.6 – 10.9 2.1 9.2 5.2 3.4 12.7 12.6 5.6 5.1 10.6 13.9 6.3 13.9 8.3 9.3 – – – 10.5 11.8 8.4 – 11.9 2.3 10.9 6.0 3.9 14.7 14.0 6.5 5.7 11.4 14.6 6.7 14.6 8.7 11.0 – – – 11.6 13.2 8.9 – 12.6 2.5 12.1 6.5 4.2 16.2 15.4 7.1 5.8 104366 104372 102822 – 104718 108331 101984 – – 102447 106048 – 101989 108110 100993 100863 – 100980 100022 100016 106002 – 108262 Organic solvents (20 / 25°C) Flow coefficient x in mm2/s DC- UV (silica gel 60 precoated plate) cut-off (22°C) (2) LiChrosolv® Acetonitrile gradient grade for liquid chromatography in 1, 2.5 and 4 L glass bottles. 113 Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances The colored bars mark the windows in the IR range in which the transmittance of the solvent is higher than 25 %. Product Uvasol® Ord. No. Acetone 100022 Acetonitrile 100016 Benzol 1-Butanol 101989 Carbon disulfide 102210 Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform 102447 Cyclohexane 102822 Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 106048 Dimethyl formamide 102937 Dioxane n-Hexane 104372 Paraffin liquid n-Pentane 107179 Potassium bromide 104907 Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloroethylene 100965 Tetrahydrofuran 108110 Trichloromethane Trichlorotrifluoroethane 108239 4000 114 3500 3000 2500 2000 Organic solvents 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 cm-1 115 07 Physical methods for the deTermination of elements Flame photometry 118 Wavelength and wave number 118 Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance 118 Calculation of the standard deviation 118 Direct-current polarography 119 Cathode ray polarography 119 Flame photometry Important emission lines in the flame spectra of some elements Element Wavelength; slit width in nm Ag1) B1) Ba1) Ca1) Co1) Cr1) Cs Cu Fe K1) Li Mg Mn1) Na1) Ni Pb1) Rb1) Sr Ti1) 328.1 249.7 553.6 422.7 345.4 325.4 852.1 327.4 372.0 766.5 670.8 285.2 403.1 589.0 341.5 405.8 780.0 460.7 399.8 (0.5)1) (0.2) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (G) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) 338.3 548 744 554 353.0 427.5 852.1 327.4 386.0 766.5 460.3 371 543.3 589.3 352.5 405.8 780.0 821 535.0 (0.5) (B) (B) (B) (G) (G) (G) (D) (B) (D) (G) (B) 345 873 622 387.4 425.5 (B) (B) (B) 520 385.6 344.6 323.3 383 279.5 818.3 385.8 261.4 794.8 407.8 276.8 (B) (G) (D) 1) = Flame Emission (B) = Band of the oxide (D) = Dual line, the center point between the two lines is given (G) = Group of lines in the region of the stated wavelength Wavelength and wave number Wavelength L in nm and wave number n in cm-1 =1; 400 nm 25,000 cm-1 Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance A = – IgT (e.g. A = 23.6 % = 0.236 T = 0.627) Calculation of the standard deviation A= 118 ∑ F2 (B) (D) (G) (D) Direct-current polarography Metal Half-wave potential in V Support electrolyte / concentration Cu2+ Pb2+ Cd2+ Ni2+ Zn2+ Co2+ Fe2+ Mn2+ Cu2+ – – – – – – – – – 0.42 0.48 0.64 1.00 1.06 1.30 1.41 1.55 0.32 Pb2+ Co2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ – – – – 0.52 0.86 1.08 1.40 NH4 CH3 COO 0.85 mol/L KSCN 0.0025 mol/L “ “ “ “ “ “ Saturated CaCl2 solution about 10 – 12 mol/L “ “ “ “ Cathode ray polarography Peak potentials of some important metals measured against a silver / silver chloride reference electrode Metal Peak potential in V Support electrolyte / concentration Interference by Zn2+ Cd2+ Cu2+ Pb2+ Ni2+ Bi3+ Co2+ Sb3+ Sn2+ Cr6+ Cr3+ – – – – – – – – – – – Pyridine hydrochloride HCl HCl HCl Pyridine hydrochloride HCl Pyridine hydrochloride HCl HCl LiOH LiCl Co2+ 1.03 0.63 0.15 0.40 0.80 0.08 1.05 0.13 0.50 0.75 1.10 0.1 mol/L 0.2 mol/L 0.2 mol/L 0.2 mol/L 0.1 mol/L 0.5 mol/L 0.1 mol/L 0.5 mol/L 5 mol/L 0.5 mol/L 0.5 mol/L Sb3+ Sn2+ Physical methods for the determination of elements Half-wave potentials of some important metals Cu2+ Zn2+ Cu2+ Pb2+, TI+ Zn2+ 119 08 Mass and Weight Energy dimensions – conversion factors 122 Pressure dimensions – conversion factors 122 Decimal units multiplies and subdivisions 123 Concentrations 123 Basic units 123 Derived units with conversion of previous units 124 US and British measuring units 128 Energy dimensions – conversion factors Given dimension Unit Required dimension with conversion factor (2) J kWh MeV mkp kcal15° 0.1019716 2.38920·10–4 1J (1) 1 2.77778·10–7 6.242·1012 1 kWh (1) 3.600000·106 1 2.247·1019 367097.8 860.11 1 MeV (1) 1.602·10–13 4.45·10–20 1 1.634·10–14 3.827·10–17 1 mkp 9.80665 2.72407·10–6 6.124·1013 1 2.34301·10–3 1 kcal15° 4185.5 1.16264·10–3 2.613·1016 426.80 1 –7 –14 5 –7 1 erg 10 2.77778·10 6.242·10 0.1019716·10 2.38920·10–11 (1) Legal measurement units (2) Examples: 1 J = 2.38920·10–4 kcal 1 MeV = 1.602·10 –13 J erg 107 3.6·1013 1.602·10–6 9.80665·107 4.1855·1010 1 Pressure dimensions – conversion factors Given dimension Unit 1 N·m 1 Pa (1) 1 bar (1) -2 1 atm 1 kp·m 2 1 Torr (1 mm Hg) Required dimension with conversion factor (2) N·m-2 (Pa) bar atm kp·m-2 Torr (mm Hg) Ibs/sq.in. (psi) 1 10 9.8692 ·10-6 1.019710 ·10-1 7.50062 ·10–3 1.45038 ·10-4 105 1 9.8692 1.019716 ·104 750.062 14.5038 1.01325 ·105 1.01325 1 1.033227 ·104 759.9988 14.6960 –5 9.80665 9.80665 ·10–5 9.67841 ·10-5 1 7.35559 ·10–2 1.42234 ·10-3 133.3224 1.333224 ·10–3 1.31579 ·10-3 13.5951 1 1.93368 ·10-2 517.148 10 10 Ibs/sq.in. 68948 0.68948 0.68046 7030.68 (psi) (1) Legal measurement units (2) Examples: 1 Pa = 7.50062·10–3 Torr 10 psi = 0.68046 atm 122 Concentrations Proportion 1 : 100 1 : 1 000 1 : 10 000 1 : 100 000 1 : 1 million 1 : 10 million 1 : 100 million 1 : 1 milliard 1 : 10 milliard 1 : 100 milliard 1 : 1 billion Potency 1 x 10–2 1 x 10–3 1 x 10–4 1 x 10–5 1 x 10–6 1 x 10–7 1 x 10–8 1 x 10–9 1 x 10–10 1 x 10–11 1 x 10–12 % 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 01 001 000 1 ppm ppb ppt g/kg mg/g µg/mg mg/kg µg/g ng/mg µg/kg ng/g pg/mg ng/kg pg/g fg/mg 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 1 0.000 01 0.000 001 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1 000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1 000 100 10 1 The tables on pages 123 to 127 were reprinted with permission of the Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN, German Institute of Standardization). They contain excerpts from DIN 1301. Always use the most current version of the norm to be obtained from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstraße 4–10, 10772 Berlin, Germany. Prefix 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deca Symbol Prefix Y Z E P T G M k h da 10–1 10–2 10–3 10–6 10–9 10–12 10–15 10–18 10–21 10–24 Symbol Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico Femto Atto Zepto Yocto Mass and weight Decimal units multiples and subdivisions d c m µ n p f a z y Basic units Dimension Basic unit Name Symbol Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Candela Mole m kg s A K cd mol 123 Derived units with conversion of previous units Size SI unit Name Symbol Further units Relationship Name Symbol Liter L 1 L = 10–3 m3 t 1 t = 103 kg 1 u = 1.66053 ·10–27 kg Length, surface, volume Length Surface Volume Meter m Square meter m2 Cubic meter m3 Mass Mass Kilogram kg Metric ton Atomic mass unit Density Specific volume Kilogram per cubic meter Cubic meter per kilogram u kg·m–3 m3·kg–1 Amount of substance Amount of substance Molar mass Concentration of a substance Molality Mole Mass per amount of substance Amount of substance in given volume of solvent Amount of substance per mass of solvent mol Kelvin K kg·mol–1 g·mol–1 mol·m–3 mol·l–1 mol·kg–1 mol·g–1 Temperature Temperature 124 Degree centigrade °C Translation K - °C t = T-To To = 273.15 K Size SI unit Name Symbol second s Further units Relationship Name Symbol minute hour day min h d 1 min = 60 s 1h = 60 min 1d = 24 h 1 Hz = 1 s-1 Kilometer per hour km·h-1 1 km·h-1 = 1 m·s-1 3.6 Time Frequency Velocity Hertz Meter per second Hz m·s–1 Viscosity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Pascalsecond Square meters per second Pa·s m2·s-1 1 Pa·s = 1 N·s·m-2 = 1 kg·m-1·s-1 Poise P Centipoise cP Stokes St Centistoke cSt 1P = 0.1 Pa·s 1 cP = 0.01 Pa·s = 0.001 Pa·s = mPa·s 1 St = 1 cm2·s-1 1 cSt = 1 mm2·s-1 Mass and weight Time Time interval 125 Size SI unit Name Symbol Force Newton N Pressure Newton per square meter Pascal N·m-2 Pa Joule J Further units Name Relationship Symbol Force, energy, power Energy, work heat quantity Power Watt W Ampere A Volt V 1N = 1 kg·m·s-2 Bar bar Kilowatthour kW·h 1 Pa = 1 N·m-2 1 bar = 105 Pa 1J = 1 N·m = 1 W·s = 1 kg·m2·s-2 1 kW·h = 3.6 MJ 1W = 1 J·s-1 = 1 N·ms-1 = 1 VA Electrical measures Electric current Electric potential Electric conductance Electric resistance Electric charge Amperehour Electric capacitance Siemens S Ohm Ω Coulomb C Axh Farad F Candela Lumen Lux cd lm lx 1S = 1 A·V-1 1V = 1 V·A-1 = 1 S-1 1C = 1 A·s 1 A·h = 3600 A·s 1F = 1 C·V-1 Luminous intensity Luminous intensity Luminous flux Illuminance 126 1 lm = 1 cd·sr 1 lx = 1 lm·m-2 1 cd·sr·m-2 Size SI unit Name Symbol Becquerel Bq Further units Relationship Name Symbol Curie Ci Ionizing radiation Activity 1 Bq = 1 s-1 1 Ci = 37 G Bq Enzymatic activity Katal kat Enzyme unit U 1 kat = 1 mol·s-1 = 60 mol·min-1 1U = 1 mol·s-1 = 1 µkat 60 = 16.67 nkat Mass and weight Enzymatic activity 127 US and British measuring units Conversion to metric units Volume Liters US gallons Imperial gallons Imperial gallons US gallons Cubic meters Cubic feet Cubic meters US gallons x x x x x x x x x 0.2642 3.785 1.201 4.546 0.8327 35.31 0.0283 264.2 0.00379 x x x x x x x x 3.281 0.3048 39.37 0.0254 0.3937 2.540 0.0394 25.4 = US gallons = Liters = US gallons = Liters = Imperial gallons = Cubic feet = Cubic meters = US gallons = Cubic meters Length Meters Feet Meters Inches Centimeters Inches Millimeters Inches = Feet = Meters = Inches = Meters = Inches = Centimeters = Inches = Millimeters Weight Kilograms Pounds Tons (long) Tons (long) Tonnes (metr.) Tonnes (metr.) Tons (short) Tons (short) Grams Grains Grams Ounces (US) Ounces (troy) 128 x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2.2046 0.4536 1016.05 2240 1000 2204.6 907.185 2000 15.432653 0.0647989 0.0352740 28.349527 31.1035 = Pounds = Kilograms = Kilograms = Pounds = Kilograms = Pounds = Kilograms = Pounds = Grains = Grams = Ounces (US) = Grams = Grams US and British measuring units Conversion to metric units required in given in a °Centigrade °Centigrade °Réaumur °Fahrenheit – a·8 10 a · 9 + 32 5 b · 9 + 32 4 b · 10 8 (c – 32) · 10 18 b °Réaumur c °Fahrenheit °C °F °C °F – 40 – 35 – 30 – 25 – 20 – 15 – 10 –5 0 – 40 – 31 – 22 – 13 –4 +5 14 23 32 +5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 41 50 59 68 77 86 95 104 113 °C 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 – (c – 32) · 8 18 – °F °C °F °C °F °C °F 122 131 140 149 158 167 176 185 194 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 203 212 221 230 239 248 257 266 275 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 284 293 302 311 320 329 338 347 356 185 190 195 200 210 365 374 383 392 410 Mass and weight Temperature 129 09 Other useful tables Physical constants 132 NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Synthetic Trace Impurities 133 Greek alphabet 136 Greek numbers / Roman numbers 137 Freezing mixtures 138 Extran® laboratory cleaning agents 138 Particle sizes 140 NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts 142 NMR: Proton chemical shifts 144 Miscibility table 146 Periodic table of the elements 148 Physical constants Constant Symbol Value Unit Atomic mass constant Avogadro constant Bohr magneton Bohr radius Boltzmann constant Characteristic impendance of vacuum Classical electron radius Compton wavelength Electric constant Electron mass Elementary charge Faraday constant Fine structure constant Loschmidt constant (273.15K, 101.325 kPa) mU NA, L 1.660538921 (73)·10–27 6.02214129 (27)·1023 927.400968 (20)·10-26 0.52917721092 (17)·10-10 1.3806488 (13)·10-23 376.730313461… 2.8179403267 (27)·10-15 2.4263102389 (16)·10-12 8.854187817·10-12 9.10938291 (40)·10-31 1.602176565 (35)·10-19 96485.3365 (21) 7.2973525698 (24)·10-3 2.6867805 (24)·1025 kg mol–1 J T–1 m J K–1 Ω m m F m–1 kg C C mol–1 Magnetic constant 132 B 0 k Z0 re C 0 me e F n0 m–3 12.566370614… e-7 NA–2 Molare Gas constant R 8.3144621 (75) J mol–1 K–1 Molar volume of ideal gas (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa) Vm 22.413968 (20)·10-3 m3 mol–1 Natural unit of velocity Neutron compton wavelength Neutron mass Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant Plank constant over 2 Proton compton wavelength Proton mass Rydberg constant (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa) c, C0 299.792458 1.3195909068 (11)·10-15 1.674927351 (74)·10-27 6.67384 (80)·10-11 6.62606957 (29)·10-34 1.054571726 (47)·10-34 1.32140985623 (94)·10-15 1.672621777 (74)·10-27 10 973731.568539 (55) m s–1 m kg m3 kg–1 s–2 Js Js m kg m–1 0 c,n mn G h ћ 10 mp R c,p NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Synthetic Trace Impurities This table is to support you in identifying and separating NMR signals of impurities that might originate from residual solvents or from your reaction apparatus. Here we present the NMR shifts of the most commonly used solvents and impurities organic synthesis - measured in the 7 most frequently used deuterated solvents. Please note that the values given in the tables are temperature- and partly concentration-dependent and therefore represent average values only. The 1H-NMR data were obtained using a 300 MHz spectrometer, the 13C-NMR data using 75 MHz. 'H NMR Data proton mult CD3CN CD3OD 7.26 2.05 2.50 7.16 1.94 3.31 s 1.56 2.84 3.33 0.40 2.13 4.87 Solvent residual peak H2O CDCl3 (CD3)2CO (CD3)2SO C6D6 D2O 4.79 Acetic acid CH3 s 2.10 1.96 1.91 1.55 1.96 1.99 2.08 Acetone CH3 s 2.17 2.09 2.09 1.55 2.08 2.15 2.22 Acetonitrile CH3 s 2.10 2.05 2.07 1.55 1.96 2.03 2.06 Benzene CH s 7.36 7.36 7.37 7.15 7.37 7.33 Tert-butyl alcohol CH3 OH s s 1.28 1.18 1.11 4.19 1.05 1.55 1.16 2.18 1.40 1.24 Tert-butyl methyl ether CCH3 OCH3 s s 1.19 3.22 ArH OH ArCH3 ArC(CH3)3 s s s s 6.98 5.01 2.27 1.43 1.07 3.04 7.05 4.79 2.24 1.38 1.14 3.13 6.97 5.20 2.22 1.39 1.15 3.20 6.92 2.22 1.41 1.11 3.08 6.87 6.65 2.18 1.36 1.21 3.22 BHTa 1.13 3.13 6.96 Chloroform CH s 7.26 8.02 8.32 6.15 7.58 7.90 Cyclohexane CH2 s 1.43 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.44 1.45 1,2-dichloroethane CH2 s 3.73 3.87 3.90 2.90 3.81 3.78 Dichloromethane CH2 s 5.30 5.63 5.76 4.27 5.44 5.49 Diethyl ether CH3 CH2 t, 7 q, 7 1.21 3.48 Diglyme CH2 CH2 OCH3 CH3 CH2 m m s s s 3.65 3.57 3.39 3.40 3.55 s s s s s s s 2.09 3.02 2.94 8.02 2.96 2.88 2.62 1.11 3.41 3.56 3.47 3.28 3.28 3.46 1.97 3.00 2.83 7.96 2.94 2.78 2.52 1.09 3.38 3.51 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.43 1.96 2.94 2.78 7.95 2.89 2.73 2.54 1.11 3.26 3.46 3.34 3.11 3.12 3.33 1.60 2.57 2.05 7.63 2.36 1.86 1.68 1.12 3.42 3.53 3.45 3.29 3.28 3.45 1.97 2.96 2.83 7.92 2.89 2.77 2.50 1.18 3.49 3.61 3.58 3.35 3.35 3.52 2.07 3.31 2.92 7.97 2.99 2.86 2.65 1,2-dimethoxyethane Dimethylacetamide CH3CO NCH3 NCH3 Dimethylforma- CH mide CH3 CH3 Dimethyl CH3 sulfoxide 2.21 1.40 1.17 3.56 3.67 3.61 3.37 3.37 3.60 2.08 3.06 2.90 7.92 3.01 2.85 2.71 Dioxane CH2 s 3.71 3.59 3.57 3.35 3.60 3.66 3.75 Ethanol CH3 CH2 OH t, 7 q, 7 s 1.25 3.72 1.32 1.12 3.57 3.39 1.06 3.44 4.63 0.96 3.34 1.12 3.54 2.47 1.19 3.60 1.17 3.65 Ethyl acetate CH3CO CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3CO CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH s q, 7 t, 7 s q, 7 t, 7 s 2.05 4.12 1.26 2.14 2.46 1.06 3.76 1.97 4.05 1.20 2.07 2.45 0.96 3.28 1.99 4.03 1.17 2.07 2.43 0.91 3.34 1.65 3.89 0.92 1.58 1.81 0.85 3.41 1.97 4.06 1.20 2.06 2.43 0.96 3.51 2.01 4.09 1.24 2.12 2.50 1.01 3.59 2.07 4.14 1.24 2.19 3.18 1.26 3.65 Ethyl methyl ketone Ethylene glycol 133 'H NMR Data mult CDCl3 “Grease” proton CH3 CH2 m br s 0.86 1.26 (CD3)2CO 0.87 1.29 (CD3)2SO C6D6 CD3CN CD3OD 0.92 1.36 0.86 1.27 0.88 1.29 0.90 1.29 D2O N-hexane CH3 CH2 t m 0.88 1.26 0.88 1.28 0.86 1.25 0.89 1.24 0.89 1.28 HMPA CH3 d, 9.5 2.65 2.59 2.53 2.40 2.57 2.64 2.61 Methanol CH3 OH s s 3.49 1.09 3.31 3.12 3.16 4.01 3.07 3.28 2.16 3.34 3.34 Nitromethane CH3 s 4.33 4.43 4.42 2.94 4.31 4.34 4.40 n-pentane CH3 CH2 t, 7 m 0.88 1.27 0.88 1.27 0.86 1.27 0.87 1.23 0.89 1.29 0.90 1.29 2-propanol CH3 CH 1.22 4.04 1.10 3.90 1.04 3.78 0.95 3.67 1.09 3.87 1.50 3.92 1.17 4.02 Pyridine CH(2) CH(3) CH(4) CH3 d, 6 sep, 6 m m m s 8.62 7.29 7.68 0.07 8.58 7.35 7.76 0.13 8.58 7.39 7.79 8.53 6.66 6.98 0.29 8.57 7.33 7.73 0.08 8.53 7.44 7.85 0.10 8.52 7.45 7.87 Tetrahydrofuran CH2 CH2O m m s m m t, 7 q, 7 1.79 3.63 2.32 7.1 – 7.2 7.1 – 7.2 0.96 2.45 1.76 3.60 2.30 7.18 7.25 0.93 2.43 1.40 3.57 2.11 7.02 7.13 0.96 2.40 1.80 3.64 2.33 7.1 – 7.3 7.1 – 7.3 0.96 2.45 1.87 3.71 2.32 7.16 7.16 1.05 2.58 1.88 3.74 Toluene 1.85 3.76 2.36 7.17 7.25 1.03 2.53 Silicone grease Triethylamine CH3 CH(o/p) CH(m) CH3 CH2 0.99 2.57 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenol, bHexamethylphosophoramide a C NMR Data CDCl3 13 Solvent signals (CD3)2CO (CD3)2SO C6D6 CD3CN CD3OD 77.16 ± 0.06 29.84 ± 0.01 206.26 ± 0.13 39.52 ± 0.06 128.06 ±0.02 1.32 ±0.02 118.26 ±0.02 49.00 ±0.01 D2O Acetic acid CO CH3 175.99 20.81 172.31 20.51 171.93 20.95 175.82 20.37 173.21 20.73 175.11 20.56 177.21 21.03 Acetone CO CH3 207.07 30.92 205.87 30.60 206.31 30.56 204.43 30.14 207.43 30.91 209.67 30.67 215.94 30.89 Acetonitrile CN CH3 116.43 1.89 117.60 1.12 117.91 1.03 116.02 0.20 118.26 1.79 118.06 0.85 119.68 1.47 Benzene CH 128.37 129.15 128.30 128.62 129.32 129.34 Tert-butyl alcohol C CH3 69.15 31.25 68.13 30.72 Tert-butyl methyl ether BHT Chloroform CCH3 C CCH3 C(1) C(2) CH(3) C(4) CH3Ar CH3C C CH 49.45 72.87 26.99 151.55 135.87 125.55 128.27 21.20 30.33 34.25 77.36 49.35 72.81 27.24 152.51 138.19 129.05 126.03 21.31 31.61 35.00 79.19 66.88 30.38 48.70 72.04 26.79 151.47 139.12 127.97 124.85 20.97 31.25 34.33 79.16 68.19 30.47 49.19 72.40 27.09 152.05 136.08 128.52 125.83 21.40 31.34 34.35 77.79 68.74 30.68 49.52 73.17 27.28 152.42 138.13 129.61 126.38 21.23 31.50 35.05 79.17 69.40 30.91 49.66 74.32 27.22 152.85 139.09 129.49 126.11 21.38 31.15 35.36 79.44 Cyclohexane CH2 26.94 27.51 26.33 27.23 27.63 27.96 1,2-dichloroethane CH2 43.50 45.25 45.02 43.59 45.54 45.11 Dichloromethane CH2 53.52 54.95 54.84 53.46 55.32 54.78 134 70.36 30.29 49.37 75.62 26.60 (CD3)2CO (CD3)2SO Diethyl ether C NMR Data CH3 CH2 CDCl3 15.20 65.91 15.78 66.12 Diglyme CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 59.01 70.51 71.90 59.08 71.84 58.77 71.03 72.63 58.45 72.47 Dimethylacetamide CH3 CO NCH3 NCH3 21.53 171.07 35.28 38.13 21.51 170.61 34.89 37.92 15.12 62.05 57.98 69.54 71.25 58.01 17.07 21.29 169.54 37.38 34.42 15.46 65.94 58.66 70.87 72.35 58.68 72.21 21.16 169.95 34.67 37.03 15.63 66.32 58.90 70.99 72.63 58.89 72.47 21.76 171.31 35.17 38.26 15.46 66.88 59.06 71.33 72.92 59.06 72.72 21.32 173.32 35.50 38.43 14.77 66.42 58.67 70.05 71.63 58.67 71.49 21.09 174.57 35.03 38.76 Dimethylformamide CH CH3 CH3 CH3 162.62 36.50 31.45 40.76 162.79 36.15 31.03 41.23 162.29 35.73 30.73 40.45 162.13 35.25 30.72 40.03 163.31 36.57 31.32 41.31 164.73 36.89 31.61 40.45 165.53 37.54 32.03 39.39 Dioxane CH2 67.14 67.60 66.36 67.16 67.72 68.11 67.19 Ethanol CH3 CH2 18.41 58.28 18.89 57.72 Ethyl acetate CH3CO CO CH2 CH3 21.04 171.36 60.49 14.19 20.83 170.96 60.56 14.50 18.51 56.07 20.68 170.31 59.74 14.40 18.72 57.86 20.56 170.44 60.21 14.19 18.80 57.96 21.16 171.68 60.98 14.54 18.40 58.26 20.88 172.89 61.50 14.49 17.47 58.05 21.15 175.26 62.32 13.92 Ethyl methyl ketone CH3CO CO CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 29.49 209.56 36.89 7.86 29.30 208.30 36.75 8.03 29.26 208.72 35.83 7.61 28.56 206.55 36.36 7.91 29.60 209.88 37.09 8.14 29.39 212.16 37.34 8.09 29.49 218.43 37.27 7.87 Ethylene glycol CH2 63.79 64.26 62.76 64.34 64.22 64.30 63.17 “Grease” CH2 29.76 30.73 29.20 30.21 30.86 31.29 N-hexane HMPA CH3 CH2(2) CH2(3) CH3 14.14 22.70 31.64 36.87 14.34 23.28 32.30 37.04 13.88 22.05 30.95 36.42 14.32 23.04 31.96 36.88 14.43 23.40 32.36 37.10 14.45 23.68 32.73 37.00 36.46 Methanol CH3 50.41 49.77 48.59 49.97 49.90 49.86 49.50 Nitromethane CH3 62.50 63.21 63.28 61.16 63.66 63.08 63.22 N-pentane CH3 CH2(2) CH2(3) CH3 CH 14.08 22.38 34.16 25.14 64.50 149.90 123.75 135.96 1.04 14.29 22.98 34.83 25.67 63.85 150.67 124.57 136.56 1.40 13.28 21.70 33.48 25.43 64.92 149.58 123.84 136.05 14.25 22.72 34.45 25.18 64.23 150.27 123.58 135.28 1.38 14.37 23.08 34.89 25.55 64.30 150.76 127.76 136.89 14.39 23.38 35.30 25.27 64.71 150.07 125.53 138.35 2.10 13 1,2-dimethoxyethane Dimethyl sulfoxide 2-propanol Pyridine Silicone grease CH(2) CH(3) CH(4) CH3 C6D6 CD3CN CD3OD D2O 24.38 64.88 149.18 125.12 138.27 Tetrahydrofuran CH2 CH2O 25.62 67.97 CH3 CH(i) CH(o) CH(m) CH(p) 21.46 137.89 129.07 128.26 125.33 26.15 68.07 21.46 138.48 129.76 129.03 126.12 25.14 67.03 20.99 137.35 128.88 128.18 125.29 25.72 67.80 21.10 137.91 129.33 128.56 125.68 26.27 68.33 21.50 138.90 129.94 129.23 126.28 26.48 68.83 21.50 138.85 129.91 129.20 126.29 25.67 68.68 Toluene Triethylamine CH3 CH2 11.61. 46.25 12.49 47.07 11.74 45.74 12.35 46.77 12.38 47.10 11.09 46.96 9.07 47.19 Merck offers you a broad range of deuterated solvents, including a large variety of rare specialities. 135 Greek alphabet Letter Name Pronunciation álpha béta gámma délta épsilon zéta éta théta ióta káppa lámbda mü nü xi ómicron pi rho sigma tau ´ypsilon phi chi psi ómega a b g d e (short) z e (long) th i k l m n x o (short) p r s t y ph ch ps o (long) 1 At the beginning and in the middle of a word 2 At the end of a word 136 Greek numbers / Roman numbers hemi – mono – sesqui – di –, bi – hemipenta – tri – tetra – penta – hexa – hepta – octa – nona –, ennea – deca – hendeca –, undeca dodeca – trideca tetradeca – pentadeca – hexadeca – heptadeca – octadeca – nonadeca – eicosa – tetraconta – pentaconta – hexaconta – nonaconta – hecta – I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XL L LX XC IC C CC CD D DC CM XM M Other useful tables ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 50 60 90 99 100 200 400 500 600 900 990 1000 137 Freezing mixtures The numbers represent weight proportions 4 water 1 water 1 water 3 ice ground 1,2 ice ground 1,2 ice ground 1,4 ice ground Methanol or acetone Diethyl ether + 1 potassium chloride + 1 ammonium nitrate + 1 sodium nitrate + 1 ammonium chloride + 1 sodium chloride + 1 magnesium chloride (MgCl2 · 7 H2O) + 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 6 H2O) + 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 6 H2O) + dry ice + dry ice Lowering temperature from °C to °C + 10 + 10 + 8 – 12 – 15 – 24 0 0 0 0 + 15 + 15 – 21 – 34 – 39 – 55 – 77 – 100 Extran® laboratory cleaning agents 138 Name Ord. No. Notes on use Extran® MA 01 alkaline / liquid 107555 Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination. For hard water even up to 40° d. For cleaning tables, tiles, and floors in the laboratory. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning. Extran® MA 02 neutral / liquid 107553 Special cleaner for precision instruments of glass, quartz and sensitive metals. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning. Extran® MA 05 alkaline / liquid / phosphate-free 140000 Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination. With very hard water also usable without limitations. Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and no NTA*. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning. Extran® AP 11 mildly alkaline / powder 107558 Gentle cleaning agent for cleaning alkali sensitive materials. Extran® AP 12 alkaline / powder 107563 Active cleaning. Especially of starch and protein residues. Extran® AP 13 alkaline with detergents / powder 107565 Active cleaning. Especially of fat residues. Extran® AP 17 alkaline / liquid 140006 Active and NTA*-free cleaning in machines with liquid dosing. Environmentally-friendly, since phosphate-free. Cleaning effect equivalent to Extran® AP12 powder. Extran® AP 18 mildly alkaline / liquid 140118 Gentle cleaning in machines with liquid dosing; e.g. in the analytical laboratory. Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and no NTA*. Cleaning effect equivalent to that of AP 11 powder. www.merckmillipore.com/ extran Extran® laboratory cleaning agents Name Ord. No. Notes on use Extran® AP 21 acidic with phosphoric acid / liquid 107559 Pre-wash for residues of carbonates, hydroxides, proteins, amines etc. Rinsing with neutralizing effect. Also for gentle main wash cycle. Prevents calcareous deposits. Extran® AP 22 acidic with citric acid / liquid Extran® AP 41 enzymatic / powder 107561 Gentle prerinse or final rinse with neutralizing. Prevents the formation of calcareous deposits. Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate. 107570 For medical and dental practices, anaesthetic equipment. For the removal of mucus, saliva, blood etc. Temperature: 55 – 65°C. Other useful tables * NTA = Nitrilotriacetic Acid Extran® cleaning agents in renowned Merck quality are the key to reliable cleaning of your labware. We provide high-quality Extran® cleaning agents for more than 25 years now. The benefits to you: Extran® cleans reliably without leaving any residues performed. Extran® is free from scented materials, colorants, chlorine and toxic ingredients. Its active ingredients are biodegradable, so environmental demands are met. 139 Particle sizes DIN 4188 (D) in mm ASTM E11–70 (USA) in mesh 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.056 0.063 0.071 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.112 0.125 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.224 0.25 0.28 0.315 0.355 0.4 140 BS 410 : 1969 (GB) in µm Tyler in mesh 5 10 15 0.02 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 ASTM E161–70 (USA) in µm 22 27 32 400 38 38 400 325 45 45 325 270 53 53 270 230 63 63 250 200 75 75 200 170 90 90 170 140 106 106 150 120 125 125 115 100 150 150 100 80 180 80 70 212 65 60 250 60 50 300 48 45 355 42 (D) in mm 0.45 0.5 0.56 0.63 0.71 0.8 0.9 1 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.4 1.6 ASTM E11–70 (USA) in mesh ASTM E161–70 (USA) in µm BS 410 : 1969 (GB) in µm Tyler in mesh 40 425 35 35 500 32 30 600 28 25 710 24 20 850 20 18 1000 16 16 1180 14 14 1400 12 1.8 2 2.24 12 1700 10 10 2000 9 2.5 2.8 3.15 8 2360 8 7 2800 7 6 3350 6 5 4000 5 4 4750 4 3½˝ 5600 3½ 3.55 4 4.5 5 5.6 Other useful tables DIN 4188 141 NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts TMS = 0 ppm H3C – C - 220 200 180 220 200 180 220 200 180 C primary H3C – Halogen H3C – O – H3C – N H3C – S – – CH2 – C - C secondary – CH2 – Halogen – CH2 – O – – CH2 – N – CH2 – S – CH – C - C tertiary CH – Halogen CH – O – CH – N CH – S – –C–C- C quaternary – C – Halogen –C–O– C–S– –C–C- Alkanes –C Alkynes C– C=C Alkenes C=C Aromatics C=C Heteroaromatics –O–C N Cyanates –S–C N Thiocyanates –C N C=N– Azomethines (– CO)2O Anhydrides – COOR Esters (– CO)2NR Imides – CONHR Amides – COOH Acids – COCl Acid Chlorides –C=O Aldehyde C=O 142 Cyanides Ketone 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 – 20 Cl – 40 I aliphates – cyclopropanes I Cl I Cl I 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 – 20 – 40 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 – 20 – 40 Other useful tables Cl 143 NMR: Proton chemical shifts TMS = 0 ppm H3C – CR3 13 12 11 10 13 12 11 10 Methyl protons H3C – Halogen H3C – O – H3C – N H3C C=C H3C C=O H3C – Ar – CH2 – CR3 Methylene protons – CH2 – Halogen – CH2 – O – – CH2 – N – CH2 C=C – CH2 C=O – CH2 – Ar CH – CR3 Methine protons CH – Halogen CH – O – CH – N CH C=O CH – Ar –C C–H Alkynes C–C–H Alkenes, nonconjugated C–C–H Alkenes, conjugated Ar – H Aromatics Ar – H Heteroaromatics O–C–H Aldehydes ROH* Alcohols, very dilute solution ROH* Alcohols, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L RCO2H* Carboxylic acids, dimer – SO3H Sulfonic acids RSH* Thiols ArSH* Thiophenols RNH2* Amines, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L R2NH* Amines, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L ArNH-(H, R, Ar)* Aromatic amines, primary, secondary RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+ in TFA solution ArNH3+, ArRNH2+, ArR2NH+ in TFA solution 13 12 11 10 *T he chemical shifts of these groups are concentration-dependent and are shifted to lower ppm values in more dilute solutions 144 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 F I F I F 1 0 Other useful tables 9 I 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 H 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 H (ppm) 145 Acetone Acetonitrile Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl formamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Heptane Hexane Methanol Methyl-tert-butyl ether Pentane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water miscible immiscible 146 Dimethyl formamide Diethyl ether Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Cyclohexane Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Acetonitrile Acetone Miscibility table 147 Other useful tables Water 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Toluene Tetrahydrofuran 2-Propanol 1-Propanol Pentane Methyl-tert-butyl ether Methanol Hexane Heptane Ethyl acetate Ethanol 1,4-Dioxane Dimethyl sulfoxide Periodic table of the elements Periodensystem der Elemente 11 1.0079 1 11 –259.1 –252.76 1.0079 –259.1 2.20 11 1 –252.76 2.20 –1, 1 11 H H 3 3 22 22 Li Li 3 3 44 44 5555 6666 11 11 Na Na 19 19 KK 37 37 Rb Rb 55 55 Cs Cs 87 87 7777 Fr Fr 1s11 –1, 1 6.941 1s11 180.5 6.941 1342 180.5 0.97 1342 0.97 4 2 4 22 Be Be 1 [He] 2s11 1 [He]22.990 2s11 12 12 97.80 22.990 97.80883 1.01 883 1.01 9.0122 1287 9.0122 2471 12871.47 2471 1.47 2 [He] 2s22 2 [He]24.305 2s22 24.305650 1090 650 10901.23 1.23 Mg Mg 1 [Ne]1 3s11 [Ne]39.098 3s11 2 2 [Ne] 2 3s 2 [Ne]40.078 3s22 20 20 63.5 39.098 63.5759 0.91 759 0.91 Ca Ca 1 [Ar]1 4s11 [Ar] 4s11 85.468 85.468 39.3 39.3688 688 0.89 0.89 40.078842 1484 842 14841.04 1.04 2 2 4s22 [Ar] [Ar] 4s22 87.62 87.62777 777 1377 3838 13770.99 0.99 Sr Sr 1 1 [Kr] 5s11 [Kr] 5s11 2 2 [Kr] 5s22 [Kr] 5s22 132.91 132.91 28.44 28.44 671671 0.86 0.86 137.33 137.33727 727 1897 1897 0.970.97 1 1 11 [Xe][Xe] 6s116s 2 2 22 [Xe][Xe] 6s22 6s 5656 Ba Ba *223.02 *223.02 27 27 677677 0.86 0.86 *226.03 *226.03 696696 1140 1140 0.970.97 1 1 [Rn] 7s117s11 [Rn] 2 2 [Rn][Rn] 7s22 7s22 8888 Ra Ra 3 21 21 ScSc 3939 YY 3 44.956 44.9561541 15412836 2836 1.20 1.20 22 4 22 TiTi 3 [Ar] 33d14s2 [Ar] 3d14s2 88.906 88.9061522 15223345 3345 1.11 1.11 ZrZr 57–71 7272 57–71 Lanthanides Lanthanides Lanthanoide Lanthanoide 23 5 23 VV 3, 4 3, 43d24s2 [Ar] [Ar] 3d24s2 40 40 3 3 [Kr] 4d15s2 [Kr] 4d15s2 4 47.867 47.867 1668 1668 3287 3287 1.32 1.32 91.224 91.224 1855 1855 4409 4409 1.22 1.22 24 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 1 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 24 51.996 1907 25 54.938 1246 2655.845 1538 2758.933 1495 2671 2061 2861 2927 1907 25 1246 26 1538 27 1495 28 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.70 CrCr MnMn Fe Fe Co Co Ni 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 3d34s2 [Ar] [Ar] 3d34s2 41 41 92.906 92.906 2477 2477 4744 4744 1.23 1.23 2671 1.56 2061 1.60 2861 1.64 2927 1.70 -1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 -2, 0, 2, 3, 6 0, 2, 3, 6 1 0, 2, 3, 4, 6,[Ar] 7 3d54s2 -2, 0, 2, 3, [Ar] 6 3d64s2 0, 2, 3, 6 3d54s-1, [Ar] [Ar] 3d54s1 [Ar] 3d54s2 [Ar] 3d64s2 42 42 95.94 95.94 2623 2623 4639 4639 1.30 1.30 *97.907 -1, 0, 2, 3 -1, 0, 2, 3[Ar] 3d74s2 [Ar] 3d74s2 101.07 102.91 *97.907 2157 44101.07 2334 45102.91 1964 2334 45 1964 46 43 43 2157 44 4262 4150 3695 4262 1.36 4150 1.42 3695 1.45 NbNb MoMo Tc Tc RuRu Rh Rh Pd 4 4 [Kr] 4d25s2 [Kr] 4d25s2 HfHf 5 50.942 50.942 1910 1910 3407 3407 1.45 1.45 178.49 178.49 2233 2233 4603 4603 1.23 1.23 3, 5 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 5 4 1 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 [Kr] 4d 5s [Kr] 4d55s1 [Kr] 4d45s1 [Kr] 4d55s1 73 73 180.95 180.95 3017 3017 5455 5455 1.33 1.33 TaTa 4 4 14 2 2 14 2 [Xe] 4f[Xe] 5d4f 6s25d 6s *261.11 183.84 1.36 1.42 1.45 7 -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 7 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 [Kr] 4d55s-2, [Kr] 4d75s1 [Kr] 4d85s1 [Kr] 4d55s2 [Kr] 4d75s1 [Kr] 4d85s1 186.21 190.23 192.22 183.84 3422 190.23 3033 3185 2446 75 186.21 77192.22 3185 76 76 3033 77 2446 78 74 74 3422 75 5555 5596 5012 4428 WW 5555 1.40 5596 1.46 5012 1.52 4428 1.55 ReRe OsOs Ir Ir Pt 1.40 1.46 1.52 1.55 5 0, 2, 3, 0, 0, 72, 4, 6, -2, 7 0, 2, 3,-2, 0,61, 2, 3, 4, 6 5 4, 2, 5, 3, 6 4, 5, 6 0, 2, 4, 6, 4, 0, 6, 2, 8 3, 4, 6,-1,8 0, 1, 2, -1, 3, 4, 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 2 14 2 5d 6s 5 4f 6 7 4f14 [Xe] [Xe] [Xe] 4f[Xe] 5d36s [Xe] 4f14[Xe] 5d46s4f2 5d 6s [Xe] 4f145d 6s2 5d 6s [Xe] 4f145d 6s24f 5d 6s[Xe] 4f145d[Xe] 6s2 4f 5d 6s[Xe *262.11 *266.12 *264.12 *277 *268.14 *264.12 *277 *268.14 89–103 104104*261.11 105105*262.11 106106*266.12 107 107 89–103 108 108 109 109 110 Actinides Actinides Actinoide Actinoide RfRf DbDb SgSg BhBh Hs Hs Mt Mt Ds 14 2 142 [Rn] 5f 6d5f 7s 6d27s2 [Rn] 138.91 920 3464 1.08 Lanthanides Lanthanides 57 57 Lanthanoide Lanthanoide 138.91 920 3464 1.08 58 14 2 2 14 6 7 2 2 [Rn] 5f[Rn] 6d37s 6d47s5f2 146d47s2 [Rn] 5f14[Rn] 6d57s5f 7s25f146d67s[Rn] 5f146d[Rn] 7s2 5f146d77s[Rn 5f14 6d37s2 [Rn] 5f14[Rn] 6d57s2[Rn] 5f146d [Rn] 140.12 140.91 144.24 *144.91 150.36 140.12 140.91 144.24 *144.91 150.36 1016 61 1042 62 1042 62 1072 63 1072 6 58 799 59 799 59 931 60931 601016 61 3443 3520 3074 3000 1794 3443 1.08 3520 1.07 3074 1.07 3000 1.07 1794 1.07 La La Ce Ce Pr Pr Nd Nd PmPm SmSm EuE 1.08 1.07 1.07 3 3, 4 3, 4 3 3 3, 4 3, 4 3 1 6s2 4f15d16s[Xe] 4f15d16s2 [Xe] 4f36s2 [Xe] 4f36s2 [Xe] 4f46s2[Xe] 4f46s2 2 [Xe] 5d16s2 [Xe] 5d [Xe] Actinides 89 Actinoide *227.03 *232.04 1050 1750 3198 4788 1.00 1.11 89 90 *227.03 1050 3198 1.00 90 *232.04 *231.04 *231.04 1750 1572 1572 4788 1.11 1.14 1.14 91 91 92 *238.03 *238.03 1135 1135 4131 4131 1.22 1.22 92 1.07 3 3 4f56s2 2 [Xe] 4f56s[Xe] 93 93 1.07 2, 3 2, 3 4f66s2 2 [Xe] 4f66s[Xe] *237.05 *237.05 644 644 3902 3902 1.22 1.22 *244.06*244.06 640 640 3228 3228 1.22 1.22 94 94 95 9 Ac Ac Th Th Pa Pa U U NpNp Pu Pu AmA 3 4 4, 5 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4, 5, 6 3 [Rn] 6d17s2 4 [Rn] 6d27s2 4,[Rn] 5 5f26d17s2 3, 4, 5,[Rn] 6 5f 36d17s2 3, 4, 5, [Rn]6 5f 46d17s2 [Rn] 6d17s2 [Rn] 6d27s2 [Rn] 5f26d17s2 [Rn] 5f 36d17s2 [Rn] 5f 46d17s2 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4, 5,[Rn] 6 5f 67s2 [Rn] 5f 67s2 * Most stable isotope, stabilstes Isotop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 148 Atomic number Element symbol Relative atomic mass Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C Electronegativity (Allred, Rochow) Oxidations states Electron configuration www.merckmillipore.com/periodictable 11 18 H 2 –1, 1 1s 22 11 6.941 180.5 1342 0.97 3 Li 1 [He] 2s11 11 Na 9 19 58.933 1495 2927 1.70 22.990 97.80 883 1.01 1 [Ne] 3s11 4 Be Mg 10 20 58.693 39.098 63.5 1455 2913 1.75 102.91 37 1964 3695 1.45 1 [Ar] 4s11 0, 2, 3 8 2 85.468 [Ar] 3d 4s 85.468 39.3 688 0.89 46 106.42 38 1554.8 2963 1.30 11 40.078 842 63.54621 1084.62 30 29 1484 1.04 2562 1.75 1541 65.409 2836 419.53 1.20 907 1.66 2 [Ar] 4s22 1, 2 [Ar] 3d104s1 87.62 3 [Ar] 3d14s22 [Ar] 3d104s2 88.906 47 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 [Kr] 4d85s1 55 192.22 2446 4428 1.55 132.91 28.44 671 0.86 78 0, 2, 4 [Kr] 4d10 56 195.08 1768.2 3825 1.42 Sc Zn 39 48 777 107.87 1377 961.78 2162 0.99 1.42 YCd 2 1, 2 [Kr] 5s22 [Kr] 4d105s1 137.33 727 196.97 1897 1064,18 2856 0.97 1.42 79 Cs Pt Ba Au 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e] 4f145d76s2 1 0, 2, 4 [Xe] [Xe] 6s11 4f145d96s1 *268.14 *223.02 27 677 0.86 87 110 88 *281 2 1, 3 [Xe][Xe] 6s224f145d106s1 *226.03 696 1140 0.97 111 *280 1 [Rn] [Rn] 7s11 5f146d87s2 150.36 150.36 1072 1072 1794 1794 1.07 1.07 62 63 63 2 [Rn][Rn] 7s22 5f146d97s2 151.96151.96 822 822 1596 1596 1.01 1.01 64 64 1522 112.41 321.07 3345 767 1.11 1.46 3 [Kr] 4d15s22 [Kr] 4d105s2 57–71 80 200.59 –38.83 Lanthanides 356.62 Lanthanoide 1.44 Hg 1, 2 [Xe] 4f145d106s2 89–103 112 *285 Actinides Actinoide Fr Ds Ra Rg n] 5f146d77s2 Cn *244.06 3, 4 [Ar] 3d24s2 3 [Ar] 3d104s24p1 91.224 40 4 3 [Kr] 4d25s2 [Kr] 4d105s25p1 178.49 2233 204.38 4603 304 1.23 1473 1.44 72 81 2011 1.20 1.20 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4, 5,[Rn] 6 5f 67s2 [Rn] 5f 67s2 1.20 1.20 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 4 3, 4, 5,[Rn] 6 5f 77s2 3,5f476d17s2 [Rn] [Rn] 5f 77s2 [Rn] 5f 76d17s2 –4, 2, 4 [He] 2s22p2 28.086 1414 3265 1.74 14 Si 5 -4, 4 [Ne] 3s23p2 50.942 1910 72.64 3407938.25 1.45 2833 2.02 24 32 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 [Ar] 3d34s2 4 [Ar] 3d104s24p2 92.906 42 2477118.71 4744231.93 1.23 2602 1.72 50 15 14.007 –210 –195.798 3.07 7 N –3, 2, 3, 4, 5 [He] 2s22p3 30.974 44.15 280,5 2.06 15 P6 –3, 3, 5 [Ne] 3s23p3 51.996 190774.922 2671 subl. 616 1.56 subl. 616 2.20 25 33 16 15.999 –218.79 –182.95 3.50 8 O –2, –1 [He] 2s22p4 32.065 115.21 444.61 2.44 16 S7 –2, 2, 4, 6 43 2623121.76 4639630.63 1.30 1587 1.82 51 180.95 3017 207.2 5455327.46 1.33 1749 1.55 74 83 TaPb W Bi 183.84 3422208.98 5555 271.4 1.40 1564 1.67 *261.11 104 113 *262.11 *287 105 114 *284 106115 Rf Uut DbFl *247.07 7685 OsAt CfCf EsEs Tm Tm 1527 101 100 *257.095 1527 100 101 Fm Fm *258.10 *258.10 827 827 Md Md 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 3, 4 3, 45f 97s2 [Rn] [Rn] 5f 97s2 3, 4 3, 5f 4 107s2 [Rn] [Rn] 5f 107s2 3 [Rn] 5f3117s2 [Rn] 5f 117s2 3 12 [Rn] 5f3 7s2 [Rn] 5f 127s2 3 [Rn] 5f 1337s2 [Rn] 5f 137s2 Nonmetals Transition metals Halogens Lanthanides Inert gases Actinides Alkaline-earth metals Other metals Alkali metals Semi metals 7786 78 IrRn *277*294 192.22 *222.02 2446 4428–71 –61.7 1.55 Pt -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 2 14 2 [Xe] 5d1076s [Xe] 4f 4f145d 6s26p6 109 118 [Xe *268.14 *294 110 174.97 1663 3402 3402 1.14 1.14 1.20 1.20 Pd 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6 [Kr] 4d10825s, 14, [Kr] 4d 5s25p6 173.04 173.04 824 824 1196 1196 1.06 1.06 69 69 *257.095 46 131.29 1964 –111.74 3695 –108.09 1.45 Rh Xe 2 14 [Rn] [Rn] 5f14 6d1077s 7s227p6 2,2, 3 32 13 [Xe] 13 6s [Xe] 4f4f 6s2 *252.08 *252.08 860860 Ni -1, 0, 2, 3 2 [Ar] 3d74s2 ,4 [Ar] 3d104s24p6 102.91 10 2 2 [Rn] [Rn]5f5f14146d 6d67s 7s 7p5 3 3 12 2 [Xe][Xe] 4f124f 6s26s 9999 28 HsUus Mt Uuo Ds 3 3 4f2116s2 [Xe][Xe] 4f116s *251.08 *251.08 900 900 1 [Ne] 3s23p6 58.933 1495 83.798 2927 –157.36 1.70 –153.34 14 14 5 102 2 [Rn] 5f5f 6d6d7s7s 7p4 [Rn] 3 10 32 [Xe] 10 4f [Xe] 4f 6s2 6s ErEr 45 54 126.90 2334 113.7 4150 184.4 1.42 2.21 108117 168.93 168.93 1545 1545 1950 1950 1.11 1.11 6868 39.948 –189.36 –185.85 Ar9 Co Kr 190.23 *209.99 3033 5012 302 336.95 1.52 1.96 1s2 20.1797 –248.609 –246.053 [He] 2s22p6 18 27 36 *264.12*291 167.26 167.26 1529 1529 2868 2868 1.11 1.11 Ho Ho Ne 1538 79.904 2861–7.2 1.6458.8 2.74 0, 2, 4, 6, 7 -2, 0, 2,–1 3, 4, 6, 8 2,2 4, 6 , 1,6 3,2 5, 7 14 5 14 [Xe] 4f4f 5d [Xe] 14 6s 10 [Xe] 5d106s26p4 [Xe]4f4f145d 5d6s 6s26p5 SgUup BhLv 6767 –1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Ne] 3s23p5 55.845 10 -2, 0, 2, 3, 6 [Ar] –13d , 1,64s 3,2 5, 7 [Ar] 3d104s24p5 101.07 186.21 *208.98 3185 5596 254 1.46 962 1.76 164.93 164.93 1472 1472 2700 2700 1.101.10 DyDy Cl8 RuI 162.50 162.50 14121412 25672567 1.101.10 66 66 4 3, 4 3, 9 2 9 [Xe] 4f[Xe] 6s2 4f 6s 17 44 53 107116 3 14 2 10 [Rn] [Rn] 5f146d5f27s 5f146d 7s 5f145f 6d1446d 7s102 7s27p3 5f14 6d2107s27p2 [Rn][Rn] 6d 7s27p1 [Rn][Rn] 35.453 –101.5 –34.04 2.83 7 -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 –2,2 4, 6 –14d , 1,75s 3,1 5, 7 [Kr] 4d55s [Kr] [Kr] 4d105s25p4 [Kr] 4d105s25p5 RePo *266.12 *288 –1 [He] 2s22p5 FeBr 127.60 2157 449.51 4262 1.36 988 2.01 52 75 84 4 5 2, 4 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 5 1, 3 14 2 2 3 2 [Xe] 4f 4f145d 4f144f 5d1445d 6s102 6s26p3 14 [Xe]5d4f6s 5d106s26p1 [Xe][Xe] 4f146s 5d106s26p2 [Xe][Xe] 18.998 –219.67 –188.12 4.10 F 26 35 Mn Se He 17 9 [Ne] 3s23p4 54.938 124678.96 2061 221 1.60 685 2.48 34 -1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 0, 2, 3, 6 1 [Ar] 3d54s–3, [Ar] 3d54s 3, 5 –2,2 4, 6 [Ar] 3d104s24p3 [Ar] 3d104s24p4 95.94 *97.907 3, 5 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1 3, 5 [Kr] 4d45s1 2, 4 [Kr] 4d55s–3, [Kr] 4d105s25p2 [Kr] 4d105s25p3 73 82 Hf Tl 65 65 Pu AmAm Cm Cm BkBk 1.22 41 1855 114.82 4409 156.6 1.22 2072 1.49 49 158.93 157.25157.25 158.93 Lanthanides 1313 1313 1359 1359 3273 3273 3230 3230 Lanthanoide 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 *247.07 C 12.011 3550 4827 2.50 Zr In NbSn MoSb TcTe *243.06 *247.07 *247.07 640 95 1176 96 94*244.06 640 95 1176 96 1345 1345 97 97 996 996 98 98 3228 2011 3228 1.22 23 31 14 6 Ti Ga V Ge CrAs [Rn] 5f146d107s2 3 2, 3 2,7 32 3 [Xe] 4f 6s [Xe] 4f7[Xe] 4f275d16s2 2 [Xe] 4f76s 5d16s *243.06 3 [Ne] 3s23p1 47.867 1668 69.723 3287 29.76 1.32 2204 1.82 22 mSm EuEu GdGd TbTb 2, 3 2, 3 4f66s2 2 [Xe] 4f66s[Xe] 26.982 660.32 2519 1.47 Al 4 3 1244.956 10.811 2075 4000 2.01 3 [He] 2s22p1 13 2 [Ne] 3s22 Rb Pd Sr Ag 1 [Kr] 5s11 B 24.305 650 1090 1.23 K Ni Ca Cu -1, 0, 2, 3 [Ar] 3d74s2 5 2 [He] 2s22 12 759 280.91 13 9.0122 1287 2471 1.47 4.0026 –272.2 –268.93 Quellen 1.0079 –259.1 –252.76 2.20 1 70 70 Yb Yb 2,2,332 [Xe]4f4f14146s 6s2 [Xe] 102 102 *259.10 *259.10 No No 1.20 1.20 2, 3 14 3 2 [Rn] 5f2, 7s [Rn] 5f 147s2 71 71 Lu 3 32 14 [Xe] 4f 4f14 5d116s [Xe] 5d 6s2 103 103 *262.11 *262.11 Lr Lr 3 [Rn] 5f 147s27p31 [Rn] 5f 147s27p1 149 [Rn Notes We provide information and advice to our customers to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or 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