PROTECTIVE RELAYING STUDENT LABORATORY A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Electrical Engineering by Kenan W Pretzer May 2017 © 2017 Kenan W Pretzer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: AUTHOR: DATE SUBMITTED: COMMITTEE CHAIR: Protective Relaying Student Laboratory Kenan W Pretzer May 2017 Ali Shaban, Ph.D. Professor of Electrical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Ahmad Nafisi, Ph.D. Professor of Electrical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Taufik, Ph.D. Professor of Electrical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Protective Relaying Student Laboratory Kenan W Pretzer Facing a rapidly-changing power industry, the electrical engineering department at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo proposed Advanced Power Systems Initiatives to better prepare its students for entering the power industry. These initiatives call for the creation of a new laboratory curriculum that uses microprocessor-based relays to reinforce the fundamental concepts of power system protection. This paper summarizes a laboratory system fit for this task and presents a set of proposed laboratory experiments to establish a new laboratory course at Cal Poly. The experiments expose students to the capabilities of industry-standard microprocessor-based relays through hands-on procedures that demonstrate common power system protection schemes. Relays studied in this project support transformer, transmission line, and induction motor protection. Keywords: power systems education, protection laboratory iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Cal Poly electrical engineering students Mr. Ian Hellman-Wylie and Mr. Joey Navarro provided indispensable assistance and support in designing, implementing, and testing the work described in this paper. The breadth and depth of the project scope accomplished in this paper would not have been realized without their help. Cal Poly professor Dr. Ali Shaban advised this project. I am very grateful to him for encouraging me to take on this project before his retirement. Dr. Shaban’s continual encouragement and support made this project a joy to work on. Cal Poly professors Dr. Taufik and Dr. Ahmad Nafisi gave valuable recommendations on preparing and presenting a conference paper summarizing this project. Cal Poly electrical engineering students Mr. Eric Osborn, Mr. Allen Scozzari, Ms. Amanda Barley, and Mr. Joshua Chung performed the proposed laboratory experiments in their initial stages. Their instrumental feedback allowed refining and restructuring the procedures included in this paper. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories made implementation of this work possible through ongoing equipment donations to the Cal Poly electrical engineering department. Mr. Roger P Baldevia, Jr., an application engineer with Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., assisted with establishing a communication connection between a human-machine interface (computer) and protective relays through an intermediate SEL2032 communications processor. Mr. Robin Jenkins, a senior application engineer with Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., assisted with establishing a communication connection between a human-machine interface (computer) and protective relays through an intermediate SEL3530 real-time automation controller. Mr. Jenkins also assisted with setting up the web interface of the real-time automation controller to display relay trip signals. Mr. Bill Cook, of San Diego Gas & Electric’s Grid Operations Division, assisted with troubleshooting the phasing of transformer line currents in a differential relay. The Cal Poly Electrical Engineering Department repeatedly provided tangible support for this project. Network analyst Mr. Rob Randle lent assistance in setting up software for the information processors. Equipment technician Mr. Jaime Carmo provided ring terminals and wire for connecting circuit components. Mr. Carmo also supplied acrylic sheets, project boxes, and banana jacks for construction of additional circuit breaker boxes. The department also subsidized my travel to a technical seminar put on by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Cal Poly manufacturing engineering student Mr. Steven Dallezotte fabricated the faceplates for seven additional circuit breaker boxes. v Liberty University Writing Center coach Ms. Jennifer Pretzer voluntarily edited this document. It is He who changes the times and the epochs; He removes kings and establishes kings; He gives wisdom to wise men And knowledge to men of understanding. It is He who reveals the profound and hidden things; He knows what is in the darkness, And the light dwells with Him. To You, O God of my fathers, I give thanks and praise, For You have given me wisdom and power; (Daniel 2:21-23b, NASB) Soli Deo Gloria! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Traditional Radial Distribution Systems ................................................................... 1 1.2 Microgrids as a Solution ........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Microgrid Protection Student Laboratory ................................................................. 4 Chapter 2: Customer Needs, Requirements, and Specifications......................................... 5 2.1 Customer Needs Assessment .................................................................................... 5 2.2 Requirements and Specifications .............................................................................. 6 Chapter 3: Protection Equipment Overview ..................................................................... 12 3.1 SEL Protection Equipment Introduction ................................................................. 12 3.2 SEL-311L: Transmission Line Protection .............................................................. 12 3.3 SEL-387E: Transformer Protection ........................................................................ 12 3.4 SEL-587: Transformer Protection........................................................................... 13 3.5 SEL-710: Motor Protection..................................................................................... 13 3.6 SEL-2032: Communications Processor .................................................................. 13 3.7 SEL-3530: Real-Time Automation Controller ....................................................... 14 3.8 SEL-2407: Satellite-Synchronized Clock ............................................................... 14 3.9 Circuit Breakers ...................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 4: Functional Decomposition .............................................................................. 18 4.1 Decomposition Overview ....................................................................................... 18 4.2 Functional Requirements – Level 0 ........................................................................ 19 4.3 Functional Requirements – Level 1 ........................................................................ 23 Chapter 5: Project Planning .............................................................................................. 28 5.1 Gantt Chart – Proposed Project Timelines.............................................................. 28 5.2 Cost Estimate .......................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 6: Introduction to the Radial Systems (Phase I) .................................................. 34 6.1 Radial System Design ............................................................................................. 34 6.2 Radial System Testing ............................................................................................ 38 Chapter 7: SEL-311L Overcurrent Protection .................................................................. 39 7.1 Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection Overview .................................................... 39 7.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 41 7.3 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 44 vii 7.4 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 45 7.5 Three-Phase Faults .................................................................................................. 46 7.6 Line-to-Line Faults ................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 8: SEL-311L Mho Distance Protection ............................................................... 48 8.1 Mho Distance Protection Overview ........................................................................ 48 8.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 51 8.3 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 53 8.4 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 54 8.5 Three-Phase Faults .................................................................................................. 55 8.6 Line-to-Line Faults ................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 9: SEL-387E Overcurrent Protection .................................................................. 57 9.1 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 57 9.2 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 58 9.3 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ................................................................................. 59 9.4 Three-Phase Faults .................................................................................................. 60 9.5 Line-to-Line Faults ................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 10: SEL-387E Differential Protection ................................................................. 62 10.1 Differential Protection Overview .......................................................................... 62 10.2 Differential Protection in a Microprocessor-Based Relay .................................... 65 10.3 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 67 10.4 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 70 10.5 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 73 10.6 Three-Phase Faults ................................................................................................ 75 10.7 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................... 77 Chapter 11: SEL-710 Overcurrent Protection................................................................... 80 11.1 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 80 11.2 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 81 11.3 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 82 11.4 Three-Phase Faults ................................................................................................ 83 11.5 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................... 84 Chapter 12: SEL-710 Undervoltage, Locked-Rotor, and Thermal Overload Protection . 85 12.1 Undervoltage Protection ....................................................................................... 85 12.2 Locked-Rotor Protection ....................................................................................... 87 12.3 Thermal Overload Protection ................................................................................ 88 viii Chapter 13: SEL-587 Overcurrent Protection................................................................... 89 13.1 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 89 13.2 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 90 13.3 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 91 13.4 Three-Phase Faults ................................................................................................ 92 13.5 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................... 93 Chapter 14: SEL-587 Differential Protection ................................................................... 94 14.1 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 94 14.2 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 96 14.3 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................... 98 14.4 Three-Phase Faults ................................................................................................ 99 14.5 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................. 101 Chapter 15: Radial System Relay Coordination ............................................................. 103 15.1 Demonstrating Coordination in a Radial System................................................ 103 15.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 106 15.3 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ........................................................................... 107 15.4 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 108 15.5 Three-Phase Faults .............................................................................................. 109 15.6 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................. 110 Chapter 16: Introduction to the Bidirectional System (Phase II) .................................... 111 16.1 Bidirectional System Design............................................................................... 111 16.2 Bidirectional System Operation .......................................................................... 114 Chapter 17: SEL-311L Pilot Protection .......................................................................... 115 17.1 Pilot Protection Overview ................................................................................... 115 17.2 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ........................................................................... 117 17.3 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 118 17.4 Three-Phase Faults .............................................................................................. 119 17.5 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................. 120 Chapter 18: Bidirectional System Relay Coordination ................................................... 121 18.1 Demonstrating Coordination in a Bidirectional System ..................................... 121 18.2 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 123 18.3 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults ........................................................................... 126 18.4 Triple-Line-to-Ground Faults ............................................................................. 128 18.5 Three-Phase Faults .............................................................................................. 130 ix 18.6 Line-to-Line Faults ............................................................................................. 132 Chapter 19: The Information Processors ........................................................................ 134 19.1 Information Processor Introduction .................................................................... 134 19.2 SEL-2032 Communications Processor ............................................................... 135 19.3 SEL-3530 Real-Time Automation Controller .................................................... 137 Chapter 20: Conclusion................................................................................................... 139 20.1 Difficulties Encountered ..................................................................................... 139 20.2 Recommended Future Work ............................................................................... 142 20.3 Analysis of Requirements ................................................................................... 144 References ....................................................................................................................... 145 APPENDICES Appendix A: Project Costs.............................................................................................. 148 Appendix B: Bidirectional System Three-Line Diagram ............................................... 149 Appendix C: SEL-311L Line 1 Settings ......................................................................... 151 Appendix D: SEL-311L Line 2 Settings ......................................................................... 169 Appendix E: SEL-387E Settings .................................................................................... 179 Appendix F: SEL-587 Settings ....................................................................................... 185 Appendix G: SEL-710 Settings ...................................................................................... 189 Appendix H: SEL-587 Differential Protection Procedure .............................................. 202 Appendix I: SEL-587 Overcurrent Protection Procedure ............................................... 219 Appendix J: SEL-710 Overcurrent and Undervoltage Protection Procedure ................. 233 Appendix K: SEL-311L Overcurrent Protection Procedure ........................................... 252 Appendix L: SEL-387E Differential Protection Procedure ............................................ 271 Appendix M: SEL-387E Overcurrent Protection Procedure .......................................... 289 Appendix N: Radial System Coordination Procedure .................................................... 304 Appendix O: ABET Senior Project Analysis.................................................................. 321 x
