Experience Human Development 12th Edition Diane E. Papalia © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Study of Human Development Chapter 1 © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Genie: Critical Period for Language Acquisition? Lennenberg’s theory (1967) Genie “discovered” in 1970 at age 13 Raises questions about critical periods of language development Adult versus child’s ability to learn language © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Guideposts for Study 1. What is human development, and how has its study evolved? 2. What do developmental scientists study? 3. What kinds of influences make one person different from another? 4. What are seven principles of the life-span developmental approach? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Formal Study of Human Development The Scientific Study of How Humans Develop – – – Development is systematic Development is adaptive Development is lifelong (i.e., life-span development) Stanford Studies of Gifted Children Berkeley Growth and Guidance Studies Oakland Growth Study © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Four Goals of Developmental Psychology ● Describe Example: When do children say their first words? ● Explain Example: How do children learn to use language? Predict Example: Will delayed language development affect speech? ● Modify Example: Can therapy help speech delays? © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Domains of Development Change & Stability Physical Development Body, brain, senses, motor skills, and health Cognitive Development Learning, memory, moral reasoning, language, thinking, and creativity Psychosocial Development Personality, emotional life, and relationships © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Periods of the Life Span: A Social Construction • Based on subjective perceptions or assumptions • Varies among cultures • Changes over generations Adolescence only recently introduced in industrial societies © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Periods of the Life Span Prenatal Period Conception–Birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth–3 years Early Childhood 3–6 years Middle Childhood 6–11 years Adolescence 11–20 years Young Adulthood 20–40 years Middle Adulthood 40–65 years Late Adulthood 65 years and Over © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Influences on Development Individuals vary in rate and timing of development due to: o Heredity: Inherited traits from biological parents o Environment: Physical and social influences o Maturation: Sequences of physical and behavioral patterns © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Contexts of Development: Family What is a family? … Depends! Great changes – – Over time Place to place © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Nuclear Family Two generations: parents and children Economic unit, history in farming Dominant in Western societies Increasing numbers of – – – – Working parents Stepchildren Gay/lesbian homes Single parents © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Extended Family A multigenerational kinship Includes grandparents, cousins, aunts/uncles, … and more! Social roles are flexible Historically, common in Asian, African, and Latin American cultures Becoming less typical © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Contexts of Development: Socioeconomic Status (SES) Includes income, education, and occupation Poor children are more likely to: Have emotional and behavior problems Not reach cognitive potential Have poorer school performance © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Poverty Hurts Children Outcome Health Death in Infancy Premature Birth Inadequate Prenatal Care No Regular Health Care Education Repeat a Grade Drop Out (16–24 years) Risk Increase 1.6 times 1.8 times 2.8 times 2.7 times 2 times 3.5 times © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Low SES & Related Risk Factors Poverty-related risks that increase chance of negative outcomes include: Living in neighborhoods with high unemployment Lack of social support Social support less likely in highunemployment neighborhoods © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Contexts of Development: Culture Culture – A way of life Includes: – – – Customs Traditions Artwork Learned behavior, passed on to children © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Contexts of Development: Race & Ethnicity ● Ethnic Group – A shared identity United by ancestry, religion, or origin Contributes to shared attitudes and beliefs ● Race – A socially constructed term Scholars have no real consensus on definition Categories “fluid” – shaped by society and politics ● Ethnic Gloss Overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within a group Examples: “Black” or “Hispanic” © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Contexts of Development: Historical Context Unique time in which people live and grow up Experiences tied to time and place: – – – Great Depression World War II The ’60s © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Age-Graded Normative Influences Similar for an age group Maturational: Fixed in time Puberty or menopause Social: Timing is flexible Marriage or parenthood © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Normative History-Graded Influences Events that shape attitudes of a historical generation o Historical Generation: A group that experiences an event at a formative time o Ex: WWII children have strong social bond to each other Cohort: Group born around the same time A historical generation can have many cohorts © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Non-Normative Influences Unusual events affecting individual lives Typical events at atypical times Puberty at age 20 Marriage in teens Atypical events Birth defect Winning the lottery © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Timing of Influences • Imprinting • Instinctively following first moving object seen after birth; usually mother • • Konrad Lorenz and his ducklings Indicates predisposition or readiness to learn © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Timing of Influences: Critical & Sensitive Periods Critical Period Specific time when an event (or its absence) has specific impact on development Sensitive Period Developmental timing when child is particularly responsive to certain experiences © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Timing of Influences: Plasticity of Development Modifiability of performance Plasticity lasts through life span, but has limits – Example: Limits and progress of Genie © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Baltes’s Life Span Approach: Six Key Principles • • • • • • Development is lifelong Development is multidimensional Development is multidirectional Development involves changing resource allocations Development shows plasticity Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context © 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
