ANALES de la REAL ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2000 VOLUMEN VII Número 7 REAL ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS Dirección: c/ Maestro Ripoll, 8 Teléfono: 915 611 799 28006 MADRID. ANALES DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS VOL VII 2000 Núm. 7 ISSN - 1135-2795 SUMARIO Conferencias: «El sueño en los animales de compañía y en el hombre: «pros» y «contras» en la fisiología y terapia humano y animal». Dr. D. Eladio Casares Marcos ....................................................... 1 «Tratamiento analgésico de las neoplasias hemiabdomen superior». Dr. D. Salvador Vicente de la Torre Gutiérrez .......... 19 «Los caprichos de Goya: las estampas de asnerías». Dr. D. Julio Ponce Vázquez ................................................................. 43 «Del veterinario al albéitar: algunas contribuciones del mundo clásico a la medicina ueterinaria». Dr. D. Juan Lorenzo Lorenzo ....................................................................................... 61 «Los productos alimenticios y la información al consumidor, en nuestros días». Dr. D. Carlos Barros Santos ...................... 81 «Llegada del vacuno español a Suramérica». Ldo. D. Manuel Beteta Ortiz ................................................................................ 99 «Una veterinaria española en programas internacionales de Sanidad y Cooperación». Lda. Dª Marta Valenciano Martínez-Orozco ................................................................................. 117 «El caballo en el arte». Dr. D. Francisco Portela Sandoval. 131 «El suero lácteo de quesería: el ayer y el presente». Dr. D. Enrique Ronda Laín ................................................................ 147 «El entrenamiento de los caballos de carreras». Dr. D. Carlos M. Corvalán Romero ................................................................ 171 «Aplicaciones de los isótopos radiactivos en la producción y conservación de alimentos». Dra. Dª. M. Magdalena Gálvez Morros ........................................................................................ 191 «Los médicos valencianos en las visuras de las carnes durante la época preveterinaria (1707-1859)». Dr. D. Vicente Dualde Pérez ........................................................................................... 217 «Alimentos transgénicos». Dr. D. Jaime Díaz Estruch ........... 235 «La carne de pollo en España: idea y realidad». Ldo D. Ángel Martín Ruiz ................................................................................ 249 «La acuicultura continental en España: propuesta para contribuir a su desarrollo». Ldo. D. 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Eliminar microorganismos alterativos Prolongar el tiempo de conservación 1,5-3,0 Fresas, setas, pan de molde. Eliminar microorganismos patógenos Salmonella Listeria Vivrio Toxoplama 2,0-7,0 Especias, tisanas. Carnes, huevos. Aves, leche, lácteos. Pescados y mariscos. Carnes crudas y verduras. Reducir el tiempo de cocinado etc. 2-En dosis medias de 1-10 kGy Mejorar las propiedades tecnológicas 2,0-3,0 2,0-7,0 8QN8++ #RNKECEKQPGUFGNQUKUÉVQRQU (Q GRVLV DOWDV GH N*\ OD UDGLDFLyQ SRGUtD GHVWUXLU YLUXV \ WR[LQDV PX\ SHOLJURVDV FRPR HO &ORVWULGLXP ERWXOLQXQ SHUR D HVWDV GRVLV SRGUtDQFDPELDUPXFKRORVVDERUHV\RORUHVGHORVDOLPHQWRVSRUWDQWRVH XWLOL]DQHVWDVGRVLVVyORSDUDHVWHULOL]DUHQYDVHV\GHVFRQWDPLQDUDGLWLYRVOD &RPLVLyQ)$2206QRKDUHVSDOGDGRD~QODDSOLFDFLyQGLUHFWDGHHVWDVGRVLV DORVDOLPHQWRV La tabla anterior, recoge las aplicaciones fundamentales de esta técnica, los tipos de alimentos a los que se aplica y las dosis permitidas. 1.- Irradiación en dosis reducidas a) Inhibición de brotes: Este tratamiento impide que aparezcan brotes en patatas, cebollas, ajos, etc. Las patatas pueden conservarse perfectamente en periodos superiores a 6 meses, las cebollas (2-3 meses) y los ajos (3-4 meses) sin que aparezcan raíces . Tiene también gran importancia económica en el control de la germinación de cebada para la preparación de la malta para las industrias cerveceras. 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Granja de engorde. Matadero - sala de despiece Hay otro modelo horizontal, tanto en la producción como en el sacrificio y que responde a: #/CTVÃP x x #P4GCN#ECF%%8GV 0RGHORLQGHSHQGLHQWH Sala de incubación x Matadero Granja Hoy nuestro sector tiene su propia tecnología, que se inicia con un parque de reproductoras-abuelas y reproductoras-madres, con un volumen de éstas últimas que oscila entre 5.700.000 a 6.400.000 reproductoras (Cuadro 2). Con unas medias semanales, en los últimos tres años, que se mueven entre 110.499 (1997) a 120.389 (1998) (Cuadro 1). Parque de reproductoras Incremento del parque ? Incremento de huevos f Incremento de pollitos Disminución del parque f Menos puesta f 0HQRVSROOLWRV (YROXFLyQVHFWRULDO x Parque de reproductoras (Cuadros 1 y 2) *Parque de 1 día y carne - Cuadro 3 8QN8++ .CECTPGFGRQNNQ &8$'52 9HQWDVGHUHSURGXFWRUDVVHJ~Q&DVDV$EXHODV ENTRADAS 1999 1998 1997 6(0$1$0(6 0(',$ 0(',$ 9$5 0(',$ 9$5 (QHUR )HEUHUR 0DU]R $EULO 0D\R -XQLR -XOLR $JRVWR 6HSWEUH 2FWXEUH 1RYEUH 'LFEUH Media anual 115.875 120.390 -3,75% 110.499 4,87% Cuadro 2.- ENTRADAS DE REPRODUCTORAS EN TODO EL PAÍS EN EL MERCADO INTERIOR Sem. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 4 67.700 94.225 121.560 134.150 133.300 #/CTVÃP 7RWDO #P4GCN#ECF%%8GV (QORV~OWLPRVDxRVODVFLIUDVGHUHVXOWDQODVPiVDOWDVFRQ SROOLWDVUHSURGXFWRUDVHQWUDGDVVHPDQDOPHQWHFRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHKHPRV VXIULGRODSHRUFULVLVGHOVHFWRUDxDGLpQGRVHDXQDIXHUWHSURGXFFLyQHO GHVFHQVRGHOFRQVXPRDFDXVDGHODVGLR[LQDVEHOJDV 8QN8++ .CECTPGFGRQNNQ (92/8&,Ï1'(/3$548( MEDIA SEMANAL x x x x x 96.363 111.655 110.494 120.389 115.875 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 $WUDYpVGHOSDUTXHGHUHSURGXFWRUDVQRVRODPHQWHGHVFXEULPRVHO SRWHQFLDOGHOVHFWRUWDPELpQODSRVLEOHHYROXFLyQGHOSDUTXHGHKXHYRVGH LQFXEDU\SROOLWRVGHXQGtDFX\RFUHFLPLHQWRGHHVHOVLJXLHQWH &XDGUR 3$548('(32//,72632//26 0(',$0(168$/ 1997 1998 49.815.000 49.725.000 $HVWHHVIXHU]RSURGXFWLYRKDUHVSRQGLGRWDPELpQHOVHFWRUFRQOD PRGHUQL]DFLyQGHORVPDWDGHURVGRQGHVHVDFULILFDQORVSROORV /RVPDWDGHURV\VDODVDQH[DVKDQUHVSRQGLGRDOSULQFLSLRGHIUHVFXUD GHO SURGXFWR SRQLpQGROR FHUFD GH OD PHVD GHO FRQVXPLGRU KX\HQGR GH OD #/CTVÃP #P4GCN#ECF%%8GV SRVLELOLGDGGHKDFHUSURGXFWRVFRQJHODGRV(QKDEtDPDWDGHURV\ VDODVGHGHVSLHFHKRPRORJDGRV9pDVHSiJLQDVLJXLHQWH /R TXH SHUPLWH KDFHU IUHQWH D OD GHPDQGD FRQ SURQWLWXG \ HQ ODV PHMRUHV FRQGLFLRQHV /D 'LUHFWLYD TXH VXVWLWXtD D OD DO WUDQVSRQHUVH D OD OHJLVODFLyQ HVSDxROD D WUDYpV GHO 5' REOLJy D IXHUWHVLQYHUVLRQHVGHPiVGHPLOPLOORQHVGHSHVHWDVDSRQHUHQPDUFKDHO VLVWHPDGH$QiOLVLVGH5LHVJRV\&RQWUROGH3XQWRV&UtWLFRVDPHMRUDVGHODV ,62 \ HWF 8Q JUDQ HVIXHU]R SDUD DVHJXUDU OD Pi[LPD FDOLGDG\VHJXLUHOSULQFLSLRFRPXQLWDULRGHODJUDQMDDODPHVD 7DPELpQ OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH SLHQVRV FRPSXHVWRV SDUD DQLPDOHV KD UHDOL]DGR XQ HVIXHU]R HFRQyPLFR SDUD SRQHUVH DO GtD Pi[LPH FXDQGR OD DYLFXOWXUDGHFDUQHGH(VSDxDVHFRPHHQXQPHVORVFHUHDOHVSLHQVRTXH )UDQFLDHPSOHDGXUDQWHXQDxR 3RURWURODGRHOHVIXHU]RLQYHUVRUSDUDXQDPD\RUFDOLGDGQRKDVLGR DFRPSDxDGR SRU XQD EXHQD FDPSDxD GH LPDJHQ TXH KLFLHUD OOHJDU DO FRQVXPLGRUHOFRQYHQFLPLHQWRGHTXHORTXHHVWDEDFRPSUDQGRHUDXQDFDUQH GH SULPHUD TXH KD VXSHUDGR FRQ p[LWR ORV FRQWUROHV VDQLWDULRV GHVGH VXV UHSURGXFWRUDV VDODV GH LQFXEDFLyQ \ JUDQMDV KDVWD HO PDWDGHUR FRQ VX LQVSHFFLyQSRVWPRUWHP\DQiOLVLVGHUHVLGXRV 3HURHVWHLPSRUWDQWH\FRQVWDQWHHVIXHU]RLQYHUVRUQRKDWHQLGRFRPR FRQVHFXHQFLDQLXQDFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHPSUHVDVQLXQSURGXFWRPiVFDUR 8QN8++ .CECTPGFGRQNNQ 1~PHURWRWDOGHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVKRPRORJDGRVSRUFRPXQLGDGHV DXWyQRPDV)LQDO Comunidad autónoma ANDALUCÍA ARAGÓN ASTURIAS BALEARES CANARIAS CANTABRIA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CASTILLA-LEÓN CATALUÑA EXTREMADURA GALICIA MADRID MURCIA NAVARRA PAÍS VASCO LA RIOJA VALENCIA TOTAL Mataderos 23 6 2 1 3 2 5 15 57 7 15 5 5 6 6 2 21 181 Salas despiece 62 13 10 6 2 5 24 26 103 12 19 46 19 6 18 0 46 417 (OQ~PHURGHHPSUHVDVTXHFUtDQSROORVGHXQDIRUPDSURIHVLRQDOHV FDVL XQ FHQWHQDU 4XH VH KDFHQ XQD GXUD FRPSHWHQFLD HQWUH HOODV FRQ XQ SURGXFWR SHUHFHGHUR HQWUH ODV PDQRV \ FRQ SRFR YDORU DxDGLGR SROOR FRQ FDEH]D\SDWDV 3RURWURODGRORVSUHFLRVPHGLRVGHOSROORYLYRKDQLGREDMDQGRHQORV ~OWLPRVDxRV #/CTVÃP #P4GCN#ECF%%8GV 35(&,260(',2632//29,92 x x x x 139,10 pts./kg 131,51 pts./kg 124,64 pts./kg 91,50 pts./kg 1996 1997 1998 1999 35(&,269(17$$/3Ò%/,&2 AÑO P.V.P. pts./kg pts.. constantes de 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 263,82 266,70 283,18 292,41 307,16 278,70 311,53 299,14 291,71 269,10 374,70 357,40 356,90 353,90 353,23 306,60 330,22 311,11 297,54 269,10 (Q HVWH VHFWRU FDOLILFDGR D OD OLJHUD FRPR FDXVD GH OD LQIODFLyQ R LQIODFLRQLVWDORVSUHFLRVGHYHQWDDOS~EOLFRDSHVHWDVFRQVWDQWHVGHSDUD TXH UHVXOWH PiV FODUR HO HMHPSOR KDQ SDVDGR GH SWVNJ HQ D SWVNJHQ9pDVH&XDGURDQWHULRU 8QN8++ .CECTPGFGRQNNQ La carne de pollo es uno de los raros ejemplos en el sector de la alimentación que, sin perder calidad y ganando en presentación, han abaratado sus costes y su precio final. El consumo fue creciendo en la década de los sesenta y setenta para permanecer estable en los ochenta y noventa. CONSUMO PER CÁPITA (kg) HONG KONG 43,7 ESTADOS UNIDOS 39,6 ARABIA SAUDÍ 32,3 SINGAPUR 31,5 ISRAEL 30,9 CANADÁ 28,4 AUSTRALIA 24,9 BRASIL 23,8 ESPAÑA 22,8 PORTUGAL 21,3 ARGENTINA 20,8 REINO UNIDO 20,5 1RVPRYHPRVHQWRUQRDORVNJSHUFiSLWDDODxRODFLIUDPiVDOWD GH XQ SDtV HXURSHR SHUR DOHMDGRV GH RWURV SDtVHV GHVDUUROODGRV FRPR ORV ((88&DQDGiR$XVWUDOLD,QFOXVRXQSDtVFRPR$UJHQWLQDGHXQDHQRUPH WUDGLFLyQHQHOFRQVXPRGHFDUQHGHYDFDKR\VyORQRVVHSDUDQNJSHUFiSLWD #/CTVÃP #P4GCN#ECF%%8GV (Q(VSDxDVHFRQVXPHVREUHODPHGLDHQ$QGDOXFtD&HQWUR\/HYDQWH \EDMRODPHGLDHQODFRUQLVDFDQWiEULFD $SDUHFH FRPR OD FDUQH GHO IXWXUR $Vt ORV GRFWRUHV )OyUH] 7DVFyQ 5RQGD/DtQ\)OyUH]7DVFyQ6L[WRDILUPDQTXHHQXQDFRPSRVLFLyQGHJ GHSRUFLyQFRPHVWLEOHGHSROORKD\ &RPSRVLFLyQSRUFLHQJUDPRVGHSRUFLyQFRPHVWLEOHGHOSROOR $JXD (QHUJtD 3URWHtQDV /tSLGRVWRWDOHV ÈFLGRVJUDVRVVDWXUDGRV ÈFLGRVJUDVRVPRQRLQVDWXUDGRV &ROHVWHURO +LGUDWRVGHFDUERQR &DOFLR 0DJQHVLR +LHUUR =LQF ,RGR 9LWDPLQD%7LDPLQD 9LWDPLQD%5LERIODYLQD 1LDFLQDiFLGRQLFyWLFR 9LWDPLQD%3LULGR[LQD ÈFLGR)yOLFR 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