Subido por Adrian Farinelli Hernandez

Charango Cavour

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18
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Nacimiento. Maestro de San Roque.
Asilo de ancianos. Potosí
19
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Detalle Ascensión del Señor. “Iglesia de Caquiaviri ”.
La Paz.
Angel en la Iglesia de la Recoleta. Sucre
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Detalle “La ascención del Señor”. Iglesia de Caquiaviri. La Paz
20
:A8=6G6C<D
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Sirena. Detalle del Carro Triunfal de la Iglesia Jesús de
Machaca. (J. Ramos 1703)
Foto: Teresa Gisbert
Juan Ramos. Sirena tocando Vihuela
grande. Detalle del cuadro apoteosis
de la Vírgen María. Iglesia de Guaqui.
La Paz. Foto: José D. Meza - Teresa
Gisbert
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21
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd
Detalle “La Muerte del pecador”. Lienzo existente
en la Iglesia de Caquiaviri, La Paz
“Muerte del Pecador”.
Maestro de Caquiaviri (1779). La Paz
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hZejZYZY^hi^c\j^gjcVk^]jZaVbjnVYdgcVYV!Vh†XdbddigdhZ_ZbeadhfjZhZ
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22
:A8=6G6C<D
Detalle: Angeles Músicos de la disputa del
Santísimo Sacramento del Altar.
Melchor Pérez de Olguín
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Dos detalles Angeles Músicos “Patrocinio de San José
(Gaspar Miguel de Berrío) 1737
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Angeles Músicos “Patrocinio de San José (Gaspar
Miguel de Berrío)
23
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Detalle: Angel tocando Vihuela. Santa Gertrudis.
(Gaspar Miguel de Berrío). Foto: Teresa Gisbert
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Detalle: Mapa del Cerro Rico de Potosí
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(Miguel Gaspar Berrío)
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Foto: William E. Centellas
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24
:A8=6G6C<D
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Detalle: Angel con vihuela pequeña. Virgen de Sabaya.
Luis niño. s. XVIII
25
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Portada de la Iglesia de San Lorenzo. s. XVIII. Potosí
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26
:A8=6G6C<D
Sirenas charanguistas. Detalles: Portada de la Iglesia de San Lorenzo. Potosí.
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:hiV ^bedcZciZ dWgV fjZ [jZgV eVggdfj^V Detalle: personaje Detalle: personaje
Arpa
tocando Vihuela de Arco
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Iglesia San Lorenzo Iglesia San Lorenzo
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27
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Iglesia Salinas de Yocalla. Potosí
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Sirenas charanguistas. Detalle: Portada Iglesia Salinas de Yocalla. Potosí
28
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Casa de la calle Nogales 1755. Potosí
Una de las sirenas tocando Vihuela Grande s.
XVIII Iglesia de la Merced. Sucre
Foto: William Ernesto Centellas
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La Virgen de Sabaya (Luis Niño). Casa Nacional de la
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Moneda. Potosí.
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30
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Sirenas charanguistas. Portada Catedral de Puno, Perú
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31
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Sirena tocando Vihuela Grande.
Presbiterio Iglesia Santiago de Pomata.
Foto: Teresa Gisbert s. XVIII
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32
Sirena tocando Vihuela de mano.
Sotacoro de la Iglesia de San Miguel de
Pomata, Perú. (2da. mitad del siglo XVIII)
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Dgjgd!AVEVo!Ejcd!8jhXd!6nVXjX]d]VhiVaaZ\VgV=jVcXVkZa^XV#:cWVhZV
adhXVb^cdhYZadh>cXVhXdchigjnZgdcadhVci^\jdhXVb^cdhYZ]ZggVYjgV#
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XVhZgd#
Ekeko. Periódico La Razón en el Cuarto.
Centenario de la Fundación de La Paz. 1948
Ekeko músico. Autor: Museo de Instrumentos
Musicales de Bolivia. La Paz. 1998
33
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El Ekeko, escultura en piedra. Autor: Víctor Zapana. La Paz. 1977
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49
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