CHAPTER 1 Index Page numbers in bold, e.g. 388, indicate figures or tables aboriginal 22 Aboriginal Australians 559 abscess see dental abscess Acanthocephala 159 Ackerknecht, E. H. 3 acromegaly 410 actinomycetes 139 actinomycosis 262 Activation–Resorption–Formation (ARF) cycle 83–85 active hyperemia 230, 232, 235, 229, 495 activity (reconstruction) 531–533 see also stress indicators cross-sectional bone geometry see cross-sectional bone geometry enthesial changes see enthesial changes history of 533–534 osteoarthritis see joint disease: osteoarthritis adaptation of bone tissue 60, 76, 77, 79, 82, 227, 228, 495 theory 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 174, 297, 504–506 adults (adulthood) 30, 44, 61, 63, 81, 82, 195, 229, 262, 427 and activity reconstruction 536, 541 and age-at-death determination 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 280, 281 and clinical science 292, 293 and dental health 572 and DNA 142 in epidemiology 117, 118, 123, 124 and historical sources 317 and joint disease 516, 521, 529 and leprosy 466 and metabolic diseases 403, 404, 406, 407, 410 mummies 156, 159, 160, 161 parasites 178 and trauma 367, 370 and tuberculosis 437, 438 Africa (African) 38, 42, 177, 181, 182, 195, 220, 221, 239, 522 and dental disease 555, 563, 566, 567 and leprosy 459, 462 and treponematoses 476, 477, 480, 481 and tuberculosis 438, 439, 441, 442, 445, 447 African American 30, 59, 405 African sleeping sickness 181 afterlife 18 age-at-death determination 9, 61, 116, 544 accuracy 268–269, 274, 275, 538 approaches to 271, 269–272, 275, 299 of categories (intervals) 269, 273, 280 and degenerative joint disease 350 and health index 295 of mummies 155, 161, 327 problems with 272–275, 279 A Companion to Paleopathology, First Edition. Edited by Anne L. Grauer. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Grauer_bindex.indd 582 9/8/2011 1:13:51 PM INDEX and rickets 264 techniques for adults 270 Calibrated Expert Inference 274 dental development 270 dental wear analysis 557, 558 epiphysial fusion 270 histological 239 for juveniles 270 maximum likelihood age estimates 274 multifactorial and complex methods 271, 273 Transition Analysis 271, 273, 274, 280 using pubic symphysis 269, 272, 273, 274 using sacro-iliac joint 273, 274 using X-rays 327 ageing 78, 408, 423, 542, 545 agriculture 38, 66, 68, 99, 114, 116, 119, 124 effects of 47, 124, 198, 503, 554 AIDS 195, 237 ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) see imaging (techniques) Alaska 134, 153 mummies see mummies tuberculosis 439 Albania 142 Albers–Schonberg disease (marble bone disease) 233 amelogenesis imperfecta 555, 560, 565 American see United States American Anthropological Association (AAA) 20 American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) 22 Code of Ethics 20 Americas see New World amputation 157, 361 see also trauma Anasazi culture 28, 178 Anatolia see Turkey ancient DNA (aDNA) see DNA Ancylostoma duodenale 159 anemia 42, 79, 115, 246, 264, 296, 403 causes of 44, 115, 178, 179, 293, 406, 466 classification of 263 diagnosis of 251, 246, 256, 258, 263 effects on bone 44, 79, 255, 258, 291, 293, 406–407, 466 hereditary (congenital hemolytic anemias) 159, 290–292, 407 sickle cell 231, 246, 290, 382 thalassemia 251, 290–292, 382 iron-deficiency (acquired) 178, 292, 293 megaloblastic 263, 293 Angel, J. Lawrence 59, 159, 251, 402 angioglomic system 231 angioma 426 Anglo-Saxon 64 animal 66, 67 see also zooarchaeology Grauer_bindex.indd 583 583 care and treatment 203–204 domestication 197–198 exploitation 199–203 husbandry 201–203 paleopathology history of 192–193 problems in 193–194 riding 200–201 selective breeding 204–205 Animal Pathology Working Group (APWG) 193 ankylosing spondylitis see joint disease anthracosilicosis 161 anthracosis 161, 163 anthrax 197 anthropological approach 3 anthropometry 37 antibiotics 30, 68, 143, 482 antibodies 154, 158, 162, 179, 235, 462 antigens 179, 413 Antiquities Act of 1906 21 archaeobotany 171, 173 archaeoentomology 171 archaeological (archaeology) 3, 4, 8, 9, 18 excavation/technique 3, 60–62 law 20–26 “new archaeology” see new archeology Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 21 archaeopalynology 171 archaeoparasitology 68 see also paleoparasitology and parasitology history of 171–177 archaeozoology see animal and zooarchaeology archers 66 Argentina 25 arrow wound see trauma arsenic poisoning 163 arthritis see joint disease arthropathies see joint disease artistic representation 67 Ascaris (ascariasis) 134, 163, 172 Ascaris lumbricoides 159, 173, 175, 176 aspiration (accidental) 157 Athens 143 atherosclerosis 160, 161, 162, 163 Australia 25, 153, 367, 559 Australopithecus afarensis 563, 565, 573 Australopithecus africanus 563, 565, 573 Austria(n) 253, 331, 368, 439 autolysis 161 autopsy 106, 134, 154, 155, 161, 217, 228, 228, 237, 246, 320, 495, 499 avascular necrosis 231 bacteria (bacterial) 1, 61, 88, 133, 140, 234 Barker Hypothesis 43, 568 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM 584 INDEX Bartonella bacilliformis 158 basic multicellular unit (BMU) 83–85 bejel see treponematosis Belgium 164, 175, 199 Beyes’ theorem 272 bias 9, 19, 24, 25, 29, 30,45, 48, 60, 61, 62, 98, 121, 123, 126, 153, 182, 194, 217, 238, 269 Big Bone Cave, Tennessee 173 bioarchaeology approach 38, 39, 45, 49, 176, 60, 99, 109, 349, 409, 435, 440, 443, 449, 492, 522, 532 ethics 20–25 laws 20–25 in parasitology 170 biochemistry 4, 26, 558 biocultural approach 35–45, 285, 294, 296, 298 bioethics 17 biomechanics 39, 563 biphasic hyperemias 230 bison 141, 196, 205, 206 Bison bonasus 205 Black Death 42, 43, 123, 128, 143, 195 see also plague Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 19 body modification (mutilation) 2, 28, 65, 368 see also trauma bog (bodies ) 153, 159 bone cell types see osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes composition of 228, 232 ethical issues using 26–27 formation 46, 77–86, 106, 194, 197, 200–202, 383 see also bone formation and disease lamellar 239, 290, 492, 494, 496, 502 mineralization 77, 80, 233, 234, 262, 336, 406, 407 morphogenesis 384–387 remodeling 76–90, 228, 229, 231–233, 261, 287, 366, 401, 402, 423, 428, 429, 464, 494, 500, 506, 537, 538 repair 77, 82, 86, 89, 90, 228, 230, 230, 232–233, 234, 235, 244, 262, 325, 493, 494, 514 resorption 46, 77–90, 117, 229, 230, 278, 287, 289, 291, 292, 402, 406, 408, 461, 462, 464, 523, 526, 560 sample 26, 245, 246, 334, 436, 447, 467 terminology, for abnormalities see terminology for bone abnormalities Grauer_bindex.indd 584 types compact (dense) 152, 255 lamellar 239, 290, 492, 494, 502 trabecular (spongy) 82, 84, 242, 253, 257, 287, 289, 334, 386, 406 woven 117. 152, 194, 253, 254, 255 bone formation and disease 88–90, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 254–255, 256, 257, 258–262, 289, 294, 295, 401–410, 435, 436, 443, 492, 494–495 bone mineral density (BMD) 290, 406, 463, 505 Bosnia 30 Britain see United Kingdom Brodie’s abscess 230 Broca, Paul 19 Broken Hill 1 563 Bronze Age 439 brucellosis (Brucella) 41, 133, 134, 142, 197, 265, 435 Brucella abortus 142, 197 Brucella canis 142 Brucella melitensis 142 Brucella suis 142 cross-infection 197 bubonic plague see plague and Yersinia pestis burial issues 64, 194 butchery 193, 194 Byzantine 63 cadavers 19 cadmium calcitonin 77, 78, 81, see also hormones calcium phosphate 77, 104 calculus 158, 554, 556, 560, 561, 562, 567 CAM plants 100, 103 camels 197 camp fever 312 Campylobacter 524 Canada 25, 68, 163, 221, 477 Candida albicans 159 cannibalism 28, 361, 368 Canyon de Chelly 68, 179 Canary Islands 153, 571, 572 cancer 41, 80, 90, 161, 235, 251, 258, 359, 435 see also tumors bone 236–237 breast 90, 426 carcinoma 162, 163, 254, 258, 265, 426 cervical 137 colorectal 162 metastatic (carcinoma) 81, 90, 158, 230, 237, 254, 257, 421, 423, 425, 426–427, 429, 430, 431 multiple myeloma 81, 257, 259, 427, 431 prostate 90, 254, 421 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM INDEX sarcoma 229, 237, 236, 252, 254, 421, 425, 427, 429, 496 urinary bladder 158 carbon (C3) 100, 103, 105 carbon (C4) 100, 102, 103, 105 14 C dating see radiocarbon dating carbon 13 (δ13C) 99, 100, 103, 105, 107 carcinoma see tumor and cancer carcinogen (carcinogenic) 162 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 162 cardiovascular disease 41, 163 caries see dentition: caries caries sicca 255, 257, 258, 482–483 carnivores 194 carpal tunnel syndrome 532 Carrion’s disease 158, 163 case studies 296, 299–302, 366 clinical 300 history of 3, 36, 47, 298 in paleopathology 3, 5, 36, 41, 47, 49, 299–302 and tumors 427–431 case control studies 299 catastrophic death assemblages 123 cattle 195–196, 197, 199, 202 Cebus 206 cell, bone 227 types see osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes cemetery (cemeteries) 61, 62, 118, 119 and leprosaria see leprosaria samples 115, 118, 122, 269, 319 Chagas disease 41, 134, 159, 163, 174, 216, 220 Chamorro, Guam 66 Charcot joint 230, 475, 479 cherubism 139 child abuse 361, 367 children 30, 60, 63, 65, 106, 117, 258, 279, 319, 328, 367, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410, 427, 441, 474, 498, 569, see also infant, juveniles, and subadult childbirth 64 childhood 44, 63, 117, 158, 237, 255, 261, 279, 296, 370, 382, 402, 407, 435, 466, 538, 568 Chile 65, 153, 158, 159, 161, 163, 174, 198, 368, 439 China 153, 413, 439 Chinese liver flukes 171 Chlamydia cholera 313 chondroblastomas 236, 237, 425 chondrosarcomas 236, 237, 423, 425, 426–427 chondroma 425, 426 Christian remains 26 cirrhosis 163 classification (of disease) 3, 7, 262–263 clinical sciences 298, 300 cleft palate 233, 388, 392, 477 Grauer_bindex.indd 585 585 Clostridium 524 clubfoot 157, 233 Codman’s triangle 427, 429, 430 coevolution 49, 143, 144, 183, 435, 446, 486 collagen 77, 81, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 228, 231, 233, 236, 258, 262, 383, 403, 407, 538, 540 Colles’ fracture 370, 408 Columbian hypothesis 301, 479, 480 computerized axial tomography see imaging (techniques) computerized tomography (CT) see imaging (techniques) confocal microscopy (confocal laser scanning microscope CLSM) see imaging (techniques) congenital abnormalities 157, 215, 233 see also developmental disorders in animals 205 congenital haemolytic anemias see anemia contrast resolution see imaging (techniques) Copan 65 coprolites 69, 159, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178 coronary artery disease see atherosclerosis Cowboy Wash, Colorado 29 cows see cattle cranial perforations 204–205 craniology 36, 217 craniometrics 19, 362, 381 craniostenosis 261 cremation 194 cretinism see development: defects crested chickens 205 cribra orbitalia 43, 297, 344, 345, 406, 407, 465, 466, see also anemia interpretation of 406–407 Crohn’s disease 526 cross-infection 196, 197 cross-sectional bone geometry 531, 536, 537–538 methodology 542–543 crucifixion 361 Cryptocotyle lingua 160 CAT (CT) imaging see imaging (techniques) CUHR (Culturally Unidentifiable Human Remains) 24–25 cultural (culture) affiliation 22–25 identity 64 modification of bone 290 Cunningham debate see diagnosis cut marks 320, 360, 361 cysticercosis 159, 163 cystic fibrosis 402, 412–413 cysts 62, 159, 173, 177, 256, 258, 287, 423, 426, 428, 429, 430, 532, 556 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM 586 INDEX data 7 collection (recording) 46–47, 295, 297, 339, 340–344 analysis 340, 344, 347–352 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) 350 limitations (issues) 295, 343, 347, 349 inventory 344–347 qualitative vs. quantitative 296–299 storage 353 types of 297 decapitation 232, 361 degenerative joint disease see joint disease demography (paleodemography) 45, 63, 154, 272, 275, 281 Denmark (Danish) 3, 298, 428, 429, 439, 465,466 dentition (dental) abscess 116, 158, 159, 342, 343, 554, 556, 559, 560, 56l, 562, 563, 567 and age-at-death determination see age-at-death determination and agriculture 565–568 antemortem tooth loss 342, 561 caries 106, 107, 561, 559, 566 and diet 554, 559, 565 cultural modification of 361, 559 developmental anomalies (defects) 554 disease 3, 87, 116, 124, 264, 295, 562 in animals 192 in archaeological populations 560 classification of 556, 555–557 differential diagnosis 215 in early hominins 563 etiologies of 559–563 study of 556, 557–563 enamel hypoplasias see enamel hypoplasias etiology 568–571 forensic identification and 554 genetic and developmental anomalies 571–572 injury (trauma) 360 and pregnancy 570 recording of 341–343, 342, 343 sex differences in 280, 570 wear 68, 280, 342, 343, 561, 557, 565 in animals 201 development (developmental) of bone tissue 383 defects (disorders) 319 classification of 381–382, 387 of the cranium 233, 388 dwarfism 233, 382, 383 achondroplastic 233, 259, 260, 383 cretinism 259 pituitary 260, 410 dysplasias 259 see also dysplasias and genes 382–384 Grauer_bindex.indd 586 gigantism 261 history of study 380–382 of lower limbs 391 morphometrics and 387–397 spina bifida 157, 391 of the ribs and sternum 390 of upper limbs 390 of vertebrae 398 morphogenetics 384–387, 398, 528 diabetes 50, 220, 402, 408, 413–414, 482 diabetic osteopathy 230 diagnosis 2, 229–230 and museum specimens 286 accuracy of 238, 301, 364 criteria for 3, 46, 285–294 Cunningham debate 314–315 error rate in 265 manuals 286 modern biological 313, 317, 320 problems with 228, 263–264, 286 social 313–314, 320 using radiography 286, 287 diarrhea 69, 179 Dicrocoelium flukes 172 diet 3, 42, 50, 62, 64, 68, 138, 173, 179, 220, 235, 240, 258, 259, 260, 263, 296, 422, 437, 505, 528, 544, 554, 567, 569, 571 see also food, nutrition, and subsistence and dental disease see dentition and infection disease 67–68, 441–442 marine 100–104, 567 and metabolism 403, 405, 406, 408, 414 reconstruction of 30, 63, 97–99, 105–108, 155, 204, 553, 569 and stable isotopes 99–104 terrestrial (plants) 100, 108, 155 differential diagnosis 3, 7, 46, 117, 215–216, 239, 340 issues with 215–217 using historical documents 317, 318 using historical illustrations 318–319 differential mortality see mortality diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) 293, 441, 524, 538 Dioctophymale 176 dislocation 360, 361 see also trauma disarticulation 193 disease anomalies 233 biochemical basis of 402 categories 228–237, 230 definitions of 313–314 dental see dentition diagnosis see diagnosis distribution 152 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM INDEX evolution of 98, 115, 140, 145, 152,159, 162, 176, 180–182, 219–220, 238, 324, 412, 414, 444, 445, 467, 479–480, 485 frequency 62, 63, 64, 122, 123, 125, 126, 196, 198, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 325, 340, 345, 362, 364, 397, 405, 407, 412, 436, 438, 444, 447, 466, 482, 493, 503, 515–519, 520, 523, 528, 532, 540, 554, 555–558, 565–572 historical descriptions of see historical documents infectious see infectious disease inflammation and immunity 234–236 innervation and mechanical 231–232 likelihood 125 metabolic 233–234 neoplastic 236–237 susceptibility 43, 63, 65, 87, 116, 143, 144, 145, 342, 368, 443, 444, 445, 447, 476, 479, 569 trauma and repair 232–233 vascular 230 dissection 18–19 DNA 42–43, 116, 214, 216, 221 amplification 135, 136, 137 in animals 197, 207 bacterial 137 of Brucella cloning 136 contamination 135, 136 and cystic fibrosis 412–413 and diabetes mellitus 413–414 degredation 135, 136, 139 and endocrine and metabolic diseases 411–414 ethics 26–27 eukaryotic 135, 139 in histology 241, 246–247 issues and problems 445–446 of Mycobacteria 135, 139, 218, 444–448, 459, 467 in parasitology 170, 174, 179, 180–181 pinworm 173 preservation 137, 139 prokaryotic 135, 139 protocol 136–138 sequencing 136 standards 135 of treponematoses 481, 484 of Trypanosoma cruzi 174 dogs 194 treatment and care of 203–204 documents see historical documents domestic abuse see trauma domestication 98 of animals 197–198 Grauer_bindex.indd 587 587 effects on animals 198–203 effects on human health 198–199 Down’s syndrome 215 Dudley Castle 199, 200 dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) see imaging (techniques) dwarfism see development: defects| dysentery 312–313 dysplasia 382, 383 see also developmental disorders E.coli see Escherichia coli Ebers Papyrus 413, 421 Ebola 197 Ecuador 198 eburnation 67, 258, 287, 514, 518 ectoparasites 181, 182 echinococcus 235 ecological approach 38–39, 99 ecology (paleoecology 42, 170 ectoparasites 173 edentulism 563 Egyptian (Egypt) 65, 67, 68, 179, 413, 431 animal mummies 201 medical papyri 152, 421 mummies (mummification) see mummies and tuberculosis 438, 447 ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 179 embalming 156, 164, 335 embalmer’ fractures 157 embolization 161 enamel hypoplasia 42, 43, 116, 117, 215, 264, 279, 294, 295, 317, 345, 402, 441, 505, 561 see also dental disease in animals 197, 198, 206 endemic syphilis see treponematosis: endemic syphilis endocrine diseases 7, 409–411 and DNA studies see DNA system 77, 409 endoparasites 180, 182 endosteum 77, 80 endosymbionts 180 England see United Kingdom Entamoeba histolytica 159, 179 Enterobius vermicularis 159, 173 enteropathic arthropathy see joint disease entheseal change and physical activity 534–535, 542 classifications of 535 etiology 537–538, 540–541 recording of 535–536, 541–542 enthesopathy see entheseal change environment 4, 8, 30, 35–41, 44, 48, 49, 59, 63–66, 97, 99, 102, 138, 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM 588 INDEX environment (cont’d) 139, 216, 294, 324, 331, 361, 367, 404, 405, 413, 414, 421, 432, 437, 433, 460, 477, 478, 504, 538, 561 adaptation (evolution) 5, 142, 172, 173, 180–182, 366, 382, 411, 479, 485 change 3, 35, 50, 60, 66, 68, 144, 194, 421 reconstruction 51, 65, 155, 171, 175, 176, 178, 179, 206– 207, 214, 217, 286, 302, 362, 407, 409, 445 eosinophilic granuloma 431 epidemic(s) 118, 133, 135, 138, 152, 312 epidemiology (epidemiological) approach 35, 40, 43, 362 epidermal inclusion cyst 256, 258 epigenetics 6, 382 epistasis 6 erosive osteoarthritis see joint disease Escherichia coli (E. coli) 139 Eskimo 155, 158, 160, 405 estrogen 77, 78, 85, 88, 89 see also hormones ethics 221 and aDNA 30 and biomedicine 28 and bone tissue 26–27 and diseases 27–28 and violence 28–29 codes of 19–20 history of 18–20 issues involving human remains 20–26 ethnic groups 64 Europe (European) 3, 143, 153, 172, 442, 480 evolution (evolutionary) approach 4–6, 10, 28, 34–46, 67, 170 Ewing’s sarcoma 255, 425, 427, 429, 495 facies leprosa see leprosy Fasciola hepatica 172 females 64, 65, 104, 124, 205, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 319, 350, 351, 352, 362, 441, 437, 461, 522, 528, 572 feminism (feminist) 366 fetal 44, 259, 388, 389, 478 fibroblasts 77, 229 fibrosarcoma 424, 425, 427 fingernails 106 fishing 66 fistula 61, 230 fleas 173, 177, 182, 183 flu see influenza folic acid 263, 293, 382, 407 food 3, 64, 119, 554 see also diet foot binding 64, 361 forensic 2, 23, 28, 30, 246, 276, 277, 360, 365, 370, 554 fractures see trauma Grauer_bindex.indd 588 frailty 43, 63, 64, 65, 121, 123, 436, 504 France 316, 439 frostbite 157, 163 funerals 64 fungi (fungus, fungal) 61, 182 diseases 234 spores 136 infection 142, 159, 262 Funnel Beaker Culture 413 gall stones 62 gastroenteritis 313 Gaucher’s disease 231 gender 64, 276, 366, 367 see also sex gene (genetic, genome) 4, 5, 6, 18, 20, 35, 37, 38, 45, 115, 215, 220, 221, 251, 259, 262, 269, 276, 300, 342, 422, 545, see also DNA and mutation and animal paleopathology 195, 205 and dentition 553, 554, 555, 556, 559, 561, 565, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573 and developmental disorders 380, 381, 382–384, 387, 393, 398 and DNA studies 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143–145 and entheseal change 540 and histology 231, 232, 233, 246 and joint disease 519, 520, 537, 538 and leprosy 459, 460, 462, 463 and metabolic and endocrine diseases 402, 406, 409, 410, 412, 413–414 and molecular biology 77, 78, 79, 80 and paleoparasitology 180, 183 and treponematoses 472, 473, 476, 479, 480, 481, 484 and tuberculosis 437, 442, 445, 446, 447 Germany 141, 171, 447 giant cell tumor 240, 425, 426 Giardia 173 intestinalis 179 lamblia 179 gigantism 261, 410 see also development and endocrine disease Global History of Health Project 40, 264, 344, 347, 348, 364, 405, 441, 533 goats 196, 204 Gompertz mortality model 127 Gotland 67 gout see joint disease granuloma 256 grave(s) 21, 60, 61 Great Britain see United Kingdom 25, 26 Greek medical practitioners 17 growth 77, 239 see also stature disorders 7 see also developmental disorders 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM INDEX disruption (arrest) 5, 41 see also enamel hypoplasia and developmental disorders hormone 261 Guatemala 30 H1N1 see influenza Hackett, C. J. 472, 482, 483 hair 106 Hamman–Todd Collection 137, 217 Hansen’s disease see leprosy Harris lines 152, 279, 317, 405, 505 head lice see lice heirloom parasites 43, 172 Helicobacter pylori 134, 137 helminthes 171, 178 hemangioma 426, 430, 430 hemorrhage 494 hematoma 234, 258, 429 hepatic fibrosis 156 hepatitis B 134, 143 Herculaneum 68 hidden heterogeneity 6 see also frailty Hierakonpolis 67 hip dysplasia 205, 391, 396 Hippocrates 359, 421, 527 histiocytoma 163 histology (histological) 2, 3, 240, 289, 290, 494 issues in 241–244 in mummies 154, 155, 161, 162 in dry bone 289 in paleopathology 221, 239–240 techniques 42, 238–241, 244–245 histopathologists 289 histoplasmosis 159 historical documents (records) 63, 116, 152, 319–320 illustrations in 318–319 and differential diagnosis 312 and periosteal reaction 495 primary (original) sources 311–313, 315–318, 318 problems with 316–318, 318 secondary sources 311–312 history of paleopathology 1–4, 34–45, 59 HIV 143, 441 Hodgkin’s disease 425 homeostasis 79, 80, 81, 84, 85 Homo erectus 411, 420, 563, 572 Homo ergaster 563 Homo floresiensis 215, 564, 563, 572 hookworm 159, 172, 173, 177 origin of 177–178, 181 Hooton, Earnest 2, 36, 59, 296, 341–343, 342, 343, 362 hormones 77, 78, 83, 494 horses 197, 200–201, 202 Grauer_bindex.indd 589 589 HrdliČka, Aleš 59, 420 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 525, 526 Hungary 142, 143, 439, 446, 447, 459, 570 hunting-gathering 66, 99, 104, 116, 118, 124, 129, 174, 198, 565 hyperemia see active hyperemia and passive hyperemia Hypericum 69 hyperostosis frontalis interna 410–411 hyperoxia 494 hyperpituitarism 409 see also endocrine: diseases hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy 230 see also joint disease hypobiosis 178 Iceman, The 136, 162 imaging (techniques) 214, 288 ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) 326 benefits to paleopathology 336 contrast resolution 326 computerized tomography (CT) 137, 139, 161, 162, 180, 238, 328–329, 543, 544 in paleopathology 221, 328, 329 micro CT 330, 329 confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 245, 333–334, 335 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 139, 238, 330–331, 335, 545 and mummies 154–155, 162, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334 nuclear magnetic resonance 332–333 problems with 325–326 quality of 326–327, 335 radiography 325 and arthropathies 515, 517, 526 and periosteal reaction 495 problems with 286, 288 terahertz imaging 334–335, 335 and trauma 364 and tumors 425–426 X-rays 287–290, 325, 326, 327–328, 411, 423, 425, 426, 427, 429, 497, 518, 520, 528 and DNA 137, 138, 139, 140, 328 and mummies 157, 158, 160, 162, 327 immune, immunology (immunological) 1, 6, 19, 43, 46, 64, 68, 77, 81, 85–91, 105, 139, 140–142, 162, 179, 180, 230, 234–236, 258, 262, 366, 414, 436, 441, 442, 462, 467, 473, 476, 493 Inca 367 India 413, 566, 570 infant 60, 61, 105–106, 141, 179, 234, 252, 255, 271, 280, 319, 361, 388, 389, 393, 403, 405, 410, 484, 496, 498, 499 infanticide 61, 319, 361 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM 590 INDEX infarction 156, 161, 231, 234, 235 infection 1, 115, 194, 205, 235, 251, 258, 264, 493–494 bone reaction to 245, 501 infectious disease 7, 35, 40, 45, 47, 50, 51, 64, 66–68, 86–88, 99, 105, 117, 135, 138–140, 158, 176, 179, 181, 183, 195, 196, 207, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 240, 243, 251, 255, 259, 262, 263, 265, 270, 296, 312, 317, 318, 325, 328, 360, see also individual diseases inflammation (inflammatory) 235, 235, 255, 493–494, 513 inflammatory bowel disease 251 influenza 42, 134, 143, 162, 164, 265 swine (H1N1) 135, 191, 195 informed consent 26 injury see trauma insects 61, 158, 180, 353, 423, 477 instruments (medical) 69 International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ) 193 interpersonal violence 2, 67, 364, 366, 367 see also trauma Inuit see also mummies involucrum 235 ionizing radiation 136 Iron Age 142, 201, 439 iron 406 iron-deficiency anemia see anemia inventory see data ischemia 231 ischemic aseptic necrosis 231 isotopes see stable isotopes Israel 25, 134, 139, 140, 142, 217, 459, 467 Italy 163, 439 Japan 439, 485 Jarcho, Saul 3, 297 Jewish community 25 joint disease 89–90 arthropathies 258, 286, 495 in animals 192, 194, 200, 201 ankylosing spondylitis 524 classification 514 degenerative joint disease 5, 77, 264, 325, 350–351, 351 enteropathic arthropathy 523, 526 erosive arthropathies 7, 250, 262, 521–528 gout 163, 164, 408, 441, 527 imaging techniques see imaging (techniques) juvenile arthritis 527 oligoarthritis osteoarthritis 3, 160, 164, 250, 297, 359, 513 Grauer_bindex.indd 590 affected anatomical areas 518 in animals 192, 203 etiology of 519, 537–538 clinical effects of 518–519 diagnostic criteria 287, 293, 515, 517, 539–540 distribution (anatomical) 514–515 interpretations of 66, 519–520, 533–534, 544–545 morphology 514–515 prevalence 515–516, 533 psoriatic arthropathy 526, 523, 525 reactive arthropathy 524–525 rheumatoid arthritis 41, 81, 86, 162, 230, 513, 522–523, 516 sero-negative spondyloarthropathies 250 undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies 524, 526 joint space narrowing 287 Jones, Frederic Wood 2, 516, 565 Jones, Joseph 420 Jordan 439 juvenile 61, 117, 124, 269, 270, 272, 276, 279, 280, 281, 388, 403, 404, 405, 408, 413, 446, 498, 499, 527 juvenile arthritis see joint disease K-RAS mutation see mutation Kennewick Man 23 Klippel–Feil syndrome 389, 394 kidneys 104, 156, 158, 176, 237, 408, 413, 527 Korea 439 kyphosis 395, 405, 406 La Plata 65 lactase persistence 412, 437, 442 lactation 80, 104 lamellar bone see bone: types lancet fluke 176 Larrea 69 latrines 67, 171, 180 lead (Pb) 155 Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease 231 leiomyoma 163 Leishmania donovani 181 leishmaniasis 42, 134, 143, 220, 485 leprosarium (leprosaria) 320, 458, 459, 464, 466 leprosy 3, 41, 42, 115, 133, 134, 214, 234, 298 see also Mycobacterium leprae and DNA analysis 139, 141, 142, 459, 467 borderline 461 cross-immunity 467 differential diagnosis 215–216, 463, 502 etiology of 459–460 facies leprosa 464 lapromatous 461, 462, 463, 466 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM INDEX origins of 459 paleoepidemiology of 126–128, 465–467 pathogenesis 230, 461–464 tuberculoid 460, 461, 463 leptin 77 leukemia 425, 427 lice 42, 163, 181 life expectancy 115, 128, 265 linear enamel hypoplasia see enamel hypoplasia lipids 134, 137 lipoma 163 Lithuania 439, 447 liver flukes 181 longevity 43, 566 lordosis 395 Lucio’s leprosy 236 lupus vulgaris 436 Lyme disease 41 lymphoma 427, 429, 431 Madura foot 141 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) see imaging (techniques) maize 100, 103, 105, 107 malacology 171 malaria 38, 42, 134, 159, 162, 163, 181, 214, 216, 234, 473 males 23, 64, 104, 124, 139, 142, 156, 158, 161, 199, 205, 246, 253, 256, 257, 261, 272, 276–280, 319, 352, 366, 367, 408, 411, 425, 437, 447, 461, 463, 465, 477, 514, 517, 518, 520, 522, 528, 542, 571 malignant see cancer malnutrition see also nutrition 2, 104, 197, 198, 201, 234, 235, 264, 442, 499, 570, 573 mass spectrometry 164 Mary Rose 66, 520 mass graves 118 medico-historical approach 285, 302 medieval (period) 65, 114, 129, 171, 180, 196, 298, 439, 443, 458, 459, 465, 466, 467, 520 Mediterranean 59 melorheostosis 230 men see males meningioma 163, 230, 421, 423 mesenchymal stem cells 78 Mesoamerica 429 metabolic (metabolism) see also rickets and scurvy disease 7, 41, 233–234, 263–264, 286, 325 anemia see anemia in animals 201 biochemical basis of 402 classification 262 and differential diagnosis 258, 263–264 Grauer_bindex.indd 591 591 osteoporosis 232 regulation 77, 78 and vitamin deficiency 262 see also vitamins metastatic carcinoma see cancer Mexico 26, 103, 473 microcephaly see developmental disorders Middle East 101, 442, 477 migration 42, 99, 106, 108, 164, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181, 235, 353, 413, 437, 439, 445, 447, 459 mineralization see bone mineralization mobility see migration Moller–Barlow’s disease see scurvy Møller-Christensen 3, 298, 464 Mongolia 215, 567 Moodie, Roy 36, 420 morbidity 40, 44, 63, 106, 142, 152, 216, 295, 354, 412, 414, 415, 485, 503, 506, 558, 568 morphogenesis 77, 382, 383, 384–387, 389, 397, 554 mortality 6, 40, 44, 45, 61, 63, 88, 105–106, 129, 130, 215, 216, 220, 269, 273, 275, 279, 294, 295, 319, 438, 467, 478, 485, 503, 506, 567, 568 and epidemiology 115–127 Morton, Samuel 19 mortuary contexts 5, 18, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 220, 279, 366 Moundville 65 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) see imaging (techniques) multiple myeloma (plasmacytoma) see cancer mummies (mummified remains) 2, 8, 41, 67, 99, 106–107, 116 Alaska (Alaskan) 153, 157, 161, 163 Aleutian Islands 153, 158, 159, 160, 161 Andean 134 Canary Islands 161, 163 and cancer see cancer Chilean 153, 157, 159, 161, 163, 174 Coptic 160 diagnoses in 154–155 diseases in 157–164, 163 dissection 154 DNA 136, 143, 145, 155, 446 Egyptian 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 171, 240, 362 Eskimo 160 Europe 163 experimental approaches 155–156 future of studies 162–164 histology 155, 160, 240–241 and imaging techniques 154–155, 325 Inuit 157, 159 Italy 163 Korean 139 9/8/2011 1:13:52 PM 592 INDEX mummies (mummified remains) (cont’d) naturally occurring 153 Nubian 159, 160 parasitology in 67, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177 Peruvian 107, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 178 preservation 152–153 process of mummification 153 rehydration 154, 155 Siberian 164 southwest US 163 study of 153–155 trauma see trauma tuberculosis in 435 United Kingdom 163 musculo-skeletal stress markers see stress indicators and entheses mutation 45, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 145, 162, 220, 345, 382, 402, 406, 412, 413–414, 460, 480, 481 Mycobacterium 5 see also leprosy and tuberculosis and cross-immunity 467 and DNA analyses 135, 140, 444–448 evolution of 414, 445 africanum 343, 445 avium 195 bovis 143, 195, 434, 435, 445 canettii 434, 445 caprae 434, 445 leprae 143, 458 microti 434, 445 pinnipedii 434 tuberculosis 158, 195, 435, 473 myocardial fibrosis 160 myositis ossificans 361 National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAIA) 21 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) 21–25, 30, 46 Native Americans 3, 21–25, 155, 215, 423, 424, 428, 572 natural selection 35, 571 Neanderthals 160, 411, 563 Near East 63 necrosis 159, 231 nematode 182, 197 Neolithic Era 142, 176, 412, 428, 439, 564, 478 neoplasm see cancer and tumors Nepal 443 Netherlands 204 neuromuscular disease 158 new archaeology 5, 37, 59, 221, 297 New Kingdom 68 Grauer_bindex.indd 592 New World 18, 152, 159, 161, 295, 480 mummies 159, 161 parasites 172–173, 177, 178 nidus 176 nitrogen δ15N 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 204 nonhuman primates 98 nonspecific infection 88, 216, 294, 404, 492, 493, 502–504 North America 2, 3, 22, 46, 50, 141, 172–173, 174, 177, 271, 298, 439, 481, 483, 485, 557, 565, 566, 567, 571, 573 Norway 25 Nubia 65, 67, 107, 159, 362, 430, 430, 516 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) see imaging (techniques) nursing 106 see also lactation and weaning nutrition 4, 40, 48, 77, 85, 115, 154, 181, 206, 239, 382, 402, 554, 566, see also malnutrition, food, and diet deficiency 5, 10, 39, 50, 68, 109, 197, 198, 201, 203, 233, 234, 235, 264, 270, 279, 382, 406, 441–442, 499, 570, 573 see also metabolic disease paleonutrition 103–104 status, estimating 65, 239, 402–403 vitamins see vitamins occupation, determination of 66, 67, 521 see also stress markers and joint disease) odontome 428, 429 Old World 42, 47, 100, 181, 195, 301, 479 oligodactyly 157 oncogenetic mutation 162 Oneonta 64 Ontario, Canada 107 orthopedic pathology, principles of 229 os acromiale 66 osteitis 133, 408, 475, 557 osteitis deformans see Paget’s disease osteoarthritis see joint disease osteobiography 366 osteoblasts 77–79, 83–84, 228, 232, 236, 240, 252, 254, 289, 494 osteochondritis dissecans 361, 369, 475 osteochondroma 425, 426, 430, 431 osteoclasia 232, 234 osteoclasts 77, 80–81, 83–84, 228, 236, 240, 252, 257, 289 osteocytes 77, 79–80, 228, 240, 494 osteogenesis imperfect 233, 383 osteoimmunology 85–86 osteological paradox 6, 115, 121, 216 osteolysis 424, 230 osteomalacia 234, 261, 401, 406, 409 see also rickets osteomas 265, 423, 425, 426, 428, 429 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM INDEX osteometry 36 osteomyelitis 86, 88, 105, 116, 133, 160, 217, 230, 234, 243, 259, 260 osteopenia 89, 104, 228, 234, 257 osteopetrosis 286 osteophytes 202, 287, 298, 514, 515, 517, 537, 538, 539 osteoporosis 41, 42, 81, 86, 88–89, 162, 289, 290, 401 differential diagnosis of 232, 257, 435 etiology 408 in animals 201 secondary 408 Type I 408 Type II 408 osteosarcomas 236, 237, 253, 425, 426, 427, 431 Osteoware 344, 346, 347, 348 otitis media 160 oxygen (δ18O) 99, 108 pachionian impressions 424 pachydermohyperostosis (Uehlinger disease) 230 Paget’s disease 80, 162, 230, 252, 287, 288, 289, 290, 408–409 Palestine 141 paleoepidemiology 42, 173, 180 see also epidemiology approaches to 124, 127, 296 definition of 114–115 paleoimaging see imaging (techniques) paleonutrition see nutrition paleoparasitology see also archaeoparasitology and parasitology in Germany 171–172 in Japan 171 in North America 172 in South America 172 paleoserology 162 paleovirology 143 palynology (palynological) 62, 68 papilloma virus 137 Paranthropus 563, 565, 573 parasites (parasitism) 62, 67, 175, 234, 296, 493 see also archeoparasitology and paleoparasitology DNA see DNA evolution 41, 180–182 in animals 183, 197, 205 in mummies see mummies New World 177 Old World 181 zoonotic 174, 175 parasitology 173 see also archaeoparasitology and paleoparasitology parturition 360 Grauer_bindex.indd 593 593 passive hyperemia 229, 230, 232 pathoecology 176–177 pathogen 1, 5, 7, 9, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 66, 88, 99, 103, 117, 119, 134, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 154, 172, 173, 176, 196, 207, 216, 218–220, 235, 238, 251, 411, 414, 436, 437, 445–447, 459, 460, 466–468, 473, 476, 481, 484, 486, 493, 534, 545, 570 paupers 118 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 42, 134, 138, 141, 144, 196, 246 Pecos Pueblo 3, 59, 296, 341–343, 343, 362, 571 pediculosis capitis 160, 234 see also lice Pediculus humanus capitis 160 see also lice Pelkan spurs 404 pencil deformity 230 penning elbow 203 perforated eardrum 160 periodontal disease 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 160, 555, 556, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563, 570, 573 periosteal reactions (“periosteal inflammation”) 77, 230, 240, 242 in children 496–499 clinical interpretations 495–499 differential diagnosis 215, 229, 239, 243 historical study of 495–496 mechanisms producing 506 and nonspecific infection 502–504 and radiographs 495 scoring (recording) of 502, 499–502 as stress indicators 504–506 types of 497, 496, 498, 500, 501, 495–496 periostitis 116, 117, 196, 239, 492–493 Peru 26, 67, 198, 429, 476 mummies see mummies tuberculosis 68, 446 pharaohs 158, 160 photosynthesis 100, 103, 105 pigs (Sus) 196, 198, 206 pinworm 163, 174, 177, 178 pituitary dwarfism see development: defects plague 42, 152, 162, 195, 197, 265 bubonic 98, 134, 143 in historical sources 316–317 pneumonia 157, 158, 163 Poland 142, 407, 412, 439 poliomyelitis 157, 158 pollen 68, 170, 177, 178 poll-evil 200 polydactyly see developmental disorders polymerase chain reaction see PCR Polynesia 152 Pompeii 123 population growth 38, 115 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM 594 INDEX population(al) approach 37, 296 porotic hyperostosis 42, 43, 68, 77, 115, 159, 251, 290, 291, 291, 292, 294, 295 see also anemia etiology 179 and parasites 178, 179 interpretations of 77, 296, 406–407 Pott’s disease 435 see also tuberculosis poverty 48, 437, 440, 448 Pre-Columbian 476 diseases 218, 459 hypothesis 479, 480 pregnancy 64, 80, 104, 361, 478, 570, 571, 573 preservation of bone 120, 339 of DNA 137, 139 of mummies 152–153 primates 201 processual approach 5, 37, 49 projectile points 67 proliferation (of bone) prostate 87, 90, 162, 237, 254, 421, 426 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 162 protein–calorie deficiency see nutritional deficiency pseudoarthrosis 233 pseudopathology 239, 422, 422–423 psoas abcess 159 psoriatic arthropathy see joint disease Pueblo cultures 177, 352 pulmonary edema 156 pulmonary thromboemboli 156 Putschar, W. G. J. 420 rabies 197 rachitic rosary see scorubic rosary racism, racist 19, 37 radiocarbon dating 100, 155 radiography 2, 3, 154, 255, 258, 286, 287, 288, 325 see also imaging (techniques) RANKL 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 reactive arthropathy see joint disease reactive oxygen species (ROS) 85 reburial 339 see also repatriation red deer 202 Reiter’s syndrome see joint disease: reactive arthropathy renal arteriolar sclerosis 160 repatriation 21–26, 221 resorption see bone rhabdomyosarcoma 163 rheumatoid arthritis see joint disease rickets 251, 255, 261, 296, 405–406, 409, 441 in animals 201, 203 effects on skeleton 253, 261, 405 diagnostic criteria of 256, 257–258, 287 293 riding (animals) see animals Grauer_bindex.indd 594 rodents 61 Roman (Era) 65, 66, 467 rubidium 107 Ruffer, Sir Marc Armand 2, 153, 158, 159, 160, 171, 420, 565 Runx2 7 saber shin 255 sacrifice 361 Salmonella typhimurium 88, 143 sampling (sample) 62, 269 Sandison, A. T. 2 sarcomas see cancer scalping see trauma Scandinavia 467 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 164, 181 see also imaging (techniques) and histology 240, 245 Schistosoma hematobium 159, 171, 179 schistosomiasis 41, 134, 163 Schmorl’s nodes 361, 369, 532 sclerosis 161, 230, 259, 287, 518 scoliosis 159, 395, 405 scorbutic rosary 345, 405 Scotland 141 scurvy 234, 251, 296, 312, 403–405, 441, 502 effects on skeleton 404–405 diagnostic criteria of 257, 258, 293 sedentism 198 selective mortality 6, 115, 120–123, 126, 269, 279 sensitivity estimates 115, 119–120, 121, 126 septicemia 134 seronegative spondyloarthropathies see joint disease sex determination 61, 64, 276 see also gender approaches 276–277, 278 using DNA 276 Ischio-Pubic Index 276 problems with 276, 277–279 sheep 196, 202, 204 Shigella 524 sickle cell disease see anemia single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 144–145 sinusitis 423, 424 slavery 30 Sleeping Ute Mountain, Colorado 29 small pox 41, 158, 163, 235 Smith, Grafton Elliot 2, 153, 159, 565 Social roles 27, 63–65 Society for American Archaeology (SAA) 20, 22 South Africa 25, 405, 482 South America 100, 153, 172–173, 174, 177, 183, 218, 220, 439, 473, 485, 555 Southwest (American) see United States souvenir parasites 43, 172 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM INDEX Spain 439 specificity estimates 115, 119–120, 121, 126 spina bifida see developmental disorders SPIRAL 217 spondyloarthopathies see joint disease spondylolysis 66, 299, 360, 361, 369, 394, 532 spondylosis deformans 203 St. Peter’s Church in Barton-on-Humber 522 stable isotopes 4, 41, 68, 100, 103,104, 221, 441, 442 Standards for Data Collection 344, 345, 346 Staphylococcus aureus 88, 219, 235, 473 stature 264, 295, 350–351, 352, 566 stomach ulcers 137 strangulation 361 streamers 258 streptococcus 236 Streptomyces 68 stress indicators 294–296, 301 methodological considerations 537–538 musculo-skeletal 77, 535 strontium 99, 107, 155 SU Site, New Mexico 68 subadult 53, 261, 263, 280, 369, 521, 565 subchondral cysts 287 subcorneal pustular dermatosis 160 subluxation 361 subsistence strategies 4, 66, 97, 98–99, 566 effects of 565–568 Sudanese Nubia see Nubia Sudeck’s atrophy 230 surgery see trauma Sweden 467 syphilis see treponematoses T cells 88–89 Taenia solium 159, 181 taeniid tapeworms 172, 181 tapeworms 62, 159, 171, 174, 177, 181 taphonomy 60, 61, 68, 100, 174, 175, 241, 264, 368, 404 in animal bones 191, 192, 193, 194, 196 teeth see dentition temporomandibular joint disease 518, 556, 560, 562, 563 terahertz imaging see imaging (techniques) terminology for bone abnormalities 241–243, 254, 254–261, 346 textiles 66 Thailand 439 thalassemia see anemia Thebes 68 theory influencing paleopathology 4–6 thrombosis 161 ticks 182 Tirup, Denmark 124, 128 Grauer_bindex.indd 595 595 Tiwanaku 65 Tombos 65 tooth see dental trace elements 4, 99, 155 trauma 5, 40, 68–69, 108, 116, 119, 121, 255, 264, 295, 325, 493 accidental vs intentional 365–366 amputation 232, 360 analysis of 340 arrow wound 163 body (cultural) modification 360, 361, 362, 368 causes of 363 cuts 232, 360 child abuse 361 in clinical literature 360 decapitation 232 definition (classification) of 232, 359–362 dental 360 differential diagnosis 215, 235, 261 dislocations 360, 361 in animals 203 of the hip 231 dismemberment 232 fractures 116, 117, 232, 254, 346, 360, 361, 435 in animals 192, 193, 194, 204 callus formation in 253 Colles’ 408 femoral neck 231, 408 parry 364 healing 253, 494 interpretation of 67, 68–69, 364 in mummies 157, 362, 354, 368 and paleopathological research 362–369 pathologic 233, 236 perimortem 362 posttraumatic deformity 232 problems with interpretation 369 rape 368 recording of 363–364 scalping 360, 361 sex differences 362 social meaning of 366–368 surgery 360, 362 weapon injuries 360, 361, 365 trematode 160 trepanation (trephanation) 61, 360, 361 Treponema ssp. 5 carateum 481 paraluiscuniculi 481 pallidum spp. 133, 140, 460, 473, 478, 481 treponematosis 27–28, 41, 46, 126, 133, 234, 253, 255, 256, 301 cross-immunity 473 differential diagnosis 257, 258, 482, 502 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM 596 INDEX treponematosis (cont’d) disease models 472–473 DNA 140, 481, 484 endemic syphilis (bejel) 217, 474, 477–478 evolution (history) of 480–482, 483–484 pathological changes 474 pinta 474, 473–476 syphilis (venereal) 28, 42, 46, 116, 158, 214, 217, 325, 474, 478–479 congenital 474, 478 diagnosis of 215–216, 243, 255, 257 yaws 133, 217, 474, 476–477 trichuriasis 163 Trichuris trichiura 159 tropical diseases 99 Trypanosoma cruzi 174 trypanosome 182 trypsin 135 tuberculosis 41, 42, 68, 115, 116, 126, 134, 214, 234, 325 see also Mycobacterium in animals 193, 195–196, 197 cross-immunity of 467 and diabetes mellitus 414 diagnosis of 265, 435–436 differential diagnosis 215–216, 435, 502 and DNA analyses 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 436, 445–448 etiology 434–435, 444 evolution (origins) of 438–440, 444 and housing 443–444 and lactase persistence 442 and migration (mobility) 442–443 and nutrition 441–442 in mummies 159, 162, 163 occupation and 443 Pre-Columbian 218 risk factors 437, 436–438 stigma of 441 and vitamin D 440–441 tumors 61, 86, 233, 237, 240 see also cancer and specific tumor types benign 161, 236, 255, 425, 425–426 diagnosis of 420 and case studies 427–431 differential diagnosis 425–426, 427, 429, 431–432 in animals 206 in past populations 420 in mummies 161, 162 malignant 42, 423, 425, 426–427, 428, 495 metastatic 423, 426, 429, 430 osteosarcomas 425 primary bone sacral nerve sheath 161 sarcomas 425 skeletal distribution of 423–424 Grauer_bindex.indd 596 skin 161 urinary bladder 421 Turkey (Anatolia) 198 Tutankhamun 157, 159 typhoid 313 typhus 234 typology 215 Unitarian theory (hypothesis) 479 United Kingdom (UK) 153 approaches in 298–299 arthropathies in 520, 522 issues 26 leprosy in 465 parasitology in 171 syphilis in 477 tuberculosis in 439, 444, 446 United States (US) laws 20–25 reburial/repatriation 20–25 Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs 22 Urban environment 4, 66, 171 vaccines 135 varicose veins 160, 230 vasculitis 231 venereal syphilis see treponematosis Ventura Site, California 67 violence 367 see also trauma Virchow, Rudolf 2, 401, 483 virus(es) 1, 234, 493 vitamins 77, 402 B6 406 B12 263, 293, 296, 406, 407 C 296, 406 D deficiency 261, 401 see also rickets and tuberculosis 440–441 deficiencies of 234, 407–408 see also metabolic disease war (warfare) 118, 365 Wari 67 weaning 63, 99, 179 determining age of 105–106 weapons 67 Well–Sick–Dead model 127 Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD) 348 Wells, Calvin 3, 59 whipworms 172, 178 Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) 145 Williams, Herbert 36, 420 women see females World Health Organization (WHO) 194, 472, 476, 477, 482, 555 woven bone see bone, types 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM INDEX 597 Wnt 78, 79 Wnt/β-catenin pathway 78 worms 61, 62, 159, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 181, 235 Yersinia pestis 134, 143, 460 see also black death and plague Yokogawa flukes 171 York, UK 429 X-rays 137,139, 162, 289, 325, 423 see also imaging (techniques) zooarchaeology 171, 173, 191 see also animal: paleopathology zoonoses 66, 142, 194, 197, 218, 220, 409, 444 see also specific diseases Yakutia, Siberia 145 yaws see treponematosis Grauer_bindex.indd 597 9/8/2011 1:13:53 PM