Historia de Inglaterra

Reign:17 November 1558 – 24
March 1603
Coronation:15 January 1559
Predecessor:Mary I
Successor:James I
Real house:House of Tudor
Father:Henry VIII
Mother:Anne Boleyn
Born:7 September 1533
Died:24 March 1603
Burial:Westminster Abbey
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558
until her death. Many people called Elizabeth I The Virgin Queen (because
she never married), Gloriana and Good Queen Bess. Elizabeth I was the
sixth and final monarch of the Tudor dynasty. She reigned for 45 years
during a period marked by increases in English power and influence
worldwide. Elizabeth’s reign was referred to as the Elizabethan era or The
Golden Ege of Elizabeth. Her favourite motto was video et taceo;
In her nearly 45 years as monarch, she created only nine peerage
dignities, one earldom and seven baronies in the Peerage of England,
and one barony in the Peerage of Ireland. She also reduced the number
of Privy Counsellors for thirty-nine to nineteen, and later to fourteen.
Elizabeth was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of
England by his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Upon her birth,
Elizabeth was heir presumptive to the throne of England
despite having an older half sister, Mary; Mary wasn’t
considered by Henry VIII to be a legitimate heir because
Henry annulled his marriage to her mother, the Spanish
princess Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth, who was three
years old when her mother died, was declared illegitimate
and lost the litle of Princess. After Anne’s death, she was
addressed as Lady Elizabeth and lived separately from her
father as he married his succession of wives. In 1537, her
father’s third wife Jane Seymour, gave birth to a son:
Prince Edward. Elizabeth was resourceful, determined, and
exceedingly intelligent. She loved learning for its own sake.
Elizabeth did not live with her step-mother for long.
Catherine died of puerperal fever after childbirth on 5
September 1548. Elizabeth was then moved to Hatfield.
Mary I contracted a marriage with Prince Philip of Spain
(later King Philip II), seeking to strengthen the Catholic
influence in England. Following a moderate start to her
reign, the Catholic Mary opted for a hard line against
Protestants, whom she regarded as heretics and a threat to
her authority.
In November 1558, upon Queen Mary's death, Elizabeth
ascended the throne. She was far more popular than Mary,
and it is said that after Mary's death the people rejoiced in
the streets. Legend has it Elizabeth was sitting beneath an
oak tree reading the Greek Bible at Hatfield when she was
informed of her succession to the throne. During her
procession to the throne, she was welcomed
wholeheartedly by the common people, who performed
plays and read poetry exclaiming her beauty and
intelligence. Elizabeth's coronation was on 15 January
1559. She was 25 years old. One of the most important
concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion.
Elizabeth ratified the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
established on April 3 1559, bringing peace with France.
She adopted a principle of "England for the English". Her
other realm, Ireland, was dealt with differently. The English
customs enforced in Ireland were unpopular with its
inhabitants, as were her religious policies. Soon after her
accession, many questioned whom Elizabeth would marry.
Her reason for never marrying is unclear. There was also
the story that she would only marry one man, Robert
Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, with whom she was rumoured
to be deeply in love and whom she appointed her Master of
the Queen’s Horse
Although Elizabeth is referred to as the "Virgin Queen", because
she never married, it is unclear whether she was literally a virgin.
While a King was expected to keep a mistress or concubine it
would have been politically dangerous for a woman to behave in
the same manner. The sexuality of the sovereign was as important
to the national psyche then as in her father's time — though in a
very different way. Playwright Ben Jonson remarked that the
queen had "a membranum, and was incapable of Man" and that a
friend, "a chirurgeon" had offered to remove the stubborn hymen
with his trusty scalpel, but that Elizabeth demurred. Most
prominent historians agree that she was a physical virgin because
of a combination of psychological conditioning, avoidance of
pregnancy and disease, threat of religious disfavor, possible
spiritual consequences, and loss of political power. However,
rumors of affairs abounded, one of the most enduring being with
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. In 1575 she was closely
associated with the Earl of Sild's teenage son who blossomed
under her patronage and remained a loyal companion to her until
her death.
The Queen found a dangerous rival in her Catholic
cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who was the wife of
the French King Francis II. In 1559, Mary had
declared herself Queen of England with French
support. In Scotland, Mary Stuart's mother, Mary
of Guise attempted to cement French influence by
providing army fortification against English
aggression. Though Mary vehemently refused to
ratify the treaty, it had the desired effect, and
French influence was greatly reduced in Scotland.
In France, meanwhile, conflict between the
Catholics and the Huguenots led to the outbreak
of the French Wars of Religion. Elizabeth secretly
gave aid to the Huguenots. She made peace with
France in 1564, agreeing to give up her claims to
the last English possession on the French
mainland, Calais, after the defeat of an English
expedition at Le Havre.
Catholicism had been restored under Mary I, but Elizabeth
claimed to be Protestant, and thus wanted to create a
Protestant Church. Parliament was summoned in 1559 to
consider the Reformation Bill and to create a new Church.
The Bill met heavy resistance in the House of Lords, as
Catholic bishops as well as the lay peers voted against it.
They butchered much of the Bill, changed the litany to allow
for a transubstantial belief in the Communion and refused to
grant Elizabeth the title of Supreme Head of the Church. The
Act of Supremacy confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor
of the Church of England, as opposed to the Supreme Head.
Supreme Governor was a suitably equivocal phrasing that
made Elizabeth head of the church without ever saying she
was, important because in the sixteenth century, it was felt
that women could not rule a church. After Parliament was
dismissed, Elizabeth, along with William Cecil, drafted what
are known as the Royal Injunctions. Elizabeth never changed
the Religious Settlement despite Protestant pressure to do so
and it is in fact the 1559 Settlement that forms much of the
basis of today's Church of England.
In 1579, the Second Desmond Rebellion began in Ireland with the arrival of an invading force funded by Pope
Gregory XIII; but by 1583, the rebellion had been put down after a brutal campaign waged by fire, sword and
famine, in which a large part of the population of the then County Desmond, the north-western part of the province
of Munster died. Also in 1580, Philip II annexed Portugal, and with the Portuguese throne came the command of
the high seas. After the assassination of the Dutch Stadholder William I, England began to side openly with the
United Provinces of the Netherlands, who were at the time rebelling against Spanish rule. Mary was put on trial for
treason by a court of about 40 noblemen, including Catholics, presided over by England's Chief of Justice, Sir
John Popham. Mary denied the accusation, and remonstrated that she was denied the opportunity of reviewing
the evidence or her papers that had been removed from her, that she had been denied access to legal counsel and
that she had never been an English subject and therefore could not be convicted of treason. Mary had left Philip
her claim to the English throne; under force of the threat from Elizabeth's policies in the Netherlands and the East
Atlantic, Philip set out his plans for an invasion of England. In April 1587, Sir Francis Drake burned part of the
Spanish fleet at Cádiz, delaying Philip's plans. In July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a grand fleet of 130 ships
bearing over 30,000 men, set sail in the expectation of conveying a Spanish invasion force under the command of
the Duke of Parma across the English Channel from the Netherlands. The Spanish attempt was defeated by the
English fleet under Lord High Admiral Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham, aided by inclement
weather. The Armada was forced to return to Spain, with appalling losses on the North and West coasts of Ireland.
The victory tremendously increased Elizabeth's popularity, but it proved far from decisive, and an ambitious strike
against Spain in the following year ended in complete failure. Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after
the Spanish took Calais. Then she authorised an attack on the Azores in 1597, but the attempt was a disastrous
failure. Further battles continued until 1598, when France and Spain finally made peace. The Anglo-Spanish War
reached a stalemate after Philip II died later in the year. In part because of the war, Raleigh and Gilbert's overseas
colonisation attempts came to nothing, and the English settlement of North America was stalled, until James I
negotiated peace in the Treaty of London, 1604.
This period had begun with the repulsion of the Spanish
Armada, which secured Elizabeth's authority as a Protestant
monarch; it ended with the melancholy of old age and the
increasing cynicism of a Court that had grown stale. The
Queen's health remained good until the autumn of 1602,
when a series of losses among her remaining friends
appeared to throw her into a melancholy. In her depression,
she was lethargic and silent, quite unlike her usual brisk
manner. Her behaviour became eccentric. She stood
upright, without relief, for two days, silent, with her finger
held in her mouth like a tired child. It was as if she knew
that, lying down, she would not rise again. The will of Henry
VIII had declared that Elizabeth was to be succeeded by the
descendants of his younger sister, Mary Tudor, Duchess of
Suffolk, rather than by the Scottish descendants of his elder
sister, Margaret Tudor. If the will were upheld, then Elizabeth
would have been succeeded by Lady Anne Stanley.
Elizabeth's death on March 24, 1603; heralding the end of
the Tudor Dynasty and the start of the reign of the House of
Stuart in the Kingdom of England. James I's proclamation
broke precedent because it was issued not by the new
sovereign himself but by a Council of Accession, as James
was in Scotland at the time.
Elizabeth I used the official style "Elizabeth,
by the Grace of God, Queen of England,
France and Ireland, Fidei defensor, etc."
Whilst most of the style matched the styles
of her predecessors, Elizabeth I was the
first to use "etc.". Elizabeth's arms were the
same as those used by Henry IV: Quarterly,
Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France)
and Gules three lions passant guardant in
pale Or (for England). Whilst her Tudor
predecessors had used a gold lion and a
red dragon as heraldic supporters,
Elizabeth used a gold lion and a gold
dragon. Elizabeth adopted one of her
mother's mottoes, Semper Eadem.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen:Elizabeth1England.jpg
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen:Elizabeth_I_of_England_-_coronation_portrait.jpg
http://www.sitographics.com/enciclog/banderas/europa/image/irlanda.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PrincessElizabethTudor.jpg
http://www.delsolmedina.com/Afotos/CoronaIsabelM.jpg
http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/rbeliz01.jpg
http://www.almargen.com.ar/wp-content/imagenes/2006/07/mapa_escocia.jpg
http://www.worldflags.es/ampliaciones/322aESPANA%201978XS.jpg
http://www.latercera.cl/showjpg/0,,1_158595418_165,00.jpg
http://www.ciudadrealiman.com/WEB2001/WEBTIENDA/fotos/ARMAS/Ballesta.JPG
http://spanish.khukriwala.com/pcat-gifs/categories/axes-ind.jpg