Laboratorio - Herramientas en el laboratorio de Merck

laBtools
Tables for laboratory use
The life science business of Merck
operates as MilliporeSigma in the
U.S. and Canada.
LabTools
LabTools offers you tables with all
the information you need while working
with chemicals. Moreover, our tables
which are combined in this booklet, will
help you to communicate the basic
rules in your laboratory in an easy and
comprehensive manner.
WE ARE
MERCK
1668
founded
66
countries
50,000
employees
€ 1.7 bn
invested in
R&D in 2015
€ 12.8 bn
sales in 2015
HEALTHCARE
Prescription medicines to treat, for example, cancer, multiple sclerosis and
infertility, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals for everyday health protection or
to provide fast relief of colds and pain, as well as innovations in the areas of
allergies and biosimilars.
LIFE SCIENCE
Innovative tools and laboratory supplies for the life science industry that
make research and biotech production easier, faster and more successful.
PERFORMANCE MATERIALS
A wide range of specialty chemicals, such as liquid crystals for displays,
effect pigments for coatings and cosmetics, or high-tech materials for the
electronics industry.
Total capital
100 %
Merck Family
Equity interest 70.3 %
Shareholders
Share capital 29.7 %
Family-owned for 13 generations
Publicly traded since 1995
DAX member since 2007
Contents
01 Safety
in the laboratory
Proper behavior inside a laboratory
Hazard and precautionary statements
Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets
GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach
Hazard pictograms
Incompatible chemicals
Safety Data Sheet
Lable information
Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging
Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials
02
40
Solutions – aqueous systems
General formulas for mixing liquids
Conversion table for water hardness units
Mixture rules
Preparation of dilute solutions
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water
in relation to temperature
Solubility products of slighty soluble
inorganic compounds
Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide solution
Potassium hydroxide solution
Ammonia
Commercially available concentrations
of some acids and bases
04
8
10
18
19
20
22
28
32
34
36
hemical and physical
C
properties of elements
and inorganic compounds
Table of elements
03
page
48
49
50
51
52
60
63
64
66
66
68
70
72
74
75
Indicators and buffers
pH indicators
Buffer solutions
pKa values of selected biological buffers
Buffer ranges
78
80
82
83
05
06
Analytical chromatography
page
Thin-layer chromatography
Analytical HPLC
Specification of column sorbents
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
86
88
90
94
100
Organic solvents
Organic solvents properties and drying agents
Sustainable Solvent Alternatives
Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures
Drying agents
Solvents for organic instrumental analysis
Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances
07
Physical methods for the
determination of elements
Flame photometry
Wavelength and wave number
Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance
Calculation of the standard deviation
Direct-current polarography
Cathode ray polarography
08
118
118
118
118
119
119
Conversion factors and units
Energy dimensions – conversion factors
Pressure dimensions – conversion factors
Decimal units multiplies and subdivisions
Concentrations
Basic units
Derived units with conversion of previous units
US and British measuring units
09
104
108
110
111
112
114
122
122
123
123
123
124
128
Other useful tables
Physical constants
NMR Chemical Shifts of Common
Synthetic Trace Impurities
Greek alphabet
Greek numbers / Roman numbers
Freezing mixtures
Extran® laboratory cleaning agents
Particle sizes
NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts
NMR: Proton chemical shifts
Miscibility table
Periodic table of the elements
132
133
136
137
138
138
140
142
144
146
148
01
Safety in the
laboratory
Proper behavior inside a laboratory
8
Hazard and precautionary statements
10
Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets
18
GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach
19
Hazard pictograms
20
Incompatible chemicals
22
Safety Data Sheet
28
Lable information
32
Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging
34
Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials
36
Proper behavior inside the laboratory
Chemistry is fascinating, not only for beginners in related jobs.
Handling chemicals is not only fascinating, but can also be very dangerous
for human health and the environment, especially if they are not used
adequately. This is one of the reasons why it is that important to inform
oneself upfront about the hazard profile of a chemical and to have
excellent knowledge about all relevant state-of-the-art precautionary
measurements to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Therefore, it is a must to read and understand all safety related
information provided on the label and in the safety data sheet.
Any manufacturer/importer has to classify and label hazardous chemical
products in accordance with the respective national law, and also has to
provide a safety data sheet.
Most highly industrialized economies and even developing countries have
implemented or are going to implement GHS. This is a big step forward to
harmonize hazard communication round the world.
8
General instructions how to use hazardous
substances in the laboratory
1.
Within a risk assessment the employer has to cover all activities
with hazardous chemical products.
2.
andling of hazardous chemicals should only be allowed if all
H
necessary measures have been taken to ensure proper protection
regarding health hazards and environmental protection.
3.
All substances and mixtures, including waste, must be part of this
assessment.
4.All hazardous substances and mixtures have to be labeled in a way
that appropriate protection measures can be taken.
5.
General safety rules should always be respected:
b. Wear safety glasses, special working clothes or a lab coat,
suitable lab shoes and, where necessary, suitable gloves.
c. Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals.
d. I n case of accidents, or if you feel unwell consult a physician/
doctor and state the cause of accident including the name of
the chemical involved.
e. In case of eye-contact with corrosive chemicals rinse cautiously
with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present
and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Safety in the laboratory
a. In any case avoid contact with skin, eyes and mucous
membranes.
Safety carrier for glass bottles
Chemicals in glass bottles have hazard potential; glass can break!
Our solution is a bottle safety carrier – a carrier with PE-foam inlay
with high compression strength and a leak proof top cover. In case
of accident the PE-foam of the falling carrier protects the bottle from
breaking. In the unlikely event that the bottle should break the leak
proof top cover ensures that no glass splinters or harmful solvent
vapors escape.
9
Hazard and precautionary statements
According to the 5th revised edition of the UN GHS and in addition
EU hazard statements based on the CLP Regulation.
H200
H201
H202
H203
H204
H205
H220
H221
H222
H223
H224
H225
H226
H227
H228
H229
H230
H231
H240
H241
H242
H250
H251
H252
H260
H261
H270
H271
H272
H280
H281
H290
H300
H300 + H310
H300 + H310
+ H330
10
Hazard statements
Unstable explosives.
Explosive; mass explosion hazard.
Explosive, severe projection hazard.
Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard.
Fire or projection hazard.
May mass explode in fire.
Extremely flammable gas.
Flammable gas.
Extremely flammable aerosol.
Flammable aerosol.
Extremely flammable liquid and vapour.
Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
Flammable liquid and vapour.
Combustible liquid.
Flammable solid.
Pressurised container: May burst if heated.
May react explosively even in the absence of air.
May react explosively even in the absence of airat elevated
pressure and/ or temperature.
Heating may cause an explosion.
Heating may cause a fire or explosion.
Heating may cause a fire.
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air.
Self-heating: may catch fire.
Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire.
In contact with water releases flammable gases which may
ignite spontaneously.
In contact with water releases flammable gases.
May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer.
May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer.
May intensify fire; oxidizer.
Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
May be corrosive to metals.
Fatal if swallowed.
Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin.
Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
H335
H336
H340
Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled.
Toxic if swallowed.
Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin.
Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.
Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled.
Harmful if swallowed.
Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.
Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or ifinhaled.
Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.
May be harmful if swallowed.
May be harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.
May be harmful if swallowed, in contact with skinor if
inhaled.
May be harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways.
Fatal in contact with skin.
Fatal in contact with skin or if inhaled.
Toxic in contact with skin.
Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled.
Harmful in contact with skin.
Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled.
May be harmful in contact with skin.
May be harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Causes skin irritation.
Causes skin and eye irritation.
Causes mild skin irritation.
May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Causes serious eye damage.
Causes serious eye irritation.
Causes eye irritation.
Fatal if inhaled.
Toxic if inhaled.
Harmful if inhaled.
May be harmful if inhaled.
May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or
breathingdifficulties if inhaled.
May cause respiratory irritation.
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
May cause genetic defects.
Safety in the laboratory
H300 + H330
H301
H301 + H311
H301 + H311
+ H331
H301 + H331
H302
H302 + H312
H302 + H312
+ H332
H302 + H332
H303
H303 + H313
H303 + H313
+ H333
H303 + H333
H304
H305
H310
H310 + H330
H311
H311 + H331
H312
H312 + H332
H313
H313 + H333
H314
H315
H315 + H320
H316
H317
H318
H319
H320
H330
H331
H332
H333
H334
11
H341
H350
H350i*
H351
H360
H360D*
H360Df*
H360F*
H360FD*
H360Fd*
H361
H361d*
H361f*
H361fd*
H362
H370
H371
H372
H373
H400
H401
H402
H410
H411
H412
H413
H420
Suspected of causing genetic defects.
May cause cancer.
May cause cancer by inhalation.
Suspected of causing cancer.
May damage fertility or the unborn child.
May damage the unborn child.
May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging
fertility.
May damage fertility.
May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child.
May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn
child.
Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
Suspected of damaging the unborn child.
Suspected of damaging fertility.
Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the
unborn child.
May cause harm to breast-fed children.
Causes damage to organs.
May cause damage to organs.
Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated
exposure.
May cause damage to organs through prolonged or
repeated exposure.
Very toxic to aquatic life.
Toxic to aquatic life.
Harmful to aquatic life.
Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquaticlife.
Harms public health and the environment by destroying
ozone in the upper atmosphere.
* EU hazard statement
EUH001
EUH014
EUH018
EUH019
EUH029
EUH031
EUH032
12
Additional EU hazard statements
Explosive when dry.
Reacts violently with water.
In use may form flammable / explosive vapour-air mixture.
May form explosive peroxides.
Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.
Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas.
EUH044
EUH066
EUH070
EUH071
EUH201
EUH202
EUH203
EUH204
EUH205
EUH206
EUH207
EUH208
EUH209
EUH209A
EUH210
EUH401
Risk of explosion if heated under confinement.
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
Toxic by eye contact.
Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be
chewed or sucked by children.
Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction.
Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction.
Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic
reaction.
Warning! Do not use together with other products. May
release dangerous gases (chlorine).
Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed
during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer.
Comply with the safety instructions.
Contains <name of sensitising substance>
May produce an allergic reaction.
Can become highly flammable in use.
Can become flammable in use.
Safety data sheet available on request.
To avoid risks to human health and the environment,
comply with the instructions for use.
Precautionary statements
If medical advice is needed, have product container or label
at hand.
P102
Keep out of reach of children.
P103
Read label before use.
P201
Obtain special instructions before use.
P202
Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and
understood.
P210
Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and
other ignition sources. No smoking.
P211
Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220
Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials.
P222
Do not allow contact with air.
P223
Do not allow contact with water.
P230
Keep wetted with …
P231
Handle and store contents under inert gas.
P231 + P232 Handle and store contents under inert gas.
Protect from moisture.
P232
Protect from moisture.
Safety in the laboratory
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
P101
13
P234
P235
P240
P241
Keep only in original packaging.
Keep cool.
Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.
Use explosion-proof electrical/ ventilating/ lighting/ …/
equipment.
P242
Use non-sparking tools.
P243
Take action to prevent static discharges.
P244
Keep valves and fittings free from oil and grease.
P250
Do not subject to grinding/ shock/ friction/ …
P251
Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260
Do not breathe dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray.
P261
Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray.
P262
Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263
Avoid contact during pregnancy and while nursing.
P264
Wash … thoroughly after handling.
P270
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271
Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272
Contaminated work clothing should not be allowedout of the
workplace.
P273
Avoid release to the environment.
P280
Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eyeprotection /
face protection.
P282
Wear cold insulating gloves and either face shield or eye
protection.
P283
Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing.
P284
In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory
protection.
P301
IF SWALLOWED:
P301 + P310 IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER/ doctor…
P301 + P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …/
if you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
+ P331
P302
IF ON SKIN:
P302 + P334 IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in
wetbandages.
P302 + P335 IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in
+ P334
cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P352 IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/ …
P303
IF ON SKIN (or hair):
P303 + P361 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated
+ P353
clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower.
14
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
P304 + P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep
comfortable for breathing.
P305
IF IN EYES:
P305 + P351 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
+ P338
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue
rinsing.
P306
IF ON CLOTHING:
P306 + P360 IF ON CLOTHING: rinse immediately contaminated clothing
and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P308
IF exposed or concerned:
P308 + P311 IF exposed or concerned: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …
P308 + P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention.
P310
Immediately call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …
P311
Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …
P312
Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor/ …/ if you feel unwell.
P313
Get medical advice/ attention.
P314
Get medical advice/ attention if you feel unwell.
P315
Get immediate medical advice/ attention.
P320
Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label).
P321
Specific treatment (see … on this label).
P330
Rinse mouth.
P331
Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332
If skin irritation occurs:
P332 + P313 If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/ attention.
P333
If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P333 + P313 If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/ attention.
P334
Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
P335
Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336
Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
Do not rub affected area.
P336 + P315 Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub
affected area. Get immediate medical advice/ attention.
P337
If eye irritation persists:
P337 + P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/ attention.
P338
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
P340
Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for
breathing.
P341
If breathing is difficult, remove victim to freshair and keep at
rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342
If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
Safety in the laboratory
P304
IF INHALED:
P304 + P312 IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor if you feel unwell.
15
P342 + P311 If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON
CENTER/ doctor/ …
P351
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352
Wash with plenty of water/ …
P353
Rinse skin with water or shower.
P360
Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skinwith plenty
of water before removing clothes.
P361
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P361 + P364 Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it
before reuse.
P362
Take off contaminated clothing.
P362 + P364 Take off contaminated clothing and wash it beforereuse.
P363
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P364
And wash it before reuse.
P370
In case of fire:
P370 + P372 In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area.
+ P380 +
DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P373
P370 + P376 In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.
P370 + P378 In case of fire: Use … to extinguish.
P370 + P380 In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the
+ P375
risk of explosion.
P370 + P380 In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the
+ P375 +
risk of explosion. Use … to extinguish.
P378
P371
In case of major fire and large quantities:
P371 + P380 In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area.
+ P375
Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P372
Explosion risk.
P373
DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P375
Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P376
Stop leak if safe to do so.
P377
Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leakcan be
stopped safely.
P378
Use … to extinguish.
P380
Evacuate area.
P381
In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.
P390
Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391
Collect spillage.
P401
Store in accordance with …
P402
Store in a dry place.
P403
Store in a well-ventilated place.
P403 + P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep containertightly closed.
16
P403 + P235 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P404
Store in a closed container.
P405
Store locked up.
P406
Store in corrosive resistant/ … container with a resistant
inner liner.
P407
Maintain air gap between stacks or pallets.
P410
Protect from sunlight.
P410 + P403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place
P410 + P412 Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures
exceeding 50 °C/122 °F.
P411
Store at temperatures not exceeding … °C/ … °F.
P412
Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/ 122 °F.
P413
Store bulk masses greater than … kg/ … lbs at
temperatures not exceeding … °C/ … °F.
P420
Store separately.
P501
Dispose of contents / container to …
P502
Refer to manufacturer or supplier for informationon o
recovery or recycling.
Safety in the laboratory
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
Chemizorb® – absorbents for spilled liquids
Mishaps and accidents happen – every day and nearly in every lab!
With Chemizorb® you can remove spilled liquids quickly and safely.
Chemizorb® is capable of taking up to 400 % (depending on the type) of their
own weight in liquid material. We offer you specific absorbents for each
problem:
Allrounders Chemizorb® powder and granules,
Specialists Chemizorb® Alkali, Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid,
All-in-one Chemizorb® Mercury set
17
Storage of chemicals in safety cabinets
Inappropriate storage of different chemicals in a safety cabinet might cause
accidents. The following storage rules will help to reduce the risks. The
storage table for small quantities shows, by means of GHS pictograms,
combinations of products which may be stored together (+) or not (–). There
are no exceptions for explosive substances, gases, organic peroxides, selfreactive substances and radioactive substances; the mixed storage table of
the StoreCard still applies.
Please refer to our StoreCard for more information:
www.merckmillipore.com/safe-storage
none
none
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Flammable liquids and aerosols
Flammable solids
Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
Substances that form flammable gases in contact with water
18
GHS – the first-ever globally uniform approach
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of
Chemicals (GHS) was developed by the United Nations over more than
a decade of intense work. It is a “living” document which will be regularly
revised and updated to reflect new national, regional and international
experiences in the area of hazard communication.
Scope
GHS covers inter alia the following elements:
Harmonized criteria for classifying substances and mixtures according to
their health, environmental and physical hazards
Harmonized hazard communication elements, including requirements for
labelling and safety data sheets
For more information please visit our website:
www.merckmillipore.com/ghs
www.merckmillipore.com/safety
Safety in the laboratory
Purpose
Enhance the protection of human health and the environment by providing
an internationally comprehensible system for hazard communication
Reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals, and facilitate international trade in chemicals whose hazards have been properly assessed
on an international basis
19
Hazard pictograms
GHS – Hazard pictograms and examples for associated hazard classes
Physical Hazards
Explosives
Flammable liquids
Oxidising liquids
Corrosive to
metals
20
Gases under
pressure
www.merckmillipore.com/
regulatory-support
Health Hazards
Skin corrosion
Skin irritation
CMR1), STOT2),
Aspiration hazard
Safety in the laboratory
Acute toxicity
Environmental hazards
1)
MR: carcinogenicty,
C
germ cell mutagenicity,
reproductive toxicity
2)
TOT: specific target organ
S
toxicity
Hazardous to the aquatic
environment
21
Incompatible chemicals
The chemicals listed below may react violently with one another. They
must be kept apart and must never come into contact with one another. The
objective of this list is to give information on how to avoid accidents in the
laboratory. Due to the great number of hazardous materials, this list includes
only some examples. Detailed information about the stability and reactivity of
the substance are available in the safety data sheet.
Substance: Acetic acid
Incompatible with
Risk of explosion with:
Risk of ignition of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Possible
formation of:
Violent reactions
possible with:
Order number: 100063
Peroxy compounds, perchloric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, phosphorus halides, hydrogen peroxide,
chromium(VI) oxide, potassium permanganate,
peroxides, strong oxidizing agents
Metals, iron, zinc, magnesium, mild steel
Hydrogen
Strong alkalis, anhydrides, aldehydes, alkali
hydroxides, non-metallic halides, ethanolamine,
acetaldehyde, alcohols, halogen-halogen
compounds, chlorosulfonic acid, chromosulfuric
acid, potassium hydroxide, nitric acid
Substance: Ammonia solution
Incompatible with
A risk of explosion
and / or of toxic gas
formation exists
with the following
substances:
Oxidizing agents, phosgene, oxides of phosphorus, mercury, acids, nitric acid, oxygen, sulphur
dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, silver compounds,
nitrogen oxides, nitrogen trichloride, hydrogen
peroxide, silver, lead, zinc, heavy metals, heavy
metal salts, strong alkalis, acrolein, antimony,
hydride, boron, hydrogen bromide, chlorates,
hydrogen chloride gas, chromium(VI) oxide,
chromyl chloride, dimethylsulfate, ethylene oxide,
hydrogen fluoride, halogens, halogen-halogen
compounds, halogen oxides, carbon dioxide, acids
Acid in Safebreak bottle
Acids in glass bottles
have hazard potential:
glass can break!
22
Order number: 105423
Substance: Ammonium nitrate
Incompatible with
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Substance: Aniline
Order number: 101188
Reducing agents, oils, metallic chlorides, chlorates, salts of oxyhalogenic acids, sulphides, organic
nitro compounds, aluminium, organic substances,
oxidizing agents, ammonium compounds, alkalines, nitrites, combustible substance, carbides,
non-metals, alkali metals, metals, acids, mild steel
Acetic acid, metals, nitrites, ammonium
compounds, potassium dichromate
Order number: 101261
Risk of explosion with:
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Substance: Bromine
Incompatible with
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of explosion with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Oxidizing agents, peroxi compounds, perchlorates, perchloric acid, nitric acid, oxygen, organic
nitro compounds, benzene-benzene derivatives,
nitrates
Semi metallic halides, acetic anhydride, acids
Fluorine, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals
Order number: 101948
Safety in the laboratory
Incompatible with
Hydrides, amides, phenols, ether, halogen-halogen
compounds, halogen oxides, non-metals, alcohols,
organic substances, alkali oxides, alkali metals,
semimetals, acetylene, amines, ketones, aldehydes, nitrides, germanium, rubber, phosphides,
metals, sodium hydroxide, iron-iron-containing
compounds, mercury, titanium, boranes
Ammonia, azides, silanes, zinc diethyl, hydrogen,
organic substances, ozone, nitriles, halogen
oxides, phosphine, potassium, sodium, carbides,
nickel carbonyl, phosphine, phosphorus, reducing
agents, oxidisable substances, hydrogen with
pressure, heat, metals with moisture, lithium
sensitive to shock, antimony in powder form
Acetylidene, aluminium, halides, hydrides,
hydrocarbons, fluorine, fluorides, lithium silicide,
oxides of phosphorus, tin, arsenic in powder form
23
Incompatible chemicals
Substance: Chromium(VI) oxide
Incompatible with
Risk of ignition or
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Organic combustible substance, alkali metals,
ammonia, non-metals, halogen-halogen
compounds hydrazine and derivatives, nitrates,
reducing agents, nitric acid
Substance: Copper
Incompatible with
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Risk of explosion with:
Order number: 102703
Ethylene oxide, fluorine, hydrogen sulphide,
halogen-halogen compounds, alkali oxides,
nitrides, sulphuric acid, salts of hydrazine
Oxidizing agents, chlorine
Acetylene, azides, ammonium compounds,
peroxides, chlorates, picrates, bromates, iodates,
perchlorates
Substance: Hydrogen peroxide
Incompatible with
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Exothermic reaction
with:
24
Order number: 100229
Order number: 107209
Hydrazine and derivatives, hydrides, combustible substance, ether, anhydrides, oxidizing
agents, organic substances, peroxi compounds,
permanganates, organic solvents, organic nitro
compounds, brass, alkali metals, alkali salts, alkaline earth metals, metals, metallic oxides, metallic
salts, non-metals, non-metallic oxides,
aldehydes, alcohols, amines, ammonia, acids,
strong alkalis, acetaldehyde, acetone, activated
charcoal, anilines, lead, powdered metals, acetic
acid, acetic anhydride, potassium, iodides,
potassium permanganate, methanol, sodium oils,
phosphorus, oxides of phosphorus, conc. sulfuric
acid, heavy metals, silver in powder form, alkali
hydroxides with heavy metals, vinyl acetate with
catalyst
Alkali hydroxides, metals, nitric acid, zinc oxides,
metallic salts, phenol with metal catalysts
Incompatible with
Risk of explosion with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Exothermic reaction
with:
Substance: Mercury
Incompatible with
Risk of explosion with:
Order number: 104761
Reducing agents, alkali metals, acetylene, ammonia, potassium, copper compounds, sodium,
oxyhalogenic compounds, Boron, halogen oxides,
iodides, azides, ammonium compounds, antimony, in powder form, mercury oxide with methanol
and ethanol
Powdered metals, zinc, semimetals, halogenhalogen compounds, non-metals, non-metallic
oxides, alkali salts, iron, fluorine, formaldehyde,
hydrides, sodium phosphide, phosphorus, sulphur,
titanium, powdered aluminium, acetylidene,
combustible substances, powdered magnesium,
petrol, butadiene, calcium hydride, diethyl ether
with aluminium
Carbides, azides, turpentine oils and/or turpentine
substitutes, alkali oxides, lithium silicide, alkaline
earth compounds, nitrides, acetaldehyde, lithium,
fluorides, oxides of phosphorus, chlorine, iron in
powder form
Order number: 104401
Acetylene, alkali metals, aluminium, amines,
ammonia, chlorine dioxide, potassium, sodium,
oxalic acid, perchlorates
Chlorine, silanes, oxygen
Safety in the laboratory
Substance: Iodine
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Generates dangerous
Nitric acid
gases or fumes in contact
with:
Exothermic reaction
Bromine, metals, acetylidene, oxygen
with:
25
Incompatible chemicals
Substance: Nitric acid
Incompatible with
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Violent reactions
possible with:
Order number: 101719
Formaldehyde, glycerol, sulphuric acid, hydrogen
iodide, chlorates, organic substance, carbon / soot,
hydrocarbons, alkali metals, lithium silicide, organic solvent, phosphorus, pyridine, sulphur dioxide,
hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, acetylidene, alcohols, anilines, antimony
hydride, amines, ammonia, combustible substances, phosphides, aldehydes, dichloromethane,
hydrazines, dioxane, acetic acid, acetone, acetic,
anhydride, fluorine, powdered metals
Nitriles, antimony, arsenic, boron, ferric oxide,
alkalines, sodium hypochlorite
Substance: Perchloric acid
Incompatible with
Risk of explosion with:
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
26
Order number: 100519
Semimetals, Antimony oxide, Metals, Hydrogen,
Impurities, organic combustible substance, acetic
acid, Halogenated hydrocarbon, hydrogen halides,
fluorine, ether, sulfoxides, metallic oxides, iron,
ferric oxide, acetic anhydride, ethanol, glycerol,
methanol, dichloromethane, phenol, phosphine,
oxides of phosphorus, pyridine, reducing agents,
sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxide, halogenated
compounds, iron-iron-containing compounds,
mild steel, carbon, nitric acid with organic
substances, acetylene with formaldehyde, acetic
acid with acetic anhydride, sulphuric acid with
organic substances
Ketones, phosphides, bases
Anilines with formaldehyde, hydrogen iodide
Substance: Potassium chlorate
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of ignition of
formation of
inflammable gases or
vapours with:
Arsenic, resins, charcoal, powdered metals,
sulphuric acid, nitrates, tannin, zinc oxide, alcohols, organic combustible substances, sulphides,
hydrocarbons, ammonium compounds, reducing
agents, phosphorus, hydrides, fluorine, alkali metals, cyanides, alkali amides, sulphur, potassium
dichromate, powdered aluminium, germanium,
potassium, copper compounds, powdered
magnesium, nitric acid, titanium, sugars, organic
substances
Ammonia, calcium silicide, nitrides, phosphides,
chromium
Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen iodide
Substance: Potassium perchlorate
Incompatible with
Exothermic reaction
with:
Risk of explosion with:
Substance: Sulfuric acid
Incompatible with
Violent reactions
possible with:
Order number: 104944
Order number: 105076
Fluorine
Activated charcoal, powdered aluminium,
combustible substances, halogenated compounds,
ethanol, charcoal, organic substance, polyvinylchloride, reducing agents, acids, sulphur, resins,
sugar, powdered metals, ethylene glycol, powdered magnesium, ammonium salts, combustible
substances, hydrides, aldehydes, nitrates, calcium
carbonate, furaldehydes potassium nitrate with
aluminium and water
Safety in the laboratory
Incompatible with
Risk of explosion with:
Order number: 112080
Water, alkali metals, alkali compounds, ammonia,
aldehydes, acetonitrile, alkaline earth metals, alkalines, acids, alkaline earth compounds, metals,
metal alloys, oxides of phosphorus, phosphorus,
hydrides, halogen-halogen compounds, oxyhalogenic compounds, permanganates, nitrates, carbides, combustible substances, organic solvent,
acetylidene, nitriles, organic nitro compounds,
anilines, peroxides, picrates, nitrides, lithium
silicide, iron(III) compounds, bromates, chlorates,
amines, perchlorates, hydrogen peroxide
27
Safety Data Sheet
The safety data sheet (SDS) is the most important and common document
when talking about product safety. With the implementation of all safety and
precautionary measures given in the SDS the protection of human health and
the environment as well as a sufficient workplace safety standard should be
assured.
Here some examples of relevant information given in following sections
of an EU SDS:
Section
Section
Section
Section
28
2:
7:
8:
10:
Hazard identification
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / personal protection
Stability and reactivity
Safety in the laboratory
Section 2: Hazards identification
Section 7: Handling and storage
29
Safety Data Sheet
Section 8: Exposure controls / personal protection
30
Safety in the laboratory
Section 10: Stability and reactivity
Safety in the laboratory
The video guides you through a wide range of
important topics but basic rules for lab safety are
trained as well.
View this video as a one-stop refresher course!
www.merckmillipore.com/safety-film
31
Label information
With GHS for the first time standardized and harmonized elements for global
hazard communication are available:
Hazard pictograms in the same shape
Signal words
Hazard statements
Precautionary statements
The label example on page 33 describes where to find this key information.
As mentioned already on page 28, the SDS includes all essential information
concerning product safety. This implies next to the labeling elements also the
classification of a hazardous chemical product based on GHS requirements.
32
5°C
Storage
temperature
30°C
H (hazard) and P (precautionary) statements
and special US requirements
Signal word
Batch
number
1.06469.1000
Empirical
formulas,
Density,
Molar mass
BATCH12345
1 kg
Safety in the laboratory
Hazard
pictograms
Name and
address of
supplier (US / EU)
Country of orgin
33
Safety in daily solvents handling | Electrostatic charging
If flammable liquids (e.g. solvents) are to be used, the container (10 L and
more) must be properly earthed according to valid safety regulations to avoid
explosion and fire risks. Appropriate measures must be taken to discharge
static electricity.
The fire and explosion triangle
Ignition source
Heat, electricity, static electricity, friction, chemical reactions,
spontaneous combustion, dieseling, pyrophors, sudden decompression, catalytic reactions
AT
OX
YG
E
HE
N
Oxidizer
Planned introduction of air,
inadvertent intro­duction of
oxygen, release of hydrocarbons into air, weathered fluids,
oxidizers
FUEL
Heavy and light gases, hydrocarbon liquids and vapors, vapors of
chemicals / lubricants / solvents, frac oils, flammable materials
Removing at least one of the components avoids the fire / explosion.
34
General warnings and safety instructions must be observed.
ll components (e.g. container and withdrawal system) must be grounded
A
separately in accordance with the applicable safety regulations.
Grounding
clamps must have metallic contact with both the container and
the withdrawal system, and a safe ground connection.
he grounding of the container and the grounding of the withdrawal
T
system must be installed before opening the container.
he user must always wear conductive personal protective equipment,
T
especially shoes and gloves, to avoid electrostatic charges. Therefore,
the user must always wear conductive personal protective equipment,
especially shoes and gloves.
The floor has to be conductive.
efore using organic solvents, the user must ensure that there are
B
no additional ignition hazards caused by process-specific parameters, such
as increased ignitability of the substances due to changed environmental
conditions or when sampling in combination with highly charge-generating
processes.
These measures reduce the risk of electrostatic separation of charges to
increase safety in daily solvents handling dramatically.
Safety in the laboratory
ampling vessels made of insulating material with a volume greater than
S
1 liter should not be used.
35
Declaration of suitability of MERCK packaging materials
Merck packaging materials are based on European state-of-the-art technology
and undergo rigorous technical and analytical quality controls both when they
themselves are being manufactured and also during filling and packaging
operations at Merck.
All suppliers are qualified to manufacture the respective type of packaging
material. The compliance to Merck packaging materials standards is controlled
under an appropriate QA system at Merck.
All of the primary and secondary packaging materials used at Merck undergo
quality control testing to reach a consistently high standard of quality. Testing
is performed using defect evaluation lists and on feature lists published by the
German Chemical Industry Association, VCI. The methods used for testing are
based on DIN, EN and CEN Standards. Only flawless packaging materials reach
point-of-use.
36
The starting materials used to manufacture the packagings either contain
no hazardous substances, no origin animal substances (TSE/BSE free) or
their percentages are below the legal limits. The materials employed conform
to the REACH regulation for chemicals, contain no Substances of very high
concern (SVHC) or other toxic substances, and satisfys Directive 1935/2004/EC
on materials coming into contact with foods as well as Regulation EU 10/2011
and Regulation Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC.
Safety in the laboratory
We confirm also that all of the packaging units used fully meet the international requirements for transport of dangerous goods by road (ADR), rail
(RID), sea (IMDG Code) and air (IATA). Unit packs are specifically tested and
released for the respective modes of transport. The packaging used for individual modes of transport will already have been type-tested and approved
for compliance with UN regulations.
37
292
1.70
Co
, 2, 3
-1, 0 7 4s2
d
[Ar] 3
45
8
1
5s
Rh
Ni
1
102.9 4
196
3695
1.45
46
4, 5
1
2, 3,
0, 1, ] 4d8 5s
[Kr
.23
033
5012
1.52
77
,8
, 4, 66 2
6s
f14 5d
Ir
Pd
2
192.2 6
244
4428
1.55
109
7s
f14 6d
Rn] 5
6
14
5f
[Rn]
2
.24
016
3074
1.07
e]
61
Pm
8
195.0.2
1768 5
382
1.42
[Xe]
7
2
Sm
.03
*238 35
11
4131
1.22
3, 4,
93
5, 62
[Xe
.05
*237 44
6
3902
1.22
Np
94
5, 6
3, 4, 1 7s2
4 6d
5f
[Rn]
[K
Cd
7
196.9 8
1
,
4
6
10 56
28
1.42
[Xe]
H
1
*280
111
[Rn]
7s
14
5f 6d
8
2
63
2, 32
6 6s
80
1, 31
10 s
14 5d 6
4f
Rg
f
[Xe] 4
Eu
.06
*244 40
6
3228
1.22
Pu
48
1, 21
10 5s
d
4
]
r
Au
*281
6
150.3 2
107
1794
1.07
02
3
2
4
4f 6s
4
0, 2, 1
9 6s
d
4f 5
[Rn]
6d 7s
7
107.8 8
7
.
1
6
9
2162
1.42
79
14
Ds
62
3
2
5 6s
f
4
]
Ag
110
[
.91
*144 42
10
3000
1.07
47
,4
0, 2 10
d
4
]
[Kr
Pt
.1
*268
Mt
2
106.4.8
1554 3
296
1.30
78
, 4, 62
1, 2, 3
-1, 0, 4f14 5d7 6s
[Xe]
4
*277
0
d1 4s
[Ar] 3
3
0, 2, 2
8 4s
d
[Ar] 3
95
5, 6
3, 4, 6 7s2
f
5
]
n
[R
7s
14
5f 6d
6
151.9 2
82
1596
1.01
9
64
2, 32
f7 6s
4
]
[Xe
G
.06
*243 76
11
2011
1.20
Am
9
5, 6
3, 4, 7 7s
f
5
[Rn]
1
7
321.0 7
76
1.46
In
2
2
10 5s
d
r] 4
[K
6
s2
Pb
[Xe]
10
207.2
6
327.4 9
174
1.55
14
5
157.2 3
131
3273
1.11
10
65
0
162.5 2
141
2567
1.10
2
67
Ho
3
158.9 9
135
Chemical
and physical
3230
properties
of
1.10
3
Tb
Dy
elements and
3, 42 compounds
inorganic
51.08
3
2
1
7 5d 6s
f
[Xe] 4
7
.0
*247 45
13
Cm
66
4f 6s
Table of elements
[Xe]
97
1.20
3, 42
1
7 6d 7s
f
5
Rn]
.07
*247 96
9
Bk
2
f 6s
[Xe] 4
9
98
1.20
3, 42
f9 7s
5
]
[Rn
Cf
11
2
10 s 7p
6d 7
[
2
7s
14
5f 6d
[Xe
U
5f
[Rn]
1
2
Bi
*287
Fl
Uut
83
2, 42
2
10 6s 6p
14
4f 5d
114
10 7s 7p
f14 6d
Rn] 5
[Rn]
96
14
2 2
2
5s 5p
82
113
*2
Cn
Gd
8
204.3 4
30
1473
1.44
1, 31
s2 6p
6
f 5d
[Xe] 4
*284
1, 22
10 6s
d
f 5
[Xe] 4
85
s2
[K
Tl
14
112
1
2
10
d
[Kr] 4
5s 5p
r] 4d
10
81
9
200.5 3
–38.8 2
356.6 4
1.4
Hg
3
Sn
164.9
147
27
1
[Xe]
10
*2
900
99
1.20
[Rn]
3, 42
10
f
5 7s
*2
40
Es
[
sin
ce bu
scien
e
f
li
The
*most stable isotope **sublimate
Table of the elements
40
Element
name
Sym- Atomic Relative
bol
No.
atomic
mass
in g/mol
Density
(20 °C)
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Ac
Al
Am
89
13
95
227.03*
26.982
243.06*
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
51
18
33
85
56
97
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Californium
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
Carbon
Cerium
Melting
Point
in °C
Boiling
Point
in °C
Atomic Electronegativity
radius (Allred- (Pauling)
in pm Rochow)
10.07 g/cm3 1050
2.7 g/cm3
660.32
13.67g/cm3 1176
3198
2519
2011
187.8
143.2
173
1.00
1.47
~1.20
1.10
1.61
-
121.76
39.948
74.922
209.99*
137.33
247.07*
6.69 g/cm3
1.66 g/L
5.72 g/cm3
3.65 g/cm3
13.25 g/cm3
630.63
-189.36
616**
302
727
996
1587
-185.85
616**
336.95
1897
-
145
174
124.5
145
217.4
170
1.82
2.20
1.96
0.97
~1.20
2.05
2.18
2.20
0.89
-
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
9.0122
208.98
264.12*
10.811
79.904
112.41
132.91
40.078
251.08*
1.85 g/cm3
9.8 g/cm3
2.46 g/cm3
3.14 g/cm3
8.64 g/cm3
1.9 g/cm3
1.54 g/cm3
15.1 g/cm3
1287
271.4
2075
-7.2
321.07
28.44
842
900
2471
1564
4000
58.8
767
671
1484
-
111.3
154.5
79.5
114.5
151
265.5
197.4
186
1.47
1.67
2.01
2.74
1.46
0.86
1.04
~1.20
1.57
1.90
2.04
2.96
1.69
0.79
1.00
-
C
Ce
6
58
12.011
140.12
3.51 g/cm3
6.77 g/cm3
3550
799
4827
3443
77.2
182.5
2.50
1.08
2.55
1.12
Chlorine
Chromium
Cl
Cr
17
24
35.453
51.996
2.95 g/L
7.14 g/cm3
-101.5
1907
-34.04
2671
99.4
128
2.83
1.56
3.16
1.66
Cobalt
Co
27
58.933
8.89 g/cm3
1495
2927
125.3
1.70
1.88
Copernicium Cn
Copper
Cu
112
29
285*
63.546
8.92 g/cm3
1084.62
2562
127.8
1.75
1.90
Curium
Darmstadtium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Cm
Ds
96
110
247.07*
281*
13.51 g/cm3 1345
-
-
174.4
-
~1.20
-
-
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
105
66
99
68
63
262.11*
162.50
252.08*
167.26
151.96
8.56 g/cm3
9.05 g/cm3
5.25 g/cm3
1412
860
1529
822
2567
2868
1596
178.1
186
176.1
185
1.10
~1.20
1.11
1.01
1.22
1.24
-
Fermium
Flerovium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Fm
Fl
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
100
114
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
257.095*
287*
18.998
223.02*
157.25
69.723
72.64
196.97
178.49
277*
4.0026
1.58 g/L
7.89 g/cm3
5.91 g/cm3
5.32 g/cm3
19.32 g/cm3
13.31 g/cm3
0.17 g/L
1527
-219.67
27
1313
29.76
938.25
1064.18
2233
-272.2
-188.12
677
3273
2204
2833
2856
4603
-268.93
190
70.9
270
180.4
122.1
122.5
144.2
156.4
126
128
~1.20
4.10
0.86
1.11
1.82
2.02
1.42
1.23
-
3.98
0.70
1.20
1.81
2.01
2.40
1.30
-
Electron
configuration
Percentage mass Ionization
of the earth’s
energy
core
in eV
Redox potential
(0°C, 1 bar)
3
3
3, 4, 5, 6
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
[Rn] 5f7 7s2
6.4 × 10-14
7.57
-
5.17
5.9858
5.9738
-3, 3, 5
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
[Ne] 3s2 3p6
-3, 3, 5
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
-1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
2
[Xe] 6s2
3, 4
[Rn] 5f 9 7s2
6.5 × 10-5
4 × 10-4
5.5 × 10-4
3 × 10-24
0.03
-
8.6084
15.7596
9.7886
5.2117
6.1979
2
[He] 2s2
3, 5
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2
3
[He] 2s2 2p1
-1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
1
[Xe] 6s1
2
[Ar] 4s2
3, 4
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
5 × 10-4
2 × 10-5
0.001
6 × 10-4
3 × 10-5
6 × 10-4
3.39
-
9.3227
7.2855
8.298
11.8138
8.9938
3.8939
6.1132
6.2817
-4, 2, 4
3, 4
0.087
0.004
11.2603
5.5387
-1, 1, 3, 5, 7 [Ne] 3s2 3p5
0, 2, 3, 6
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
0.19
0.02
12.9676
6.7665
-1, 0, 2, 3
[Ar] 3d7 4s2
0.004
7.881
1, 2
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
0.01
7.7264
3, 4
-
[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2
-
5.9914
-
-2.13 V (III)
-1.676 V (III)
-1.95 V (II),
-2.07 V (III)
+1.150 V (III)
+0.240 V (III)
+0.25 V (-I)
-2.92 V (II)
-1.54 V (II),
-1.96 V (III)
-1.97 V (II)
+0.317 V (III)
-0.890 V (III)
+1.065 V (-I)
-0.403 V (II)
-2.923 V (I)
-2.84 V (II)
-1.97 V (II),
-1.91 V (III)
+0.206 V (IV)
-1.33 V (IV),
-2.34 V (III)
+1.358 V (-I)
-0.913 V (II),
-0.744 V (III)
-0.277 V (II),
+0.414 V (III)
+0.340 V (II),
+0.521 V (I)
-1.2 V (II), -2.06 V (III)
-
3
3
3
2, 3
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
[Xe] 4f10 6s2
[Rn] 5f11 7s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 6s2
4.2 × 10-4
2 × 10-4
10-5
5.9389
6.42
6.1077
5.6704
3
-1
1
3
3
4
1, 3
4
-
[Rn] 5f12 7s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
[He] 2s2 2p5
[Rn] 7s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2
1s2
0.03
10-21
6 × 10-4
0.003
6 × 10-4
5 × 10-7
4 × 10-4
4 × 10-7
6.5
17.4228
4.0727
6.1498
5.9993
7.8994
9.2255
6.8251
24.5874
[He] 2s2 2p2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
-2.2 V (II), -2.29 V (III)
-2.2 V (II), -1.98 V (III)
-2.32 V (III)
-2.80 V (II),
-1.99 V (III)
-2.5 V (II), -2.07 V (III)
+3.053 V (-I)
-2.9 V (I)
-2.28 V (III)
-0.529 V (III)
-0.036 V (IV)
+1.691 V (I)
-1.70 V (IV)
-
Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds
Oxidation
states
41
42
Element
name
Sym- Atomic Relative
bol
No.
atomic
mass
in g/mol
Density
(20 °C)
Melting
Point
in °C
Boiling
Point
in °C
Atomic Electronegativity
radius (Allred- (Pauling)
in pm Rochow)
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
67
1
49
53
77
164.93
1.0079
114.82
126.90
192.22
8.78 g/cm3
0.084 g/L
7.31 g/cm3
4.94 g/cm3
22.65 g/cm3
1472
-259.1
156.60
113.7
2446
2700
-252.76
2072
184.4
4428
176.2
37.5
162.6
133.3
135.7
1.10
2.20
1.49
2.21
1.55
1.23
2.2
1.78
2.66
2.20
Iron
Fe
26
55.845
7.87 g/cm3
1538
2861
126
1.64
1.83
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Livermorium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lv
36
57
103
82
3
116
83.798
138.91
262.11*
207.2
6.941
291*
3.48 g/L
6.16 g/cm3
11.34 g/cm3
0.53 g/cm3
-
-157.36
920
327.46
180.5
-
-153.34
3464
1749
1342
-
189
187
175
152
-
1.08
1.55
0.97
-
1.10
1.80
0.98
-
Lu
Mg
Mn
71
12
25
174.97
24.305
54.938
9.84 g/cm3
1.74 g/cm3
7.44 g/cm3
1663
650
1246
3402
1090
2061
193.3
159.9
127
1.14
1.23
1.60
1.00
1.31
1.55
Meitnerium
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Mt
Md
109
101
268.14*
258.10*
-
827
-
-
~1.20
-
Hg
Mo
80
42
200.59
95.94
13.55 g/cm3 -38.83
10.28 g/cm3 2623
356.62
4639
151
139
1.44
1.30
1.90
2.16
Nd
Ne
Np
60
10
93
144.24
20.1797
237.05*
7 g/cm3
1016
3074
181.4
0.84 g/L
-248.609 -246.053 20.48 g/cm3 644
3902
155
1.07
1.22
1.14
1.30
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
28
41
7
102
76
58.693
92.906
14.007
259.10*
190.23
8.91 g/cm3
8.58 g/cm3
1.17 g/L
22.61 g/cm3
1455
2477
-210.00
3033
2913
4744
-195.798
5012
124.6
146
71
135
1.75
1.23
3.07
1.20
1.52
1.91
1.60
3.04
2.20
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
O
Pd
P
Pt
8
46
15
78
15.999
106.42
30.974
195.08
1.33 g/L
12.02 g/cm3
1.82 g/cm3
21.45 g/cm3
-218.79
1554.8
44.15
1768.2
-182.95
2963
280.5
3825
60.4
137.6
110.5
138.5
3.50
1.30
2.06
1.42
3.44
2.20
2.19
2.20
Plutonium
Pu
94
244.06*
19.74 g/cm3 640
3228
159
1.22
1.30
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Po
K
Pr
84
19
59
208.98*
39.098
140.91
9.2 g/cm3
0.86 g/cm3
6.48 g/cm3
254
63.5
931
962
759
3520
164
227.2
182.4
1.76
0.91
1.07
2.00
0.82
1.13
Pm
Pa
61
91
144.91*
231.04*
7.22 g/cm3 1042
15.37 g/cm3 1572
3000
-
183.4
163
1.07
1.14
1.50
Ra
Rn
Re
88
86
75
226.03*
222.02*
186.21
5.5 g/cm3
696
9.23 g/L
-71
3
21.03 g/cm 3185
1140
-61.7
5596
223
137.2
0.97
1.46
0.90
1.90
Electron
configuration
Percentage mass Ionization
of the earth’s
energy
core
in eV
Redox potential
(0°C, 1 bar)
3
-1, 1
3
-1, 1, 3, 5, 7
-1, 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 6
-2, 0, 2, 3, 6
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
1s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
10-4
0.88
10-5
6 × 10-6
10-7
6.0215
13.5984
5.7864
10.4513
8.967
-2.33 V (III)
±0.00 V (I)
-0.338 V (III)
+0.536 V (-I)
+1.156 V (III)
[Ar] 3d6 4s2
4.7
7.9024
2, 4
3
3
2, 4
1
-
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
[Xe] 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[He] 2s1
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
2 × 10-8
0.002
0.002
0.006
-
13.9996
5.5769
7.4167
5.3917
-
-0.440 V (II),
-0.036 V (III)
-2.38 V (III)
-2.1 V (III)
-0.125 V (II)
-3.040 V (I)
-
3
2
-1, 0, 2, 3,
4, 6, 7
3
[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
[Ne] 3s2
[Ar] 3d5 4s2
7 × 10-5
1.94
0.085
5.4259
7.6462
7.434
[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2
[Rn] 5f13 7s2
-
6.58
1,
0,
5,
3
3,
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
4 × 10-5
0.001
10.4375
7.0924
[Xe] 4f4 6s2
[He] 2s2 2p6
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
0.002
5 × 10-7
4 × 10-17
5.525
21.5645
6.2657
0, 2, 3
[Ar] 3d8 4s2
3, 5
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
-3, 2, 3, 4, 5 [He] 2s2 2p3
2, 3
[Rn] 5f14 7s2
-2, 0, 2, 3,
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
4, 6, 8
-2, -1
[He] 2s2 2p4
0, 2, 4
[Kr] 4d10
-3, 3, 5
[Ne] 3s2 3p3
0, 2, 4
[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
0.01
0.002
0.03
10-6
7.6398
6.7589
14.5341
6.65
8.4382
-2.2 V (II), -2.32 V (III)
-1.01 V (V),
-1.79 V (III)
-0.257 V (II)
-1.099 V (III)
+1.45 V (III)
-2.6 V (II), -1.26 V (III)
+0.687 V (IV)
49.4
10-6
0.09
5 × 10-7
13.6181
8.3369
10.4867
8.9588
+1.229 V (-II)
+0.915 V (II)
-0.502 V (III)
+1.188 V (II)
3, 4, 5, 6
[Rn] 5f6 7s2
2 × 10-19
6.026
2, 4, 6
1
3, 4
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar] 4s1
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
2 × 10-14
2.4
5 × 10-4
8.414
4.3407
5.473
3
4, 5
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
10-19
9 × 10-11
5.582
5.89
2
2
0, 2, 4, 6, 7
[Rn] 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
10-10
6 × 10-16
10-7
5.2784
10.7485
7.8335
-1.25 V (IV),
-2.00 V (III)
<-1.0 V (-II)
-2.925 V (I)
-0.96 V (IV),
-2.35 V (III)
-2.29 V (III)
-1.19 V (V),
-1.5 V (III)
-2.916 V (II)
+0.22 V (IV)
2
2, 3, 4,
6
4, 5, 6
-2.30 V (III)
-2356 V (II)
-1.180 V (II),
-0.28 V (III)
-2.53 V (II),
-1.74 V (III)
+0.860 V (II)
-0.20 V (III)
Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds
Oxidation
states
43
44
Element
name
Sym- Atomic Relative
bol
No.
atomic
mass
in g/mol
Density
(20 °C)
Melting
Point
in °C
Boiling
Point
in °C
Atomic Electronegativity
radius (Allred- (Pauling)
in pm Rochow)
Rhodium
Rh
45
102.91
Roentgenium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rg
111
280*
12.41 g/cm3 1964
3695
134.5
1.45
-
-
-
-
Rb
Ru
37
44
85.468
101.07
1.53 g/cm3 39.3
12.45 g/cm3 2334
-
688
4150
247.5
134
0.89
1.42
0.82
2.20
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Rf
104
261.11*
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sm
62
150.36
7.54 g/cm3
1072
1794
180.4
1.07
1.17
Scandium
Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
44.956
266.12*
78.96
28.086
107.87
22.990
87.62
32.065
180.95
97.907*
127.60
158.93
2.99 g/cm3
4.82 g/cm3
2.33 g/cm3
10.49 g/cm3
0.97 g/cm3
2.63 g/cm3
2.06 g/cm3
16.68 g/cm3
11.49 g/cm3
6.25 g/cm3
8.25 g/cm3
1541
221
1414
961.78
97.80
777
115.21
3017
2157
449.51
1359
2836
685
3265
2162
883
1377
444.61
5455
4262
988
3230
162
140
117.6
144.5
153.7
215.1
103.5
146
136
143.2
177.3
1.20
2.48
1.74
1.42
1.01
0.99
2.44
1.33
1.36
2.01
1.10
1.36
2.55
1.90
1.93
0.93
0.95
2.58
1.50
2.10
2.10
-
Thallium
Thorium
Tl
Th
81
90
204.38
232.04*
11.85 g/cm3 304
11.72 g/cm3 1750
1473
4788
170
179.8
1.44
1.11
1.80
1.30
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tm
Sn
Ti
69
50
22
168.93
118.71
47.867
9.32 g/cm3
7.29 g/cm3
4.51 g/cm3
1950
2602
3287
175.9
140.5
144.8
1.11
1.72
1.32
1.25
1.96
1.54
Tungsten
W
74
183.84
19.26 g/cm3 3422
5555
139
1.40
1.70
Ununoctium
Ununpentium
Ununseptium
Ununtrium
Uranium
Uuo
Uup
118
115
294*
288*
-
-
-
-
-
-
Uus
117
294*
-
-
-
-
-
-
Uut
U
113
92
284*
238.03*
18.97 g/cm3 1135
4131
138.5
1.22
1.70
Vanadium
V
23
50.942
6.09 g/cm3
1910
3407
134
1.45
1.63
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
54
70
39
30
40
131.29
173.04
88.906
65.409
91.224
4.49
6.97
4.47
7.14
6.51
-111.74
824
1522
419.53
1855
-108.09
1196
3345
907
4409
218
193.3
180
134
159
1.06
1.11
1.66
1.22
2.60
1.22
1.65
1.33
-
g/L
g/cm3
g/cm3
g/cm3
g/cm3
1545
231.93
1668
2.28
Electron
configuration
Percentage mass Ionization
of the earth’s
energy
core
in eV
Redox potential
(0°C, 1 bar)
0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5
-
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
10-7
7.4589
+0.76 V (III)
[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2
-
-
-
1
-2, 0, 2, 3,
4, 6, 8
-
[Kr] 5s1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
0.03
2 × 10-6
4.1771
7.3605
-2.924 V (I)
+0.623 V (III)
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
-
-
-
2, 3
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
6 × 10-4
5.6437
3
-2, 4, 6
-4, 4
1, 2
1
2
-2, 2, 4, 6
5
7
-2, 4, 6
3, 4
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
[Ne] 3s2 3p2
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
[Ne] 3s1
[Kr] 5s2
[Ne] 3s2 3p4
[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
[Kr] 4d5 5s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
5 × 10-4
8 × 10-5
25.8
10-5
2.64
0.01
0.048
8 × 10-4
5 × 10-16
10-6
9 × 10-5
6.5615
9.7524
8.1517
7.5762
5.1391
5.6949
10.36
7.5496
7.28
9.0096
5.8638
1, 3
4
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
3 × 10-5
0.001
6.1082
6.3067
2, 3
2, 4
3, 4
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
2 × 10-5
0.003
0.41
6.1843
7.3439
6.8281
0, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6
-
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
0.006
7.864
-2.67 V (II),
-2.30 V (III)
-2.03 V (III)
+0.40 V (-II)
-0.909 V (IV)
+0.799 V (I)
-2.713 V (I)
-2.89 V (II)
+0.144 V (-II)
-0.812 V (V)
+0.28 V (IV)
-0.69 V (-II)
-0.9 V (IV), -2.31
V (III)
-0.336 V (I)
-1.83 V (IV),
-1.16 V (III)
-2.3 V (II), -2.32 V (III)
-0.137 V (II)
-1.63 V (II),
-1.21 V (III)
-0.119 V (IV)
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 -
-
-
-
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 -
-
-
3, 4, 5, 6
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
3 × 10-4
6.1941
0, 2, 3, 4, 5
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
0.01
6.7462
2, 4, 6
2, 3
3
2
4
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
2 × 10-9
3 × 10-4
0.003
0.01
0.02
12.1298
6.2542
6.2173
9.3942
6.6339
-0.83 V (VI),
-1.66 V (III)
-1.186 V (II),
-1.876 V (III)
+2.32 V (II)
-2.8 V (II), -2.22 V (III)
-2.37 V (III)
-0.763 V (II)
-1.55 V (IV)
Chemical and physical properties of elements and inorganic compounds
Oxidation
states
45
03
Solutions –
aqueous systems
General formulas for mixing liquids
48
Conversion table for water hardness units
49
Mixture rules
50
Preparation of dilute solutions
51
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water
in relation to temperature
52
Solubility products of slighty soluble
inorganic compounds
60
Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents
63
Sulfuric acid
64
Phosphoric acid
66
Hydrochloric acid
66
Nitric acid
68
Sodium hydroxide solution
70
Potassium hydroxide solution
72
Ammonia
74
Commercially available concentrations
of some acids and bases
75
General formulas for mixing liquids
A=c–b
B=
C (a – c)
a–b
C=
B (a – b)
a–c
With:
A = weight of the original liquid
B = weight of the diluent
C = weight of the prepared mixture
For water as diluent: b = 0
a = its content in % by weight
b = its content in % by weight
c = its content in % by weight
Example
10 L of battery sulfuric acid with a density of
d 20° = 1.28. 1.28 is required.
4°
Available: concentrated sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.84 (= 97.5 weight%).
4°
How much sulfuric acid and how much water are needed to
prepare 10 L (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid?
Calculation
In the table ‘Sulfuric acid’ on page 64 we find:
d 20° = 1.28 equivalent to 37.36 weight %.
4°
C (a – c)
12.80 (97.50 – 37.36)
7.895 kg diluent
=
=
= (water)
B
a – b 97.50 – 0
Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 L) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a
density of d 20° = 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg (= L) of water to yield
4°
10 L of battery acid with a density of d 20° = 1.28.
4°
48
Alkaline
earth ions
in mval/L
German
degree
in °d
CaCO3
conc.
in ppm
British
degree
in °e
French
degree
in °f
1 mmol/L
1.00
Alkaline earth ions
2.00
5.60
100.00
7.02
10.00
1 mval/L
0.50
Alkaline earth ions
1.00
2.80
50.00
3.51
5.00
Alkaline
earth ions
in mmol/L
1 German degree
0.18
0.357
1.00
17.80
1.25
1.78
1 ppm CaCO3
0.01
0.020
0.056
1.00
0.0702
0.10
1 British degree
0.14
0.285
0.798
14.30
1.00
1.43
1 French degree
0.10
0.200
0.560
10.00
0.702
1.00
With MQuant™ Total Hardness strips you
can easily and quickly check the water
hardness in the following ranges:
< 4 – 26°e
< 6 – 31°e
soft – medium – hard
Solutions – aqueous systems
Conversion table for water hardness units
www.merckmillipore.com/test-strips
49
Mixture rules
Example
Sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.520 is to be prepared
4°
from sulfuric acid with a density of d 20° = 1.435 and sulfuric
4°
acid of d 20° = 1.824.
4°
1.435
1.824
1.520
Calculation
The table ‘Sulfuric acid’ (page 64) informs that sulfuric acid with a density
of d 20° = 1.435 = 54.00 weight% H2SO4 contains sulfuric acid with
4°
a density of d 20° = 1.824 = 92.00 weight% H2SO4 and that of
4°
d 20° = 1.520 = 62.00 weight% H2SO4.
4°
From this, form the mixing cross:
54
92
62
30
8
i.e. 30 parts by weight of 54.00 % sulfuric acid must be mixed with 8 parts by
weight of 92.00 % sulfuric acid to yield sulfuric acid of 62.00 weight% H2SO4,
equivalent to d 20° = 1.520.
4°
50
Preparation of dilute solutions
Slowly stir the stated quantity of concentrated solution or solid KOH or NaOH,
respectively, into water.
Example
6 mol/L HNO3 from 6/1 x 56 mL = 336 mL 96 % H2SO4.
Solution to be prepared
weight%
Original quantity to prepare
1 L of dilute solution
density
mol/L
weight%
mL
Acetic acid
12
1.01
2
100
115
Nitric acid
12
1.07
2
65
140
Hydrochloric
acid
7
1.03
2
36
165
Sulfuric acid
9.5
1.06
1
96
56
Ammonia
3.5
0.98
1
30
115
Potassium
hydroxide
solution
10.5
1.09
2
113 g solid KOH
(85 %)
Sodium
hydroxide
solution
7.5
1.08
2
80 g solid NaOH
(100 %)
Solutions – aqueous systems
Caution! Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature,
then make up to 1 liter with water. Store alkaline solutions in polyethylene
bottles, because they attack glass. As a rule of thumb, more concentrated
solutions can be prepared by taking a multiple of the stated quantity.
51
Solubility of inorganic compounds in water
in relation to temperature
Name
A
B
C
I
52
Aluminum ammonium sulfate
dodecahydrate
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate
Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate
Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate
Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate
Ammonium bromide
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate
Ord. No.
Formula
101031
AlNH4(SO4)2 · 12H2O
101084
101063
101047
AlCl3 · 6H2O
Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O
AlK(SO4)2 · 12H2O
101102
101125
101145
101126
101131
101207
Al2(SO4)3 · 18H2O
NH4Br
NH4Cl
NH4H2PO4
NH4HCO3
(NH4)2HPO4
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate
Ammonium monovanadate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Antimony(III) chloride
Barium acetate
Barium chloride dihydrate
Barium hydroxide octahydrate
Barium nitrate
di-Boron trioxide
Boric acid
Cadmium sulfate hydrate
Calcium chloride dihydrate
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate
Calcium sulfate dihydrate
Cesium chloride
Cesium nitrate
Chromium(VI) oxide
103792
101226
101188
101217
101213
107838
101704
101719
101737
101729
100163
100165
102027
102382
102121
102161
102038
102856
100229
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 · 6H2O
NH4VO3
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
NH4SCN
SbCl3
Ba(CH3COO)2
BaCl2 · 2H2O
Ba(OH)2 · 8H2O
Ba(NO3)2
B2O3
H3BO3
3CdSO4 · 8H2O
CaCl2 · 2H2O
Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O
CaSO4 · 2H2O
CsCl
CsNO3
CrO3
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate
102539
102536
CoCl2 · 6H2O
Co(NO3)2 · 6H2O
Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate
Copper(I) chloride
102556
102739
CoSO4 · 7H2O
CuCl
Copper(II) chloride dihydrate
Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate
Copper (II) sulfate anhydrous
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate
102733
102753
102791
102790
103943
CuCl2 · 2H2O
Cu(NO3)2 · 3H2O
CuSO4
CuSO4 · 5H2O
FeCl3 · 6H2O
Content of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
6.18
0
20
40
60
80
100
2.60
6.59
12.36
21.1
35.2
44.9
61.0
2.96
45.6
75.44
6.01
46.3
89.0
13.6
47.0
108.0
33.3
47.7
–
72.0
31.2
60.6
29.7
22.7
11.9
57.5
36.44
75.5
37.56
36.8
21.22
68.6
45.6
91.1
46.0
56.7
36.6
81.8
58.0
107.8
55.3
82.9
59.2
97.6
73.0
126.7
65.6
120.7
109.2
(115.5)
109.2
(95°C)
–
–
109.0
(90°C)
89.0
145.6
77.3
174.0
355.0
–
17.8
–
118.5
70.4
115.0
601.6
58.0
30.7
1.5
4.95
1.1
2.66
75.75
–
101.0
0.176
161.0
9.3
163.0
26.9
4.8
187.7
75.44
163.0
931.5
72.0
35.7
3.48
9.06
2.2
5.042
76.69
–
129.39
0.36
187.0
23.0
166.72
38.5
13.2
283.0
81.2
235.0
1368.0
79.0
40.8
8.2
14.4
4.0
8.7
79.26
128.1
196.0
0.2122
208.0
47.2
171.0
53.4
–
415.0
87.4
347.0
4531.0
74.0
46.4
21.0
20.3
6.2
14.8
81.9
136.8
–
0.2047
230.0
83.8
176.0
73.0
–
610.0
94.1
(525)
–
74.0
52.5
–
27.2
9.5
23.6
84.6
147.0
–
0.1966
250.0
134.0
189.0
–
–
1000.0
102.0
–
–
74.0
58.7
–
34.2
15.7
39.7
–
159.0
–
0.1619
271.0
197.0
199.0
21.2
–
65.0
43.0
61.98
90.31
–
26.3
3.36
8.3
2.15
4.8
43.4
–
56.4
0.204
–
–
62.50
41.9
83.5
53.62
100
69.5
126
–
–
–
–
34.9
50.0
25.5
–
36.26
1.52
(25°C)
77.0
–
36.2
20.77
91.94
49.9
–
–
169.5
(56°C)
–
–
–
–
–
–
83.8
160.0
48.0
29.0
–
91.2
179.0
60.0
39.1
–
99.2
208.0
70.0
53.6
–
107.9
(257.0)
83.0
73.6
–
26.6
1.497
(25°C)
43.5
–
–
17.2
47.9
70.65
–
25.5
14.8
74.5
31.3
43.0
5.67
26.7
43.9
27.3
26.9
17.5
40.70
Density of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
1.0459
(15.5°C)
–
–
1.053
1.308
–
1.075
–
1.070
1.3436
(14.5°C)
1.180
–
1.308
1.247
–
–
–
1.280
1.040
1.0691
–
1.015
1.616
–
–
1.001
–
–
1.7100
(16.5°C)
–
–
Solutions – aqueous systems
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C
–
–
1. 55
–
–
1.1965
1.520
53
I
L
M
N
P
Name
Ord. No.
Formula
Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
103861
103965
FeCl2 · 4H2O
FeSO4 · 7H2O
Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate
Lead chloride
Lead nitrate
Lithium carbonate
Lithium chloride monohydrate
Lithium sulfate monohydrate
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
103967
103943
807383
107398
105680
105677
105694
105833
105853
FeSO4 · H2O
FeCl3 · 6H2O
PbCl2
Pb(NO3)2
Li2CO3
LiCl · H2O
LiSO4 · H2O
MgCl2 · 6H2O
Mg(NO3)2 · 6H2O
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
105886
MgSO4 · 7H2O
Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate
105927
MnCl2 · 4H2O
Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate
Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate
Mercury(II) bromide
105934
105941
104421
MnCl2 · 2H2O
MnSO4 · H2O
HgBr2
Mercury(II) chloride
Nickel chloride hexahydrate
Nickel nitrate hexahydrate
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate
Potassium bromate
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonate
Potassium chlorate
Potassium chloride
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
104419
106717
106721
106727
104912
104905
104928
104944
104936
104952
104967
HgCl2
NiCl2 · 6H2O
Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O
Ni2SO4 · 6H2O
KBrO3
KBr
K2CO3
KClO3
KCl
K2CrO4
KCN
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium
104864
104873
105057
119238
104984
104973
104854
105099
105104
104885
105002
K2Cr2O7
KH2PO4
K2S2O5
K2 [Pt(Cl)6]
K4 [Fe(CN)6] · 3H2O
K3 [Fe(CN)6]
KHCO3
K2HPO4 · 3H2O
K2HPO4
KHSO4
KOH · H2O
dichromate
dihydrogen phosphate
disulfite
hexachloroplatinate(IV)
hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate
hexacyanoferrate(III)
hydrogen carbonate
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate
di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous
Potassium hydrogen sulfate
Potassium hydroxide monohydrate
54
0
20
40
60
80
100
–
15.65
62.35
26.58
68.6
40.3
–
–
–
–
–
74.5
0.6728
36.4
–
–
36.2
52.8
63.9
–
91.94
0.99
52.22
1.33
82.82
34.8
54.57
70.07
–
–
1.45
69.4
–
90.4
33.5
57.5
81.8
78.3
47.6
(50°C)
–
–
1.98
88.0
–
100.0
32.3
60.7
93.7
Content of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
38.4
21.0
43.8
–
2.62
107.5
–
113.0
31.5
65.87
–
(31.6)
–
3.31
127.3
–
(127.5)
31.0
72.7
–
–
47.9
0.98
34.3
1.31
45.3
25.6
35.3
41.2
30.05
(10°C)
63.6
35.6
45.4
–
–
–
26.25
–
1.520
1.007
1.40
–
1.290
1.23
1.331
1.388
(25°C)
1.310
73.62
88.7
–
–
42.4
1.499
–
–
–
–
–
0.62
(25°C)
6.61
55.3
94.1
–
6.8
65.85
111.5
7.3
34.24
63.68
71.6
(25°C)
12.49
22.7
44.9
1.1
28.87
46.0
33.3
159.0
–
51.4
–
–
60.0
(0.96)
(106.0)
(58.1°C)
–
58.6
1.67
110.5
45.5
2.77
115.0
35.5
4.9
13.9
–
–
57.0
22.0
85.9
127.0
25.9
45.6
70.9
81.0
(50°C)
45.6
48.6
85.0
2.6
56.0
70.9
60.0
–
266.0
–
147.0
24.2
–
–
–
33.9
95.3
140.0
39.7
51.0
75.1
(95.0)
(75°C)
73.0
68.0
108.0
3.8
68.9
81.8
–
–
–
–
160.0
4.29
51.7
79.2
–
3.1
54.0
105.5
3.3
28.15
59.0
(63.0)
4.68
14.3
27.5
0.74
15.0
29.9
22.6
–
–
36.3
–
9.6
–
118.8
–
13.1
76.1
117.0
14.5
40.3
67.0
–
26.3
33.9
63.9
1.7
42.7
59.5
45.3
212.5
–
76.3
136.4
–
–
0.62
(25°C)
54.1
6.2
–
35.6
–
48.5
–
–
49.7
6.4
104.9
39.7
156.0
52.8
56.2
6.8
56.2
25.5
79.2
38.9
122.0
41.73
(103.3°C) (25°C)
103.0
11.1
–
18.5
133.0
30.99
5.2
–
(82.7)
22.4
91.6
31.51
–
24.98
–
61.39
–
–
121.6
33.95
178.0
–
Density of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
1.490
1.225
–
–
–
1.052
1.46
–
–
1.048
1.370
1.580
1.042
1.174
1.378
–
Solutions – aqueous systems
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C
1.077
–
–
–
1.160
1.180
1.180
–
–
–
–
55
P
S
56
Name
Ord. No.
Formula
Potassium iodate
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
di-Potassium oxalate monohydrate
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium sulfate
Potassium thiocyanate
Rubidium chloride
Silver nitrate
Silver sulfate
Sodium acetate trihydrate
105051
105043
105063
105073
105076
105082
105091
105153
105125
107615
101512
101509
106267
KlO3
Kl
KNO3
K2C2O4 · H2O
KClO4
KMnO4
K2S2O8
K2SO4
KSCN
RbCl
AgNO3
Ag2SO4
NaCH3COO · 3H2O
Sodium bromide
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Sodium carbonate monohydrate
Sodium carbonate anhydrous
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chloride
Sodium dichromate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous
tetra-Sodium diphosphate decahydrate
Sodium disulfite
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous
Sodium hydroxide monohydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium iodate
Sodium iodide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium perchlorate monohydrate
106363
106391
106386
106392
106420
106404
106336
106342
106370
106591
106528
106449
106329
106579
106575
106580
106586
106466
106498
106525
106523
106537
106549
106564
NaBr
Na2CO3 · 10H2O
Na2CO3 · H2O
Na2CO3
NaClO3
NaCl
Na2Cr2O´7 · 2H2O
NaH2PO4 · 2H2O
NaH2PO4
Na4P2O7 · 10H2O
Na2S2O5
NaF
NaHCO3
Na2HPO4 · 12H2O
Na2HPO4 · 7H2O
Na2HPO4 · 2H2O
Na2HPO4
NaOH · H2O
NaOH
NalO3
Nal
NaNO3
NaNO2
NaClO4 · H2O
tri-Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate
Sodium sulfate decahydrate
Sodium sulfate anhydrous
Sodium sulfite
di-Sodium tetraborate
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous
106578
106648
106649
106657
106310
106516
106512
Na3PO4 · 12H2O
Na2SO4 · 10H2O
Na2SO4
Na2SO3
Na2B4O7
Na2S2O3 · 5H2O
Na2S2O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
4.7
127.8
13.25
–
0.76
2.83
0.18
7.33
177.0
70.6
115.0
0.573
36.3
8.11
144.51
31.66
35.88
1.73
6.43
0.47
11.11
218.0
83.6
219.2
0.796
46.42
12.9
161.0
63.9
–
3.63
12.56
1.1
14.79
–
–
334.8
0.979
65.4
24.8
191.5
169.0
–
13.38
–
–
21.29
–
–
652.0
1.3
–
32.3
208.0
245.2
–
22.2
–
–
24.1
–
128.0
1024.0
1.46
–
–
6.86
–
7.1
80.5
35.6
163.2
57.7
–
2.7
–
(3.6)
6.89
1.63
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
70.7
73.0
167.0
–
21.66
–
21.4
98.82
35.8
180.16
85.2
–
5.48
65.3
4.1
9.6
7.7
–
–
–
109.22
–
–
–
88.3
84.52
181.0
–
–
48.9
48.5
115.2
36.42
220.5
138.2
–
12.5
71.1
–
12.7
–
55.0
–
–
126.0
–
–
–
104.9
95.7
243.0
18.5
176.2
109.9
–
7.18
22.4
–
18.2
–
–
471.0
1.15
138.0
(58°C)
118.0
–
46.2
46.5
(138.0)
37.05
283.0
–
179.3
21.9
79.9
–
16.0
–
–
83.0
–
178.0
–
–
–
124.7
112.3
–
Content of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
7.5
59.1
24.1
26.4
1.7
6.0
0.468
10.0
68.55
–
68.6
0.75
31.7
118.3
–
44.5
45.8
(167.0)
38.05
385.0
–
207.3
30.0
88.7
–
19.7
–
–
92.4
–
–
313.7
27.0
295.0
148.0
135.5
–
121.2
–
44.5
45.5
204.0
39.2
–
–
284.4
40.26
(100.0)
–
23.6
–
–
–
104.1
–
341.0
32.8
303.0
176.0
163.0
–
–
17.8
–
–
49.7
26.4
64.3
46.0
–
5.2
39.5
3.94
8.76
7.2
–
–
–
52.2
–
–
–
46.8
45.8
64.41
1.5
4.56
–
–
1.2
52.5
–
12.11
19.19
–
–
2.7
70.07
–
31.0
–
48.1
37.0
6.0
102.6
–
55.0
–
45.26
33.2
20.3
–
–
81.0
–
43.09
29.0
31.5
–
245
108.0
–
42.3
26.6
52.5
–
266
10.8
16.1
–
–
–
41.2
–
Density of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
1.064
1.710
1.160
–
1.008
1.040
–
1.0807
1.420
–
2.180
–
1.170
–
1.1941
–
–
–
1.201
–
–
–
1.050
–
1.040
1.080
1.080
–
–
–
1.550
–
–
–
1.380
1.330
1.757
(25°C)
1.106
1.150
–
–
–
1.390
–
Solutions – aqueous systems
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C
57
S
Z
Name
Ord. No.
Formula
Strontiumchloridhexahydrat
Strontiumhydroxidoctahydrat
Strontiumnitrat
Zinc chloride
Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
Zinc sulfate monohydrate
107865
107876
107872
108816
108833
108883
108882
SrCl2 · 6H2O
Sr(OH)2 · 8H2O
Sr(NO3)2
ZnCl2
Zn(NO3)2 · 4H2O
ZnSO4 · 7H2O
ZnSO4 · H2O
Our range of Inorganic Salts EMSURE® contains a wide assortment of
inorganic salts for analytical use in the qualitative and quantitative analysis
of various substances and substance mixtures in the analytical laboratory.
Inorganic Salts EMSURE® are manufactured under strictly controlled
conditions at Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, Germany. The key feature of these
salts is their analytical purity (their assay and trace element content are
precisely known).
58
0
20
40
60
80
100
44.1
0.35
–
–
–
41.6
–
53.85
0.7
–
–
–
53.8
–
66.6
1.5
91.2
453.0
211.5
–
–
85.2
3.13
94.2
488.0
–
–
76.5
–
7.02
97.2
541.0
–
–
66.7
–
24.2
101.2
614
–
–
60.5
Content of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
35.0
0.69
–
–
–
35.0
–
Density of
the total
solution at
20°C in %
1.390
–
–
–
–
1.470
–
Solutions – aqueous systems
Solubility in g/100 g H2O at °C
59
Solubility products of slightly soluble
inorganic compounds
Substance
Formula
Solubility product at given
temperature in mol/L
A
Aluminum hydroxide
Al(OH)3
4.00 x 10–13
1.50 x 10–15
3.70 x 10–15
(15°)
(18°)
(25°)
B
Barium carbonate
BaCO3
Barium chromate
BaCrO4
Barium fluoride
BaF2
Barium oxalate
Barium sulfate
BaC2O4 · 2H2O
BaSO4
7.00 x 10–9
8.10 x 10–9
1.60 x 10–10
2.40 x 10–10
1.60 x 10–6
1.70 x 10–6
1.20 x 10–7
8.70 x 10–11
1.08 x 10–10
1.98 x 10–10
(16°)
(25°)
(18°)
(28°)
(10°)
(18°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(50°)
Beryllium hydroxide
Bismuth hydroxide
Bismuth oxide chloride
Bismuth sulfide
Cadmium carbonate
Cadmium oxalate
Cadmium sulfide
Calcium carbonate
Calcium fluoride
Be(OH)2
Bi(OH)3
BiOCl
Bi2S3
CdCO3
CdC2O4 · 3H2O
CdS
CaCO3
CaF2
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium oxalate
Ca(OH)2
CaC2O4 · H2O
Calcium phosphate
Calcium sulfate
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Calcium tartrate
Cobalt(II) carbonate
Cobalt(II) sulfide
Copper(I) bromide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(I) iodide
Copper(I) sulfide
Copper(II) sulfide
Copper(I) thiocyanate
Iron(II) carbonate
Iron(II) hydroxide
Iron(III) hydroxide
Lanthanum hydroxide
Lead bromide
Lead carbonate
CaC4H4O6 · 2H2O
CoCO3
CoS
CuBr
CuCO3
CuCl
Cu(OH)2
CuL
Cu2S
CuS
CuSCN
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
La(OH)3
PbBr2
PbCO3
2.70 x 10–19
4.30 x 10–31
1.60 x 10–31
1.60 x 10–72
2.50 x 10–14
1.53 x 10–8
3.60 x 10–29
4.80 x 10–9
3.40 x 10–11
3.95 x 10–11
5.47 x 10–6
1.78 x 10–9
2.57 x 10–9
1.00 x 10–25
6.10 x 10–5
2.45 x 10–5
7.70 x 10–7
1.00 x 10–12
1.90 x 10–27
4.15 x 10–8
1.37 x 10–10
1.02 x 10–6
5.60 x 10–20
5.06 x 10–12
2.00 x 10–47
8.00 x 10–45
1.60 x 10–11
2.50 x 10–11
1.64 x 10–14
1.10 x 10–36
~
10–20
3.90 x 10–5
3.30 x 10–14
(25°)
(18°)
(25°)
(18°)
(25°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(18°)
(26°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
(10°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(20°)
(18 – 20°)
(25°)
(18 – 20°)
(25°)
(18 – 20°)
(18°)
(18°)
(18°)
(20°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
(18°)
C
I
L
60
M
N
P
S
Formula
Solubility product at given
temperature in mol/L
Lead chloride
Lead chromate
Lead fluoride
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Lead iodate
Pb(IO3)2
2.12
1.77
2.70
3.20
5.30
1.20
2.60
Lead iodide
Pbl2
Lead oxalate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lithium carbonate
Magnesium ammonium
phosphate
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium fluoride
Magnesium hydroxide
Manganese carbonate
Manganese sulfide
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) chromate
Mercury(I) cyanide
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(I) oxide
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) sulfide
Mercury(II) sulfide
Nickel(II) carbonate
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) sulfide
Potassium
hexachloroplatinate (IV)
Potassium hydrogen
tartrate
Potassium perchlorate
Silver arsenate
Silver bromide
Silver chloride
AgCl
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10–5
10–14
10–8
10–8
10–14
10–13
10–13
(25°)
(25°)
(9°)
(18°)
(9.2°)
(18°)
(25.8°)
PbC2O4
PbSO4
PbS
Li2CO3
MgNH4PO4
7.50 x 10–9
1.40 x 10–9
2.74 x 10–11
1.06 x 10–8
3.40 x 10–28
1.70 x 10–3
2.50 x 10–13
(15°)
(25°)
(18°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
MgCO3
MgF2
Mg(OH)2
MnCO3
MnS
Hg2Br2
Hg2Cl2
Hg2CrO4
Hg2(CN)2
Hg2I2
HgI2
Hg2O
HgO
Hg2S
HgS
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS
K2PtCl6
2.60 x 10–5
7.10 x 10–9
1.20 x 10–11
8.80 x 10–10
7.00 x 10–16
1.30 x 10–21
2.00 x 10–18
2.00 x 10–9
5.00 x 10–40
1.20 x 10–28
3.20 x 10–29
1.60 x 10–23
1.70 x 10–26
1.00 x 10–47
3.00 x 10–54
1.35 x 10–7
1.60 x 10–14
1.00 x 10–26
1.10 x 10–5
(12°)
(18°)
(18°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
(20°)
(18°)
KHC4H4O6
3.80 x 10–4
(18°)
KClO4
Ag3AsO4
AgBr
1.07 x 10–2
1.00 x 10–19
4.10 x 10–13
7.70 x 10–13
0.21 x 10–10
0.37 x 10–10
1.56 x 10–10
13.2 x 10–10
215 x 10–10
(25°)
(25°)
(18°)
(25°)
(4.7°)
(9.7°)
(25°)
(50°)
(100°)
Solutions – aqueous systems
L
Substance
61
S
T
Z
62
Substance
Formula
Solubility product at given
temperature in mol/L
Silver chromate
Ag2CrO4
Silver iodide
Agl
Silver sulfide
Silver thiocyanate
Ag2S
AgSCN
Strontium
Strontium
Strontium
Strontium
SrCO3
SrF2
SrC2O4
SrSO4
1.20 x 10–12
9.00 x 10–12
0.32 x 10–16
1.50 x 10–16
1.60 x 10–49
0.49 x 10–12
1.16 x 10–12
1.60 x 10–9
2.80 x 10–9
5.60 x 10–8
2.80 x 10–7
3.80 x 10–7
3.90 x 10–6
1.90 x 10–4
5.80 x 10–8
1.40 x 10–53
9.00 x 10–23
2.30 x 10–4
6.00 x 10–11
1.00 x 10–17
6.90 x 10–26
1.10 x 10–24
carbonate
fluoride
oxalate
sulfate
Thallium(I) bromide
Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) iodide
Thallium(III) hydroxide
Thallium(II) sulfide
Thallium(I) thiocyanate
Zinc carbonate
Zinc hydroxide
Zinc sulfide, alpha
Zinc sulfide, beta
TlBr
TlCl
TlI
Tl(OH)3
Tl2S
TlSCN
ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
ZnS
(14.8°)
(25°)
(13°)
(25°)
(18°)
(18°)
(25°)
(25°)
(18°)
(18°)
(2.9°)
(17.4°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(25°)
(20°)
(25°)
Solubility of inorganic compounds in organic solvents
Unless otherwise stated, this table indicates the solubility of the anhydrous
substance in 100 g pure solvent
Ammonium bromide
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
Antimon(III)
chloride
Barium nitrate
Boric acid
Cobalt(II) sulfate
heptahydrate
Copper(II) chloride
dihydrate
Copper(II) sulfate
anhydrous
Copper(II) sulfate
pentahydrate
Lead(II) nitrate
Lithium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
anhydrous
Magnesium sulfate
heptahydrate
Mercury(II) bromide
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(II)
iodide red
Nickel(II) chloride
hexahydrate
Potassium bromide
Potassium chloride
Potassium cyanide
Potassium
hydroxide
Potassium iodide
Potassium
thiocyanate
Silver nitrate
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Strontium chloride
hexahydrate
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
heptahydrate
Methanol
Acetone
Pyridine
106009
3.4
17.1
-
100014
538
109728
8.14 (25°C)
-
101729 100165 11 (25°C)
102556 2.5 (3°C)
0.5 (25°C)
5.5
0.5
-
-
102733 -
-
8.9 (15°C)
-
102791 -
1.05
-
-
102790 1.1 (3°C)
15.6
-
-
107398 0.04
105679 24
106067 1.3 (3°C)
1.4
1.2
2.3 (25°C)
-
5.8 (25°C)
13.5 (28°C)
-
105886 -
41
-
-
104421 23 (25°C)
104419 49 (25°C)
104428 2.2 (25°C)
46 (25°C)
53
3.4 (25°C)
143
2 (25°C)
25
32
106717 53.7
-
-
-
104905
104936
104967
105033
2 (25°C)
0.5
4.9 (25°C)
-
0.02 (25°C)
-
-
Ord. No.
101125
101145
101188
107838
Ethanol
(absolute)
100983
0.6 (15°C)
3.8
-
0.14 (25°C)
0.0034
0.9
37 (30°C)
105043 1.75
105124 -
16.5
-
20.8
(22.5°C)
101512 2.1
3.7
0.44
106404 0.07
1.41
106523 43.1 (22.5°C) 77.7 (22.5°C) 106537 0.036 (25°C) 0.41
106549 0.31
4.4
106673 63.3 (6°C)
-
-
108816 108883 -
2.6
-
5.9
43.5
-
Solutions – aqueous systems
Solubility in g / 100 g Solvent
36.6
-
63
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
Density
20°
d
4°
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
64
H2SO4 content
weight%
0.2609
0.9855
1.731
2.485
3.242
4.000
4.746
5.493
6.237
6.956
7.704
8.415
9.129
9.843
10.56
11.26
11.96
12.66
13.36
14.04
14.73
15.41
16.08
16.76
17.43
18.09
18.76
19.42
20.08
20.73
21.38
22.03
22.67
23.31
23.95
24.58
25.21
25.84
26.47
27.10
27.72
28.33
28.95
29.57
30.18
30.79
31.40
32.01
mol/L
Density
20°
d
4°
0.0266
0.1010
0.1783
0.2595
0.3372
0.4180
0.4983
0.5796
0.6613
0.7411
0.8250
0.9054
0.9865
1.066
1.152
1.235
1.317
1.401
1.484
1.567
1.652
1.735
1.820
1.905
1.990
2.075
2.161
2.247
2.334
2.420
2.507
2.594
2.681
2.768
2.857
2.945
3.033
3.122
3.211
3.302
3.391
3.481
3.572
3.663
3.754
3.846
3.938
4.031
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
H2SO4 content
weight%
32.61
33.22
33.82
34.42
35.01
35.60
36.19
36.78
37.36
37.95
38.53
39.10
39.68
40.25
40.82
41.39
41.95
42.51
43.07
43.62
44.17
44.72
45.26
45.80
46.33
46.86
47.39
47.92
48.45
48.97
49.48
49.99
50.50
51.01
51.52
52.02
52.51
53.01
53.50
54.00
54.49
54.97
55.45
55.93
56.41
56.89
57.36
57.84
mol/L
4.123
4.216
4.310
4.404
4.498
4.592
4.686
4.781
4.876
4.972
5.068
5.163
5.259
5.356
5.452
5.549
5.646
5.743
5.840
5.938
6.035
6.132
6.229
6.327
6.424
6.522
6.620
6.718
6.817
6.915
7.012
7.110
7.208
7.307
7.406
7.505
7.603
7.702
7.801
7.901
8.000
8.099
8.198
8.297
8.397
8.497
8.598
8.699
H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/mol
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545
1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570
1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595
1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620
1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645
1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670
1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695
1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
H2SO4 content
weight%
58.31
58.78
59.24
59.70
60.17
60.62
61.08
61.54
62.00
62.45
62.91
63.36
63.81
64.26
64.71
65.15
65.59
66.03
66.47
66.91
67.35
67.79
68.23
68.66
69.09
69.53
69.96
70.39
70.82
71.25
71.67
72.09
72.52
72.95
73.37
73.80
74.22
74.64
75.07
75.49
75.92
76.34
76.77
77.20
77.63
78.06
78.49
78.93
mol/L
8.799
8.899
9.000
9.100
9.202
9.303
9.404
9.506
9.608
9.711
9.8136
9.916
10.02
10.12
10.23
10.33
10.43
10.54
10.64
10.74
10.85
10.96
11.06
11.16
11.27
11.38
11.48
11.59
11.70
11.80
11.91
12.02
12.13
12.24
12.43
12.45
12.56
12.67
12.78
12.89
13.00
13.12
13.23
13.34
13.46
13.57
13.69
13.80
Density
20°
d
4°
1.720
1.725
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745
1.750
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770
1.775
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795
1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820
1.821
1.822
1.823
1.824
1.825
1.826
1.827
1.828
1.829
1.830
1.831
1.832
1.833
H2SO4 content
weight%
79.37
79.81
80.25
80.70
81.16
81.62
82.09
82.57
83.06
83.57
84.08
84.61
85.16
85.74
86.35
86.99
87.69
88.43
89.23
90.12
91.11
91.33
91.56
91.78
92.00
92.25
92.51
92.77
93.03
93.33
93.64
93.94
94.32
94.72
mol/L
13.92
14.04
14.16
14.28
14.40
14.52
14.65
14.78
14.90
15.04
15.17
15.31
15.46
15.61
15.76
15.92
16.09
16.27
16.47
16.68
16.91
16.96
17.01
17.06
17.11
17.17
17.22
17.28
17.34
17.40
17.47
17.54
17.62
17.70
Solutions – aqueous systems
Density
20°
d
4°
65
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
H3PO4 , M = 97.99 g/mol
66
HCl, M = 36.47 g/mol
Density
20°
d
4°
H3PO4 content
weight%
mol/L
1.0038
1.0092
1.0146
1.0200
1.0255
1.0309
1.0365
1.0420
1.0476
1.0532
1.0590
1.0647
1.0705
1.0764
1.0824
1.0884
1.0946
1.1008
1.1071
1.1134
1.1199
1.1263
1.1329
1.1395
1.1462
1.1529
1.1597
1.1665
1.1735
1.1805
1.216
1.254
1.293
1.335
1.379
1.426
1.476
1.526
1.579
1.633
1.689
1.746
1.770
1.794
1.819
1.844
1.870
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
92
94
96
98
100
0.102
0.206
0.312
0.416
0.523
0.631
0.740
0.851
0.962
1.074
1.189
1.304
1.420
1.538
1.657
1.777
1.899
2.021
2.147
2.272
2.400
2.529
2.659
2.791
2.924
3.059
3.195
3.333
3.473
3.614
4.333
5.118
5.938
6.811
7.740
8.731
9.784
10.90
12.08
13.33
14.65
16.03
16.61
17.20
17.82
18.44
19.08
Density
20°
d
4°
weight%
HCl content
mol/L
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.198
0.3600
1.360
2.364
3.374
4.388
5.408
6.433
7.464
8.490
9.510
10.52
11.52
12.51
13.50
14.495
15.485
16.47
17.45
18.43
19.41
20.39
21.36
22.33
23.29
24.25
25.22
26.20
27.18
28.18
29.17
30.14
31.14
32.14
33.16
34.18
35.20
36.23
37.27
38.32
39.37
40.00
0.09872
0.3748
0.6547
0.9391
1.227
1.520
1.817
2.118
2.421
2.725
3.029
3.333
3.638
3.944
4.253
4.565
4.878
5.192
5.5095
5.829
6.150
6.472
6.796
7.122
7.449
7.782
8.118
8.459
8.809
9.159
9.505
9.863
10.225
10.595
10.97
11.34
11.73
12.11
12.50
12.90
13.14
www.merckmillipore.com/acids
Acids for analysis EMSURE®
Solutions – aqueous systems
Merck’s acids for analysis EMSURE® are delivered to you
with the highest possible quality standard and with the
greatest safety. Our products underlie strict quality checks
in ultra-modern laboratories using the latest and most
sensitive analytic instruments. Take advantage of our
outstanding, application-oriented quality and of reliable
and reproducible results of your analysis.
67
Nitric acid
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
Density
20°
d
4°
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
68
HNO3 content
weight%
0.3333
1.255
2.164
3.073
3.982
4.883
5.784
6.661
7.530
8.398
9.259
10.12
10.97
11.81
12.65
13.48
14.31
15.13
15.95
16.76
17.58
18.39
19.19
20.00
20.79
21.59
22.38
23.16
23.94
24.71
25.48
26.24
27.00
27.76
28.51
29.25
30.00
30.74
31.47
32.21
32.94
33.68
34.41
35.16
35.93
36.70
37.48
38.25
mol/L
0.05231
0.2001
0.3468
0.4950
0.6445
0.7943
0.9454
1.094
1.243
1.393
1.543
1.694
1.845
1.997
2.148
2.301
2.453
2.605
2.759
2.913
3.068
3.224
3.381
3.539
3.696
3.854
4.012
4.171
4.330
4.489
4.649
4.810
4.970
5.132
5.293
5.455
5.618
5.780
5.943
6.107
6.273
6.440
6.607
6.778
6.956
7.135
7.315
7.497
Density
20°
d
4°
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
HNO3 content
weight%
39.02
39.80
40.58
41.36
42.14
42.92
43.70
44.48
45.27
46.06
46.85
47.63
48.42
49.21
50.00
50.85
51.71
52.56
53.41
54.27
55.13
56.04
56.95
57.87
58.78
59.69
60.67
61.69
62.70
63.72
64.74
65.84
66.97
68.10
69.23
70.39
71.63
72.86
74.09
75.35
76.71
78.07
79.43
80.88
82.39
83.91
85.50
87.29
mol/L
7.679
7.863
8.049
8.237
8.426
8.616
8.808
9.001
9.195
9.394
9.590
9.789
9.990
10.19
10.39
10.61
10.83
11.05
11.27
11.49
11.72
11.96
12.20
12.44
12.68
12.93
13.19
13.46
13.73
14.01
14.29
14.57
14.88
15.18
15.49
15.81
16.14
16.47
16.81
17.16
17.53
17.90
18.28
18.68
19.09
19.51
19.95
20.43
HNO3 , M = 63.02 g/mol
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
1.504
1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509
1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
HNO3 content
weight%
89.07
91.13
93.49
95.46
96.73
96.98
97.23
97.49
97.74
97.99
98.25
98.50
98.76
99.01
99.26
99.52
99.77
100.0
mol/L
20.92
21.48
22.11
22.65
23.02
23.10
23.18
23.25
23.33
23.40
23.48
23.56
23.63
23.71
23.79
23.86
23.94
24.01
Acids in Safebreak bottles
Accidents happen… and in some cases serious injury,
contamination or consequential damage is the result –
especially when we think about hazardous liquids like
acids! Therefore Merck comes up with an effective solution: The Safebreak bottle – a glass bottle coated with
polyethylene. This PE coating provides maximum safety
in cases of breakage.
Solutions – aqueous systems
Density
20°
d
4°
www.merckmillipore.com/safebreak
69
Sodium hydroxide solution
NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
70
Density
20°
d
4°
weight%
NaOH content
mol/L
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
0.159
0.602
1.0455
1.49
1.94
2.39
2.84
3.29
3.745
4.20
4.655
5.11
5.56
6.02
6.47
6.93
7.38
7.83
8.28
8.74
9.19
9.64
10.10
10.55
11.01
11.46
11.92
12.37
12.83
13.28
13.73
14.18
14.64
15.09
15.54
15.99
16.44
16.89
17.34
17.80
18.25
18.71
19.16
19.62
20.07
20.53
20.98
21.44
0.0398
0.151
0.264
0.378
0.494
0.611
0.731
0.851
0.971
1.097
1.222
1.347
1.474
1.602
1.731
1.862
1.992
2.123
2.257
2.391
2.527
2.664
2.802
2.942
3.082
3.224
3.367
3.510
3.655
3.801
3.947
4.095
4.244
4.395
4.545
4.697
4.850
5.004
5.160
5.317
5.476
5.636
5.796
5.958
6.122
6.286
6.451
6.619
Density
g/mL
(20°C)
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
NaOH content
weight%
mol/L
21.90
22.36
22.82
23.275
23.73
24.19
24.645
25.10
25.56
26.02
26.48
26.94
27.41
27.87
28.33
28.80
29.26
29.73
30.20
30.67
31.14
31.62
32.10
32.58
33.06
33.54
34.03
34.52
35.01
35.505
36.00
36.495
36.99
37.49
37.99
38.49
38.99
39.495
40.00
40.515
41.03
41.55
42.07
42.59
43.12
43.64
44.17
44.695
6.788
6.958
7.129
7.302
7.475
7.650
7.824
8.000
8.178
8.357
8.539
8.722
8.906
9.092
9.278
9.466
9.656
9.875
10.04
10.23
10.43
10.63
10.83
11.03
11.24
11.45
11.65
11.86
12.08
12.29
12.51
12.73
12.95
13.17
13.39
13.61
13.84
14.07
14.30
14.53
14.77
15.01
15.25
15.49
15.74
15.98
16.23
16.48
NaOH, M = 40.01 g/mol
weight%
NaOH content
mol/L
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
45.22
45.75
46.27
46.80
47.33
47.85
48.38
48.905
49.44
49.97
50.50
16.73
16.98
17.23
17.49
17.75
18.00
18.26
18.52
18.78
19.05
19.31
Solutions – aqueous systems
Density
20°
d
4°
71
Potassium hydroxide solution
KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol
Density
20°
d
4°
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070
1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095
1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120
1.125
1.130
72
KOH content
weight%
0.197
0.743
1.295
1.84
2.38
2.93
3.48
4.03
4.58
5.12
5.66
6.20
6.74
7.28
7.82
8.36
8.89
9.43
9.96
10.49
11.03
11.56
12.08
12.61
13.14
13.66
14.19
mol/L
0.0351
0.133
0.233
0.333
0.4355
0.536
0.6395
0.774
0.848
0.954
1.06
1.17
1.27
1.38
1.49
1.60
1.71
1.82
1.94
2.05
2.16
2.28
2.39
2.51
2.62
2.74
2.86
Density
20°
d
4°
1.135
1.140
1.145
1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170
1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195
1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220
1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245
1.250
1.255
1.260
1.265
KOH content
weight%
14.705
15.22
15.74
16.26
16.78
17.29
17.81
18.32
18.84
19.35
19.86
20.37
20.88
21.38
21.88
22.38
22.88
23.38
23.87
24.37
24.86
25.36
25.85
26.34
26.83
27.32
27.80
mol/L
2.975
3.09
3.21
3.33
3.45
3.58
3.70
3.82
3.945
4.07
4.195
4.32
4.45
4.57
4.70
4.83
4.955
5.08
5.21
5.34
5.47
5.60
5.74
5.87
6.00
6.135
6.27
KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol
weight%
KOH content
mol/L
1.270
1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295
1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320
1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.360
1.365
1.370
1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395
1.400
28.29
28.77
29.25
29.73
30.21
30.68
31.15
31.62
32.09
32.56
33.03
33.50
33.97
34.43
34.90
35.36
35.82
36.28
36.73
37.19
37.65
38.105
38.56
39.01
39.46
39.92
40.37
6.40
6.54
6.67
6.81
6.95
7.08
7.22
7.36
7.49
7.63
7.77
7.91
8.05
8.19
8.335
8.48
8.62
8.76
8.905
9.05
9.19
9.34
9.48
9.63
9.78
9.93
10.07
Density
20°
d
4°
weight%
KOH content
mol/L
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420
1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
1.525
1.530
40.82
41.26
41.71
42.155
42.60
43.04
43.48
43.92
44.36
44.79
45.23
45.66
46.095
46.53
46.96
47.39
47.82
48.25
48.675
49.10
49.53
49.95
50.38
50.80
51.22
51.64
10.22
10.37
10.52
10.67
10.82
10.97
11.12
11.28
11.42
11.58
11.73
11.88
12.04
12.19
12.35
12.50
12.66
12.82
12.97
13.13
13.29
13.45
13.60
13.76
13.92
14.08
Solutions – aqueous systems
Density
20°
d
4°
73
Ammonia
NH3 , M = 17.03 g/mol
74
Density
20°
d
4°
NH3 content
0.998
0.996
0.994
0.992
0.990
0.988
0.986
0.984
0.982
0.980
0.978
0.976
0.974
0.972
0.970
0.968
0.966
0.964
0.962
0.960
0.958
0.956
0.954
0.952
0.950
0.948
0.946
0.944
0.942
0.940
0.938
0.936
0.934
0.0465
0.512
0.977
1.43
1.89
2.35
2.82
3.30
3.78
4.27
4.76
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.26
7.77
8.29
8.82
9.34
9.87
10.405
10.95
11.49
12.03
12.58
13.14
13.71
14.29
14.88
15.47
16.06
16.65
weight%
mol/L
0.0273
0.299
0.570
0.834
1.10
1.365
1.635
1.91
2.18
2.46
2.73
3.01
3.29
3.57
3.84
4.12
4.41
4.69
4.98
5.27
5.55
5.84
6.13
6.42
6.71
7.00
7.29
7.60
7.91
8.21
8.52
8.83
9.13
Density
20°
d
4°
0.932
0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922
0.920
0.918
0.916
0.914
0.912
0.910
0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900
0.898
0.896
0.894
0.892
0.890
0.888
0.886
0.884
0.882
0.880
NH3 content
weight%
17.24
17.85
18.45
19.06
19.67
20.27
20.88
21.50
22.125
22.75
23.39
24.03
24.68
25.33
26.00
26.67
27.33
28.00
28.67
29.33
30.00
30.685
31.37
32.09
32.84
33.595
34.35
mol/L
9.44
9.75
10.06
10.37
10.67
10.97
11.28
11.59
11.90
12.21
12.52
12.84
13.16
13.48
13.80
14.12
14.44
14.76
15.08
15.40
15.71
16.04
16.36
16.69
17.05
17.40
17.75
Name
weight%
Acetic acid
Acetic acid (glacial acetic acid)
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Ammonia solution
Formic acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, fuming
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid, fuming
Ortho-Phosphoric acid
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid
Potassium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
96
99 – 100
60
30
32
30
25
98 – 100
57
47
25
32
37
48
40
65
69
100
85
70
60
47
32
10
36
45
50
95 – 97
25
Density
20°
d
4°
Concen­
tration
in mol/L
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.04
0.88
0.90
0.90
1.22
1.7
1.49
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.16
1.13
1.39
1.41
1.51
1.71
1.68
1.53
1.48
1.35
1.11
1.39
1.48
1.52
1.84
1.18
17
17.5
10.5
5
16.5
16
13.5
26
7.5
8.5
7.5
10
12
28
22.5
14.5
15.5
24
15
11.5
9
12.5
11
3
12.5
16.5
19
18
3
Solutions – aqueous systems
Commercially available concentrations
of some acids and bases
* rounded off
Baumé degrees (°Bé) and density
°Bé = 145 –
145
density
Example
Sodium hydroxide solution 40 % with a density of 1.430 g/cm3
145 –
145
= 43.60°Bé
density
75
04
Indicators and buffers
pH indicators
78
Buffer solutions
80
pKa values of selected biological buffers
82
Buffer ranges
83
pH-indicators
Ord.
No.
Material name
105225
Cresol red
105228
m-Cresol purple
108176
pink
3
brown
pink
yel
Thymol blue
violet - red
bro
107241
Phenol red
brownish
orange
y
111748
Phenol red sodium salt
brownish
orange
y
102282
Quinaldine red
108122
Bromophenol blue
101340
Congo red (C.I. 22120)
101322
Methyl orange (C.I. 13025)
108121
Bromocresol green
101541
Bromocresol green sodium salt indicator water-soluble
106278
Alizarin red S mono sodiumsalt (C.I. 58005)
106076
Methyl red (C.I. 13020)
106078
Methyl red sodium salt (C.I. 13020) water-soluble
103023
Bromophenol red
103024
Chlorophenol red
103025
Bromocresol purple
106798
4-Nitrophenol
103026
Bromothymol blue
101895
Bromothymol blue sodium salt indicator water-soluble
106794
3-Nitrophenol
101369
Neutral red (C.I. 50040)
106246
1-Naphtholphthalein
106202
1-Naphtholbenzein
107233
Phenolphthalein
108175
Thymolphtalein
109196
Alkali blue (C.I. 42765)
101307
Titan yellow (C.I. 19540)
The pH ranges and color shades shown are approximations
78
0
1
2
pH value and
color change
colorless
greenish yellow
violet
pink
yellowish gr
yellow - gr
ligh
br
4
5
6
7
8
9
yellow
nish yellow
ownish yellow
11
12
13
14
purple
brownish yellow
llow
10
violet
greenish yellow
blue
yellow
brownish yellow
red - violet
yellow
brownish yellow
red - violet
red
blue - violet
orange - red
orange - yellow
blue
blue
htly yellow
brown - orange
pink
red
violet
Indicators and buffers
reen
reen
yellow
red - violet brownish yellow
yellow
purple
rownish yellow
red - violet
greenish yellow
blue - violet
colorless
yellow
yellow
blue
yellow
blue
colorless
yellow
orange yellow
violet - red
pinkbrownish
blue
apricot
turquoiseblue
colorless
colorless
red - violet
blue
blue - violet
yellow
dark - pink
orange
For more information please visit: www.merckmillipore.com/labtools
than choose pH-Indicator Selector
79
Buffer solutions
Prepare stock and buffer solutions with distilled, boiled, CO2-free water.
No.
Stock solutions and their content of buffer substance
A
Composition
of buffer
solution
1
Glycine 0.1 mol/L + NaCl 0.1 mol/L
HCl 0.1 mol/L
[Glycine: 7.507 g/L + NaCl: 5.844 g/L]
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
2
di-Sodium citrate 0.1 mol/L
HCl 0.1 mol/L
[Citric acid monohydrate:
21.014 g/L + 200 mL NaOH 1 mol/L]
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
3
Potassium hydrogen phthalate L
0.1 mol/L [C8H5KO4: 20.42 g/L]
HCl 0.1 mol/L
50 mL A + x mL B
make up to 100 mL*
4
As No. 3
NaOH 0.1 mol/L
50 mL A + x mL B
make up to 100 mL*
5
As No. 2
NaOH 0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
6
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
1/15 mol/L [KH2PO4: 9.073 g/L]
[Na2HPO4 · 2 H2O: 11.87 g/L]
di-Sodium
hydrogen
phosphate
1/15 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
7
5.5-Diethylbarbituric acid
sodium salt 0.1 mol/L
[Barbital-Na: 20.62 g/L]
HCl 0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
8
Borax solution 0.05 mol/L
[H3BO3: 12.37 g/L + 100 mL NaOH
1 mol/L]
HCl 0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
9
As No. 1
NaOH 0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
10
di-Sodium hydrogen x parts A +
Citric acid 0.1 mol/L
[Citric acid monohydrate: 21.014 g/L] phosphate 0.2 mol/L (100-x) parts B
[Na2HPO4 · 2 H2O: 35.60 g/L]
11
Sodium acetate 0.1 mol/L
[C2H3O2Na: 8.204 g/L or
C2H3O2Na · 3 H2O: 13.61 g/L]
Acetic acid
0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
12
Imidazole 0.2 mol/L
[C3H4N2: 13.62 g/L]
HCl 0.1 mol/L
25 mL A + x mL B,
make up to 100 mL*
13
Triethanolamine 0.5 mol/L +
Titriplex® III
[C6H15NO3: 74.60 g/L +
Titriplex® III: 20 g/L]
HCl 0.05 mol/L
10 mL A + x mL B,
make up to 100 mL*
14
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
0.2 mol/L [TRIS: 24.23 g/L]
HCl 0.1 mol/L
25 mL A + x mL B,
make up to 100 mL*
15
Sodium carbonate 0.1 mol/L
(10.60 g/L) [Na2CO3: 10.60 g/L]
[NaHCO3: 8.401 g/L]
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate
0.1 mol/L
x parts A +
(100-x) parts B
Number of the buffer solution
80
B
* fill up with dissolution
Indicators and buffers
CertiPUR®-Buffer Sachets for
calibration of pH instruments!
81
pKa values of selected biological buffers
Buffer
ACES
82
pKa (4°C)
7.22
pKa (20°C)
pKa (25°C)
pKa (37°C)
6.90
6.80
6.56
pKa/°C
– 0.020
ADA
6.80
6.62
6.56
6.43
– 0.011
BES
7.41
7.15
7.07
6.88
– 0.016
BICIN
8.64
8.35
8.26
8.04
– 0.018
BIS-TRIS
6.88
6.56
6.46
6.22
– 0.020
– 0.011
CHES
9.73
9.55
9.50
9.36
Citrat pKa2
4.79
4.77
4.76
4.74
– 0.0016
Glycin pKa2
10.32
9.91
9.78
9.47
– 0.026
Gly-Gly
8.85
8.40
8.26
7.92
– 0.028
HEPES
7.77
7.55
7.48
7.32
– 0.014
HEPPS
8.18
8.00
7.95
7.82
– 0.011
Imidazole
7.37
7.05
6.95
6.71
– 0.020
MES
6.33
6.15
6.10
5.97
– 0.011
MOPS
7.41
7.20
7.14
6.98
– 0.013
– 0.0085
PIPES
6.94
6.80
6.76
6.66
Phosphate pKa2
7.26
7.21
7.20
7.17
– 0.0028
TAPS
8.02
8.31
8.40
8.62
+ 0.018
TES
7.82
7.50
7.40
7.16
– 0.020
TRICIN
8.49
8.15
8.05
7.79
– 0.021
TRIS
8.75
8.30
8.08
7.82
– 0.028
Buffer ranges
Buffer
Glycine / HCl
Citric acid / Na-citrate
Acetic acid / Na-acetate
KH2PO4 / Na2HPO4
MES
BIS-TRIS
ADA
ACES
PIPES
Imidazole / HCl
BES
MOPS
HEPES
TES
TRIS / HCl
Indicators and buffers
HEPPS
TRICIN
Gly-Gly
BICIN
Na-borate / HCl
Glycine / NaOH
CHES
AMP / HCl
Na2CO3 / NaHCO3
Na-borate / NaOH
pH 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
83
05
Analytical
chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography
86
Analytical HPLC
88
Specification of column sorbents
90
LC Troubleshooting
Sample preparation
94
100
Thin-layer chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography is a simple, fast and highly versatile separation tool
for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The field of application covers
virtually all classes of substances including pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, lipids,
nucleotides, glycosides, carbohydrates, fatty acids and many others.
heap separation method without the need for sophisticated instruments
C
No cumbersome sample preparation step needed because plates are
disposable
Sample components are stored on the plate allowing to repeat the analysis
several times
Multiple samples (up to 72) can be run simultaneously under identical
conditions
Easy 2 dimensional separation by using two distinct mobile phases in
different directions
Thin-layer chromatography can be a manual method as in classical TLC,
or automated as in instrumented high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Furthermore, it can be easily extended to preparative scale
for PLC.
Unmodified silica gel covers more than 80 % of thin-layer chromatography applications for both adsorption- and partition thin-layer chromatography. It allows separating a large range of different substances such as
aflatoxins, alkaloids, anabolics, benzodiazepins, carbohydrates, fatty acids,
glycosides, lipids, mycotoxins, nucleotides, peptides, pesticides, steroids, sulfonamids, surfactants, tetracyclines and many others making it suitable for:
In-process control in drugs
Purity checks of synthesis steps
Identity testing of pharmaceutical compounds
HPTLC Premium Purity plate is designed for high performance, completely contamination free separations especially in demanding pharmacopoeia applications.
ighly pure, exhibiting minimal background even with middle-polar
H
solvent systems
Identical separation performance as the related HPTLC plate product
Especially suited for pharmacopoeia applications
www.merckmillipore.com/chromatography
86
Comparison of the separation of
dansyl amino acids on a (A) classical
TLC silica gel 60 plate or (B) HPTLC
silica gel 60 plate under identical
conditions. The comparison clearly
demonstrates that the HPTLC plate
delivers sharper zones with shorter
migration distances and hence running times. In addition the HPTLC
plate allows the separation of twice
the number of samples simultaneously.
Analytical chromatography
Aluminium and plastic backed
plates can be cut to smaller size to
reduce the cost of analysis.
Compounds:
1. N-alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
2. alpha-dansyl-L-arginine
3. Dansyl-L-cysteic acid
4. N-Dansyl-glycine
5. Dansyl-glycine
6. N-N-Didansyl-L-tyrosine
Sample volume: TLC 4 µL; HPTLC 0,3 µL
Mobil phase:Ethyl acetat / methanol /
propionic acid (22/10/3)
Migration
distance:
TLC 10 cm; HPTLC 5 cm
Analysis time:TLC 42 min;
HPTLC 13 min 45 sec
Detection:
UV 366
87
Analytical HPLC
Analytical HPLC has taken on a position of central importance in research and
development, in pharmaceutical quality control and in environmental analysis. Merck is among the major suppliers of HPLC products worldwide.
Our extensive portfolio comprises products for analytical and preparative
HPLC. With our series of very widely used HPLC sorbents, which includes
LiChrosorb®, LiChrospher®, Superspher®, Purospher® and SeQuantTM ZIC®HILIC, we offer you the most suitable products for your application. With
Chromolith® – an HPLC column based on monolithic technology – we have
established and maintained technology leadership in chromatography to
ideally fulfill your requirements.
LiChrospher® is a reliable and versatile traditionally produced spherical
silica carrier with a particle size of 5 µm or 10 µm, providing well balanced
pressure / separation performance ratio. A broad range of modifications on
LiChrospher® are very widely used by HPLC-users all over the world for
a broad range of applications. LiChrospher® sorbents are available as reversed phase derivatives (RP-8, RP-18 endcapped, RP-18, RP-18 endcapped
and RP-select B), medium polar (NH2, CN, DIOL) and polar derivatives (Si
60). Furthermore LiChrospher® PAH is highly efficient and selective for the
separation of PAH; LiChrospher® WP is very well suited for the separation of
peptides and low molecular weight proteins.
www.merckmillipore.com/analytical-hplc
88
SeQuantTM ZIC®-HILIC HPLC columns provides excellent selectivity
for separation of strongly polar and hydrophilic compounds, which often
have little or no retention on reversed phase columns. Merck's unique
ZIC®-HILIC technology is based on a stationary phase with a covalently
bonded, highly polar zwitterionic functional group that provides higher
stability and more robust HILIC separations than conventional silica or
amino phases.
IC
RPLC
Schematic illustration demonstrating
how ZIC®-HILIC complements other
areas of chromatography and extends
the separation capabilities.
ZIC®-HILIC
NPLC
Analytical chromatography
Purospher® HPLC columns are based upon a high-purity silica for
excellent separations with very good peak symmetry. The base material for
Purospher® high-purity HPLC columns consists of tetra-alkoxysilane.
Due to the absence of heavy metals in the silica matrix and in combination
with a complete coverage of the silica surface, this stationary phase
enables tailing-free chromatography of acidic, basic and chelating compounds. This is of particular advantage for method development.
Thanks to its outstanding performance and stability, Purospher® STAR
RP-18 endcapped is the most versatile column in the Purospher® range.
Robust methods can be developed across the entire pH spectrum from 1.5
to 10.5 enabling the use of the complete range of mobile phases and
temperatures. In addition Purospher® STAR RP-18 endcapped, 2 µm and
3 µm UHPLC columns speed separation up to 10 times and save up to
84.5 % solvent.
Chromolith® HPLC columns provide excellent separations in a fraction
of the time that a standard particulate column will take – typically four
times faster, because they are made from highly porous monolithic rods of
silica with a bimodal pore structure. The column is no longer packed with
small particles but instead consists of a single piece of high-purity silica
gel. Longer lifetime and lower matrix sensitivity with biological samples are
additional advantages of Chromolith® columns. Multiple Chromolith® columns coupled together provide separation efficiencies of 100,000 plates /
column at normal pressure. New Chromolith® HighResolution has
around 50 % higher efficiency, excellent peak symmetry and still more than
30 % longer lifetime compared with particulate columns.
89
Specifications of column sorbents
Polar stationary phases (normal phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
Sorbent characteristics
LiChrosorb® Si 60
irregular particles of silica
LiChrosorb® Si 100
irregular particles of silica
LiChrospher Si 60
spherical particles of silica
LiChrospher® Si 100
spherical particles of silica
LiChrospher® Si 300
spherical particles of silica
LiChrospher® Si 1000
spherical particles of silica
LiChrospher® Si 4000
spherical particles of silica
Superspher® Si 60
spherical particles of silica
®
Purospher® STAR Si
spherical particles of high purity silica
Chromolith Si
Monolithic high purity silica
®
Specifications of column sorbents
Medium polar stationary phases
(shipping eluent: n-Heptane / Dioxane (99/1))
Designation
Sorbent characteristics
LiChrosorb® CN
irregular particles of silica
with -Cyanopropyl function
irregular particles of silica
with -Aminopropyl function
spherical particles of silica
with DIOL function on carbonchains
spherical particles of silica
with -Cyanopropyl function
spherical particles of silica
with -Aminopropyl function
spherical particles of silica
with DIOL function on carbonchains
spherical particles of high purity silica
with -Aminopropyl function
LiChrosorb NH2
®
LiChrosorb® DIOL
LiChrospher® CN
LiChrospher® NH2
LiChrospher® DIOL
Purospher® STAR NH2
90
Pore
size in Å
Pore
volume in mL/g
Spec. surface area
in m2/g
5, 7, 10
60
0.75
500
5, 7, 10
100
1.0
300
5, 10
60
0.85
700
5, 10
100
1.25
400
10
300
0.78
60
10
1000
0.78
30
10
4000
0.78
10
4
60
0.85
700
5
120
1.1
330
monolithic
130
1
300
Particle
size in µm
Pore
size
in Å
Pore
volume
in mL/g
Spec.
surface
in m2/g
Carbon
content
in %
Surface
coverage
in µmol/m2
5, 10
100
1.0
300
6.1
3.82
5, 10
100
1.0
300
3.5
3.54
5, 10
100
1.0
300
7.1
3.91
5, 10
100
1.25
350
6.6
3.52
5, 10
100
1.25
350
4.6
41
5, 10
100
1.25
350
8.0
3.87
5
120
1.1
330
3.5
3
Analytical chromatography
Particle
size in µm
91
Specifications of column sorbents
Non-polar stationary phases (reversed phase chromatography)
(shipping eluent: acetronitrile / water)
Designation
Sorbent characteristics
LiChrosorb® RP-8
irregular particles of silica with
octyl derivative
irregular particles of silica with
octyl derivative
irregular particles of silica with
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative endcapped
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative endcapped
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative endcapped
spherical particles of silica with
octyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of silica with
octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of high purity silica
with octadecyl derivative polar endcapped
spherical particles of high purity silica
with octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of high purity silica
with octyl derivative
spherical particles of high purity silica
with octadecyl derivative
spherical particles of high purity silica
with octadecyl derivative
Monolithic high purity silica with
octyl derivative
Monolithic high purity silica with
octadecyl derivative
LiChrosorb RP-select B
®
LiChrosorb® RP-18
LiChrospher® RP-8
LiChrospher® RP-8 endcapped
LiChrospher® RP-select B
LiChrospher® RP-18
LiChrospher® RP-18 endcapped
LiChrospher® WP 300 RP-18
LiChrospher® PAH
Superspher® RP-8
Superspher® RP-8 endcapped
Superspher® RP-select B
Superspher® RP-18
Superspher® RP-18 endcapped
Purospher® RP-18
Purospher® RP-18 endcapped
Purospher® STAR RP-8
endcapped
Purospher® STAR RP-18
endcapped
Purospher® HC
Chromolith® RP-8 endcapped
Chromolith® RP-18 endcapped
92
Pore
size in Å
Pore
volume
in mL/g
Spec.
surface
in m2/g
Carbon
content
in %
Surface
coverage
in µmol/m2
5, 7, 10
100
1.0
300
9.5
3.4
5, 7, 10
60
0.75
300
11.4
4.21
5, 7, 10
100
1.0
300
16.2
3.0
5, 10
100
1.25
350
12.5
4.04
5, 10
100
1.25
350
13.0
4.44
5, 10
60
0.9
360
11.5
3.55
5, 10
100
1.25
350
21.0
3.61
5, 10
100
1.25
350
21.6
4.09
5, 12, 15
300
1.0
80
n.a.
n.a.
5
150
n.a.
200
20
4.04
4
60
1.25
350
12.5
4.44
4
60
1.25
350
13.0
3.55
4
60
0.9
360
11.5
3.61
4
100
1.25
350
21.0
4.09
4
100
1.25
350
21.6
5
90
1.05
480
17.0
5
90
1.05
480
18.0
2, 3, 5
120
1.1
330
11.2
2, 3, 5
120
1.1
330
17.0
5
90
1.05
470
18.0
monolithic
130
1
300
11.0
monolithic
130
1
300
18.0
Analytical chromatography
Particle
size in µm
3
93
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
High pressure
Precolumn blocked
Column head blocked
Capillary blocked
No peaks; changing peakhight
No flow; leak
Noise or drift problems
Column is not in equilibrium
Sample injection is not reproducible
Impurities elute slowly from the column
Enrichment of impurities
Differences in temperature
(column or detector)
Air bubbles
Detector lamp
Electrical interferences
Ghost peaks
Peaks from previous injection
Unknown sample compounds
Column contamination
Solvent impurities
Mixing problems of mobile phase
Oxidation of TFA (peptide mapping)
Peaks with shoulders; Fronting
Precolumn defective or soiled
Cavity at column head (dead-volume) or
channels in column packing
Sample dissolved in wrong solvents
Interfering compounds; Impurities
Column overload
Extra column effects
Peaks are broad
Precolumn or column defective or soiled
Column overload; injection volume too large
Sample dissolved in wrong solvent
Too weak buffer
Extra column effects
94
Solution
Change precolumn
Change filter of column head; flush column; change column
Change capillary
Checkpump; check frit; check mobil phase composition; fix leak
Check sample injection system
Flush column
Flush column with strong eluent
Flush column; improve sample cleanup; use HPLC-grade solvents
Use column thermostat
Degas mobile phase; use back-pressure regulator
Use voltage stabilizer; check for local
interference sources
Use longer run-time; flush column with strong solvent after each run;
improve sample cleanup; use gradient elution
Improve sample cleanup
Flush column with strong solvent after each run; improve sample cleanup
Use HPLC-grade solvents
Dissolve sample in mobil phase
Prepare fresh daily; use antioxidant
Change precolumn
Change column
Analytical chromatography
Replace UV lamp (expected life time: 1,000 h)
Dissolve sample in mobil phase or (if not possible)
inject very small sample volume (1 µL)
Improve sample cleanup; check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Dilute sample
Check capillary connections
Change precolumn or column
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample
Dissolve sample in mobile phase
Use higher concentration or different buffer
Check capillary connections
95
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
Peaks are broad
Leak between column and detector;
large detector cell
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too low column temperature; high mobile
phase viscosity
Too long capillary connections
Poor column efficiency
Peak tailing
Column overload
Interfering peaks; Impurities
Silanol interactions
Blocked column frit
Extra column effects; dead-volume
Column void or channeling
Peak doubling or splitting
Sample volume too large; column overload
Sample dissolved in wrong solvent
Column void or channeling
Blocked column frit
Unswept injector flowpath
Increasing retention times
Flow rate is decreasing
Active sites on silica packing
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Temperature decreasing
Decreasing retention times
Flow rate is increasing
Column overload
Loss of bonded stationary phase
Mobile phase composition changing
Temperature increasing
Column ageing
96
Solution
Fix leak; use smaller cell
Increase column temperature
Increase column temperature
Use shorter capillaries with smaller i.D.; check for dead volume
Use column with smaller particles
Decrease sample size; increase column diameter; use higher capacity
stationary phase
Improve sample cleanup; adjust mobile phase;
check column with test mixture; use HPLC-grade solvents
Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples
Check capillary connections
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Reduce sample volume; dilute sample; inject sample prepared in mobil phase
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible) inject very small sample
volume (1 µL)
Replace column; use less aggressive conditions
Replace frit; add in-line filter; filter samples
Replace injecto rotor
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles; check for cavitation
Analytical chromatography
Use modifier (triethylamine); increase buffer or salt concentration (ion-pairchromatography); lower mobil phase pH; use base deactivated column
Use mobile phase modifier; add triethylamine; use base-deactivated column
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or
degradation of mobile phase
Use column thermostat
Check pump; check flow
Decrease sample size
Keep mobile phase pH between 2 and 7.5
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile phase
Use column thermostat
Replace column; use guard column
97
LC Troubleshooting
Problem
Possible cause
Retention times changing
Flow rate varying
Insufficient column equilibration
Insufficient buffer capacity
Mobile phase composition changing;
poor mixing
Column temperature varying
Contamination build up
Change in column activation
Differences in selectivity
Different in mobile phase composition
Too weak solvent
Sample dissolved in wrong solvent
Decreasing column life; contamination
Temperature varying
Column to column reproducibility
98
Solution
Fix leaks; replace pump seals; remove bubbles; check for phase
Equilibrate with at least 10 column volume of mobile phase
Use buffer concentration > 20 mM and < 50 mM
Check pump; check frit; avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile phase
Use column thermostat
Flush column
Condition column with initial injection of concentrated of mobile
Check pump; check frit;
avoid evaporation or degradation of mobile
Use buffer or ion-pair system
Replace column; improve sample cleanup; check column with test mixture;
use HPLC-grade solvent
Use column thermostat
Replace column; check with manufacturer
Analytical chromatography
Dissolve sample in mobile phase or (if not possible) inject very small sample
volume (1 µL)
99
Sample preparation
The more complicated the matrix, the more important the sample
preparation! The better the sample preparation, the simpler the subsequent
chromatographic separation!
The consequence of these two statements is:
Sample preparation is a must!
Best performance with Merck products:
igestion systems and ultrapure digestion media for more ‘difficult’
D
dissolutions or processes to be performed in accordance with DIN
(German Institute of Standardization) standards
An extensive range of different reagents and solvents for improved
precipitation, distribution and extraction
he Extrelut® product range – a porous kieselguhr – and corresponding
T
prepacked columns provide not only quicker but also better results
than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous matrices in
the separation funnel
LiChrolut® extraction columns for rapid, convenient and efficient
extractions, enrichments and selective elutions
LiChroCART® range of precolumns, which are an excellent alternative
for online sample preparation for HPLC
I norganic membrane filters avoiding clogging of your HPLC columns
by particles
Derivatization substances for gas chromatography, i.e. for samples which
are volatile by definition
Sample preparation with Merck for reliable performance!
100
Routine laboratory work involves purifying, enriching or separating for
subsequent analysis. The number of samples to be analysed is constantly on
the increase: Comprehensive control of the most important parameters helps
to ensure product quality, prevent damage and maintain quality of life. In
order to be able to utilise the possibilities offered by instrument analysis, the
sample must be optimally prepared. This is often the most time consuming
and critical step of the entire analysis. Selective and specific sample preparation ensures rational, economic and meaningful analysis.
The goals of sample preparation are:
If no sample preparation is carried out, the HPLC as well as the GC column
may become blocked and in extreme cases this can lead to the irreversible
adsorption of substances onto the column.
Analyte enrichment can increase the detection sensitivity of the detector by
a factor of 100 to 5,000. Only then can the substances be identified and
quantitatively determined in the required concentration range.
Merck offers a wide range of products with absorptive,
filtration and clarification properties.
LiChrolut® for solid-phase extraction: as sorbents and
extraction columns available
Extrelut® NT for liquid-liquid extraction: as sorbents
and columns specially for preparation of aqueous
matrices available
Analytical chromatography
he removal of interfering sample components
T
Selective enrichment of the substances to be analysed
iChrospher® ADS only as column available
L
for LC-integrated solid-phase extraction
101
06
Organic solvents
Organic solvents properties and drying agents
104
Sustainable Solvent Alternatives
108
Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures
110
Drying agents
111
Solvents for organic instrumental analysis
112
Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances
114
Organic solvents properties and drying agents
Solvent
Acetic acid
Density
d 20°
4°
Refractive
index in n 20°
D
Flash
point in °C
117.9
1.05
1.372
+ 39
138 –140.5
1.08
1.390
+ 49
Acetone
56.2
0.79
1.359
< –20
Acetonitrile
81.6
0.786
1.344
+2
Aniline
184
1.02
1.586
+ 76
Anisole
154
0.995
1.517
+ 45.5
Benzene
80.1
0.88
1.501
– 11
1-Butanol
116 –118
0.81
1.399
+ 34
2-Butanol
99 –102
0.81
1.398
+ 24
81– 83
0.78
1.388
+ 14
n-Butyl acetate
126
0.88
1.394
+ 27
Carbon disulfide
46.5
1.26
1.632
– 30
Chlorobenzene
132
1.11
1.524
+ 27
61
1.48
1.446
non-flammabl
81
0.78
1.424
– 18
0.886
1.470
< 54
40
1.33
1.424
non-flammabl
126
0.97
1.385
+ 33
0.944
1.410
+ 51
34.6
0.71
1.353
– 40
67–70
0.72
1.366
– 28
Dimethyl formamide
153
0.94
1.431
+ 57.5
Dimethyl sulfoxide
189
1.10
1.479
+ 87
101.5
1.03
1.422
+ 11
78.3
0.793
1.361
+ 12
77
0.90
1.372
–4
197.6
1.11
1.432
+ 111
125
0.964
1.402
+ 37
32 – 34
0.974
1.361
– 19
175
Acetic anhydride
tert-Butanol
Chloroform (Trichloromethane)
Cyclohexane
Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin)
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
Diethyl carbonate
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Diethyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
1.4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
Ethyl formate
189/191
155 –165
Formamide
210
1.13
1.447
Glycerol
290
1.26
1.475
+ 199
–
1.69
–
non-flammabl
69
Hexafluoroacetone (sesqui-hydrate)
n-Hexane
0.66
1.373
– 22
Isobutanol
106 –108
0.802
1.396
+ 28
Isobutyl methyl ketone
106 –118
0.80
1.396
+ 14
64.5
0.792
1.329
+ 10
56 – 58
0.932
1.361
– 13
Methanol
Methyl acetate
104
Boiling
point in °C
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
202
1.03
1.468
+ 91
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
79.6
0.805
1.379
–4
Nitrobenzene
211
1.20
1.556
+ 88
le
ppm
Drying agent (1)
mg/m3
10
25
CuSO4
5
21
–
500
1200
20
34
CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
2
7,7
KOH; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
–
–
CaCl2; Distillation; Na; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
–
–
CaCl2; Na; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; CaH2
100
310
K2CO3; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
–
–
K2CO3; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
20
62
100
480
CaO; Freezing; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
5
16
CaCl2; P2O5
CaCl2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
MgSO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
10
47
0.5
2.5
CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; P2 05
200
700
CaCl2; KOH; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
5
29
50
180
–
–
5
28
400
1200
200
850
–
CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
–
CaCl2; Na; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
CaCl2; CaH2; LiAlH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
CaCl2; CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
5
15
Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2
50
160
Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm; CaH2
20
73
CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2
500
960
CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
200
750
K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
10
26
Distillation; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Distillation
1
3.2
100
300
–
–
–
200E
50
180
100
310
20
83
200
270
100
310
20
82
le
Organic solvents
le
MAC (2)
MgSO4; Na2SO4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
Na2SO4; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
Distillation
–
CaH2; LiAIH4; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
K2CO3; CaO; Mg; Ca; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
CaCl2; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm
Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm, MgO
K2CO3; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
–
200
600
K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
0.1
0.51
CaCl2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; P2O5
105
Solvent
n-Pentane
Boiling
point in °C
ca. 36
Density
d 20°
4°
0.63
Refractive
Flash
index in n 20° point in °C
D
1.358
– 48
1-Propanol
96.5 – 98
0.80
1.385
+ 15
2-Propanol
82.4
0.786
1.378
+ 12
Pyridine
115
0.982
1.510
+ 17
65 – 66
0.89
1.405
– 21.5
200 –209
0.97
1.541
+ 71–77
110.6
0.87
1.494
+4
87
1.46
1.477
non-flammable
136 –145
0.87
~ 1.50
+ 24
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylene (isomeric mixture)
(1)For details of drying methods please refer to
www.merckmillipore.com/drying-agents
(2) MAC values (Minimum allowed concentration)
E = Measured as inhalable fraction
Substances for which no MAC value is given have not been classified by the
German Senate Commission on hazardous materials, though this fact is not to
be construed as meaning that the substances carry no risk.
106
MAC (2)
Drying agent (1)
mg/m3
–
–
CaH2; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
–
–
CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm
200
500
–
–
50
150
2
11
50
190
–
–
100
440
CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3 nm
Molecular sieve 0.3 nm; CaO; Mg; MgO
Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; CaH2; KOH
–
CaCl2; CaH2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
Distillation; K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.5 nm; Na2SO4
CaCl2; CaH2; Distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4 nm; Na
Organic solvents
ppm
107
Sustainable Solvent Alternatives
The products we create help our customers improve people's lives every day, but
we recognize that every product we make also has an environmental impact.
That's why we are committed to continually improving the sustainability performance of our products and adopting a greener chemical process.
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (Methyl THF)
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is a greener alternative to dichloromethane and
tetrahydrofuran. It is derived from renewable resources such as corncobs and
sugarcane bagasse.
Benefits
Produced from renewable sources
Reliable availability (supply risk uncoupled from petrochemical production)
Less solvent needed due to more efficient extraction and higher reaction yields
Lower volatility and higher flash point increase user safety
Limited miscibility in water reduces waste stream
Ordering Information
Product Description
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
EMPLURA®
GL = glass bottle
108
Pack size and material
1 L GL
2.5 L GL
4 L GL
Ord. No.
1.08292.1000
1.08292.2500
1.08292.4000
www.SigmaAldrich.com/
greener-solvents
Ethyl lactate
Ethyl lactate is a safer and more sustainable alternative to ethyl acetate
and acetone. It is an ester of natural L-lactic acid, which is produced by
fermentation of sugar.
Benefits
Increased user safety due to less toxicity (non-carcinogenic)
No waste due to 100 % biodegradability
Non-corrosive in contact with metals
Ordering Information
Product Description
Pack size and material
1 L GL
2.5 L GL
4 L GL
Ethyl lactate EMPLURA®
Ord. No.
1.09639.1000
1.09639.2500
1.09639.4000
GL = glass bottle
Cyclopentyl methyl ether is a greener substitute for
tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, 1,4 dioxane
and other ether solvents. It is produced by an 100%
atomic catalytic reaction without any formation of by-products.
Benefits
Resistance to peroxide formation improves
laboratory safety
One-step reaction saves energy and reduces waste water
More stable than tetrahydrofuran
More hydrophobic solvent increases yields and selectivity
Limited miscibility in water reduces waste stream
Organic solvents
Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)
Ordering Information
Product Description
Cyclopentyl methyl ether
EMPLURA®
Pack size and material
1 L GL
2.5 L GL
4 L GL
Ord. No.
1.08293.1000
1.08293.2500
1.08293.4000
GL = glass bottle
109
Density of Ethanol – Water mixtures
% by weight
Ethanol
110
Density in
g/cm3 (20°C)
% by weight
Ethanol
Density in
g/cm3 (25°C)
0
0.99820
0
0.99705
5
0.98935
5
0.98814
10
0.98184
10
0.98040
15
0.97511
15
0.97331
20
0.96861
20
0.96636
25
0.96165
25
0.95892
30
0.95379
30
0.95064
35
0.94491
35
0.94143
40
0.93515
40
0.93145
45
0.92469
45
0.92082
50
0.91381
50
0.90982
55
0.90255
55
0.89847
60
0.89110
60
0.88696
65
0.87945
65
0.87524
70
0.86763
70
0.86337
75
0.85561
75
0.85131
80
0.84341
80
0.83908
85
0.83093
85
0.82658
90
0.81795
90
0.81360
95
0.80422
95
0.79989
100
0.78932
100
0.78504
Drying agents
Name
Formula
Applicable
Not applicable
Water content
of air in
equilibrium,
in mg/L (25°C)
Aluminium
oxide
Al2O3
Hydrocarbons, ether
and solvents
0.003
Calcium
chloride
CaCl2
Compounds contain
epoxy-, carboxylor thiol groups,
hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia, amine,
alcohol, aldehyde,
phenol, ester, ketone
Calcium
oxide
Calcium
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Magnesium
oxide
Magnesium
perchlorate
CaO
Saturated, olefinic
and aromatic
hydrocarbons, alkyl
halogenides, ether,
ester
Ammonia, amine,
Acid, acid derivatives
alcohol, nitrous oxide aldehyde, ketone
Universal application –
CuSO4
MgO
Mg
(ClO4)2
Magnesium
sulfate
MgSO4
Molecular
sieves
Potassium
hydroxide
Phosphorus
pentoxide
(Sicapent®)
–
Silica gel
SiO2
Sodium
sulfate
Na2SO4
KOH
P2O5
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Low fatty acids,
alcohol, ester
Alkaline liquids, hydrocarbons, alcohol
Inert gases, air,
ammonia
0.003
0.004 – 0.07
–
1.4
Acid compounds
0.008
Organic substance
(explosion hazard)
0.0005 – 0.002
Acid, acid derivatives, aldehyde,
ketone
Gases and liquids
–
1.0
–
0.0001 – 0.5
Alkaline liquids
(e.g. amine)
Gas drying of
neutral and acidic
saturated aliphatic
and aromatic
hydrocarbons,
acetylene, anhydride,
nitrile, alkyl- and
aryl halogenides,
hydrogen sulfide
Gas drying,
organic liquids
Alkyl- and aryl
halogenides, acids,
acid derivatives,
aldehyde, ketone
Inert neutral and
acidic gases, in
desiccators
Acid, ester, amide,
phenol
Alcohol, amine,
acid, ketone, ether,
hydrochloric acid,
hydrofluoric acid
0.002
Hydrofluoric acid
0.003
–
1.0
Organic solvents
CaSO4
< 0.00001
< 0.000025
Unsaturated
0.005 – 0.3
compounds, organic
compounds, hydrogen
sulfide, hydrogen
iodide
111
Solvents for organic instrumental analysis
Elutropic series
Total
polarity
index(1)
Molar
mass
in
g/mol
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Isohexane
Isooctane
Toluene
tert-Butyl methyl ether
Benzene
1-Chloro­butane
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1-Butanol
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
Ethylacetate
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Methanol
Water
Trifluoro acetic acid
–
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
2.3
2.9
3.0
–
3.4
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.8
5.2
5.4
6.2
6.6
9.0
100.21
86.18
84.16
86.18
114.23
92.14
88.15
78.12
92.57
119.38
84.93
98.97
74.12
72.11
60.10
88.10
88.11
46.07
58.08
41.05
32.04
18.01
114.02
Refractive
index
in
Boiling
point
n 20°
D
in °C
1,388
1,375
1,427
1,376
1,392
1,496
1,369
1,501
1,402
1,446
1,424
1,445
1,399
1,405
1,378
1,372
1,422
1,361
1,359
1,344
1,329
1,333
1,2855
98.4
68.9
80.7
55 – 62
99.2
110.6
55
80.0
78
61.7
40.0
83.4
117.2
66.0
82.4
77.1
101.0
78.5
56.2
81.6
65.0
100.0
72
Vapor
pressure
Dynamic
viscosity
in hPa
in mPa · s
(20°C)
(22°C)
(1) L .R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland; Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography,
John Wiley & Sons. Inc.,New York, (1979)
(2) Detailed solvents tables acc. to H. Halpaap can be found in: Einführung in HDPE,
ed. R.E. Kaiser, (1979); HPTLC, ed. A. Zlatkis, R.E. Kaiser Elsevier and IfC (1977)
112
(40°C)
48
0.40
0.33
160
0.31
0.26
104
0.94
0.71
160 – 190 0.32 (20°C) 0.27
51
0.51
0.50
29
0.58
0.47
268
0.36 (20°C) –
101
0.65 (20°C) –
110
0.47 (20°C) –
210
0.56
0.47
453
0.43
0.36
87
0.80
0.65
67
2.95
1.78
200
0.47
0.38
43
2.27
1.35
97
0.44
0.36
41
1.21
0.92
59
1.20
0.83
233
0.32
0.27
97
0.39
–
128
0.52
0.45
23
0.95
0.65
141
Dielectric Dipole
° against
constant moment Al2O3 (1)
(1)
[DK]
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.4
–
2.28
7.15
4.8
9.1
10.6
17.8
7.4
18.3
6.0
2.2
24.3
20.7
37.5
32.6
80.2
42.1
Ord. No.
Migration distance
in nm
LiChrosolv® Uvasol®
200
195
200
195
215
284
210
280
220
245
232
230
265
212
205
256
215
210
330
190
205
–
104390
104391
102827
104335
104717
108327
101845
101768
101692
102444
106044
113713
101988
108101
101040
100868
103132
111727
100020
100030
106007
115333
(50 mm) (70 mm) (100 mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0.36
–
0
1.74
1.01
1.60
1.75
1.66
1.63
1.66
1.78
0.40
1.70
2.88
3.92
1.70
1.85
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.29
0.2
0.32
0.26
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.7
0.57
0.82
0.59
0.56
0.88
0.56
0.65
0.95
–
9.2
12.5
5.4
12.5
7.9
8.3
–
–
–
9.0
10.1
7.6
–
10.9
2.1
9.2
5.2
3.4
12.7
12.6
5.6
5.1
10.6
13.9
6.3
13.9
8.3
9.3
–
–
–
10.5
11.8
8.4
–
11.9
2.3
10.9
6.0
3.9
14.7
14.0
6.5
5.7
11.4
14.6
6.7
14.6
8.7
11.0
–
–
–
11.6
13.2
8.9
–
12.6
2.5
12.1
6.5
4.2
16.2
15.4
7.1
5.8
104366
104372
102822
–
104718
108331
101984
–
–
102447
106048
–
101989
108110
100993
100863
–
100980
100022
100016
106002
–
108262
Organic solvents
(20 / 25°C)
Flow coefficient x in mm2/s DC- UV
(silica gel 60 precoated plate)
cut-off
(22°C) (2)
LiChrosolv® Acetonitrile
gradient grade for liquid
chromatography in 1, 2.5
and 4 L glass bottles.
113
Solvents for infrared spectroscopy | transmittances
The colored bars mark the windows in the IR range in which the transmittance
of the solvent is higher than 25 %.
Product
Uvasol®
Ord. No.
Acetone
100022
Acetonitrile
100016
Benzol
1-Butanol
101989
Carbon disulfide
102210
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
102447
Cyclohexane
102822
Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
106048
Dimethyl formamide
102937
Dioxane
n-Hexane
104372
Paraffin liquid
n-Pentane
107179
Potassium bromide
104907
Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylene
100965
Tetrahydrofuran
108110
Trichloromethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane 108239
4000
114
3500
3000
2500
2000
Organic solvents
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
cm-1
115
07
Physical methods for the
deTermination of elements
Flame photometry
118
Wavelength and wave number
118
Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance
118
Calculation of the standard deviation
118
Direct-current polarography
119
Cathode ray polarography
119
Flame photometry
Important emission lines in the flame spectra of some elements
Element
Wavelength; slit width in nm
Ag1)
B1)
Ba1)
Ca1)
Co1)
Cr1)
Cs
Cu
Fe
K1)
Li
Mg
Mn1)
Na1)
Ni
Pb1)
Rb1)
Sr
Ti1)
328.1
249.7
553.6
422.7
345.4
325.4
852.1
327.4
372.0
766.5
670.8
285.2
403.1
589.0
341.5
405.8
780.0
460.7
399.8
(0.5)1)
(0.2)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(G)
(0.1)
(0.1)
(0.1)
338.3
548
744
554
353.0
427.5
852.1
327.4
386.0
766.5
460.3
371
543.3
589.3
352.5
405.8
780.0
821
535.0
(0.5)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(G)
(G)
(G)
(D)
(B)
(D)
(G)
(B)
345
873
622
387.4
425.5
(B)
(B)
(B)
520
385.6
344.6
323.3
383
279.5
818.3
385.8
261.4
794.8
407.8
276.8
(B)
(G)
(D)
1) = Flame Emission
(B) = Band of the oxide
(D) = Dual line, the center point between the two lines is given
(G) = Group of lines in the region of the stated wavelength
Wavelength and wave number
Wavelength L in nm and wave number n in cm-1
=1;
400 nm
25,000 cm-1
Photometry – transmission rate and absorbance
A = – IgT
(e.g. A = 23.6 % = 0.236
T = 0.627)
Calculation of the standard deviation
A=
118
∑ F2
(B)
(D)
(G)
(D)
Direct-current polarography
Metal
Half-wave potential in V
Support electrolyte / concentration
Cu2+
Pb2+
Cd2+
Ni2+
Zn2+
Co2+
Fe2+
Mn2+
Cu2+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.42
0.48
0.64
1.00
1.06
1.30
1.41
1.55
0.32
Pb2+
Co2+
Zn2+
Mn2+
–
–
–
–
0.52
0.86
1.08
1.40
NH4 CH3 COO 0.85 mol/L
KSCN 0.0025 mol/L
“
“
“
“
“
“
Saturated CaCl2 solution
about 10 – 12 mol/L
“
“
“
“
Cathode ray polarography
Peak potentials of some important metals measured against a silver / silver
chloride reference electrode
Metal
Peak potential in V
Support electrolyte / concentration
Interference by
Zn2+
Cd2+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Ni2+
Bi3+
Co2+
Sb3+
Sn2+
Cr6+
Cr3+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pyridine hydrochloride
HCl
HCl
HCl
Pyridine hydrochloride
HCl
Pyridine hydrochloride
HCl
HCl
LiOH
LiCl
Co2+
1.03
0.63
0.15
0.40
0.80
0.08
1.05
0.13
0.50
0.75
1.10
0.1 mol/L
0.2 mol/L
0.2 mol/L
0.2 mol/L
0.1 mol/L
0.5 mol/L
0.1 mol/L
0.5 mol/L
5 mol/L
0.5 mol/L
0.5 mol/L
Sb3+
Sn2+
Physical methods for the determination of elements
Half-wave potentials of some important metals
Cu2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+, TI+
Zn2+
119
08
Mass and Weight
Energy dimensions – conversion factors
122
Pressure dimensions – conversion factors
122
Decimal units multiplies and subdivisions
123
Concentrations
123
Basic units
123
Derived units with conversion of previous units
124
US and British measuring units
128
Energy dimensions – conversion factors
Given
dimension
Unit
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)
J
kWh
MeV
mkp
kcal15°
0.1019716
2.38920·10–4
1J
(1)
1
2.77778·10–7 6.242·1012
1 kWh (1) 3.600000·106
1
2.247·1019
367097.8
860.11
1 MeV (1)
1.602·10–13
4.45·10–20
1
1.634·10–14
3.827·10–17
1 mkp
9.80665
2.72407·10–6 6.124·1013
1
2.34301·10–3
1 kcal15°
4185.5
1.16264·10–3 2.613·1016
426.80
1
–7
–14
5
–7
1 erg
10
2.77778·10
6.242·10 0.1019716·10 2.38920·10–11
(1) Legal measurement units
(2) Examples: 1 J = 2.38920·10–4 kcal 1 MeV = 1.602·10 –13 J
erg
107
3.6·1013
1.602·10–6
9.80665·107
4.1855·1010
1
Pressure dimensions – conversion factors
Given
dimension
Unit
1 N·m
1 Pa
(1)
1 bar (1)
-2
1 atm
1 kp·m
2
1 Torr
(1 mm Hg)
Required dimension with conversion factor (2)
N·m-2 (Pa)
bar
atm
kp·m-2
Torr
(mm Hg)
Ibs/sq.in.
(psi)
1
10
9.8692
·10-6
1.019710
·10-1
7.50062
·10–3
1.45038
·10-4
105
1
9.8692
1.019716
·104
750.062
14.5038
1.01325
·105
1.01325
1
1.033227
·104
759.9988
14.6960
–5
9.80665
9.80665
·10–5
9.67841
·10-5
1
7.35559
·10–2
1.42234
·10-3
133.3224
1.333224
·10–3
1.31579
·10-3
13.5951
1
1.93368
·10-2
517.148
10
10 Ibs/sq.in.
68948
0.68948
0.68046
7030.68
(psi)
(1) Legal measurement units
(2) Examples: 1 Pa = 7.50062·10–3 Torr 10 psi = 0.68046 atm
122
Concentrations
Proportion
1 : 100
1 : 1 000
1 : 10 000
1 : 100 000
1 : 1 million
1 : 10 million
1 : 100 million
1 : 1 milliard
1 : 10 milliard
1 : 100 milliard
1 : 1 billion
Potency
1 x 10–2
1 x 10–3
1 x 10–4
1 x 10–5
1 x 10–6
1 x 10–7
1 x 10–8
1 x 10–9
1 x 10–10
1 x 10–11
1 x 10–12
%
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
01
001
000 1
ppm
ppb
ppt
g/kg
mg/g
µg/mg
mg/kg
µg/g
ng/mg
µg/kg
ng/g
pg/mg
ng/kg
pg/g
fg/mg
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 1
0.000 01
0.000 001
10 000
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1 000
100
10
1
The tables on pages 123 to 127 were reprinted with permission of the
Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN, German Institute of Standardization). They contain excerpts from DIN 1301. Always use the most current
version of the norm to be obtained from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstraße 4–10, 10772 Berlin, Germany.
Prefix
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
Yotta
Zetta
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Symbol
Prefix
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
10–1
10–2
10–3
10–6
10–9
10–12
10–15
10–18
10–21
10–24
Symbol
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Femto
Atto
Zepto
Yocto
Mass and weight
Decimal units multiples and subdivisions
d
c
m
µ
n
p
f
a
z
y
Basic units
Dimension
Basic unit
Name
Symbol
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Mole
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
123
Derived units with conversion of previous units
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
Liter
L
1 L = 10–3 m3
t
1 t = 103 kg
1 u = 1.66053
·10–27 kg
Length, surface, volume
Length
Surface
Volume
Meter
m
Square meter m2
Cubic meter
m3
Mass
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Metric
ton
Atomic
mass unit
Density
Specific
volume
Kilogram
per
cubic meter
Cubic meter
per
kilogram
u
kg·m–3
m3·kg–1
Amount of substance
Amount of
substance
Molar
mass
Concentration
of a substance
Molality
Mole
Mass
per amount
of substance
Amount of
substance
in given
volume
of solvent
Amount of
substance
per mass
of solvent
mol
Kelvin
K
kg·mol–1
g·mol–1
mol·m–3
mol·l–1
mol·kg–1
mol·g–1
Temperature
Temperature
124
Degree
centigrade
°C
Translation
K - °C
t = T-To
To = 273.15 K
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
second
s
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
minute
hour
day
min
h
d
1 min = 60 s
1h
= 60 min
1d
= 24 h
1 Hz = 1 s-1
Kilometer
per
hour
km·h-1
1 km·h-1
= 1 m·s-1
3.6
Time
Frequency
Velocity
Hertz
Meter
per
second
Hz
m·s–1
Viscosity
Dynamic
viscosity
Kinematic
viscosity
Pascalsecond
Square
meters
per
second
Pa·s
m2·s-1
1 Pa·s = 1 N·s·m-2
= 1 kg·m-1·s-1
Poise
P
Centipoise
cP
Stokes
St
Centistoke
cSt
1P
= 0.1 Pa·s
1 cP
= 0.01 Pa·s
= 0.001 Pa·s
= mPa·s
1 St
= 1 cm2·s-1
1 cSt
= 1 mm2·s-1
Mass and weight
Time
Time interval
125
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Force
Newton
N
Pressure
Newton
per
square
meter
Pascal
N·m-2
Pa
Joule
J
Further units
Name
Relationship
Symbol
Force, energy, power
Energy, work
heat quantity
Power
Watt
W
Ampere
A
Volt
V
1N
= 1 kg·m·s-2
Bar
bar
Kilowatthour
kW·h
1 Pa
= 1 N·m-2
1 bar
= 105 Pa
1J
= 1 N·m
= 1 W·s
= 1 kg·m2·s-2
1 kW·h
= 3.6 MJ
1W
= 1 J·s-1
= 1 N·ms-1
= 1 VA
Electrical measures
Electric
current
Electric
potential
Electric
conductance
Electric
resistance
Electric
charge
Amperehour
Electric
capacitance
Siemens
S
Ohm
Ω
Coulomb
C
Axh
Farad
F
Candela
Lumen
Lux
cd
lm
lx
1S
= 1 A·V-1
1V
= 1 V·A-1
= 1 S-1
1C
= 1 A·s
1 A·h
= 3600 A·s
1F
= 1 C·V-1
Luminous intensity
Luminous intensity
Luminous flux
Illuminance
126
1 lm = 1 cd·sr
1 lx = 1 lm·m-2
1 cd·sr·m-2
Size
SI unit
Name
Symbol
Becquerel
Bq
Further units
Relationship
Name
Symbol
Curie
Ci
Ionizing radiation
Activity
1 Bq = 1 s-1
1 Ci = 37 G Bq
Enzymatic activity
Katal
kat
Enzyme
unit
U
1 kat
= 1 mol·s-1
= 60 mol·min-1
1U
= 1 mol·s-1
= 1 µkat
60
= 16.67 nkat
Mass and weight
Enzymatic
activity
127
US and British measuring units
Conversion to metric units
Volume
Liters
US gallons
Imperial gallons
Imperial gallons
US gallons
Cubic meters
Cubic feet
Cubic meters
US gallons
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
0.2642
3.785
1.201
4.546
0.8327
35.31
0.0283
264.2
0.00379
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3.281
0.3048
39.37
0.0254
0.3937
2.540
0.0394
25.4
= US gallons
= Liters
= US gallons
= Liters
= Imperial gallons
= Cubic feet
= Cubic meters
= US gallons
= Cubic meters
Length
Meters
Feet
Meters
Inches
Centimeters
Inches
Millimeters
Inches
= Feet
= Meters
= Inches
= Meters
= Inches
= Centimeters
= Inches
= Millimeters
Weight
Kilograms
Pounds
Tons (long)
Tons (long)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tonnes (metr.)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
Grams
Grains
Grams
Ounces (US)
Ounces (troy)
128
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2.2046
0.4536
1016.05
2240
1000
2204.6
907.185
2000
15.432653
0.0647989
0.0352740
28.349527
31.1035
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Kilograms
= Pounds
= Grains
= Grams
= Ounces (US)
= Grams
= Grams
US and British measuring units
Conversion to metric units
required in
given in
a °Centigrade
°Centigrade
°Réaumur
°Fahrenheit
–
a·8
10
a · 9 + 32
5
b · 9 + 32
4
b · 10
8
(c – 32) · 10
18
b °Réaumur
c °Fahrenheit
°C
°F
°C
°F
– 40
– 35
– 30
– 25
– 20
– 15
– 10
–5
0
– 40
– 31
– 22
– 13
–4
+5
14
23
32
+5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
41
50
59
68
77
86
95
104
113
°C
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
–
(c – 32) · 8
18
–
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
122
131
140
149
158
167
176
185
194
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
203
212
221
230
239
248
257
266
275
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
284
293
302
311
320
329
338
347
356
185
190
195
200
210
365
374
383
392
410
Mass and weight
Temperature
129
09
Other useful tables
Physical constants
132
NMR Chemical Shifts of Common
Synthetic Trace Impurities
133
Greek alphabet
136
Greek numbers / Roman numbers
137
Freezing mixtures
138
Extran® laboratory cleaning agents
138
Particle sizes
140
NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts
142
NMR: Proton chemical shifts
144
Miscibility table
146
Periodic table of the elements
148
Physical constants
Constant
Symbol
Value
Unit
Atomic mass constant
Avogadro constant
Bohr magneton
Bohr radius
Boltzmann constant
Characteristic impendance of vacuum
Classical electron radius
Compton wavelength
Electric constant
Electron mass
Elementary charge
Faraday constant
Fine structure constant
Loschmidt constant
(273.15K, 101.325 kPa)
mU
NA, L
1.660538921 (73)·10–27
6.02214129 (27)·1023
927.400968 (20)·10-26
0.52917721092 (17)·10-10
1.3806488 (13)·10-23
376.730313461…
2.8179403267 (27)·10-15
2.4263102389 (16)·10-12
8.854187817·10-12
9.10938291 (40)·10-31
1.602176565 (35)·10-19
96485.3365 (21)
7.2973525698 (24)·10-3
2.6867805 (24)·1025
kg
mol–1
J T–1
m
J K–1
Ω
m
m
F m–1
kg
C
C mol–1
Magnetic constant
132
B
0
k
Z0
re
C
0
me
e
F
n0
m–3
12.566370614… e-7
NA–2
Molare Gas constant
R
8.3144621 (75)
J mol–1 K–1
Molar volume of ideal gas
(273.15 K, 101.325 kPa)
Vm
22.413968 (20)·10-3
m3 mol–1
Natural unit of velocity
Neutron compton wavelength
Neutron mass
Newtonian constant of gravitation
Planck constant
Plank constant over 2
Proton compton wavelength
Proton mass
Rydberg constant
(273.15 K, 101.325 kPa)
c, C0
299.792458
1.3195909068 (11)·10-15
1.674927351 (74)·10-27
6.67384 (80)·10-11
6.62606957 (29)·10-34
1.054571726 (47)·10-34
1.32140985623 (94)·10-15
1.672621777 (74)·10-27
10 973731.568539 (55)
m s–1
m
kg
m3 kg–1 s–2
Js
Js
m
kg
m–1
0
c,n
mn
G
h
ћ
10
mp
R
c,p
NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Synthetic Trace Impurities
This table is to support you in identifying and separating NMR signals of impurities
that might originate from residual solvents or from your reaction apparatus. Here we
present the NMR shifts of the most commonly used solvents and impurities organic
synthesis - measured in the 7 most frequently used deuterated solvents. Please note that
the values given in the tables are temperature- and partly concentration-dependent
and therefore represent average values only. The 1H-NMR data were obtained using a
300 MHz spectrometer, the 13C-NMR data using 75 MHz.
'H NMR Data
proton
mult
CD3CN
CD3OD
7.26
2.05
2.50
7.16
1.94
3.31
s
1.56
2.84
3.33
0.40
2.13
4.87
Solvent residual
peak
H2O
CDCl3
(CD3)2CO
(CD3)2SO
C6D6
D2O
4.79
Acetic acid
CH3
s
2.10
1.96
1.91
1.55
1.96
1.99
2.08
Acetone
CH3
s
2.17
2.09
2.09
1.55
2.08
2.15
2.22
Acetonitrile
CH3
s
2.10
2.05
2.07
1.55
1.96
2.03
2.06
Benzene
CH
s
7.36
7.36
7.37
7.15
7.37
7.33
Tert-butyl
alcohol
CH3
OH
s
s
1.28
1.18
1.11
4.19
1.05
1.55
1.16
2.18
1.40
1.24
Tert-butyl
methyl ether
CCH3
OCH3
s
s
1.19
3.22
ArH
OH
ArCH3
ArC(CH3)3
s
s
s
s
6.98
5.01
2.27
1.43
1.07
3.04
7.05
4.79
2.24
1.38
1.14
3.13
6.97
5.20
2.22
1.39
1.15
3.20
6.92
2.22
1.41
1.11
3.08
6.87
6.65
2.18
1.36
1.21
3.22
BHTa
1.13
3.13
6.96
Chloroform
CH
s
7.26
8.02
8.32
6.15
7.58
7.90
Cyclohexane
CH2
s
1.43
1.43
1.40
1.40
1.44
1.45
1,2-dichloroethane
CH2
s
3.73
3.87
3.90
2.90
3.81
3.78
Dichloromethane
CH2
s
5.30
5.63
5.76
4.27
5.44
5.49
Diethyl ether
CH3
CH2
t, 7
q, 7
1.21
3.48
Diglyme
CH2
CH2
OCH3
CH3
CH2
m
m
s
s
s
3.65
3.57
3.39
3.40
3.55
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
2.09
3.02
2.94
8.02
2.96
2.88
2.62
1.11
3.41
3.56
3.47
3.28
3.28
3.46
1.97
3.00
2.83
7.96
2.94
2.78
2.52
1.09
3.38
3.51
3.38
3.24
3.24
3.43
1.96
2.94
2.78
7.95
2.89
2.73
2.54
1.11
3.26
3.46
3.34
3.11
3.12
3.33
1.60
2.57
2.05
7.63
2.36
1.86
1.68
1.12
3.42
3.53
3.45
3.29
3.28
3.45
1.97
2.96
2.83
7.92
2.89
2.77
2.50
1.18
3.49
3.61
3.58
3.35
3.35
3.52
2.07
3.31
2.92
7.97
2.99
2.86
2.65
1,2-dimethoxyethane
Dimethylacetamide
CH3CO
NCH3
NCH3
Dimethylforma- CH
mide
CH3
CH3
Dimethyl
CH3
sulfoxide
2.21
1.40
1.17
3.56
3.67
3.61
3.37
3.37
3.60
2.08
3.06
2.90
7.92
3.01
2.85
2.71
Dioxane
CH2
s
3.71
3.59
3.57
3.35
3.60
3.66
3.75
Ethanol
CH3
CH2
OH
t, 7
q, 7
s
1.25
3.72
1.32
1.12
3.57
3.39
1.06
3.44
4.63
0.96
3.34
1.12
3.54
2.47
1.19
3.60
1.17
3.65
Ethyl
acetate
CH3CO
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
CH3CO
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
CH
s
q, 7
t, 7
s
q, 7
t, 7
s
2.05
4.12
1.26
2.14
2.46
1.06
3.76
1.97
4.05
1.20
2.07
2.45
0.96
3.28
1.99
4.03
1.17
2.07
2.43
0.91
3.34
1.65
3.89
0.92
1.58
1.81
0.85
3.41
1.97
4.06
1.20
2.06
2.43
0.96
3.51
2.01
4.09
1.24
2.12
2.50
1.01
3.59
2.07
4.14
1.24
2.19
3.18
1.26
3.65
Ethyl methyl
ketone
Ethylene glycol
133
'H NMR Data
mult
CDCl3
“Grease”
proton
CH3
CH2
m
br s
0.86
1.26
(CD3)2CO
0.87
1.29
(CD3)2SO
C6D6
CD3CN
CD3OD
0.92
1.36
0.86
1.27
0.88
1.29
0.90
1.29
D2O
N-hexane
CH3
CH2
t
m
0.88
1.26
0.88
1.28
0.86
1.25
0.89
1.24
0.89
1.28
HMPA
CH3
d,
9.5
2.65
2.59
2.53
2.40
2.57
2.64
2.61
Methanol
CH3
OH
s
s
3.49
1.09
3.31
3.12
3.16
4.01
3.07
3.28
2.16
3.34
3.34
Nitromethane
CH3
s
4.33
4.43
4.42
2.94
4.31
4.34
4.40
n-pentane
CH3
CH2
t, 7
m
0.88
1.27
0.88
1.27
0.86
1.27
0.87
1.23
0.89
1.29
0.90
1.29
2-propanol
CH3
CH
1.22
4.04
1.10
3.90
1.04
3.78
0.95
3.67
1.09
3.87
1.50
3.92
1.17
4.02
Pyridine
CH(2)
CH(3)
CH(4)
CH3
d, 6
sep,
6
m
m
m
s
8.62
7.29
7.68
0.07
8.58
7.35
7.76
0.13
8.58
7.39
7.79
8.53
6.66
6.98
0.29
8.57
7.33
7.73
0.08
8.53
7.44
7.85
0.10
8.52
7.45
7.87
Tetrahydrofuran CH2
CH2O
m
m
s
m
m
t, 7
q, 7
1.79
3.63
2.32
7.1 – 7.2
7.1 – 7.2
0.96
2.45
1.76
3.60
2.30
7.18
7.25
0.93
2.43
1.40
3.57
2.11
7.02
7.13
0.96
2.40
1.80
3.64
2.33
7.1 – 7.3
7.1 – 7.3
0.96
2.45
1.87
3.71
2.32
7.16
7.16
1.05
2.58
1.88
3.74
Toluene
1.85
3.76
2.36
7.17
7.25
1.03
2.53
Silicone grease
Triethylamine
CH3
CH(o/p)
CH(m)
CH3
CH2
0.99
2.57
2,6-Dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenol, bHexamethylphosophoramide
a
C NMR Data
CDCl3
13
Solvent signals
(CD3)2CO
(CD3)2SO
C6D6
CD3CN
CD3OD
77.16
± 0.06
29.84 ± 0.01
206.26 ± 0.13
39.52
± 0.06
128.06
±0.02
1.32 ±0.02
118.26 ±0.02
49.00
±0.01
D2O
Acetic acid
CO
CH3
175.99
20.81
172.31
20.51
171.93
20.95
175.82
20.37
173.21
20.73
175.11
20.56
177.21
21.03
Acetone
CO
CH3
207.07
30.92
205.87
30.60
206.31
30.56
204.43
30.14
207.43
30.91
209.67
30.67
215.94
30.89
Acetonitrile
CN
CH3
116.43
1.89
117.60
1.12
117.91
1.03
116.02
0.20
118.26
1.79
118.06
0.85
119.68
1.47
Benzene
CH
128.37
129.15
128.30
128.62
129.32
129.34
Tert-butyl
alcohol
C
CH3
69.15
31.25
68.13
30.72
Tert-butyl
methyl
ether
BHT
Chloroform
CCH3
C
CCH3
C(1)
C(2)
CH(3)
C(4)
CH3Ar
CH3C
C
CH
49.45
72.87
26.99
151.55
135.87
125.55
128.27
21.20
30.33
34.25
77.36
49.35
72.81
27.24
152.51
138.19
129.05
126.03
21.31
31.61
35.00
79.19
66.88
30.38
48.70
72.04
26.79
151.47
139.12
127.97
124.85
20.97
31.25
34.33
79.16
68.19
30.47
49.19
72.40
27.09
152.05
136.08
128.52
125.83
21.40
31.34
34.35
77.79
68.74
30.68
49.52
73.17
27.28
152.42
138.13
129.61
126.38
21.23
31.50
35.05
79.17
69.40
30.91
49.66
74.32
27.22
152.85
139.09
129.49
126.11
21.38
31.15
35.36
79.44
Cyclohexane
CH2
26.94
27.51
26.33
27.23
27.63
27.96
1,2-dichloroethane
CH2
43.50
45.25
45.02
43.59
45.54
45.11
Dichloromethane CH2
53.52
54.95
54.84
53.46
55.32
54.78
134
70.36
30.29
49.37
75.62
26.60
(CD3)2CO
(CD3)2SO
Diethyl ether
C NMR Data
CH3
CH2
CDCl3
15.20
65.91
15.78
66.12
Diglyme
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
59.01
70.51
71.90
59.08
71.84
58.77
71.03
72.63
58.45
72.47
Dimethylacetamide
CH3
CO
NCH3
NCH3
21.53
171.07
35.28
38.13
21.51
170.61
34.89
37.92
15.12
62.05
57.98
69.54
71.25
58.01
17.07
21.29
169.54
37.38
34.42
15.46
65.94
58.66
70.87
72.35
58.68
72.21
21.16
169.95
34.67
37.03
15.63
66.32
58.90
70.99
72.63
58.89
72.47
21.76
171.31
35.17
38.26
15.46
66.88
59.06
71.33
72.92
59.06
72.72
21.32
173.32
35.50
38.43
14.77
66.42
58.67
70.05
71.63
58.67
71.49
21.09
174.57
35.03
38.76
Dimethylformamide
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
162.62
36.50
31.45
40.76
162.79
36.15
31.03
41.23
162.29
35.73
30.73
40.45
162.13
35.25
30.72
40.03
163.31
36.57
31.32
41.31
164.73
36.89
31.61
40.45
165.53
37.54
32.03
39.39
Dioxane
CH2
67.14
67.60
66.36
67.16
67.72
68.11
67.19
Ethanol
CH3
CH2
18.41
58.28
18.89
57.72
Ethyl acetate
CH3CO
CO
CH2
CH3
21.04
171.36
60.49
14.19
20.83
170.96
60.56
14.50
18.51
56.07
20.68
170.31
59.74
14.40
18.72
57.86
20.56
170.44
60.21
14.19
18.80
57.96
21.16
171.68
60.98
14.54
18.40
58.26
20.88
172.89
61.50
14.49
17.47
58.05
21.15
175.26
62.32
13.92
Ethyl methyl
ketone
CH3CO
CO
CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
29.49
209.56
36.89
7.86
29.30
208.30
36.75
8.03
29.26
208.72
35.83
7.61
28.56
206.55
36.36
7.91
29.60
209.88
37.09
8.14
29.39
212.16
37.34
8.09
29.49
218.43
37.27
7.87
Ethylene glycol
CH2
63.79
64.26
62.76
64.34
64.22
64.30
63.17
“Grease”
CH2
29.76
30.73
29.20
30.21
30.86
31.29
N-hexane
HMPA
CH3
CH2(2)
CH2(3)
CH3
14.14
22.70
31.64
36.87
14.34
23.28
32.30
37.04
13.88
22.05
30.95
36.42
14.32
23.04
31.96
36.88
14.43
23.40
32.36
37.10
14.45
23.68
32.73
37.00
36.46
Methanol
CH3
50.41
49.77
48.59
49.97
49.90
49.86
49.50
Nitromethane
CH3
62.50
63.21
63.28
61.16
63.66
63.08
63.22
N-pentane
CH3
CH2(2)
CH2(3)
CH3
CH
14.08
22.38
34.16
25.14
64.50
149.90
123.75
135.96
1.04
14.29
22.98
34.83
25.67
63.85
150.67
124.57
136.56
1.40
13.28
21.70
33.48
25.43
64.92
149.58
123.84
136.05
14.25
22.72
34.45
25.18
64.23
150.27
123.58
135.28
1.38
14.37
23.08
34.89
25.55
64.30
150.76
127.76
136.89
14.39
23.38
35.30
25.27
64.71
150.07
125.53
138.35
2.10
13
1,2-dimethoxyethane
Dimethyl
sulfoxide
2-propanol
Pyridine
Silicone grease
CH(2)
CH(3)
CH(4)
CH3
C6D6
CD3CN
CD3OD
D2O
24.38
64.88
149.18
125.12
138.27
Tetrahydrofuran CH2
CH2O
25.62
67.97
CH3
CH(i)
CH(o)
CH(m)
CH(p)
21.46
137.89
129.07
128.26
125.33
26.15
68.07
21.46
138.48
129.76
129.03
126.12
25.14
67.03
20.99
137.35
128.88
128.18
125.29
25.72
67.80
21.10
137.91
129.33
128.56
125.68
26.27
68.33
21.50
138.90
129.94
129.23
126.28
26.48
68.83
21.50
138.85
129.91
129.20
126.29
25.67
68.68
Toluene
Triethylamine
CH3
CH2
11.61.
46.25
12.49
47.07
11.74
45.74
12.35
46.77
12.38
47.10
11.09
46.96
9.07
47.19
Merck offers you a broad range of deuterated solvents, including a large variety of rare specialities.
135
Greek alphabet
Letter
Name
Pronunciation
álpha
béta
gámma
délta
épsilon
zéta
éta
théta
ióta
káppa
lámbda
mü
nü
xi
ómicron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
´ypsilon
phi
chi
psi
ómega
a
b
g
d
e (short)
z
e (long)
th
i
k
l
m
n
x
o (short)
p
r
s
t
y
ph
ch
ps
o (long)
1 At the beginning and in the middle of a word
2 At the end of a word
136
Greek numbers / Roman numbers
hemi –
mono –
sesqui –
di –, bi –
hemipenta –
tri –
tetra –
penta –
hexa –
hepta –
octa –
nona –, ennea –
deca –
hendeca –, undeca
dodeca –
trideca
tetradeca –
pentadeca –
hexadeca –
heptadeca –
octadeca –
nonadeca –
eicosa –
tetraconta –
pentaconta –
hexaconta –
nonaconta –
hecta –
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XL
L
LX
XC
IC
C
CC
CD
D
DC
CM
XM
M
Other useful tables
½
1
1½
2
2½
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
40
50
60
90
99
100
200
400
500
600
900
990
1000
137
Freezing mixtures
The numbers represent weight proportions
4 water
1 water
1 water
3 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,2 ice ground
1,4 ice ground
Methanol or acetone
Diethyl ether
+ 1 potassium chloride
+ 1 ammonium nitrate
+ 1 sodium nitrate + 1 ammonium
chloride
+ 1 sodium chloride
+ 1 magnesium chloride (MgCl2 · 7 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 6 H2O)
+ 2 calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 6 H2O)
+ dry ice
+ dry ice
Lowering
temperature
from °C to °C
+ 10
+ 10
+ 8
– 12
– 15
– 24
0
0
0
0
+ 15
+ 15
– 21
– 34
– 39
– 55
– 77
– 100
Extran® laboratory cleaning agents
138
Name
Ord. No.
Notes on use
Extran® MA 01
alkaline / liquid
107555
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination.
For hard water even up to 40° d. For cleaning tables,
tiles, and floors in the laboratory.
Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran® MA 02
neutral / liquid
107553
Special cleaner for precision instruments of glass,
quartz and sensitive metals. Suitable for ultrasonic
cleaning.
Extran® MA 05
alkaline / liquid /
phosphate-free
140000
Universal cleaning agent for heavy contamination. With
very hard water also usable without limitations.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate and
no NTA*. Suitable for ultrasonic cleaning.
Extran® AP 11
mildly alkaline /
powder
107558
Gentle cleaning agent for cleaning alkali
sensitive materials.
Extran® AP 12
alkaline / powder
107563
Active cleaning. Especially of starch and protein residues.
Extran® AP 13
alkaline with
detergents /
powder
107565
Active cleaning. Especially of fat residues.
Extran® AP 17
alkaline / liquid
140006
Active and NTA*-free cleaning in machines with liquid
dosing. Environmentally-friendly, since phosphate-free.
Cleaning effect equivalent to Extran® AP12 powder.
Extran® AP 18
mildly alkaline /
liquid
140118
Gentle cleaning in machines with liquid dosing; e.g. in the
analytical laboratory.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate
and no NTA*. Cleaning effect equivalent to that of AP 11
powder.
www.merckmillipore.com/
extran
Extran® laboratory cleaning agents
Name
Ord. No.
Notes on use
Extran® AP 21
acidic with
phosphoric
acid / liquid
107559
Pre-wash for residues of carbonates, hydroxides,
proteins, amines etc. Rinsing with neutralizing effect.
Also for gentle main wash cycle. Prevents calcareous
deposits.
Extran® AP 22
acidic with
citric acid /
liquid
Extran® AP 41
enzymatic /
powder
107561
Gentle prerinse or final rinse with neutralizing.
Prevents the formation of calcareous deposits.
Environmentally friendly as it contains no phosphate.
107570
For medical and dental practices, anaesthetic equipment. For the removal of mucus, saliva, blood etc.
Temperature: 55 – 65°C.
Other useful tables
* NTA = Nitrilotriacetic Acid
Extran®
cleaning agents in renowned Merck quality
are the key to reliable cleaning of your
labware.
We provide high-quality Extran® cleaning
agents for more than 25 years now.
The benefits to you:
Extran® cleans reliably without leaving any
residues performed.
Extran® is free from scented materials,
colorants, chlorine and toxic ingredients.
Its active ingredients are biodegradable,
so environmental demands are met.
139
Particle sizes
DIN 4188
(D)
in mm
ASTM
E11–70
(USA)
in mesh
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.056
0.063
0.071
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.112
0.125
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.224
0.25
0.28
0.315
0.355
0.4
140
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
in µm
Tyler
in mesh
5
10
15
0.02
0.022
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.036
ASTM
E161–70
(USA)
in µm
22
27
32
400
38
38
400
325
45
45
325
270
53
53
270
230
63
63
250
200
75
75
200
170
90
90
170
140
106
106
150
120
125
125
115
100
150
150
100
80
180
80
70
212
65
60
250
60
50
300
48
45
355
42
(D)
in mm
0.45
0.5
0.56
0.63
0.71
0.8
0.9
1
1.12
1.18
1.25
1.4
1.6
ASTM
E11–70
(USA)
in mesh
ASTM
E161–70
(USA)
in µm
BS
410 : 1969
(GB)
in µm
Tyler
in mesh
40
425
35
35
500
32
30
600
28
25
710
24
20
850
20
18
1000
16
16
1180
14
14
1400
12
1.8
2
2.24
12
1700
10
10
2000
9
2.5
2.8
3.15
8
2360
8
7
2800
7
6
3350
6
5
4000
5
4
4750
4
3½˝
5600
3½
3.55
4
4.5
5
5.6
Other useful tables
DIN 4188
141
NMR: Carbon (13C) chemical shifts
TMS = 0 ppm
H3C – C -
220
200
180
220
200
180
220
200
180
C primary
H3C – Halogen
H3C – O –
H3C – N
H3C – S –
– CH2 – C -
C secondary
– CH2 – Halogen
– CH2 – O –
– CH2 – N
– CH2 – S –
CH – C -
C tertiary
CH – Halogen
CH – O –
CH – N
CH – S –
–C–C-
C quaternary
– C – Halogen
–C–O–
C–S–
–C–C-
Alkanes
–C
Alkynes
C–
C=C
Alkenes
C=C
Aromatics
C=C
Heteroaromatics
–O–C
N
Cyanates
–S–C
N
Thiocyanates
–C
N
C=N–
Azomethines
(– CO)2O
Anhydrides
– COOR
Esters
(– CO)2NR
Imides
– CONHR
Amides
– COOH
Acids
– COCl
Acid Chlorides
–C=O
Aldehyde
C=O
142
Cyanides
Ketone
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
– 20
Cl
– 40
I
aliphates – cyclopropanes
I
Cl
I
Cl
I
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
– 20
– 40
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
– 20
– 40
Other useful tables
Cl
143
NMR: Proton chemical shifts
TMS = 0 ppm
H3C – CR3
13
12
11
10
13
12
11
10
Methyl protons
H3C – Halogen
H3C – O –
H3C – N
H3C
C=C
H3C
C=O
H3C – Ar
– CH2 – CR3
Methylene protons
– CH2 – Halogen
– CH2 – O –
– CH2 – N
– CH2
C=C
– CH2
C=O
– CH2 – Ar
CH – CR3
Methine protons
CH – Halogen
CH – O –
CH – N
CH
C=O
CH – Ar
–C
C–H
Alkynes
C–C–H
Alkenes, nonconjugated
C–C–H
Alkenes, conjugated
Ar – H
Aromatics
Ar – H
Heteroaromatics
O–C–H
Aldehydes
ROH*
Alcohols, very dilute solution
ROH*
Alcohols, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L
RCO2H*
Carboxylic acids, dimer
– SO3H
Sulfonic acids
RSH*
Thiols
ArSH*
Thiophenols
RNH2*
Amines, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L
R2NH*
Amines, 0.1 – 0.9 mol/L
ArNH-(H, R, Ar)*
Aromatic amines, primary, secondary
RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+
in TFA solution
ArNH3+, ArRNH2+, ArR2NH+
in TFA solution
13
12
11
10
*T
he chemical shifts of these groups are concentration-dependent and are shifted to lower
ppm values in more dilute solutions
144
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
F
I
F
I
F
1
0
Other useful tables
9
I
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
H
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
H
(ppm)
145
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Heptane
Hexane
Methanol
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Pentane
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Water
miscible
immiscible
146
Dimethyl formamide
Diethyl ether
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cyclohexane
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Acetonitrile
Acetone
Miscibility table
147
Other useful tables
Water
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Toluene
Tetrahydrofuran
2-Propanol
1-Propanol
Pentane
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Methanol
Hexane
Heptane
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
1,4-Dioxane
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Periodic table of
the elements
Periodensystem der Elemente
11
1.0079
1 11 –259.1
–252.76
1.0079
–259.1
2.20
11 1
–252.76
2.20
–1, 1
11
H
H
3
3
22
22
Li
Li
3
3
44
44
5555
6666
11
11
Na
Na
19
19
KK
37
37
Rb
Rb
55
55
Cs
Cs
87
87
7777
Fr
Fr
1s11
–1, 1
6.941
1s11
180.5
6.941
1342
180.5
0.97
1342
0.97
4
2
4 22
Be
Be
1
[He] 2s11
1
[He]22.990
2s11
12
12
97.80
22.990
97.80883
1.01
883
1.01
9.0122
1287
9.0122
2471
12871.47
2471
1.47
2
[He] 2s22
2
[He]24.305
2s22
24.305650
1090
650
10901.23
1.23
Mg
Mg
1
[Ne]1 3s11
[Ne]39.098
3s11
2
2
[Ne]
2 3s 2
[Ne]40.078
3s22
20
20
63.5
39.098
63.5759
0.91
759
0.91
Ca
Ca
1
[Ar]1 4s11
[Ar] 4s11
85.468
85.468
39.3
39.3688
688
0.89
0.89
40.078842
1484
842
14841.04
1.04
2
2 4s22
[Ar]
[Ar] 4s22
87.62
87.62777
777
1377
3838
13770.99
0.99
Sr
Sr
1
1
[Kr] 5s11
[Kr] 5s11
2
2
[Kr] 5s22
[Kr] 5s22
132.91
132.91
28.44
28.44
671671
0.86
0.86
137.33
137.33727
727
1897
1897
0.970.97
1 1
11
[Xe][Xe]
6s116s
2 2
22
[Xe][Xe]
6s22 6s
5656
Ba
Ba
*223.02
*223.02
27 27
677677
0.86
0.86
*226.03
*226.03
696696
1140
1140
0.970.97
1 1
[Rn]
7s117s11
[Rn]
2 2
[Rn][Rn]
7s22 7s22
8888
Ra
Ra
3
21
21
ScSc
3939
YY
3
44.956
44.9561541
15412836
2836 1.20
1.20
22
4
22
TiTi
3
[Ar] 33d14s2
[Ar] 3d14s2
88.906
88.9061522
15223345
3345 1.11
1.11
ZrZr
57–71 7272
57–71
Lanthanides
Lanthanides
Lanthanoide
Lanthanoide
23
5
23
VV
3, 4
3, 43d24s2
[Ar]
[Ar] 3d24s2
40 40
3
3
[Kr] 4d15s2
[Kr] 4d15s2
4
47.867
47.867 1668
1668 3287
3287 1.32
1.32
91.224
91.224 1855
1855 4409
4409 1.22
1.22
24
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
1
51.996
54.938
55.845
58.933
24 51.996 1907 25 54.938 1246 2655.845 1538 2758.933 1495
2671
2061
2861
2927
1907 25
1246 26
1538 27
1495 28
1.56
1.60
1.64
1.70
CrCr MnMn Fe Fe Co Co Ni
0, 2, 3, 4, 5
0, 2, 3, 4,
5 3d34s2
[Ar]
[Ar] 3d34s2
41 41
92.906
92.906 2477
2477 4744
4744 1.23
1.23
2671
1.56
2061
1.60
2861
1.64
2927
1.70
-1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
-2, 0, 2, 3, 6
0, 2, 3, 6
1
0, 2, 3, 4, 6,[Ar]
7 3d54s2 -2, 0, 2, 3, [Ar]
6 3d64s2
0, 2, 3,
6 3d54s-1,
[Ar]
[Ar] 3d54s1
[Ar] 3d54s2
[Ar] 3d64s2
42 42
95.94
95.94 2623
2623 4639
4639 1.30
1.30
*97.907
-1, 0, 2, 3
-1, 0, 2, 3[Ar] 3d74s2
[Ar] 3d74s2
101.07
102.91
*97.907 2157 44101.07 2334 45102.91
1964
2334 45
1964 46
43 43 2157 44
4262
4150
3695
4262
1.36
4150
1.42
3695
1.45
NbNb MoMo Tc Tc RuRu Rh Rh Pd
4
4
[Kr] 4d25s2
[Kr] 4d25s2
HfHf
5
50.942
50.942 1910
1910 3407
3407 1.45
1.45
178.49
178.49 2233
2233
4603 4603
1.23 1.23
3, 5
0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
3, 5 4 1 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
[Kr] 4d 5s
[Kr] 4d55s1
[Kr] 4d45s1
[Kr] 4d55s1
73 73
180.95
180.95 3017
3017
5455 5455
1.33 1.33
TaTa
4
4
14
2
2
14
2
[Xe] 4f[Xe]
5d4f
6s25d 6s
*261.11
183.84
1.36
1.42
1.45
7
-2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
7
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
[Kr] 4d55s-2,
[Kr] 4d75s1
[Kr] 4d85s1
[Kr] 4d55s2
[Kr] 4d75s1
[Kr] 4d85s1
186.21
190.23
192.22
183.84 3422
190.23 3033
3185
2446
75 186.21
77192.22
3185 76 76 3033 77
2446 78
74 74 3422 75
5555
5596
5012
4428
WW
5555
1.40
5596
1.46
5012
1.52
4428
1.55
ReRe OsOs Ir Ir Pt
1.40
1.46
1.52
1.55
5 0, 2, 3, 0,
0, 72, 4, 6, -2,
7 0, 2, 3,-2,
0,61, 2, 3, 4, 6
5
4, 2,
5, 3,
6 4, 5, 6 0, 2, 4, 6,
4, 0,
6, 2,
8 3, 4, 6,-1,8 0, 1, 2, -1,
3, 4,
3
2
14
4
2
14
5
2
14
6
2
14
7
2
14
2 5d 6s
5 4f
6
7
4f14
[Xe]
[Xe]
[Xe] 4f[Xe]
5d36s
[Xe] 4f14[Xe]
5d46s4f2 5d 6s [Xe] 4f145d
6s2 5d 6s [Xe] 4f145d
6s24f 5d 6s[Xe] 4f145d[Xe]
6s2 4f 5d 6s[Xe
*262.11
*266.12
*264.12
*277
*268.14
*264.12
*277
*268.14
89–103 104104*261.11 105105*262.11 106106*266.12 107 107
89–103
108 108 109 109 110
Actinides
Actinides
Actinoide
Actinoide
RfRf
DbDb SgSg BhBh Hs Hs Mt Mt Ds
14
2 142
[Rn] 5f
6d5f
7s 6d27s2
[Rn]
138.91
920
3464
1.08
Lanthanides
Lanthanides
57
57
Lanthanoide
Lanthanoide
138.91
920
3464
1.08
58
14
2
2 14
6
7
2
2
[Rn] 5f[Rn]
6d37s
6d47s5f2 146d47s2 [Rn] 5f14[Rn]
6d57s5f
7s25f146d67s[Rn]
5f146d[Rn]
7s2 5f146d77s[Rn
5f14
6d37s2 [Rn] 5f14[Rn]
6d57s2[Rn] 5f146d
[Rn]
140.12
140.91
144.24
*144.91
150.36
140.12
140.91
144.24
*144.91
150.36
1016 61 1042 62
1042 62 1072 63
1072 6
58
799 59 799 59 931 60931 601016 61
3443
3520
3074
3000
1794
3443
1.08
3520
1.07
3074
1.07
3000
1.07
1794
1.07
La La Ce Ce Pr Pr Nd Nd PmPm SmSm EuE
1.08
1.07
1.07
3
3, 4
3, 4
3
3
3, 4
3, 4
3
1
6s2 4f15d16s[Xe]
4f15d16s2 [Xe] 4f36s2 [Xe] 4f36s2 [Xe] 4f46s2[Xe] 4f46s2
2
[Xe] 5d16s2 [Xe] 5d [Xe]
Actinides
89
Actinoide
*227.03 *232.04
1050
1750
3198
4788
1.00
1.11
89 90
*227.03
1050
3198
1.00
90
*232.04 *231.04 *231.04
1750
1572
1572
4788
1.11
1.14
1.14
91
91
92
*238.03 *238.03
1135
1135
4131
4131
1.22
1.22
92
1.07
3
3
4f56s2
2
[Xe] 4f56s[Xe]
93 93
1.07
2, 3
2, 3
4f66s2
2
[Xe] 4f66s[Xe]
*237.05 *237.05
644
644 3902
3902
1.22
1.22
*244.06*244.06
640
640 3228
3228 1.22
1.22
94 94
95 9
Ac Ac Th Th Pa Pa U U NpNp Pu Pu AmA
3
4
4, 5
3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4, 5, 6
3 [Rn] 6d17s2
4 [Rn] 6d27s2
4,[Rn]
5 5f26d17s2 3, 4, 5,[Rn]
6 5f 36d17s2 3, 4, 5,
[Rn]6 5f 46d17s2
[Rn] 6d17s2
[Rn] 6d27s2
[Rn] 5f26d17s2
[Rn] 5f 36d17s2
[Rn] 5f 46d17s2
3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4, 5,[Rn]
6 5f 67s2
[Rn] 5f 67s2
* Most stable isotope, stabilstes Isotop
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
148
Atomic number
Element symbol
Relative atomic mass
Melting point in °C
Boiling point in °C
Electronegativity (Allred, Rochow)
Oxidations states
Electron configuration
www.merckmillipore.com/periodictable
11
18
H
2
–1, 1
1s
22
11
6.941
180.5
1342
0.97
3
Li
1
[He] 2s11
11
Na
9
19
58.933
1495
2927
1.70
22.990
97.80
883
1.01
1
[Ne] 3s11
4
Be
Mg
10
20
58.693
39.098
63.5
1455
2913
1.75
102.91
37
1964
3695
1.45
1
[Ar] 4s11
0, 2, 3
8
2
85.468 [Ar] 3d 4s
85.468
39.3
688
0.89
46
106.42
38
1554.8
2963
1.30
11
40.078
842 63.54621
1084.62 30
29 1484
1.04
2562
1.75
1541
65.409
2836
419.53
1.20
907
1.66
2
[Ar] 4s22
1, 2
[Ar] 3d104s1
87.62
3
[Ar] 3d14s22
[Ar]
3d104s2
88.906
47
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
[Kr] 4d85s1
55
192.22
2446
4428
1.55
132.91
28.44
671
0.86
78
0, 2, 4
[Kr] 4d10
56
195.08
1768.2
3825
1.42
Sc
Zn
39
48
777 107.87
1377 961.78
2162
0.99
1.42
YCd
2
1, 2
[Kr] 5s22
[Kr] 4d105s1
137.33
727 196.97
1897 1064,18
2856
0.97
1.42
79
Cs Pt Ba Au
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
e] 4f145d76s2
1
0, 2, 4
[Xe] [Xe]
6s11 4f145d96s1
*268.14 *223.02
27
677
0.86
87
110
88
*281
2
1, 3
[Xe][Xe]
6s224f145d106s1
*226.03
696
1140
0.97
111
*280
1
[Rn] [Rn]
7s11 5f146d87s2
150.36 150.36
1072 1072
1794 1794
1.07 1.07
62
63 63
2
[Rn][Rn]
7s22 5f146d97s2
151.96151.96
822 822
1596 1596
1.01 1.01
64 64
1522
112.41
321.07
3345
767
1.11
1.46
3
[Kr] 4d15s22
[Kr] 4d105s2
57–71
80
200.59
–38.83
Lanthanides
356.62
Lanthanoide 1.44
Hg
1, 2
[Xe] 4f145d106s2
89–103
112
*285
Actinides
Actinoide
Fr Ds Ra Rg
n] 5f146d77s2
Cn
*244.06
3, 4
[Ar] 3d24s2
3
[Ar] 3d104s24p1
91.224
40
4
3
[Kr] 4d25s2
[Kr] 4d105s25p1
178.49
2233 204.38
4603 304
1.23 1473
1.44
72 81
2011 1.20
1.20
3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4, 5,[Rn]
6 5f 67s2
[Rn] 5f 67s2
1.20
1.20
3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4
3, 4, 5,[Rn]
6 5f 77s2
3,5f476d17s2
[Rn]
[Rn] 5f 77s2
[Rn] 5f 76d17s2
–4, 2, 4
[He] 2s22p2
28.086
1414
3265
1.74
14
Si
5
-4, 4
[Ne] 3s23p2
50.942
1910 72.64
3407938.25
1.45 2833
2.02
24
32
0, 2, 3, 4, 5
[Ar] 3d34s2
4
[Ar] 3d104s24p2
92.906
42
2477118.71
4744231.93
1.23 2602
1.72
50
15
14.007
–210
–195.798
3.07
7
N
–3, 2, 3, 4, 5
[He] 2s22p3
30.974
44.15
280,5
2.06
15
P6
–3, 3, 5
[Ne] 3s23p3
51.996
190774.922
2671
subl. 616
1.56
subl. 616
2.20
25
33
16
15.999
–218.79
–182.95
3.50
8
O
–2, –1
[He] 2s22p4
32.065
115.21
444.61
2.44
16
S7
–2, 2, 4, 6
43
2623121.76
4639630.63
1.30 1587
1.82
51
180.95
3017 207.2
5455327.46
1.33 1749
1.55
74 83
TaPb W Bi
183.84
3422208.98
5555 271.4
1.40 1564
1.67
*261.11
104 113
*262.11 *287
105 114
*284
106115
Rf Uut DbFl
*247.07
7685
OsAt
CfCf
EsEs
Tm
Tm
1527 101
100 *257.095
1527
100
101
Fm
Fm
*258.10
*258.10
827
827
Md
Md
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
3, 4
3, 45f 97s2
[Rn]
[Rn] 5f 97s2
3, 4
3, 5f
4 107s2
[Rn]
[Rn] 5f 107s2
3
[Rn] 5f3117s2
[Rn] 5f 117s2
3
12
[Rn] 5f3
7s2
[Rn] 5f 127s2
3
[Rn] 5f 1337s2
[Rn] 5f 137s2
Nonmetals
Transition metals
Halogens
Lanthanides
Inert gases
Actinides
Alkaline-earth metals
Other metals
Alkali metals
Semi metals
7786
78
IrRn
*277*294
192.22
*222.02
2446
4428–71
–61.7
1.55
Pt
-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 2
14
2
[Xe]
5d1076s
[Xe] 4f
4f145d
6s26p6
109
118
[Xe
*268.14
*294
110
174.97
1663
3402
3402
1.14
1.14
1.20
1.20
Pd
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6
[Kr] 4d10825s, 14,
[Kr] 4d 5s25p6
173.04
173.04
824
824
1196
1196
1.06
1.06
69
69
*257.095
46
131.29
1964
–111.74
3695
–108.09
1.45
Rh
Xe
2
14
[Rn]
[Rn] 5f14
6d1077s
7s227p6
2,2,
3 32
13
[Xe]
13 6s
[Xe]
4f4f
6s2
*252.08
*252.08
860860
Ni
-1, 0, 2, 3
2
[Ar] 3d74s2
,4
[Ar] 3d104s24p6
102.91
10 2 2
[Rn]
[Rn]5f5f14146d
6d67s
7s 7p5
3
3
12
2
[Xe][Xe]
4f124f
6s26s
9999
28
HsUus Mt
Uuo Ds
3 3
4f2116s2
[Xe][Xe]
4f116s
*251.08
*251.08
900 900
1
[Ne] 3s23p6
58.933
1495
83.798
2927
–157.36
1.70
–153.34
14 14 5 102 2
[Rn]
5f5f
6d6d7s7s 7p4
[Rn]
3 10 32
[Xe]
10 4f
[Xe] 4f
6s2 6s
ErEr
45
54
126.90
2334
113.7
4150
184.4
1.42
2.21
108117
168.93
168.93
1545
1545
1950
1950
1.11
1.11
6868
39.948
–189.36
–185.85
Ar9
Co
Kr
190.23
*209.99
3033
5012 302
336.95
1.52
1.96
1s2
20.1797
–248.609
–246.053
[He] 2s22p6
18
27
36
*264.12*291
167.26
167.26
1529
1529
2868
2868
1.11
1.11
Ho
Ho
Ne
1538
79.904
2861–7.2
1.6458.8
2.74
0, 2, 4, 6, 7
-2, 0, 2,–1
3, 4,
6, 8
2,2 4, 6
, 1,6 3,2 5, 7
14
5
14
[Xe]
4f4f
5d
[Xe]
14 6s
10
[Xe]
5d106s26p4
[Xe]4f4f145d
5d6s
6s26p5
SgUup BhLv
6767
–1, 1, 3, 5, 7
[Ne] 3s23p5
55.845
10
-2, 0, 2, 3, 6
[Ar]
–13d
, 1,64s
3,2 5, 7
[Ar] 3d104s24p5
101.07
186.21
*208.98
3185
5596 254
1.46 962
1.76
164.93
164.93
1472
1472
2700
2700
1.101.10
DyDy
Cl8
RuI
162.50
162.50
14121412
25672567
1.101.10
66 66
4
3, 4 3,
9
2
9
[Xe] 4f[Xe]
6s2 4f 6s
17
44
53
107116
3
14 2 10
[Rn] [Rn]
5f146d5f27s
5f146d
7s
5f145f
6d1446d
7s102 7s27p3
5f14
6d2107s27p2 [Rn][Rn]
6d 7s27p1 [Rn][Rn]
35.453
–101.5
–34.04
2.83
7
-2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
–2,2 4, 6
–14d
, 1,75s
3,1 5, 7
[Kr] 4d55s
[Kr]
[Kr] 4d105s25p4
[Kr] 4d105s25p5
RePo
*266.12 *288
–1
[He] 2s22p5
FeBr
127.60
2157
449.51
4262
1.36 988
2.01
52
75 84
4
5 2, 4 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3, 5
1, 3
14
2
2
3
2
[Xe] 4f
4f145d
4f144f
5d1445d
6s102 6s26p3
14
[Xe]5d4f6s
5d106s26p1 [Xe][Xe]
4f146s
5d106s26p2 [Xe][Xe]
18.998
–219.67
–188.12
4.10
F
26
35
Mn
Se
He
17
9
[Ne] 3s23p4
54.938
124678.96
2061 221
1.60 685
2.48
34
-1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
0, 2, 3, 6
1
[Ar] 3d54s–3,
[Ar] 3d54s
3, 5
–2,2 4, 6
[Ar] 3d104s24p3
[Ar] 3d104s24p4
95.94
*97.907
3, 5
0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1
3, 5
[Kr] 4d45s1 2, 4
[Kr] 4d55s–3,
[Kr] 4d105s25p2
[Kr] 4d105s25p3
73 82
Hf Tl
65 65
Pu AmAm Cm
Cm BkBk
1.22
41
1855 114.82
4409 156.6
1.22 2072
1.49
49
158.93
157.25157.25
158.93
Lanthanides
1313
1313
1359 1359
3273 3273
3230 3230
Lanthanoide
1.11
1.11
1.10 1.10
*247.07
C
12.011
3550
4827
2.50
Zr In NbSn MoSb TcTe
*243.06
*247.07
*247.07
640 95
1176 96
94*244.06
640 95
1176 96
1345 1345
97 97 996 996
98 98
3228
2011
3228
1.22
23
31
14
6
Ti Ga V Ge CrAs
[Rn] 5f146d107s2
3
2, 3 2,7 32
3
[Xe]
4f 6s [Xe] 4f7[Xe]
4f275d16s2
2
[Xe] 4f76s
5d16s
*243.06
3
[Ne] 3s23p1
47.867
1668 69.723
3287 29.76
1.32 2204
1.82
22
mSm EuEu GdGd TbTb
2, 3
2, 3
4f66s2
2
[Xe] 4f66s[Xe]
26.982
660.32
2519
1.47
Al
4
3
1244.956
10.811
2075
4000
2.01
3
[He] 2s22p1
13
2
[Ne] 3s22
Rb Pd Sr Ag
1
[Kr] 5s11
B
24.305
650
1090
1.23
K Ni Ca Cu
-1, 0, 2, 3
[Ar] 3d74s2
5
2
[He] 2s22
12
759
280.91
13
9.0122
1287
2471
1.47
4.0026
–272.2
–268.93
Quellen
1.0079
–259.1
–252.76
2.20
1
70
70
Yb
Yb
2,2,332
[Xe]4f4f14146s
6s2
[Xe]
102
102
*259.10
*259.10
No
No
1.20
1.20
2, 3
14 3 2
[Rn] 5f2,
7s
[Rn] 5f 147s2
71
71
Lu
3
32
14
[Xe] 4f
4f14
5d116s
[Xe]
5d
6s2
103
103
*262.11
*262.11
Lr
Lr
3
[Rn] 5f 147s27p31
[Rn] 5f 147s27p1
149
[Rn
Notes
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