La pianista; Michael Haneke

,1752'8&&,
&&,Ð1
(QHVWDpSRFDFRQWHPSRUiQHDODVVRFLHGDGHVVHPXHYHQHQFtUFXORVGHORV
FXDOHVUDUDYH]SXHGHQVDOLUORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVVHVRIRFDQDVtPLVPRVVH
DWXUGHQ VH FRQWUDGLFHQ LQH[SOLFDEOHPHQWH JUDFLDV D HVWD LQWHUDFFLyQ VH
GHVDUUROODQ /D GLYHUJHQFLD HQWUH FXOWXUDV HQPDUFD HO SURSyVLWR PLVPR GH
ORV GLVWLQWRV PRGHORV VRFLDOHV HV ELHQ VDELGR TXH ODV FRVWXPEUHV HO
OHQJXDMHODHWQLDODJHRJUDItD\WDQWRVRWURVDVSHFWRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQXQD
UHJLyQ SRQGHUDQ ORV UDVJRV SDUWLFXODUHV GH FDGD LQGLYLGXR HV DVt FRPR
RWRUJDPRV HVWHUHRWLSRV ItVLFRVLFROyJLFRV \ HQ JHQHUDO FRQFHSWXDOHV D
ODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHGHXQDXRWUDIRUPDDFHQW~DQHQVtPLVPDVORVUDVJRV
TXHODVGHILQHQ
(O YLHMR FRQWLQHQWH FRPR SDGUH GH QXHVWUD UHFLHQWH VRFLHGDG DPHULFDQD
DYHQWDMDQXHVWUDLGHRORJtDHQVLJORVSRUORWDQWRORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVTXH
VXEGLYLGLGRV HQ SDtVHV OR LQWHJUDQ PDQHMDQ RWUD FRWLGLDQLGDG RWURV
TXHKDFHUHVSRVHHQXQDYLVLyQPiVDPSOLDGHODVFLHQFLDVODFXOWXUD\HODUWH
)UDQFLD KD VLGR HQ HO FXUVR GH OD KLVWRULD XQR GH ORV SDtVHV PiV
GHVDUUROODGRVULFRVHLQIOX\HQWHVHQORVDFRQWHFHUHVGHOVHUKXPDQRSRUOR
TXHKDORJUDGRSDUDQJRQDUVHFRPRSRWHQFLDYLVLRQDULD\FXOWXUDO
´/D SURIHVRUD GH SLDQRµ VH GHVDUUROOD HQ PHGLR GH HVWRV SDUiPHWURV OD
)UDQFLD FRQWHPSRUiQHD FRQ VXV JXVWRV UHILQDGRV FRQWUDSXHVWRV D ODV
UHFLHQWHVDSDULFLRQHVGH ODFXOWXUD323 OD DQLPRVLGDG MXYHQLO\ HO FKRTXH
DUWtVWLFRHQWUHORVHVWLORVGHYLGDGHXQR\RWURFRVWDGR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWDPRVXQDQiOLVLVGHVGHXQHQIRTXHVHPLyWLFRDHVWH
)LOPTXHHQORVDOERUHVGHXQQXHYRPLOHQLRGHMDHQWUHYHUHOGHVDUUROORGH
ODVFXOWXUDVHXURSHDVSRVWPRGHUQDV
'(&216758&&,
&&,Ð16
16(0,Ð7,&$'
$'(/
/)
) , /0 ´/$
$3
3 5 2 ) (6 2 5
$$'
'(3
(3,$12µ
(QHVWDSURSXHVWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD0LFKDHO+DQHNHUHFRJHWRGRVORVYLFLRV
GHOSHUVRQDMH´(ULNDµXQDPXMHUTXHUHVSRQGHFRPRHOODFUHHTXHGHEHVHU
DXQDVHULHGHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXHOOHJDQDVXYLGDDOWHUDQGRHOFyGLJRGH
UHDFFLRQHV DO TXH HOOD HVWDED DFRVWXPEUDGD 6X GUDPD OR YHUHPRV
HQPDUFDGR HQ OD ILUPH HVWUXFWXUD GH XQD FLQWD TXH VH VRVWLHQH HQWUH ORV
FRQWUDVWHV \ OD SDUDGRMD FRQVWDQWH HQ FDGD XQR GH VXV HOHPHQWRV
'HVWDFDPRV HQWRQFHV SDUD DQiOLVLV ORV VLJQRV TXH PiV QRV LPSDFWDURQ \
TXH FUHHPRV GHVSXpV GH YHU XQD \ RWUD YH] OD SHOtFXOD VRQ ODV SXQWDGDV
FODYHVSDUDHQWHQGHU´/DSURIHVRUD GHSLDQRµ FRPRXQDREUD GH DUWHXQD
SDUWLWXUDGH LPiJHQHV VLWXDFLRQHV\ VHQWLPLHQWRVTXH KDQ VLGRFDSDFHV GH
WRFDUDPiVGHXQVXVFHSWLEOHDPDQWHGHOEXHQFLQH
/RV HOHPHQWRV TXH UHVDOWDQ \ TXH SDUD QRVRWURV WLHQHQ PD\RU FDUJD GH
VLJQLILFDGRVVRQ
/DP~VLFDHOFRORUORVHVSDFLRVHOULWPRDFWXDFLyQ\SHUVRQDMHV
/$0
$086,&$
$XQTXH HVWD GHELHUD VHU OD SURWDJRQLVWD SRU OR TXH SXGLPRV SHUFLELU VX
SDSHOWUDQVLWyHQWUHYDULRVUROHVDQWDJyQLFRGHHQODFHGHDQWHFHGHQWH\GH
PRGHOR
(ODQWDJRQLVPRVXUJHGHOFKRTXHHQWUHOD GLVFLSOLQD\ ODIHOLFLGDG(ULNDVH
QHJyODSRVLELOLGDGGHGHVDUUROODUDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQVXYLGDFRPR
HO DPRU \ HO YDORU GH OD DPLVWDG SRU OD HQWUHJD WRWDO DO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD
P~VLFD\DIXHUHSRUSUHVLyQIDPLOLDURSRULQWHUpVSURSLR/DFRQVHFXHQFLD
XQDPXMHUWDOHQWRVDLQFDSD]GHVRQUHtU OLEUHPHQWHTXH QR IXHIDPRVD\
WXYRTXHFRQYHUWLUVHHQSURIHVRUDGHSLDQR HQ HO FRQVHUYDWRULR GH P~VLFD
GH9LHQD3UHILULHQGRD6FKXEHUW\6FKXPDQQFRPSDUWDVXPLVPDDQJXVWLD
\XQVLPLODUWUDQFHH[LVWHQFLDO
e5,.$¢/H\yHQHODGRUQRVREUHODIDQWDVtDHQ'R0D\RUGH6FKXPDQQ"
:$/7(51R
e5,.$+DEODGHVXRFDVR«QRHVHO6FKXPDQQDEDQGRQDGRSRUODUD]yQ
VLQR HO GHO PRPHQWR SUHYLR« DSHQDV XQ VHJXQGR DQWHV« VDEH TXH HVWi
SHUGLHQGR OD FDEH]D« VX FXHUSR VXIUH SURIXQGDPHQWH SHUR VH DIHUUD SRU
~OWLPDYH]«FXDQGRD~QHQWLHQGHTXHVLJQLILFDSHUGHUVHDVtPLVPRDQWHV
GH VHU FRPSOHWDPHQWH DEDQGRQDGR« 6FKXEHUW \ 6FKXPDQQ VRQ PLV
SUHIHULGRV« DGHPiV PL SDGUH PXULy HQ HO DVLOR 6WDLQKRI FRPSOHWDPHQWH
ORFR«QRPHHVGLItFLOKDEODUGHO´RFDVRµGHODOPD
(VD ORFXUD GH 6FKXPDQQ FRPSRVLWRU DOHPiQ HV PDQLIHVWDGD
VXWLOPHQWHFRQXQDLUHGHFDOPDHVFRQGLHQGRVXYLGDWRUPHQWRVD\WUiJLFR
ILQDO-XQWRFRQ6FKXEHUWRWUDDOPDDWRUPHQWDGDTXHFRQVXP~VLFDGHORV
/LHGHU GH 0OOHU \ HO WHPD GHO &LFOR 3RpWLFR ´9,$-( '( ,19,(512µ
DFRPSDxDQ D eULND SRU HO FDPLQR KHODGR TXH OH WRFD VHJXLU 8QD IULDOGDG
SHQHWUDQWHUHIOHMDGDKDVWDHQVX~OWLPRVXVSLURHQVXGXURILQDO/DP~VLFD
VREUH WRGR HVWH WHPD ´9,$-( '( ,19,(512µ HVWXYR OLJDGR DO VHQWLU GH
eULND (MHPSOR FODUR HQ OD HVFHQD GHO FXEtFXOR GH SHOtFXODV SRUQRJUiILFDV
FXDQGRpVWDLEDDWHUPLQDUFRQHFWDURQODRWUDHVFHQDGHOHQVD\RGHOFDQWRU
´eFKHQPHFRQVXVODGULGRVGHSHUURVYLJLODQWHVQRPHSHUPLWDQGHVFDQVDU
HQODVKRUDVGHVXHxR«KHOOHJDGRDOILQDOGHORVVXHxRV¢4XpKDUpHQWUHORV
GRUPLGRV"
&RPRVLHVWRTXLVLHUDGHFLU´£9XHOYHDODUHDOLGDGeULNDGHVSLHUWDW~HUHV
GLIHUHQWHDORVGHPiV
3RVWHULRUPHQWHODHVFHQDHQODTXHTXLHEUDHOYDVRGHFULVWDOSDUDSRQHUVXV
SHGD]RVHQHOEROVLOORGHODEULJRGHVXDOXPQD$QQDVHR\H
´¢3RUTXp HYLWR ORV FDPLQRV SRU GRQGH SDVDQ RWURV YLDMHURV«EXVFDQGR
FXOWRVVHQGHURVHQWUHODVURFDVQHYDGDV"«VLQHPEDUJRQDGDKHKHFKRSDUD
WHQHU TXH KXLUGH ORVKRPEUHV«¢3RUTXp HVWH WRUSH LPSXOVR TXH PH OOHYD
KDVWDHOGHVLHUWR"µ
eULND DO LJXDO TXH HO SRHWD VH YH REOLJDGD D HUUDU \ FXDQGR YXHOYH DO
HVFHQDULRGRQGHHVWi$QQDHOFDQWRUHQWRQD´«¢3RUTXpHVHDIiQGHEXVFDU
VHQGHURVRVFXURV"µ
(/
/&
&2/25
/DWDEODGHFRORUPDQHMDGDHQHVWDSHOtFXODHVPX\GHILQLGDVXLQWHQFLyQHV
FUHDU XQ DPELHQWH IUtR SRU HVR VH XVDQ HO EODQFR QHJUR RFUH PRVWD]D
EHUPHOOyQYHUGHVDSR\D]XOPX\FODURV/DFRPSRVLFLyQGHHVWRVFRORUHV
HVWi PX\ FXLGDGD XQ DPELHQWH GH IULDOGDG VROLGH] GHOLFDGH]D \ ILQXUD HV
EHOODPHQWH ORJUDGR +XER YDULDV HVFHQDV HQ ODV FXDOHV OD WDEOD GH FRORUHV
IXHURQ ODV WHFODV GHO SLDQR EODQGR \ QHJUR \ RFUH HQ ORV GHFRUDGRV TXH
HQIDWL]DEDQ HO FRORU RUR HO EULOOR GHO DUWH (VFHQD GHO FRQFLHUWR GRQGH
eULND FRQRFH D :DOWHU WRGRV DOOt YLVWHQ GH EODQFR \ QHJUR (O FRORU GHO
YHVWXDULR GH eULND HQ OD SULPHUD SDUWH GH OD SHOtFXOD YD GH JULV D QHJUR
UHIOHMDQGR VX DPDUJXUD VX DEDQGRQR GH Vt PLVPD FRPR VLQyQLPR GH
UHEHOGtDDQWHORTXHKDGHMDGRGHYLYLU
(QODVHJXQGDSDUWHFXDQGReULNDHVWiVHJXUDGHODPRUGH:DOWHUFDPELD
UDGLFDOPHQWH HVRV WRQRV RVFXURV SRU RWURV PiV IXHUWHV HO URMR TXH
VLJQLILFDSDVLyQOXMXULDDPRUFDUQDO(VWRHVXQDPXHVWUDPX\FODUDGHTXH
OD SURIHVRUD VH PXHYH HQWUH ORV H[WUHPRV \ TXH HQ DPERV HQFXHQWUD VX
HVHQFLD
*ULV \ QHJUR KLHOR \ RVFXULGDG FRQWUDVWDGR DO URMR SDVLyQ FDUQH
HIXVLYLGDGDPERVFRORUHVSUHVHQWHVHQHOFXUVRGHODREUD
/26(
6(63$&,26
3DUDKDEODUGHORVHVSDFLRVPHQFLRQDUHPRVWDPELpQORVHOHPHQWRVTXHDOOt
VHHQFXHQWUDQ\TXHVRQYLWDOHVHQODGHILQLFLyQGHOHVWLORGHODSHOtFXOD
eULNDSDVD VXYLGDHQWUHSXHUWDVUHMDVYHQWDQDVHQWUHVXDSDUWDPHQWR\HO
FRQVHUYDWRULR /D SHOtFXOD FRPLHQ]D FRQ OD DSHUWXUD GH OD SXHUWD GHO
DSDUWDPHQWR \ WHUPLQD FHUUDQGR OD GHO FRQVHUYDWRULR 9DULDV HVFHQDV VRQ
YLVWDV GHVGH ODV SXHUWDV 3RU HMHPSOR ODV HVFHQDV GHO FRPHGRU HQ HO
DSDUWDPHQWR 3XHUWD VLJQLILFD EDUUHD OtPLWH ´KDVWD DTXt OOHJDVµ /D YHQWDQD
GRQGH VLHPSUH HVWi DVRPDGD eULND HQ HO VDOyQ GH FODVH VLJQLILFD XQD
FRQH[LyQFRQODOLEHUWDGWRGRXQPXQGRHQHOTXHHOODTXLVLHUDHVWDUSHUR
TXHVyORGHEHFRQIRUPDUVHFRQYHU7DPELpQKDEODUHPRVDTXtGHODOX]OD
LOXPLQDFLyQ HV WDQ IXHUWH TXH HQWUD SRU ODV YHQWDQDV FRPR LQYLWiQGROD D
VDOLU ´VDO \ GpMDPH FXEULUWHµ HVWR D HOOD OD DWRUPHQWD QR SXHGH VDOLU QR
GHEH VX REOLJDFLyQ VLHPSUH HVWi DGHQWUR /D GHFRUDFLyQ GH VX VDOyQ GH
FODVHVHVWiUHVDOWDGRSRUODVSDUHGHVEODQFDVORVUHWUDWRVGH6FKXEHUW6XPDQ
\XQDSDUWLWXUDDEODQFR\QHJURFRPRODVWHFODVGHOSLDQR
(O SLVR \ ODV FRUWLQDV VRQ RFUH FRORU RUR EULOOR \ ILQXUD GH ODV MR\DV
SUHFLRVDV
(O DSDUWDPHQWR GH eULND HVWi FRPSXHVWR SRU HOHPHQWRV DQWLJXRV ELHQ
FRQVHUYDGRVFOiVLFRVVHQFLOORV\DJUDGDEOHV(QHOFRPHGRUKD\XQPXHEOH
JUDQGH FRPR HO VLOOyQ GH YHU WHOHYLVLyQ OD VLOOD PLVPD GHO FRPHGRU OD
OiPSDUDGHFDSHUX]DWRGRVHYHPX\MXQWRSHURJXDUGDDUPRQtDUHVDOWDGR
SRUODRVFXULGDGGHODVSXHUWDVTXHHQPDUFDQODYLVLyQDHVWHHVSDFLR
(O WHOHYLVRU UHSUHVHQWD SDUD OD PDGUH XQ HQWH FRQFLOLDGRU \ GH FRPSDxtD
HVWH DSDUDWR HVWi FRQ HOOD GXUDQWH WRGR HO FXUVR GHO GtD PLHQWUDV HVSHUD D
eULND\VLHPSUHHVXQLQWHUPHGLDULRHQVXVGLVFXVLRQHV3RUHMHPSORHQOD
HVFHQD GH OD OHFWXUD GH OD FDUWD SRU :DOWHU HQ FDVD GH eULND HOORV HVWiQ
HQFHUUDGRV \ OD PDGUH HVWi LQWULJDGD \ SUHRFXSDGD HQ OD VDOD YLHQGR XQ
GRFXPHQWDOVREUHORVFDEDOORV\0XVWDQJµ«HQOLEHUWDGHVWRVDQLPDOHVVH
FRQYLHUWHQHQORVIDPRVRVPXVWDQJKR\HOFRPSDxHURPiVILHOGHOFRZER\
GH ((88 HV HO 4XDWUH KRUVH PX\ YHOR] HQ GLVWDQFLDV FRUWDV \ PX\
UHVLVWHQWH«µ OD SURIHVRUD GH SLDQR VH GHFODUy PXMHU OLEUH \ VDOYDMH SHUR
GRPDEOH \ FRQ FDSDFLGDG GH VDWLVIDFHU DO KRPEUH TXH KD DFRJLGR FRPR
DPR
(QHOFXDUWRGHeULNDHODUPDULRFREUDXQYDORUHVSHFLDODOOtHVWiVXURSDOD
FXDO XWLOL]D VX PDGUH FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD GH GHVHQIDGR \ UHFODPR SXHV OD
GDxD \ OD URPSH FDGD YH] TXH VLHQWH TXH VX KLMD VH OH HVWi VDOLHQGR GH ODV
PDQRV6XDFWLWXGGHPXHVWUDTXHD~QWLHQHFRQWUROVREUHODYLGDGHeULND
FRPRVLTXLVLHUDPDQWHQHUOHDODVFRUWDVSDUDTXHQROHYDQWHYXHOR
(Q FXDQWR D ORV GHPiV HOHPHQWRV GHO FXDUWR QR HQFRQWUDPRV QLQJXQD
RVWHQWRVLGDGODVHQFLOOH]SULPDDORPHMRUQRSRUTXHeULNDORTXLHUDVLQR
SRUTXH VX PDGUH OR GHFLGLy PXHVWUD GH HOOR HV TXH KD\ UHYLVWDV GH PRGD
HVFRQGLGDVGHEDMRGHODFDPDGHeULND
(QHOFXDUWRGHODPDGUHODFDPDGHMDYHUSXQWXDOPHQWHODUHODFLyQGHeULND
\VXPDGUH/DFDPDHVHOVLWLRGRQGHDSDUWHGHGRUPLUVHUHODMDHOFXHUSR\
HO DOPD GHVFDUJDQGR ODV HPRFLRQHV UHFRJLGDV HQ HO GtD HV HO HVSDFLR GH
GHVDKRJR HQWUH DPEDV VyOR DOOt VLHQWHQ TXH WLHQHQ DOJR HQ FRP~Q TXH
HVWiQVRODV\TXHQRSXHGHQYLYLUODXQDVLQODRWUDHVSRUHVRTXHGXHUPHQ
MXQWDV
(OEDxRDPSOLRLOXPLQDGRHVWHVWLJRFRPRSRFRVOXJDUHVGHOD´YHUGDGHUDµ
eULNDHQHVWHFDVRODeULNDTXHFXLGDGHVXSLHOFDEHOORGLHQWHV/DFDQWLGDG
GH VKDPSRRV FUHPDV MDERQHV VRQ PXHVWUD GH VX SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU Vt
PLVPD \ GH OD PXMHU HQIHUPD \ DEHUUDGD TXH FRUWDV VXV ODELRV YDJLQDOHV
SDUDVDWLVIDFHUVHFRQHOGRORU
(QODFDVDGRQGHFRQRFHD:DOWHUSXGLPRVYHUHOFRQFHSWRGH´SLDQRµ HQ
WRGDVXGLPHQVLyQWHFODVTXHFDPLQDEDQSRUWRGRVODGRV\KDEODEDQHQWUH
VtDGRUQDGRVGHRUR\FDPLQDQGRVREUH pO )XH HVWH HO DPELHQWH SURSLFLR
SDUDTXHDPERVVHFRQRFLHUDQ
(O DVFHQVRU HV SDUD QRVRWURV HO VLJQR PiV LPSRUWDQWH SXHV PDQHMD HO
FRQFHSWR JHQHUDO GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH eULND VX PDGUH \ :DOWHU (VWH VH
DWUDYLHVD XQD \ RWUD YH] HQ HO FDPLQR HQUHMDGR GH eULND \ VX PDGUH
PLHQWUDV OD SULPHUD QR GHMD GH PLUDUOR FXULRVDPHQWH OD VHJXQGD QR
HVFRQGHODUHSXJQDQFLDTXHOHSURGXFHODHQHUJtDGHOMRYHQ\VXDFWLWXG
(Q HO EDxR GHO FRQVHUYDWRULR GHVSXpV GHO LQFLGHQWH FRQ $QQD :DOWHU
HQFXHQWUD D eULND\ DEUH OD SXHUWD SDUD VDFDUOD GH VX ´(QFLHUURµ SHUR ¢3RU
TXpHQHOEDxR"3RUXQDSDUWHEDxRVLJQLILFDKLJLHQHOLPSLH]DSXOFULWXG\
SRU RWUD VLJQLILFD JHQLWDOHV GHVFXELHUWRV FRQ ILQHV ILVLROyJLFRV TXH VH
SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLU HQ VH[XDOHV /D RULQD \ ODV KHFHV SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ
FRQFHSFLRQHV VH[XDOHV QDGD LQGLIHUHQWHV D ODV DEHUUDFLRQHV \ GHVYtRV GH
eULND
7DPELpQHOEDxRWLHQHVLJQLILFDGRGHYpUWLJRHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWRSXHGH
HQWUDU DOJXQD GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ DEDMR VDOLHQGR GHO
FRQFLHUWR\GHVFXEULUORVeULNDORVGLVIUXWD
(/
/5
5,702
$XQTXHODSUHGRPLQDQWHVHDODOHQWLWXGHQRFDVLRQHVVHDEDQGRQDXQSRFR
SDUD GDU SDVR D PRPHQWRV iJLOHV \ SUHFLVRV TXH OLEHUDQ XQ SRFR DO
HVSHFWDGRUGHODWHQVLyQSUHSDUiQGRORSDUDHOVLJXLHQWHPRPHQWRHQHOTXH
ODGHQVLGDGYXHOYHDGRPLQDU
/DEXHQDDFWXDFLyQQRGHMDFDHUHOFXUVRGHODSHOtFXODHQQLQJ~QLQVWDQWH
OD WUDPD VH PDQWLHQH LQWHUHVDQWH \ HQ FRQVWDQWH FUHFLPLHQWR GH HPRFLyQ
KDVWDHOILQDO
(/
/3
3(5621$-(&
(&(175$/
/D HVWULFWD \ YLUWXRVtVLPD SURIHVRUD GH SLDQR VH PXHYH FRPR
PHQFLRQDPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HQ OD ELSRODULGDG GH FRORUHV KDOODQGR HQ
DPERVORVH[WUHPRVGHVXHVHQFLDODV´DEHUUDFLRQHVµTXHWDQWRSRGUtDPRV
FULWLFDU QR VRQ WDQ WUDtGDV GH ORV FDEHOORV VLQR QRV GHGLFiUDPRV D FUHDUOH
XQD KLVWRULD FRQ WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH QRV RIUHFH OD SHOtFXOD SHUR
KDEODUHPRVVyORGHORTXHYHPRV
6XVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDxRVH[WHULRUL]DQXQDSHUVRQDOLGDGUtJLGDJODFLDO
GHVSRMDGD GH WRGR UDQJR GH VHQVLELOLGDG ´<R QR WHQJR VHQWLPLHQWRV
:DOWHU« PpWDVHOR HQ OD FDEH]D < VL DOJ~Q GtD ORV WXYLHUD QR WULXQIDUtDQ
VREUHPLLQWHOLJHQFLDµ'LFHeULNDFREDUGHPHQWHDQWHHODFRVRGH:DOWHU
/DSURIHVRUDRFXOWDXQDSHUVRQDOLGDGYHUGDGHUDPHQWHRVFXUD\YLROHQWDTXH
OD FRQYLHUWH HQ VX SHUVRQDMH DEVROXWDPHQWH SDWpWLFR \ GHVJUDFLDGR
SHUWXUEDGRU SDUD OD PRUDO \ HO HVStULWX GHO HVSHFWDGRU )OXFW~DQ HQWUH HO
JRFHSDUFLDOGHOPLUDUROHURULQDU6XYLGDGHVSXpVGHODVFODVHVHVVyORGH
HOOD $VLVWH DO YLGHR SRUQR GRQGH VHOHFFLRQD OD LPDJHQ GHO VH[R RUDO TXH
VLJQLILFDSRQHUHQDFFLyQYDULRVGHORVyUJDQRVGHVXVVHQWLGRVHOJXVWRHO
ROIDWRHOWDFWR(VWRVD\XGDQDDXPHQWDUVXp[WDVLVD~Q PiVTXHHOPHUR
JRFHSURGXFLGRSRUXQDVRODSDUWHGHVXFXHUSR
(O ~QLFR DFFHVR TXH KDVWD HO PRPHQWR WLHQH HQ VX YLGD DO VHPHQ HV SRU
PHGLRGHORVSDxXHORVXVDGRVWLUDGRVHQODSDSHOHUDGHODFDELQDSRUQRHOOD
ORKXHOHLQWHQVDPHQWH
3DUDeULNDKRPEUHHVLJXDODSHQHGHGRQGHVDOHHOVHPHQSHQH\VHPHQ
VRQVLQyQLPRVGHVH[R\VH[RSDUDHOODHVDPRU´(ODPRUFRUUHVSRQGHDODV
EDQDOLGDGHVGHOVHUKXPDQRµVLQHPEDUJRUHFRQRFHTXHHVXQDQHFHVLGDG\
TXHHOODWLHQHTXHVDWLVIDFHUODDVtVXVRUJDVPRVVHDQDOFDQ]DGRVHQFRQWUDYtD
GHO SHQVDPLHQWR FRP~Q 2ULQiQGRVH FXDQGR YH OD SDUHMD WHQLHQGR
UHODFLRQHVVH[XDOHVHQHODXWRFLQHPDFRUWiQGRVHVXYDJLQD
eULNDDEUHVXDOPDXVDQGRXQDSXHUWDSRFRXVXDOODFDUWD´«OXHJRTXLWDOD
PRUGD]D SRU IDYRU VLpQWDWH VREUH PL FDUD \ JROSpDPH HO HVWyPDJR SDUD
REOLJDUPHDKXQGLUWHODOHQJXDHQHOWUDVHUR«µ
6XDEHUUDFLyQHVODWHQWH\VXQHFHVLGDGGHVHUGLIHUHQWHDVtVHDPRVWUDQGR
VXUROOVHPXHVWUDDTXt(VFHQDGHODFDUWD´«SUHJ~QWDPHSRUTXpQRPH
TXHMR FRQ PL PDGUH QL GHYXHOYR WXV JROSHV VREUH WRGR GLPH HVDV FRVDV
SDUDVHQWLUKDVWDTXHSXQWRVR\LPSRWHQWH«µ
2WURUDVJRFUtWLFRHQeULNDHVGHPRVWUDGRHQODHVFHQDHQTXHODUDELD\HO
VHQWLPLHQWR GH GHVSOD]R OD LQYDGHQ HQ HO HQVD\R GHO FRQFLHUWR FXDQGR
:DOWHU VH DFHUFD DO SLDQR SDUD WUDQTXLOL]DU D $QQD TXH HVWD QHUYLRVD /D
WtPLGDDOXPQDTXHHVHOUHIOHMRILHOGHODeULNDDGROHVFHQWHFRQFRPSOHMRV\
VLQ JUDFLD HOOR MXVWLILFD HO WUDWR GXUR GH OD SURIHVRUD SDUD FRQ HVWD QLxD
$QQDQHFHVLWDHQVD\DUSDUDHOFRQFLHUWR(QXQDUUHEDWRGHLUDeULNDOHTXLWD
OD SRVLELOLGDG GH KDFHU OR TXH PiV DPD WRFDU HO SLDQRKLULpQGROD FRQ ORV
FULVWDOHV GHO YDVR URWR TXH SRQH HQ VX DEULJR SDUD TXH ODVWLPH VX PDQR
GHUHFKD OD KHUUDPLHQWD PiV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD ORV SLDQLVWDV FRPR HOOD OR
UHFRQRFHFXDQGR:DOWHUODDVDOWDHQHODSDUWDPHQWR\ODJROSHD´«QRPH
SHJXHVHQODVPDQRVQLHQODFDEH]D«µ
(O DVDOWR HV HO FOtPD[ GH OD SHOtFXOD eULND QR UHDFFLRQy FRPR :DOWHU
HVSHUDED (QORTXHFLGR SRU OD PDQLSXODFLyQ GH HVWD OD WUDWy FRPR HOOD
PHQFLRQDED eULND QR VH LPDJLQy MDPiV OR KRUULEOH TXH HVWR VHUtD
VXFHGLHQGRHQVXYLGDUHDO\PiVVDELHQGRTXHORVJROSHVYHQtDQFRQFDUJD
GHUDELD:DOWHUQRIXHVXDPRFRPRHOODTXHUtDHUDVXDJUHVRUHOKRPEUH
UHVHQWLGR TXH TXHUtD YHQJDUVH SRU HQFRQWUDUVH PDVWXUEDQGR GHEDMR GH OD
YHQWDQDGHODSDUWDPHQWRGHeULND6HHVWDEDFRQWDJLDQGRGHVXHQIHUPHGDG
/DPDGUH GHeULNDVH GHEDWH HQWUH HO DPRU\ HO RGLR SRUSDUWHGH VXKLMD
(OODHV HO JULOOHWHOD FDXVDGH VXDPDUJXUD TXLHQ OD DWDUi SRU VLHPSUH D VX
ODGRKDFLpQGRODLQIHOL]6XFRQWUROHVGHVPHGLGRGHVHVSHUDQWHSHURDODYH]
OR~QLFRTXHDHVWDVDOWXUDVVRVWLHQHDeULND1ROHTXHGDPiVTXHVXPDGUH
FXDQGR :DOWHU OD GHMD DVTXHDGR GH VX ILORVRItD GHO DPRU eULND TXHGD
GHVDUPDGDVLQLQVFULELUVHFRPRPXMHUVLQHQFRQWUDUXQOXJDUSDUDHOODHQHO
VH[R DXQTXH SUHVLHQWH TXH GHEH KDEHUOR QHFHVLWD GHVIRJDU VX LQVWLQWR VH
HVWi DKRJDQGR DO YHU D VX PDGUH YH XQ VHU FRQ VH[R TXH VLHQWH \ RIUHFH
SODFHUSRUHVRWHUPLQDDFRViQGROD\DO]DQGRVXSLMDPD´7HYtHOYHOORGH
WXVH[R«µ
:DOWHU VLJQLILFD OD RSRUWXQLGDG TXH D WRGRV ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV VH QRV
EULQGD SDUD VHUIHOLFHV6LQ HPEDUJR SRU HUURU HQ OD QDWXUDOH]DSVLFROyJLFD
GH eULND :DOWHU FDPELD HO UXPER SLHUGH HO FRQWURO \ DUUDQFD ORV SRFRV
DQKHORVGHYLGDTXHDeULNDOHTXHGDQ
eULNDOOHYDDOFRQVHUYDWRULRXQFXFKLOORJXDUGDGRHQVXEROVRHVHOGtDGHO
FRQFLHUWR +HULGD HVSLULWXDOPHQWH SRU HO PXQGR GHMD D WRGRV HVSHUDQGR
SRUVXJUDQSUHVHQWDFLyQ0RWLYDGDSRUODDFWLWXGFtQLFDGH:DOWHUFXDQGR
HQWUD DSUHVXUDGR DO FRQFLHUWR \ TXL]iV UHFRUGDQGR VXV SDODEUDV OD QRFKH
DQWHULRUHQHODVDOWR´«XQDKHULGDGHDPRUQRPDWD«µVDFDGHVXEROVRHO
FXFKLOOR\ORHQWLHUUDHQVXSHFKRSRUTXHVLHQYHUGDGXQDKHULGDGHDPRU
QRPDWDWDOYH]XQDKHULGDItVLFDVL SXHGD KDFHUOR\ VL QR PXHUH WRPDUi
HQWRQFHVHOFDPLQRGHODH[FOXVLyQGiQGRVHXQOXJDUHQHODOHMDPLHQWRGHO
PXQGRTXHSDUDHOODGHDOOtHQDGHODQWHVHUiFODXVXUDGR
),&+$
$7
7e&1,&$
/$$3
3 , $ 1 , 67 (
35(0,2)
2)(67,9$/'
/'(&
(&$11(6
0(-25
5$
$ &7 5 ,=
,6$%(//(
(+
+833
33(
(57 e5,.$
$.
. 2+ 8 7 0(-25
5$
$ &7 25
%(12,7
70
0$*,0(/
/:$/7(5
5.
. / (0 0 ( 5 ',5(&725 0,&+$(/
/+
+ $ 1 (. (