Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética

Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética
Ching-Yu Lin
Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Macau
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética
Juan Gelman: Fables and poetic revolution
Ching-Yu Lin
Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Macau
[email protected]
Fecha de recepción: 16/6/2016
Fecha de aceptación: 1/8/2016
Resumen
El presente estudio se centra en Fábulas de Juan Gelman para analizar la vinculación
entre el género fabulístico y la revolución poética subyacente en su obra. Se
trata de un nuevo modo de contar la realidad y las circunstancias sociales. Los
SRHPDVPH]FODQODKLVWRULDRÀFLDO\ODÀFFLyQSDUDSURSRQHUPLUDGDVDOWHUQDWLYDV
y subvertir convencionalismos y formalismos. Además, se crean personajes
DQyQLPRVDÀQGHUHODWDUYLVLRQHVIDEXORVDVHQUHODFLyQFRQODLGHQWLGDGFROHFWLYD
Esta técnica causa un efecto del extrañamiento y distanciamiento que desemboca
HQXQDUHÁH[LyQSURIXQGDVREUHODYLGDUHDO)LQDOPHQWHVHUHHVFULEHQOH\HQGDV
H[yWLFDVLQYHQWDQGRHSLVRGLRVFRQODÀQDOLGDGGHOODPDUODDWHQFLyQVREUHFLHUWRV
fenómenos de la sociedad actual e inspirar solidaridad.
Palabras clave: Fábulas-XDQ*HOPDQ5HYROXFLyQ)LFFLyQ3RHVtD
Abstract
This study focuses on Fábulas of Juan Gelman. The aim is to analyze the
relationship between fable genre and poetic revolution in this work, in which
Gelman provides a new way of describing reality and social circumstances. His
SRHPV FRPELQH RIÀFLDO KLVWRU\ ZLWK ÀFWLRQ WR SURSRVH DOWHUQDWLYH YLHZV DQG
subvert conventionalism and formalism. In addition, this poet creates anonymous
characters to relate fabulous visions regarding the collective identity. This technique
UHVXOWVLQHVWUDQJHPHQWDQGGLVWDQFLQJZKLFKOHDGWRSURIRXQGUHÁHFWLRQRQUHDO
OLIH)LQDOO\H[RWLFOHJHQGVDUHUHZULWWHQE\PHDQVRILQYHQWHGHSLVRGHVWRGUDZ
attention to certain phenomena of modern society and inspire solidarity.
Keywords: Fábulas-XDQ*HOPDQ5HYROXWLRQ)LFWLRQ3RHWU\
Para citar este artículo/LQ&KLQJ<X-XDQ*HOPDQ)iEXODV\UHYROXFLyQ
poética. Revista de Humanidades, n. 29, p. 89-107, ISSN 1130-5029 (ISSN-e
2340-8995).
SUMARIO: 1. Introducción. 2. Historia e historia. 3. Extrañamiento y
distanciamiento. 4. Reescritura exótica. 5. Conclusión. 6. Bibliografía.
91
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
/DUHODFLyQVXWLOHQWUHORSRpWLFR\ORVRFLRSROtWLFRQRVSHUPLWHUHÀH[LRQDUVREUH
ODLQÀXHQFLDGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOHQODFUHDFLyQGHODYR]OtULFD6HFXHVWLRQDVLODSRHVtD
GHEHUHVSRQGHUDODpSRFDFRQLPiJHQHVGHVQXGDV\YHURVtPLOHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHO
UHDOLVPRVRFLRSROtWLFR¢$FDVRODSDODEUDSRpWLFDVLUYHGHKHUUDPLHQWDFRQODTXHVH
PDQL¿HVWDHOFRPSURPLVRGHVXFUHDGRUFRQODUHDOLGDG"6HHYLGHQFLDHVWDWHPiWLFD
HQ-XDQ*HOPDQSRHWDDUJHQWLQRTXHVHFRPSURPHWHDUHYHODUHOKHFKRSRpWLFRFRPR
XQDIRUPDLQPHGLDWDGHKDEODUGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVYLWDOHV\GHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV
KLVWyULFRV6LHQGRXQSRHWDSHULRGLVWDPXHVWUDHOFRPSURPLVRVRFLDOODFRQFLHQFLD
GHOXFKD\ODVROLGDULGDGKXPDQDDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHGHVMHUDUTXL]DODVSDODEUDV
FRPRDFWRVXEYHUVLYRHQGHIHQVDGHODOLEHUWDGH[LVWHQFLDO$ORODUJRGHVXWUD\HFWRULD
FUHDWLYDVHREVHUYDXQDIXVLyQHQWUHODSXUDYR]OtULFD\ODSUHRFXSDFLyQVRFLDOTXH
SDUHFHQRSXHVWDVSHURQHFHVDULDPHQWHDVRFLDGDVSDUDHOSURSLRSRHWD(QVXVSULPHUDV
REUDVWDOHVFRPRViolín y otras cuestiones El juego en que andamos (1959) y
GotánVHSUHGRPLQDXQPDWL]REYLDPHQWHSROtWLFR$SDUWLUGHHQCólera
buey HQ Fábulas (1971) y en Relaciones VH GHVDUUROODQ P~OWLSOHV
IRUPDVSRpWLFDVSDUDFRQWDUODKLVWRULDSHUVRQDO\FROHFWLYD
Nos centraremos en FábulasXQDREUDPHQRVHVWXGLDGDSRUVXVFUtWLFRVSDUD
DYHULJXDU GH TXp PRGR VH HODERUD HO GLVFXUVR GH ¿FFLyQ TXH QR SURFHGH VLQR GH
H[SHULHQFLDVYLWDOHV\UHDOHVHQHOJpQHURIDEXOtVWLFRTXHFRQ¿HUHXQDFRQFLHQFLDGHO
SRGHUGHODSDODEUD%DTXHGDQR(OOLEURFRQVWDGHSRHPDV\FDGDXQR
GHHOORVUHYHODXQDKLVWRULDRDQpFGRWDVREUHXQSHUVRQDMH(OFRUSXVOtULFRLQWURGXFH
XQDJDOHUtDGHSHUVRQDVKLVWyULFDVLQYHQWDGDV\PLWROyJLFDVWUDQVIRUPDQGRORKDELWXDO
HQLQVyOLWRUHFRQVWUX\HQGRKLVWRULHWDVFRQXQDEXHQDGRVLVGHLPDJLQDFLyQ(QORTXH
UHVSHFWDDORVSHUVRQDMHVUHDOHVVXSRQHXQPRGRUHQRYDGRUGHYHUVL¿FDUODUHDOLGDG
KLVWyULFD GHVPDUFiQGRVH GH OD +LVWRULD FRQ PD\~VFXODV OD FXDO ULJH GH PDQHUD
KHJHPyQLFDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOSDVDGRSDUDDVtFRQGXFLUDVXVOHFWRUHVDXQWHUUHQR
QXHYR\SURYRFDWLYR(QORVSHUVRQDMHVLQYHQWDGRV\DQyQLPRVDVXYH]VHSUHVHQWDQ
LPiJHQHV GHVPHVXUDGDV \ RQtULFDV SDUD VXEUD\DU OD FXHVWLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG \ VX
HQWRUQR3RUDxDGLGXUDVHUHHVFULEHQDOJXQDVOH\HQGDVH[yWLFDVXUEDQDV\UHOLJLRVDV
HQODVTXHVHLQWURGXFHXQPDWL]VRFLDO\KXPDQRDORIDEXOtVWLFR SDUDTXHORVVXMHWRV
DSDUH]FDQPiVDVHTXLEOHV1RVSURSRQHPRVDQDOL]DUODDSOLFDFLyQGHODVIiEXODVVREUH
H[SHULHQFLDV\ELRJUDItDVDVXWUDWDPLHQWRGHVXFHVRVFRQRFLGRV\GHVFRQRFLGRV6L
ODVIiEXODVVRQDTXHOODVFRVDVTXHQLKDQDFRQWHFLGRQLSXHGHQDFRQWHFHUQRVLQWULJD
HOPRWLYRSRUHOTXH*HOPDQUHFXUUHDHVWHJpQHURSDUDUHIHULUVHDODUHDOLGDGDOD
VRFLHGDG\DODKLVWRULD
2. HISTORIA E HISTORIA
/DSRHVtDJHOPDQLDQDQRFDUHFHGHODDXWRULGDGGHODKLVWRULDPD\RUTXHVHSXHGH
HVFULELU FRQ PD\~VFXOD FRPR ³+LVWRULD´ FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU VX FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPR
92
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
IRUPDOLVPR \ XQLYHUVDOLVPR 3DUWLHQGR GH HVWD FDWHJRUtD GRPLQDQWH GH KLVWRULD
GHVWDFDXQDFRUULHQWHGHQWURGHODSRHVtDDUJHQWLQDGHORVDxRVVHVHQWDHQODTXHHO
SRHWDGHVHPSHxDHOSDSHOGHWHVWLJR\DODYH]GHUHYROXFLRQDULR1RREVWDQWHHQ
ORVDxRVVHWHQWDSDUD-XDQ*HOPDQODSRHVtDUHÀHMDPiVELHQHOVHQWLGRHWLPROyJLFR
GH OD SDODEUD ODWLQD ³IDEXODUH´ TXH VH UH¿HUH DO KDEODU \ DO FRQWDU SDUD GHVSHUWDU
FRQFLHQFLDV3RUORGHPiVODSRpWLFDXQHGRVHOHPHQWRVFRQWUDULRVODPHPRULD\
OD LOXVLyQ$Vt *HOPDQ KD VHxDODGR TXH ³UHFRUGDU HO SDVDGR HV XQ DFWR SROtWLFR´
%RFFDQHUD SXHVWR TXH OD PHPRULD GHVYHOD HQ SDUWH WDQWR OD RSUHVLyQ
FRPRHOGHFDLPLHQWRGHOSRGHU(ODFWRSROtWLFRGHUHFRUGDUSRUXQODGRRWRUJDOD
FRQFLHQFLDVRFLDOFRQODTXHHOSRHWDVHGHGLFDDVXVODERUHVOLWHUDULDVSRURWURDOXGH
DXQDWiFWLFDLQYHUVDFRQODTXHVHOHSHUPLWHUHRUJDQL]DUHOVLVWHPDHVWDEOHFLGRGHOD
VRFLHGDGGHPDQHUDLQHVSHUDGDFRQYLUWLpQGRORHQXQHVWDGRHQHOTXHORVFRQWUDVWHV
YLYHQXQRGHORWUR'LJDPRVTXHHVXQDPDQHUDGHWUDWDUODUHSUHVLyQVRFLDO
(Q Fábulas VH WUDQVPLWH HO FRQFHSWR IXQGDPHQWDO GH TXH ³WRGR HV LOXVLyQ
PHQRV SRGHU´ SDODEUDV GH /HQLQ FLWDGDV FRPR HStJUDIH GH OD REUD &DEH VHxDODU
TXHHOSRGHUHQFLHUUDXQDIRUPDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHKDEODUGHODKLVWRULDXQHMHUFLFLR
GHHQYROYHUUHPLQLVFHQFLDVFRQHORURSHOGHORVWURIHRVSDVDGRV3DUHFHTXHODREUD
ULQGHKRPHQDMHDKpURHVKLVWyULFRVWDOHVFRPRHODOPLUDQWHEULWiQLFR+RUDWLR1HOVRQ
HOPpGLFR\ERWiQLFRIUDQFpV$LPp%RQSODQGHOPLOLWDUULRSODWHQVH-RVp*HUYDVLR
$UWLJDVHQWUHRWURVVXEUD\DQGROD³EHOOH]DIRUPDO´2¶+DUDSDUDOODPDU
ODDWHQFLyQVREUHORVPpULWRV\FRQVWULEXFLRQHVGHGLFKRVSHUVRQDMHV6LQHPEDUJR
VHLQWHUFDODQFROODJHVTXHDOXGHQDORtQWLPR\ORLQVWLQWLYRSDUDGHIRUPDUORVSHU¿OHV
R¿FLDOHVGHDKtTXHODSRHVtDHVFDPRWHHOD¿QDOLGDGSHGDJyJLFD\SROLWL]DQWHTXH
OD KLVWRULD R¿FLDO SUHWHQGH DOFDQ]DU 1RV UHPLWLPRV D ODV SDODEUDV GH .DUO 0DU[
PHQFLRQDGDVSRUHOSRHWDDOFRPLHQ]RGHODREUD³(OHVFULWRUQRFRQVLGHUDHQPRGR
DOJXQRVXVWUDEDMRVFRPRXQmedio6RQ¿QHVHQVt´*HOPDQ'LFKR
GH RWUD PDQHUD ORV YHUVRV QR VRQ LQVWUXPHQWRV SDUD GLIXQGLU XQ LGHDULR \ DVt VH
PDQL¿HVWDHQ³&RQ¿DQ]DV´SRHPDFROHFLRQDGRHQRelaciones
VHVLHQWDDODPHVD\HVFULEH
©FRQHVWHSRHPDQRWRPDUiVHOSRGHUªGLFH
©FRQHVWRVYHUVRVQRKDUiVOD5HYROXFLyQªGLFH
©QLFRQPLOHVGHYHUVRVKDUiVOD5HYROXFLyQªGLFH
\PiVHVRVYHUVRVQRKDQGHVHUYLUOHSDUD
TXHSHRQHVPDHVWURVKDFKHURVYLYDQPHMRU
FRPDQPHMRURpOPLVPRFRPDYLYDPHMRU
QLSDUDHQDPRUDUDXQDOHVHUYLUiQ
$KRUDELHQVLODSRHVtDQRHVXQPHGLR¢FXiOHVHO³¿QHQVt´GHODHVFULWXUD
SRpWLFD"(QUHODFLyQDHVWR*HOPDQFRPSDUWHODLGHRORJtDGH0DU[GHTXHODKLVWRULD
VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU XQD UHSHWLFLyQ TXH GHVHPERFD HQ XQD FRQWUDGLFFLyQ JHQpULFD
0DU[ VRVWLHQH TXH WRGRV ORV JUDQGHV KHFKRV \ SHUVRQDMHV GH OD KLVWRULD XQLYHUVDO
93
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
DSDUHFHQ GRV YHFHV ³XQD YH] FRPR WUDJHGLD \ OD RWUD FRPR IDUVD´ 0DU[ /DVHJXQGDYH]ODGHODIDUVDSRUDVtGHFLUORUHVSRQGHDO³LQVHQVDWRMXHJRGH
HVFULELU´%ODQFKRWHQHOTXHODOLWHUDWXUDVHKDFHDFFLyQ%ODQFKRW
DODSDUTXHSRQHHQWHODGHMXLFLRORVPHFDQLVPRVGHOVLVWHPD'LJDPRVTXHHO
³¿QHQVt´GHODSRHVtDUHVLGHSUHFLVDPHQWHHQXQDSURSXHVWDLQVLVWHQWH\SHUVLVWHQWH
GHGXGDVHLQWHUURJDQWHVMXQWRDODLOXVLyQHLQYHQFLyQTXHJHQHUDODUHYROXFLyQ
7RPHPRVFRPRHMHPSORHOSULPHUSRHPDWLWXODGR³2MR´GHFábulasHQHOTXH
VHUH¿HUHDODOPLUDQWHEULWiQLFR1HOVRQKpURHFRQRFLGRSRUVXYLFWRULDHQODEDWDOOD
7UDIDOJDUFRQWUDODVÀRWDVIUDQFHVD\HVSDxROD(OSRHPDFRPLHQ]DFRQXQHORJLRD
OD¿JXUDGHODOPLUDQWHFX\RVRMRVD]XOHVPXHVWUDQVXDIHFWRSDWULyWLFR\ERQGDG1
$SDUWLUGHODWHUFHUDHVWURIDORVYHUVRVGHVSOD]DQODJORUL¿FDFLyQS~EOLFDKDFLDXQ
HVFiQGDORGHODYLGDSULYDGDGHODOPLUDQWH
HQHORWRxRGH1RWWLQJKDP
RSRUGHWUiVGHO%ULWLVK0XVHXP
GRQGHODVIDPDVVHHYDO~DQ
QDGLHSHQVDEDHQORVLQVRPQLRV
GHODOPLUDQWHGH7UDIDOJDU
HQORVUXLGLWRVGHVXSHFKR
RVHDORVUXLGRVGHODPXHUWH
RVHDHQORVUXLGRVTXHOHVDOtDQ
EDMRODLGRODWUtDQDFLRQDO
$TXt+LVWRULDTXHVLUYHSDUDVXEUD\DUODVSURH]DV\HQVDO]DUDORVKpURHVVH
YHLQWHUUXPSLGDSRUDOJXQRVHSLVRGLRVLPDJLQDULRVSHUREDVDGRVSDUFLDOPHQWHHQ
GDWRVELRJUi¿FRVFRPRSRUHMHPSORORVLQVRPQLRVHQWHQGLGRVFRPRXQHVWDGR
RSXHVWRDOGLXUQRHQHOTXHHOKpURHFXPSOHVXVPLVLRQHVFRQQRUPDOLGDG\ORV
UXLGLWRVTXHPHQRVFDEDQODLPDJHQKHURLFDGHYLJRU\UHVROXFLyQ(O\RHQXQFLDGRU
H[SOLFDHQHVWRVWpUPLQRV³HVDVtTXHVREULR\KXPLOGHSURSRQJRXQDVLWXDFLyQ´
\DFRQWLQXDFLyQDJUHJDHODPRUtRHQWUH1HOVRQ\/DG\+DPLOWRQ(VWDHVSRVDGH
:LOOLDP+DPLOWRQHPEDMDGRUHQ1iSROHVWXYRXQDUHODFLyQH[WUDPDWULPRQLDOFRQ
1HOVRQ3RUHOOR1HOVRQVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQRGHORVSHUVRQDMHVPiVFRQWURYHUWLGRV
\GLVFXWLGRVSDUDODSUHQVDGHDTXHOODpSRFD$VLPLVPRVHYXHOYHDGHVWDFDUHORMR
GH1HOVRQDSDVLRQDGRSRUODEHOOH]DGH/DG\+DPLOWRQSDUDLQVLQXDUHOKHFKRGH
TXHpOPLVPRSHUGLyXQRMRHQODEDWDOODGH&DOYL+HDTXtOD~OWLPDHVWURIDGHO
SRHPD
1 &RPR ELHQ VH VDEH DQWHV GH PRULU D EDOD]RV 1HOVRQ SRQH pQIDVLV HQ ODV LGLRVLQFUDVLDV
QHFHVDULDV GHO SDWULRWLVPR \ HO VDFUL¿FLR TXH XQR GHEH SRVHHU DQWH OD FULVLV QDFLRQDO FRQ XQ OHPD
³,QJODWHUUDHVSHUDTXHFDGDKRPEUHFXPSODFRQVXGHEHU´
94
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
FXDQGRVHHVWDEDSRUPRULU
SLGLyHOUHWUDWRGHOD(PPD
SDUDSRQpUVHORHQODyUELWD
FRPRTXLHQTXLHUHHQWUDUFRQVXV
GRVSURSLRVRMRVDO3DUDtVR
SHURHOEXHQ'LRVGLMRTXHQR
TXHRMRHVRMR\UHWUDWRUHWUDWR
\DVtDFDEyHOJUDQDOPLUDQWH
FRPRORVWXHUWRVGHFXDOTXLHUSXHEOR
KD\XQ¿QDOHGL¿FDQWH
HQWRGDKLVWRULDGHYHUGDG
$SHVDUGHOHVFiQGDORTXHVHSURGXMRSRUODLQ¿GHOLGDGVHJ~QORVKLVWRULDGRUHV
HQDTXHOODpSRFDHODOPLUDQWHIXHHOSULPHUKRPEUHHQDWUHYHUVHDGHMDUDVXHVSRVD
SDUDSRGHUHVWDUFRQODDPDQWH2/RTXHSURSRQHHO\RHQXQFLDGRUSRUDVtGHFLUOR
HV XQD LPDJHQ LQYHUWLGD GHO KpURH GH OD +LVWRULD TXH HQ SDODEUDV GH *HQHYLqYH
)DEU\ QR LPSOLFD XQD GHVPLWL¿FDFLyQ WRWDO VLQR XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR TXH OR XELFD
HQ OR FRWLGLDQR \ HQ ODV YLYHQFLDV tQWLPDV (V GHFLU OD YHUGDG R¿FLDO
GHVPHQWLGDSRUODFRWLGLDQHLGDGHLQWLPLGDGYDUHGXFLHQGRORVHFRVYDQLGRVRVGHODV
SURH]DVGHOSDVDGRSDUDGHYROYHUDOKpURHDVXGLPHQVLyQUHDOGHVHUKXPDQRFRQ
GHIHFWRV\ÀDTXH]DV
2WUR HMHPSOR OR REVHUYDPRV HQ HO SRHPD WLWXODGR ³(O ERWiQLFR´ TXH YHUVD
VREUH HO QDWXUDOLVWD IUDQFpV $LPp %RQSODQG (O SRHPD VLJXH XQ KLOR FRQGXFWRU
SDUDOHORIRUPDGRSRUODPLVLyQFLHQWt¿FD\HOHQFXHQWURDPRURVR(QWUH\
%RQSODQG MXQWR D XQD H[SHGLFLyQ FLHQWt¿FD RUJDQL]DGD SRU HO QDWXUDOLVWD DOHPiQ
$OH[DQGHU YRQ +XPEROGW YLDMy SRU$PpULFD EXVFDQGR SODQWDV H[yWLFDV SDUD VXV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV(OGLVFXUVRKLVWyULFRUHODWDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWt¿FDSHUR*HOPDQ
LQWHUSRQHXQDDQpFGRWDDPRURVDTXHVHLQVHUWDHQODKLVWRULDGHODH[SORUDFLyQ
\DTXtHOIUDQFpV%RQSODQGERWiQLFR
EXVFDEDDVFOHSLDVOLUROHQVLV
RFKLQFKRQDVDFDULGiFHDV
HQFRQWUyHQFDPELRODVLJQRWDV
FDUDVRURVWURVGHODPRU
DODLQGLD1XQXGHORV]DPERV
MXQWRDODERFDGHO2ULQRFR
2 ³1HOVRQKRZHYHUZDVWKH¿UVWKLJKSUR¿OHPDQWRDFWXDOO\OHDYHKLVZLIH´1HOVRQVLQ
HPEDUJRIXHODSULPHUD¿JXUDLPSRUWDQWHHQGHMDUDVXHVSRVD9pDVHHODUWtFXORGH.DWH:LOOLDPV
KWWSZZZEEFFRXNKLVWRU\EULWLVKHPSLUHBVHDSRZHUQHOVRQBHPPDBVKWPO
95
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
/DWHPiWLFDGHODE~VTXHGDFLHQWt¿FDVHVXVWLWX\HSRUODGHOHQFXHQWURDPRURVR
FRQ1XQX1RKD\TXHLQGDJDUDFHUFDGHODHYLGHQFLDGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHOSHUVRQDMH
IHPHQLQRSXHVWRTXHVXSUHVHQFLDIXQFLRQDFRPRVtPERORGHXQDQXHYDIRUPDGHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR LQWHULRU TXH ODV FLHQFLDV GHVWLHUUDQ GH VX GRPLQLR &KLULQRV (QSULPHUOXJDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRQRVHDGTXLHUHVLQRPHGLDQWHXQ³PHVWL]DMH
FXOWXUDO´ )DEU\ $SDUWH GH FROHFFLRQDU SODQWDV OD H[SHGLFLyQ GHEtD
UHDOL]DU XQ HVWXGLR GH ODV FRVWXPEUHV LQGtJHQDV GH PRGR TXH *HOPDQ RSWD SRU
HQXPHUDUODVIDXQDVSDUDPRVWUDUODDGDSWDFLyQDODYLGDGHO1XHYR0XQGR³FRPtD
DUUR]\XFDVKRUPLJDVSOiWDQRV\PDQMDUGHPRQRPLUiQGRVHHQORVFRFRGULORV
HQHOVLOELGRGHODVERDVHQHOUXJLGRGHORVWLJUHV´(QVHJXQGROXJDU
HOQXHYRFRQRFLPLHQWRVHSURGXFHDWUDYpVGHODXQLyQFRUSRUDO\ODH[SRVLFLyQGH
GLVWLQWDVOHQJXDVPDQHMDGDV
DODFDORUGHHVDVKRJXHUDV
DTXtHOIUDQFpV%RQSODQGERWiQLFR
HQWUyHQODVGXOFHVSDUWHVGH1XQX
PLHQWUDVJLUDEDQHQODQRFKH
ODVFDWHGUDOHVPHGLHYDOHV
WRGDODUXHGXFKDWTXLSrFKH
FRPRSODQHWDVLQVWDQWiQHRV
DSDJiQGRVHHQODPLWDG
HQWUHORVSHFKRVGHOD1XQX
TXHKDEODEDQVXVLGLRPDVVXDYHV
8QD VHULH GH SUHJXQWDV SODQWHDGDV FRQ HO OHQJXDMH VHQVXDO YDQ RFXSDQGR HO
SRHPD GHVSXpV GH TXH 1XQX IXHUD VHFXHVWUDGD (O ERWiQLFR HPEHOHVDGR SRU HO
PXQGR SULPLWLYR TXH UHSUHVHQWD OD ¿JXUD GH OD LQGLD SUHJXQWD D ORV DQLPDOHV HO
SRVLEOHSDUDGHURGHODDPDGDSUHVFLQGLHQGRGHOGLVFXUVRGHODFLHQFLD\FLYLOL]DFLyQ
$WUDYpVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQHOFRFRGULORHOWLJUH\ODERD%RQSODQGVHLQWHJUD
HQ OD FRPXQLGDG GH OD IiEXOD GRQGH ODV ¿HUDV DOHFFLRQDQ D ORV KRPEUHV SDUD TXH
pVWRV VH HQWHUHQ GH VX SURSLD LQVX¿FLHQFLD$O ¿QDO VH DJUHJD RWUD ¿FFLyQ OD GH
TXHHOERWiQLFRFRQVLJXHUHVLVWLUORVDYDQFHVGHODHPSHUDWUL]-RVH¿QDGH1DSROHyQ
YROYLHQGRDODVVHOYDVGHO2ULQRFRDXQTXH¿QDOPHQWH\DQRSXHGDHQFRQWUDUDOD
LQGLD3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODKLVWRULDGHOERWiQLFRWHUPLQDFRQHODXWRGHVFXEULPLHQWR\
ODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHVXLGHQWLGDG
(Q *HOPDQ ODV UHIHUHQFLDV KLVWyULFDV HQFLHUUDQ XQD UHYROXFLyQ LQWHUQD GH OD
SRHVtDTXHYLHQHDPDQLIHVWDUXQD³SUpGLFDDQWLVHFWDULVWD´VLPLODUDOSURFHVRGH
GHVFHQWUDPLHQWR TXH VH HMHUFH HQ ORV YHUVRV3 (Q HO SHUVRQDMH KLVWyULFR VH GLYLVDQ
3 7pUPLQR DFXxDGR SRU (GXDUGR '$QQD DO KDEODU GH RWUR SRHPD UHFRJLGR HQ )iEXODV
³0XHUWHGH(PLOLR-iXUHJXL´6HxDODTXHHOWRQRIDEXOtVWLFR³VHSRQHDOVHUYLFLRGHXQDFUtWLFDDOD
96
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
ODPRGHVWLD\ODGHELOLGDGKXPDQDVFRQODVTXHVHFDVWUDOD¿JXUDJLJDQWHVFDGHOD
+LVWRULD DO WLHPSR TXH VH SRQHQ GH PDQL¿HVWR H[SHULHQFLDV GH IUDFDVR \ SpUGLGD
GH ORV KpURHV *HOPDQ GH¿QH HVWD LGHD GH OD VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD ³/D SRVLELOLGDG
PDUDYLOORVD GH XQD UHYROXFLyQ HV TXH URPSH WRGDV ODV FRPSXHUWDV TXH KDFHQ TXH
HQXQDVRFLHGDGGHFODVHVHOLQWHOHFWXDOYLYDHQXQDpOLWH´0RQWDQDUR
$¿QGHFXHQWDVVHTXHGDUHOHJDGDODKLVWRULDPD\RUWtSLFDPHQWHRUJDQL]DGDSRU
XQOHQJXDMHMHUiUTXLFR\FODVL¿FDGRUSDUDTXHVREUHVDOJDQODVKLVWRULDVPHQRUHVGH
REVHVLyQORFXUD\DOLHQDFLyQ
3. EXTRAÑAMIENTO Y DISTANCIAMIENTO
(QUHSHWLGDVRFDVLRQHV*HOPDQKDFHKLQFDSLpHQTXHODSRHVtDQRHVXQDVXQWR
GHYROXQWDGVLQRPiVELHQXQDREVHVLyQFRQODTXHVHREVHUYDQORVURVWURVDMHQRV
3RUORGHPiVGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDODSRHVtDSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHXQR¿FLRTXHHMHUFHHO
SRHWD(QXQSRHPDWLWXODGR³$UWHSRpWLFD´D¿UPDDVt³1XQFDIXLHOGXHxRGHPLV
FHQL]DVPLVYHUVRVURVWURVRVFXURVORVHVFULEHQFRPRWLUDUFRQWUDODPXHUWH´
(OSRHWDWLHQGHDFUHDUVXVREUDVOtULFDVFRQYDULRVKHWHUyQLPRVLGHQWL¿FiQGRVH
FRQHOSRHWDEULWiQLFR-RKQ:HQGHOOFRQHOMDSRQpV<DPDQRNXFKL$QGRHQCólera
buey FRQHOQRUWHDPHULFDQR6LGQH\:HVWHQTraducciones III
\SRVWHULRUPHQWHFRQORVSRHWDVOODPDGRV-RVp*DOYiQ\-XOLR*UHFFR1RVH[SOLFD
TXH HO PRWLYR SRU HO TXH LQYHQWD SRHWDV H[WUDQMHURV \ VHXGRWUDGXFFLRQHV HV SRU
HO DFWR GH H[WUDxDUVH TXH GHEH UHDOL]DU IUHQWH D XQD SRHVtD WDQ SHUVRQDO FRPR OD
TXHYDSHU¿ODQGR(OSRHWDHVFRQVFLHQWHGHODQHFHVLGDGGHH[WUDxDUVHWDQWRSDUD
GXGDUFRQWUDGHFLU\UHFRQVWUXLUHOVLJQL¿FDGRHVWDEOHFLGRFRPRSDUDDFHQWXDUXQD
³HVFULWXUDGHORLPSUHYLVLEOH´'DOPDURQLFX\RVDUJXPHQWRVSURSLFLDQ
XQDDXWRFRQWUDGLFFLyQ\DXWROLEHUDFLyQ
(Q Fábulas YDOLpQGRVH GH OD RWUHGDG FRPR IRUPD H[SUHVLYD VH H[FDYD XQD
WLHUUDLJQRWDOOHQDGHURVWURVTXHOXFKDQFRQWUDHOWLHPSRODSpUGLGD\ODPXHUWH
$GLIHUHQFLDGHORVSHUVRQDMHVKLVWyULFRVFRQRFLGRVSRUODVPDVDVDSDUHFHQVXMHWRV
HQXQFLDGRVWDQVRORSRUVXQRPEUHVLQDSHOOLGRFRPR-RDTXtQ0LJXHO\(XJHQLR
ORV FXDOHV VH SXHGHQ LGHQWL¿FDU FRQ FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD (QWUH HOORV UHYLVWH JUDQ
LQWHUpV OD YLVLyQ GH -RDTXtQ TXH RFXSD WUHV SRHPDV GH OD REUD SDUD GHVYHODU XQD
³FLUFXQVWDQFLD GHO FRUD]yQ´ TXH FRLQFLGH FRQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV H[WHULRUHV *HOPDQ
1RV SURSRUFLRQD YLVLRQHV DOXFLQDGDV H KLSQyWLFDV HQ ODV TXH VH UHÀHMD
EODQGXUDRIDOWDGHUDGLFDOL]DFLyQGHORVGHOFDPSRSURSLR´
KWWSKDEODUGHSRHVLDFRPDUQXPHURMXDQJHOPDQGHVSXHVGHEOLQGDUODURVD
(Q XQD HQWUHYLVWD FRQFHGLGD D 0DULR %HQHGHWWL *HOPDQ WUDH D FRODFLyQ HO RULJHQ GHO
H[WUDxDPLHQWR³(QHVHPRPHQWRPHKDEtDLGRGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDDEVROXWDPHQWHFRQYHQFLGRGH
VXGHUHFKLVPRODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDGHOSDtVVHJXtDDSDUHQWHPHQWHVLQVDOLGDRPHMRUGLFKRVLQIXHU]DV
TXH SURSXVLHUDQ XQD VDOLGD (VWR PH OOHYy D XQD SRHVtD LQWLPLVWD VXPDGR D SUREOHPDV SHUVRQDOHV´
%HQHGHWWL
97
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
XQD FUXGD H LQFRPSUHQVLEOH UHDOLGDG (O SULPHU SRHPD DFHUFD GH -RDTXtQ FRQ VX
WtWXOR GH ³)iEXOD HQFRQWUDGD GRQGH´ URPSH OD VLQWD[LV WUDVWRFDQGR ODV SDODEUDV
\ YHUVL¿FDQGR XQ PXQGR IHUR] SHUR FXULRVDPHQWH UHSOHWR GH VDFUL¿FLR (O SRHWD
UHWRPD¿JXUDVDQLPDOHV\KXPDQDVSDUDUHVDOWDUHOHVSDFLRIDEXOtVWLFR\HOFRQFHSWR
GHORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV(OSRHPDFRPLHQ]DFRQXQDLPDJHQIDQWiVWLFDHQTXH
ORVSiMDURVGHOHVSHMRORJUDQTXHEUDQWDUORVOtPLWHVHVSDFLRWHPSRUDOHVHQFRQWUDGH
ODPXHUWH³DODOyJLFDGHOUHORMODYLRODURQYHFHVORVSDMDULWRVGHOHVSHMR\QR
GLUpTXHQRHVWXYLHUDQVLQJXODUPHQWHFRPSODFLGRVODOyJLFDHOUHORMRORVSDMDULWRV
HPSXMDGRUHVVDOtDQYRODQGRGHOUHYpVGHOWHUVRWLHPSRGHOHVSHMR´(O
YXHORGHOUHYpVGHORVSiMDURVVLPEROL]DXQDVXEYHUVLyQGHORUGHQFRQYHQFLRQDO\XQ
DQKHORGHOLEHUWDG
$FRQWLQXDFLyQGHIRUPDSDUDOHODVHGHVFULEHXQDVLWXDFLyQGRORURVDHQODTXH
HOVXMHWRVHHQIUHQWDDXQDFULVLVH[LVWHQFLDO³MRDTXtQVRxDEDFRQSDQWDQRVTXHOH
ODPtDQORVSLHVGXOFHV\ORKDFtDQEDMDUEDMDUDEULUORVRMRVHQODJRUGDRVFXULGDG
HPSDQWDQDGD FRPR XQD SHUUD GH DQLPDO FRPR OHQJXD OOHQD GH JUDVD FRPR
SXHUWDGHSXGULFLyQRORSRGULGRGHOROYLGR´&RQWRGRHOSRHWD
QRGH¿HQGHHOYLFWLPLVPRVLQRPiVELHQHVER]DXQDYLVLyQSDUWLFXODUGHDXVHQFLD
FRQ DPRU \ YDORU -RDTXtQ QR LQWHQWD YLRODU OD OH\ GH OD QDWXUDOH]D QL FRQWUDYHQLU
QRUPDVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQFDPELRODSDODEUDSRpWLFDFRQODTXHVHQDUUDQODSpUGLGD
\HOVLOHQFLRVHUHEHODSDUDGDUDFRQRFHUORDQRUPDOGHOPXQGRUDFLRQDO$GHPiV
-RDTXtQQRPXHVWUDFyOHUDHQHOPRPHQWRHQHOTXHVHYHREOLJDGRDH[WLQJXLUVH
/pDVHOD~OWLPDHVWURIDGHOSRHPD
RKPDUDYLOODVTXHODPtDQ
ORVFRVWDGRVGHOMRDTXtQLGR
OROHYDQWDURQXQDYH]
\pOEHVyHODLUHGHOSDtV
\DQWHVGHYROYHUDDFRVWDUVH
GHMyHQHODLUHXQDFDORU
TXHVXEHFRPRWRGRVORV
SREUHVGHOPXQGRRSDMDULWRV
GHODSHUUDSXHVWRVGHSLH
PLHQWUDV-RDTXtQVHGLVROYtD
SRUORVSDQWDQRVGHODPXQGR
(VWDPRVDQWHXQWHUUHQRFKRFDQWHOOHQRGHHUURUHVJUDPDWLFDOHVTXHORVYHUVRV
JHOPDQLDQRV FRQVWUX\HQ GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH WDOHV FRPR OD VLQWD[LV LQDGHFXDGD GHO
WtWXOR GHO SRHPD /DV SDODEUDV FRQ IDOWDV RUWRJUi¿FDV DVt FRPR ³XQD FDORU´ \ ³OD
PXQGR´QRUHYHODQPiVTXHODPLVPDUHDOLGDGFRQWRGDVVXVFDUDV'HHVWHPRGRVH
SXHGHGHGXFLUTXHHOSRHWDPHGLDQWHHOSURWDJRQLVPRGH-RDTXtQXQRGHVXVSURSLRV
URVWURVPXHVWUDODDFHSWDFLyQGHODDÀLFFLyQKXPDQD(OKXQGLPLHQWRGH-RDTXtQ
98
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
WUDHFRQVLJRODOLEHUWDGGHORVRWURVPDUJLQDGRV\VRPHWLGRVFRPRORVSREUHV\ORV
SiMDURVTXHSLHUGHQODVDODV
(OSRHPDWLWXODGR³0DGUHV´HQHOTXH-RDTXtQDSDUHFHGHQXHYR\DQRVHFHQWUD
HQVXSURWDJRQLVPRLQGLYLGXDOVLQRPiVELHQHQODRWUHGDG\ODDWPyVIHUDSDUWLFXODU
GHOD$UJHQWLQDGHODpSRFD(OHQXQFLDGRUSRpWLFRVHxDODORTXHYLRHO-RDTXtQWHVWLJR
DOTXH³VHOHFD\HURQORVRMRVDOVXHOR´,UyQLFDPHQWHORVIUDJPHQWRVGH
LPiJHQHVOOHYDQXQD³WDUHDGHDSDJDU´\GHGHVHVSHUDUGHQRPLQDGDOD³UHSXWDGHOD
PXHUWH´+HDTXtXQDHVWURIDTXHYHUVDVREUHODVPXMHUHVEUXMDVTXHUHVXFLWDQFRQHO
IXHJRSDUDYHQJDUVHGHORVSHUSHWUDGRUHV
YLRHOJROIRGH6DPERURPEyQ
FRPRXQFRSyQOOHQRGHYLQR
\YLRPXMHUHVFDOHQWDGDV
SRUODPXHUWHDPRGRGHVRO
PXMHUHVGHQDOJDVTXHKHUYtDQ
\HQFHQGtDQIXHJRVHQODVLHVWD
SDUDTXHPDUDVXVYHUGXJRV
RKJUDQGHVEUXMDVDOUHYpV
/D%DKtDGH6DPERURPEyQFRQQRWDXQDGRVLVDOFRKyOLFDGHOD³ORFXUDGHXQ
HVStULWXHQWXVLDVPDGR´5FRQODTXHHOSRHWDVHHQIUHQWDDODUHDOLGDGGHVXSDWULDTXH
OHWRFDYLYLUHQOD$UJHQWLQDGHODpSRFD/DVPDGUHVVRQPHWiIRUDVGHORVOXJDUHV
PLVHUDEOHV GRQGH SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH VH UHSLWHQ VXFHVRV WUiJLFRV HQ OD PHPRULD GH
-RDTXtQ(VWHDFRQWLQXDFLyQGDWHVWLPRQLRFRQFLIUDVSUHFLVDV
YLRTXHOORUDEDQPXFKRSRU
ORVVRVSHFKRVRVGHDxRV
ORVFKLFRVGHTXH
VHVXLFLGDEDQHQ9HUVDOOHV
SRUHOQLxRODGUyQGH-HUVH\
SRUORVTXHUREDQHQ6DQWD)H
RKiQJHOHVFRPRHPSOHDGRV
GH'LRVDWHQWRDVXHVWUDWHJLD
DEDMDGRVFRPRWHVWLJRV
DHVWDWHUUD]DGHGRORU
5 2EVpUYHVHODLGHDVHxDODGDHQSatiricón GHOSRHWDURPDQR3HWURQLR³1RVHWUDWDGHHQFHUUDU
HQYHUVRVODQDUUDFLyQGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVORTXHKDFHQPXFKRPHMRUORVKLVWRULDGRUHVVLQRTXH
ODOLEUHLQVSLUDFLyQKDGHGHVSHxDUVHSRUSHULSHFLDVHLQWHUYHQFLRQHVGLYLQDV\ODUXLGRVDWRUUHQWHUDGH
IUDVHVEULOODQWHVD¿QGHTXHPiVVHGHMHYHUODORFXUDGHXQHVStULWXHQWXVLDVPDGRTXHODSUHFLVLyQGH
XQDQDUUDFLyQUHVSHWXRVDSDUDFRQORVWHVWLPRQLRV´3HWURQLRÈUELWUR
99
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
(Q HVWD HVWURID ODV PDGUHV OORUDEDQ SRU ORV QLxRV \ DGROHVFHQWHV TXH YLYtDQ
HQODSREUH]D\FRPHWtDQFUtPHQHVHQODVFLXGDGHVGH$UJHQWLQDDVtFRPRHOEDUULR
GH9HUVDOOHV\ODSURYLQFLDGH6DQWD)HLQVLQXDQGRTXHORVQLxRVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQ
YtFWLPDVHQXQDVRFLHGDGPDWHULDOLVWD1RVUHFXHUGDODVSDODEUDVGH-RKQ:HQGHOO
XQR GH ORV KHWHUyQLPRV GH *HOPDQ ³WRGD SRHVtD HV KRVWLO DO FDSLWDOLVPR´ (OFDSLWDOLVPRFDXVDWUDJHGLDVIDPLOLDUHV\VRFLDOHVSRUWRGRHOPXQGRWDOHV
FRPR HO PDWULFLGLR TXH FRPHWLy XQ DGROHVFHQWH GH 2DNODQG VHJ~Q HO WHVWLPRQLR
GHQXHVWURHQXQFLDGRUSRpWLFR6HJXLGDPHQWHVHDJUHJDXQHSLVRGLRPiJLFRHQHO
TXH ORV RMRV GH -RDTXtQ VH HVFLQGHQ HQ OD PDGUH \ OD PXHUWH ³\ GH XQR OH VDOLy
XQD PDGUH UHYRORWHDQGR GH WHVWLJR PLHQWUDV GHO RWUR VH DVRPDED FRQ VXDYHV
QDYDMDVODPXHUWH´5HVXOWDTXHHOIHQyPHQRGHODPXHUWH\DQRHVXQD
YLVLyQSUR\HFWDGDHQODVSXSLODVGHOVXMHWRSRpWLFRPiVELHQVHSHUVRQL¿FD\WRPD
ODLQLFLDWLYDSDUDSUHVLGLUODHVFHQD³\PLUDED¿MRDMRDTXtQTXHDUGtDEDMRODVLHVWD
\DVHODDEUD]DEDFRPRPDGUH´
(VGHVXSRQHUTXHODSRHVtDJHOPDQLDQDWLHQHODPLVLyQHVHQFLDOGHFROHFFLRQDU
URVWURV YLVLEOHV H LQYLVLEOHV UHYHUVRV \ DQYHUVRV SDUD PRVWUDU OD UHDOLGDG GH XQ
PRGRIUDJPHQWDULR\RQtULFR7DQWRODLQYHQFLyQGHODV¿JXUDVDQyQLPDVFRPRORV
DUJXPHQWRV IDEXOtVWLFRV UHSUHVHQWDQ XQD PDQHUD SDUWLFXODU GH UHODFLRQDUVH FRQ OD
YLGDDPRGREUHFKWLDQR6(OSRHWDQRVVXJLHUHTXHXQRKDGHSUHVFLQGLUGHORKDELWXDO
SDUDSRGHUDFHSWDUORDMHQR\DODYH]LQWHUURJDUVHDVtPLVPR
(OHIHFWRGHH[WUDxDPLHQWROOHJDDVXFOtPD[PHGLDQWHODDQLPDOL]DFLyQUDVJR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHOJpQHURIDEXOtVWLFR(QODIiEXODVHFUHDXQPXQGRDQLPDOSDUDGDU
OHFFLRQHV pWLFDV \ PRUDOHV D ORV KRPEUHV DXQTXH WDPELpQ H[LVWD RWUD PRGDOLGDG
VDUFiVWLFD HQ OD TXH ORV KRPEUHV FLYLOL]DGRV RIUHFHQ HMHPSORV LQGLJQRV D ORV
DQLPDOHV7(QHOSRHPD³&RQVHFXHQFLDV´DSDUHFHHOPRQVWUXRGH-RDTXtQTXHQR
YLHQHDFXPSOLUHOREMHWRHGXFDWLYRVLQRPiVELHQXQD¿QDOLGDGQRVWiOJLFD-RDTXtQ
SDUWHVXPLWDGGHOFXHUSROLEUDQGRDVXPRQVWUXRDFRPXQLFDUFRQpOPLVPRTXHVH
YDROYLGDQGRGHODOXFKD\ODSDVLyQ/HDPRVORVSULPHURVYHUVtFXORVTXHHQXQFLDQ
VXDSDULFLyQHQXQDVRFLHGDGGHFRQVXPRHQTXHXQRVHSXHGHSHUGHUFRQIDFLOLGDG
IXHQDFLHQGRXQKHUPRVRPRQVWUXR
TXHFDPLQDLQYLVLEOHDTXt
GDJDQDVURWDVGHOORUDU
6 (QWpUPLQRVGHWHDWURpSLFR%HUWROW%UHFKWSURSRQHHOGLVWDQFLDPLHQWRDWUDYpVGHOTXHVH
SURGXFHHQHOHVSHFWDGRUXQHIHFWRGHH[WUDxDPLHQWRµ'LVWDQFLDUXQDDFFLyQRXQSHUVRQDMHVLJQL¿FD
VLPSOHPHQWHTXLWDUOHDODDFFLyQRDOSHUVRQDMHORVDVSHFWRVREYLRVFRQRFLGRVIDPLOLDUHV\SURYRFDU
HQWRUQRVX\RHODVRPEUR\ODFXULRVLGDG¶
7 8QR GH ORV HMHPSORV PiV QRWDEOHV HV OD SRHVtD GH ÈQJHO *RQ]iOH] (Q Grado elemental
(OSULPHUSRHPDGHODVHJXQGDSDUWH³,QWURGXFFLyQDODVIiEXODVSDUDDQLPDOHV´VHxDODFRQ
WRQRPRUGD]<DQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGHVWiPDGXUD\DHOKRPEUHGHMyDWUiVODDGROHVFHQFLD\HQVXYHMH]
RFFLGHQWDOELHQSXHGHVHUYLUGHHMHPSORDOSHUURSDUDTXHHOSHUURVHDPiVSHUUR´*RQ]iOH]
100
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
interrumpe la circulación
RFRUWDHOWUi¿FRGHGURJDV
TXHSRQHQLHEODVHQODVDQJUH
HQHVWDpSRFDGHFRQVXPR
/DDQLPDOL]DFLyQLQGLFDXQDH[WUDxH]DLQFUHGXOLGDG\WUDQVJUHVLyQDVDEHUHO
³OHQJXDMHTXHLQIHULRUL]DHOPXQGR´'DOPDURQL\TXHHGL¿FDRWURPXQGR
GHODDXVHQFLDODSDUDGRMD\HOROYLGR(ODYDWDUDQyQLPRWUDQVPLWHXQPHQVDMHGH
OR LQFRPSOHWR D SHVDU GH TXH LQWHQWD KDFHU TXH VX DQ¿WULyQ UHFXSHUH OD PHPRULD
SHUVLJXLpQGROR3RUORWDQWRHQHOPLVPRSRHPDVHHVFULEHDVt³DIDOWDGHQLxH]
ORVPRQVWUXRVQXQFDKDUiQYHUVRVSRUHMHPSORHOPRQVWUXRGHMRDTXtQMDGHDED
GHWUiVGHWRGRORTXHIXHQRFKHRSHGD]RGHFDORUFiOLGRGHOSHFKRRFDWUHGRQGH
MRDTXtQFRJtDFRQHOROYLGR´$SDUWHGHOUHFXHUGRGHODLQIDQFLDHOGH
OD UHYROXFLyQ ³HVSOpQGLGD FRPR OD 6HxRUD´ TXH ³OH WRFDUD D FDGD KRPEUH´ VHUHFXSHUDSRUPHGLRGHOOHQJXDMHODVWLPHURGHOPRQVWUXR-RDTXtQOOHJDDVHUHO
KpURH FX\D VDQJUH ULHJD HQ OD WLHUUD SHUR LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH UHVXOWD VHU XQR GH ORV
ROYLGDGRVDPHGLGDTXHWUDQVFXUUHHOWLHPSRKDVWDHOSXQWRGHTXHVHYDGHVKDFLHQGR
HOSURSLRPRQVWUXRTXHKDYHQLGRDUHFRUGDUDOVXMHWRHQXQFLDGRVXSURSLDKD]DxD
³HOPRQVWUXRFRQWUDULRROYLGiQGRVHGHORVROYLGRVGHMRDTXtQRGLVROYLpQGRVHHQ
ODSHFKR´&RQHVWHOHQJXDMHSRpWLFRWUDQVJUHVRUVHUHÀHMDXQVLQ¿QGH
RSRVLFLRQHVTXHSXHGHQSURYRFDUORFRQFHSWXDO\ORLGHROyJLFR
4. REESCRITURA EXÓTICA
/DIDEXODFLyQRSHUDGDSRUQXHVWURSRHWDDUJHQWLQRPXHVWUDXQDFRQFLHQFLDFRQ
UHVSHFWR D VX SURSLR GHUHFKR GH FUHDU XQ HVSDFLR HQ HO TXH FRH[LVWHQ HVWDELOLGDG
\ TXLHEUD +XHOJD GHFLU TXH HO DFWR GH IDEXODU OD UHDOLGDG HV SUHFLVDPHQWH HO GH
DGDSWDUKHFKRVDGLVWLQWDVHVFHQDVSDUDTXHODUHDOLGDGPXUPXUHVLQFHVDU\DTXH
³OR GHOLUDQWH HV OD PLVPD UHDOLGDG´ 3RUU~D 'LJDPRV TXH HO GHOLULR
HQFLHUUDWDQWRXQVHQWLGRGHUHLWHUDFLyQFRQSDODEUDVFRPRXQDIRUPDGHUHHVFULWXUD
(QFábulasKD\GRVSRHPDVTXHWUDWDQXQDEDODGDMDSRQHVD\XQPLWRKLQG~ORV
FXDOHV LPSOLFDQ KLSHUWH[WXDOLGDG (Q Palimpsestos *HUDUG *HQHWWH VHxDOD TXH OD
KLSHUWH[WXDOLGDGFRQVWUX\HXQDUHODFLyQTXHXQHXQWH[WR%KLSHUWH[WRDXQWH[WR
DQWHULRU$KLSRWH[WRFDUDFWHUL]iQGRVHSRUXQDVSHFWRXQLYHUVDOGHODOLWHUDULHGDG
DVtFRPRODWUDQVSRVLFLyQODDGDSWDFLyQODWUDGXFFLyQ\ODLPLWDFLyQHVWLOtVWLFD1R
KD\REUDOLWHUDULDTXHQRHYRTXHRWUDGHPRGRTXHWRGDVREUDVVRQKLSHUWH[WXDOHV
*HQHWWH
³$FWRV´ HV XQ SRHPDWUDGXFFLyQ GH XQD FDQFLyQ MDSRQHVD FRPSXHVWD SRU
XQD DXWRUD OODPDGD 7DNHQDND <RQp TXH GHVFULEH XQ VXFHVR UHDO HO VXLFLGLR GH
XQDSDUHMDTXHRFXUULyHQ2VDND&DEHVHxDODUTXHODEDODGDIXHGLIXQGLGDSRUHO
SHULRGLVWD JUHFRLUODQGpV FRQ QDFLRQDOLGDG MDSRQHVD /DIFDGLR +HDUQ HQ VX OLEUR
101
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
KokoroSXEOLFDGRHQ(QpOPHQFLRQDTXHHQFRQWUyDXQDPXMHUFLHJDTXHVH
GHGLFDEDDODSURIHVLyQGHyomiuriHQOD(UD0HLMLUHSUHVHQWDQGRHVWD
EDODGDTXHWUDWDODGHVGLFKDGHGRVDPDQWHVMyYHQHV7DNHMLUR\7DPD\RQp&RPR
OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO yomiuri FRQWLHQH HOHPHQWRV PXVLFDOHV UHWyULFRV \ WHDWUDOHV
*URHPHUHOWtWXORGHOSRHPDGH*HOPDQDOXGHSRVLEOHPHQWHDODUTXHWLSR
GHODSURIHVLyQ
(Q FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ OD YHUVLyQ RULJLQDO GH 7DNHQDND <RQp9 TXH QDUUD
VLPSOHPHQWH HO VXFHVR OD GH *HOPDQ DxDGH FLHUWRV IUDJPHQWRV SDUD DOFDQ]DU XQD
FRQGLFLyQ GH DUWH TXH ³HPEHOOHFH OD UHDOLGDG VLQ DSDUWDUVH GH OD YHURVLPLOLWXG´
*HOPDQ9pDVHODSULPHUDHVWURIDGHOSRHPD
HQHOEDUULRGH1LFKL+RPPDFKL
GHODIDPRVD2VDNDRK
GRORUGRORUGHHVWDFDQFLyQ
7DPD\RQpFUHFtDVXDYH
FRPRXQDSHQDSRUHOPXQGR
FRPRXQDEODQFDDYHEHQGLWD
\GHODYR]OHVDOtDHODJXD
SDUDODYDUWRGRVORVSLHV
TXHFDPLQDEDQSRUODWLHUUD
FRPRUHFRQRFLHQGROi
/RV YHUVRV SRVHHQ XQ HIHFWR PXVLFDO TXH LPSUHVLRQy D +HDUQ DO HVFXFKDU
SRU SULPHUD YH] HO SRHPD FDQWDGR SRU OD PXMHU FLHJD *HOPDQ KDFH KLQFDSLp HQ
ODYR]DFXiWLFDFRQODTXH7DPD\RQpFDQWD\WUDEDMDFRPRFRUWHVDQDLPDJLQDQGR
ODPHORGtDFRPSXHVWDPHGLDQWHODSDODEUD³UHFRQRFLHQGROi´VLQDWHQHUVHDQRUPDV
RUWRJUi¿FDV6HJXLGDPHQWHVHOOHYDDFDERXQSURFHVRGHSHQHWUDFLyQGHLGHQWLGDG
'XUDQWHHOSHULRGR(GR\0HLMLHOS~EOLFRMDSRQpVGHSHQGtDGHO
YHQGHGRUFDQWDQWHXQDSURIHVLyQFRQRFLGDFRPRyomiuriSDUDPDQWHQHUVHLQIRUPDGR/LWHUDOPHQWH
yomiuri VLJQL¿FD HQ MDSRQpV OHHU \ YHQGHU (Q OD FDOOH UHFLWD SRHPDV \ FDQWD HO FRQWHQLGR GH VXV
SXEOLFDFLRQHV kawaraban XQ WLSR GH JUDEDGR GH PDGHUD TXH FLUFXODED HQ DTXHO HQWRQFHV FRPR
SHULyGLFR
9
/DIFDGLR +HDUQ QRV RIUHFH HO SRHPD RULJLQDO HQ LQJOpV ³,Q WKH )LUVW :DUG RI 1LFKL
+RPPDFKL LQ IDUIDPHG 2VDND 2 WKH VRUURZ RI WKLV WDOH RI VKLQIX7DPD\RQH DJHG QLQHWHHQ WR
VHHKHUZDVWRORYHKHUIRU7DNHMLURWKH\RXQJZRUNPDQ)RUWKHWLPHRIWZROLYHVWKH\H[FKDQJH
PXWXDOYRZV炼2WKHVRUURZRIORYLQJWKHFRXUWHVDQ2QWKHLUDUPVWKH\WDWWRRDUDLQGUDJRQDQGWKH
FKDUDFWHUµ%DPERR¶炼WKLQNLQJQHYHURIWKHWURXEOHVRIOLIH%XWKHFDQQRWSD\WKH¿IW\¿YH\HQIRU
KHUIUHHGRP炼2WKHDQJXLVKRI7DNHMLUR¶VKHDUW%RWKWKHQYRZWRSDVVDZD\WRJHWKHUVLQFHQHYHULQ
WKLVZRUOGFDQWKH\EHFRPHKXVEDQGDQGZLIH«7UXVWLQJWRKHUFRPUDGHVIRULQFHQVHDQGIRUÀRZHUV
炼2WKHSLW\RIWKHLUSDVVLQJOLNHWKHGHZ7DPD\RQHWDNHVWKHZLQHFXS¿OOHGZLWKZDWHURQO\LQ
ZKLFKWKRVHDERXWWRGLHSOHGJHHDFKRWKHU«2WKHWXPXOWRIWKHORYHUVVXLFLGH炼2WKHSLW\RIWKHLU
OLYHVWKURZQDZD\´+HDUQ
102
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
\DTXHDGLIHUHQFLDGHOYHUVRRULJLQDOGHTXH³SRUHOPRPHQWRORVGRVLQWHUFDPELDURQ
SURPHVDVPXWXDV´+HDUQHQHOSRHPDGH*HOPDQ7DPD\RQp\7DNHMLUR
³VHFDPELDURQODVGRVYLGDV´DOWLHPSRTXH³VHTXHGDEDQTXLHWRVEDMRODQRFKH
TXHVHLEDFRPEDQGRVREUHVXVURVWURVFRPRXQR´*HOPDQ(QHVWH
LQVWDQWH OD ¿JXUD GH7DPD\RQp VH GLVXHOYH HQWUH ORV FLQFR VHQWLGRV JXVWR WDFWR
ROIDWRRtGR\YLVWDWRUQiQGRVHHQXQDVHULHGHLQWHUURJDQWHV
©¢FyPRHUHVPDxDQLWDHQ
ODRVFXULGDGGH2VDNDGXUD"
¢FyPRWHFUHFHHOFDORUGH
ODPDQRSXUDGHYRODU"
¢FyPRWHEDMDGHVGHHOSHOR
HORORUEODQFRGHODVOHFKHV"
¢GyQGHHVHOUtRGXOFHTXH
GHMDUDPLWDVHQWXVRMRV" ª
OHGHFtDD7DPD\RQp
\DH[WHQGLGDVREUHODWLHUUD
FRPRUHFRQRFLpQGROD
(QWUHORVGRVVXMHWRVH[LVWHXQGHVHRGHXQLyQHQVHQWLGRVRPiWLFR\HVSLULWXDO
GHDKtTXHVHHOLPLQHHOFRQHFWRUDGLWLYR³\´FRPELQDQGRORVQRPEUHVHQVRORXQR
³7DNHMLUR7DPD\RQp´3RUGHVJUDFLDODXQLyQGHORVDPDQWHVWHUPLQDHQVXLFLGLR
XQDWUDJHGLDVREUHODTXHLQIRUPDHOyomiuri1RREVWDQWHDOD~OWLPDHVWURID*HOPDQ
DxDGH XQRV YHUVtFXORV TXH QR VH LQFOX\HQ HQ HO SRHPD RULJLQDO ³PLHQWUDV HQ OD
IDPRVD 2VDND FDOODQ ORV SHFHV GH OD PDU FDOOD HO PDULGR GH 27R\y PLUD HO
EDQTXHWHGHODVRPEUD´(QODpSRFDGH(GRVHKDEtDSURPXOJDGRXQD
OH\ TXH YHGDED HO GREOH VXLFLGLR GH DPDQWHV GH PRGR TXH OD FLXGDG GHEtD FDOODU
SDUDTXHHVWHWLSRGHQRWLFLDQRVHFLUFXODUD$TXtVHUH¿HUHDODFHQVXUDDODTXHORV
OLWHUDWRV\DUWLVWDVVHHQIUHQWDQHQVXVTXHKDFHUHVFUHDWLYRV&RQWRGR*HOPDQKDFH
EXHQXVRGHODKLSHUWH[WXDOLGDGSDUWLHQGRGHXQFXHQWRIRONOyULFRMDSRQpVWLWXODGR
³/DPRQMDGHO7HPSORGH$PLGD´SDUDTXHHOWHPDGHODDXVHQFLDVDOJDDODOX]GH
PDQHUDLQYHUVD27R\yPXMHUGHFHQWH\¿HOTXHFULDEDDVXQLxRVRODHVSHUDEDHO
UHWRUQRGHVXPDULGR'LDULDPHQWHVHSUHSDUDEDXQ³EDQTXHWHGHODVRPEUD´TXH
HQODFXOWXUDDQWLJXDMDSRQHVDVLUYHSDUDWUDQVPLWLUDODGLYLQLGDGHOGHVHRGHTXH
VXVTXHULGRVDXVHQWHVHVWpQDVDOYR$GHPiVVHGLFHTXHDQWHVGHUHWLUDUODFRPLGD
GHOEDQTXHWHVLD~QTXHGDYDSRUHQODWDSDGHOFXHQFRGHVRSDDOOHYDQWDUODHVXQD
VHxDOGHTXHHODPDGRVHHQFXHQWUDVDQR\VDOYR+HDUQ(QHOSRHPDGH
*HOPDQHOVLOHQFLRGHOPDULGRDXVHQWHGH27R\yYLHQHDVDWLUL]DUHOGREOHVXLFLGLR
GHORVDPDQWHV\DTXHQLVLJXLHUDHQYLUWXGGHODFUHHQFLDWUDGLFLRQDOGHOEDQTXHWH
GHODVRPEUDVHSXHGHFRPHQWDUHOVXFHVR3RURWUDSDUWHODDQpFGRWDGH27R\yVH
XQHDODGH7DNHMLUR\7DPD\RQpSDUDVXEUD\DUWDQWRHOVHQWLGRGHODSpUGLGDFRPR
103
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
OD RSUHVLyQ GH ORV HQWRUQRV VRFLDOHV /D IiEXOD PH]FODGD FRQ RWUD IiEXOD KDEOD
LQYHUVDPHQWH GH XQD UHDOLGDG TXH VH SURKtEH UHODWDU DO WLHPSR TXH GHVIDEXOL]D
HO PXQGR IDQWiVWLFR GHO JpQHUR IDEXOtVWLFR PRVWUDQGR ORV WHPDV YHGDGRV GH OD
VRFLHGDG
2WURHMHPSORORHQFRQWUDPRVHQHOSRHPDWLWXODGR³/HFKHV´TXHWUDWDVREUH
XQDQLQIDLQPRUWDO8UYDVLGHODPLWRORJtDLQGLD6HJ~QODOH\HQGD8UYDVLFRQWUDH
PDWULPRQLRFRQHOUH\3XUXUDYDVDFRQGLFLyQGHTXHHVWHQXQFDDSDUH]FDGHVQXGR
DQWHVXHVSRVD/RVgandharvasPHQVDMHURVHQWUHGLRVHV\KXPDQRVHQYLGLRVRVGHO
DPRUGHODSDUHMDHQJDxDQDOUH\KDFLpQGRORVDOLUGHVQXGRXQDQRFKHSDUDEXVFDU
ORV FRUGHURV UREDGRV GH 8UYDVL (Q FXDQWR YXHOYH D VX HVSRVD ORV gandharvas
KDFHQEULOODUXQUHOiPSDJRSDUDLOXPLQDUVXGHVQXGH]+DELHQGRURWRHOUH\PRUWDO
ODSURPHVDD8UYDVLQROHTXHGDRWURUHPHGLRTXHDEDQGRQDUOR\UHJUHVDUDOODJR
GRQGHKDELWDQRWUDVQLQIDV
(O PLWR UHSUHVHQWDGR HQ YDULDV YHUVLRQHV GH KLPQRV YpGLFRV SRVHH UDVJRV
HOtSWLFRVDOXVLYRV\VLPEyOLFRV'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODWUDGLFLyQEUDKPiQLFD
ORTXHHOPLWRSRQHGHUHOLHYHPHGLDQWHODOLWHUDWXUDViQVFULWDHVXQFRQÀLFWRFRUULHQWH
HQWUHHOVHUPRUWDO\HOLQPRUWDO1RREVWDQWHODDGDSWDFLyQGH*HOPDQWUDVWRFDHO
VLVWHPDFRQFHSWXDODSOLFDGRDORVKLPQRVYpGLFRVDQWHULRUHV(OSRHPDHPSLH]DFRQ
XQDHVFHQDUHERVDQWHGHVtPERORV
SULPDYHUDOGHFXHOORYHUGH
GHWRGDVODVOHFKHVYHVWLGD
\VLQRGLDUDOIXHJRFRPR
WRGRDQLPDO\WRGDEHVWLD
8UYDVLGDEDGHFRPHU
DQLxRVGHPDGUHFRQSHFKRV
FRPRDSDJDGRVSRUDPRU
RSRUODOXQDRSRUUHFKD]R
8UYDVLGDEDGHFRPHU
FRQVXVSHFKRVOOHQRVGHOXQD
/D FODYH FRQ OD TXH VH SXHGH GHVHQWUDxDU HO HQWRUQR PtVWLFR HQ HO TXH OD
SURWDJRQLVWDLQPRUWDOVHXQHDOPXQGRKXPDQRUHVLGHHQHOVHQWLGRULWXDOGH³OHFKH´
(QODFHUHPRQLDGHpravargyaHOR¿FLDQWHWRPDODOHFKHFDOLHQWHSRUORTXHODOHFKH
HVSDUWHGHXQDFWROLW~UJLFR\VDJUDGRGHOVDFUL¿FLR/DPLVPDLGHRORJtDVHGHVWDFDHQ
HOYHUVRGH³VLQRGLDUDOIXHJR´\DTXHHQFHQGHUHOIXHJRXQHOHPHQWRLQGLVSHQVDEOH
DORODUJRGHOULWRLPSOLFDHODFWRGHOVDFUL¿FLRDGHPiVGHVXSRQHUXQVtPERORGH
IHUWLOLGDG5XELR2UHFLOOD3RURWUDSDUWHHQWpUPLQRVHWLPROyJLFRVORV
VDELRVGLRVHVFUHDURQD8UYDVLGiQGRVHXQDSDOPDGDHQHOPXVORSRUHVRVXQRPEUH
FRQQRWDXQPXVORDQFKR\H[WHQGLGR\SRUH[WHQVLyQWRGROROOHQRHLPSUHJQDGR
/DSOXPDGH*HOPDQQRVGDDFRQRFHUODPDWHUQLGDG\PLVHULFRUGLDGH8UYDVL(OOD
104
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
GDEDGHFRPHUFRQVXVSHFKRVDQLxRVTXHQRHUDQVX\RVGHVHPSHxDQGRHOSDSHO
GH³PDGUHXQLYHUVDO´DOTXHORVKRPEUHVHORJLDQ$VtFRQYLHQHGHFLUTXHHOSRHPD
DMHQRDODHVFULWXUDYpGLFDTXHSUHVWDPiVDWHQFLyQDODUHOLJLyQRDOULWXDOPtVWLFR
UHYHODODVYLUWXGHVIHPHQLQDVFRQODVTXHVHUHPROGHDHOSHUVRQDMHGH8UYDVL
6HVXSRQHTXH*HOPDQLQWHQWDFUHDUXQDKHURtQDXQLYHUVDOGHDFXHUGRFRQOD
PLWRORJtDH[yWLFD\OHMDQDGHOD,QGLDVLQDSDUWDUVHGHODFXOWXUDPRGHUQD\IDPLOLDU
SDUDORVOHFWRUHVKLVSDQRKDEODQWHV/DVHJXQGDHVWURIDXWLOL]DHOUHFXUVRLQWHUWH[WXDO
KDFLHQGR UHIHUHQFLD D &pVDU 9DOOHMR XQR GH ORV SRHWDV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH OD
OLWHUDWXUDKLVSiQLFDFRQWHPSRUiQHD³8UYDVLXVDEDEHOODW~QLFDERUGDGDFRQYHUVRV
GH&pVDU9DOOHMR\HUDGHUUDPiQGRVHSRUORVKLMRVDMHQRVFRPRODVHVSDGLWDVGHO
URFtRTXH8UYDVLDWHQGtDDOPXQGRVHOHYDQWyFDGDPDxDQD´$WUDYpV
GH OD LQWHUWH[WXDOLGDG ³OR FXOWXUDOPHQWH PHVWL]R FRQYLYH FRQ OR H[yWLFR´ )DEU\
RYLFHYHUVD'LFKRGHRWUDPDQHUDDXQTXHODOH\HQGDGH8UYDVLSHUWHQH]FD
DODWUDGLFLyQEUDKPiQLFDVHFRQVWUX\HXQHVSDFLRFRP~QGRQGHFXOWXUDVGLVWLQWDV
JR]DQGHODPLVPDSODWDIRUPDSDUDPDQLIHVWDUVHSHUVRQL¿FiQGRVHHQODJHQHURVLGDG
FRQODTXHODQLQIDLQPRUWDOGH*HOPDQWUDWDDORVVHUHVKXPDQRV
(Q FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ OD OH\HQGD RULJLQDO OD UHHVFULWXUD GH *HOPDQ URPSH HO
DUTXHWLSRGHOPLWRYpGLFRHQHOTXHVHSODVPDHVHQFLDOPHQWHHOiPELWRSULYDGROD
XQLyQ\ODGHVXQLyQGHORVDPDGRV\HOFRQÀLFWRGHRSXHVWRV%XHQDSUXHEDGHHOORHV
ODH[FOXVLyQGHORVDUJXPHQWRVGHOPDWULPRQLRHQWUH8UYDVL\3XUXUDYDV/RVYHUVRV
VHPRGL¿FDQGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD³8UYDVLQRKDEtDFRQRFLGRHVSRVRPRUWDOR
LQPRUWDOTXHODOOHYDUDKDVWDHOGHVHRODGHVDWDUDHQWUHODVViEDQDVRODREOLJDUD
DYHUORGHVQXGR´(QRWUDVSDODEUDVHOSRHPDGHVFDUWDHOWHPDGHODPRU
SUREOHPiWLFR SDUD FHQWUDUVH HQ XQD SURWDJRQLVWD TXH GHGLFD WRGD VX IXHU]D D ORV
GHPiV3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHVHGHVWDFDVXFDSDFLGDGGHDOLPHQWDUDORVQLxRVFRQOHFKH
³GHGRQGH8UYDVLVDOtDFRPRYDFDOOHQDGHOHFKH\WRGRHOUHLQRHUDVXKLMR\XQD
GLYLQDJUDFLDODURGHDEDDPRGRGHHVSRVR´
$SHVDUGHHOORWLHQHOXJDUXQFRPEDWHHQHOTXH8UYDVLOXFKDFRQWUDXQJXHUUHUR
TXLHQSURFXUDFRQVHJXLUVXDPRU
SHURODHVSOpQGLGDGHOHFKHV
UHFLELyODVLPLHQWHGH
XQJUDQJXHUUHURTXHODDPy
\FRQVXQRPEUHOHDWyORVWRELOORV
y se fue a pelear por allí
\SDVySRU8UYDVLFRPR
HOSULPHUHQHPLJRWULVWH
(Q VHQWLGR VLPEyOLFR HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR SXHGH VHU LQWHUSUHWDGR FRPR XQ
GHVWLQRLQHOXGLEOHHQHOTXHQXHVWUDKHURtQDVHYHREOLJDGDDVDFUL¿FDUVH\IUDFDVDU
DOLJXDOTXHHQODOH\HQGDRULJLQDO8QJXHUUHURPRUWDOLQWHQWDXQLUVHDHOODVXDPDGD
105
Juan Gelman: Fábulas y revolución poética – Ching-Yu Lin
LQPRUWDO1RREVWDQWH¿QDOPHQWHD8UYDVL³VHOHGHUUDPDURQODVOHFKHV´HQODOXFKD
VtPEROR GH VX FRQWULEXFLyQ FRPR ³PDGUH XQLYHUVDO´ (Q UHVXPLGDV FXHQWDV HO
SRHPDWUDQVIRUPDHOVDFUL¿FLRIHPHQLQRHQHOiPELWRSULYDGRHQXQDQXHYDLGHQWLGDG
YLQFXODGDDODVROLGDULGDGFROHFWLYD
5. CONCLUSIÓN
/DXQLyQHQWUHODSRHVtDVRFLDO\ODIiEXODUHVXOWDVHUHOUHFXUVRPiVH¿FLHQWH
SDUDTXH*HOPDQH[SRQJDXQKHFKRH[LVWHQFLDO1RVHWUDWDGHOKHFKRH[DFWDPHQWH
FRPRVXFHGLyVLQRTXHVXSRQHXQDFRORUDFLyQRLQWHUYHQFLyQDxDGLGDDORFRQRFLGR
(Q HO KLOR FRQGXFWRU GH OD KLVWRULD FRQYHQFLRQDO HO SRHWD LQVHUWD DQpFGRWDV
KLVWRULHWDV\¿FFLRQHVGHSHUVRQDMHVUHDOHVLQFRUSRUDQGRHOOHQJXDMHVXEYHUVLYRGH
ODKLVWRULDPHQRU$VtFRQVLJXHGHVDFUHGLWDUODVSURH]DVGHORVKpURHVGHOD+LVWRULD
\VDFDUDODOX]IUDJPHQWRVGHVFRQRFLGRVLOXVRULRV\FRQWURYHUWLGRV+DFLHQGRXVR
GHXQDWpFQLFDGHGLVWDQFLDPLHQWRHOSRHWDFRPSDUWHODYR]GHORVWHVWLJRVDQyQLPRV
TXHSUHVHQFLDQODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOPXOWLSOLFDQGRODVYLVLRQHVWHVWLPRQLDOHVVREUHHO
FDRVODSpUGLGD\HOROYLGRFUHDQGRPiVSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDREVHUYDUVXHQWRUQR'H
HVWHPRGRVHJHQHUDXQSURFHVRGHH[WUDxDPLHQWRHQHOTXHODIiEXODJHOPDQLDQD
DSRUWDXQDQXHYDIRUPDGHFRQWDUODKLVWRULDUHODFLRQDGDFRQORDMHQR\ORPDUJLQDO
6HDOHMDGHORKDELWXDO\GHOROHJtWLPRSDUDSRQHUHQHQWUHGLFKRORDSDUHQWHPHQWH
LQFXHVWLRQDEOH\SURYRFDUWRGRORGHWHUPLQDGR/DUHHVFULWXUDGHORVPLWRVH[WUDQMHURV
TXH PXHVWUD SUHFLVDPHQWH GLFKD SURSHQVLyQ SRU PHGLR GH OD KLSHUWH[WXDOLGDG H
LQWHUWH[WXDOLGDGWLHQHSRUREMHWRDOXGLUDFLHUWRVWySLFRVYHGDGRVSRUHORUGHQVRFLDO
$SDUWHGHHOORVHPRGL¿FDODYHUVLyQRULJLQDOGHODIiEXODSDUDHQFDX]DUQRVGHVGH
ODOHFWXUDRULJLQDULDPHQWHUHOLJLRVDDXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVROLWDULD3RGHPRVOOHJDUD
ODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXH*HOPDQHODERUDIiEXODVHQODVTXHHOSRGHURUWRGR[RVHUHGXFH
PLHQWUDVTXHVHDPSOLDHOiPELWRGHODLPDJLQDFLyQ\ODLOXVLyQVLQGHVDWHQGHUOD
UHDOLGDGVRFLDOGHDKtTXHHVFULELUVHFRQYLHUWDHQXQDFWRUHYROXFLRQDULR
6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
%DTXHGDQR0RUDOHV7HUHVD3ROtWLFDMXVWLFLD\VHQWLPLHQWRVHQHOGLVFXUVRDQLPDO
GH ODV )DEOHV GH -HDQ GH OD )RQWDLQH Thélème: Revista complutense de estudios
franceses,QS
%ODQFKRW0DXULFHDe Kafka a Kafka0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
%ODQFKRW0DXULFHLa amistad0DGULG7URWWD
%HQHGHWWL0DULRLos poetas comunicantes0RQWHYLGHR0DUFKD
%RFFDQHUD-RUJH(VWRGHQRVDEHUVDELHQGRNómadaQS
%UHFKW%HUWROWEscritos sobre teatro%DUFHORQD$OED(GLWRULDO
106
Revista de Humanidades, 29 (2016). p. 89-107. ISSN 1130-5029
&KLULQRV(GXDUGR/DVLJQRWDVFDUDVGHODPRU,QWHUWH[WXDOLGDG\H[LOLRHQ³(O
ERWiQLFR´GH-XDQ*HOPDQCahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilienQ
S
'DOPDURQL0LJXHOJuan Gelman, contra las fabulaciones del mundo%XHQRV
$LUHV$OPDJHVWR
'$QQD(GXDUGR-XDQ*HOPDQGHVSXpVGHEOLQGDUODURVDHablar de poesía
>HQOtQHD@Q~P'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSKDEODUGHSRHVLDFRPDUQXPHURMXDQJHOPDQGHVSXHVGHEOLQGDUODURVD
)DEU\*HQHYLqYHLas formas del vacío$PVWHUGDP5RGRSL
*HOPDQ-XDQ Prosa en prensa. %XHQRV$LUHV=HWD
*HOPDQ -XDQ /DV KHULGDV VRQ QLGRV GH ÀRUHV (QFXHQWUR FRQ -XDQ *HOPDQ
MinervaQS
*HOPDQ-XDQ Poesía reunida0DGULG6HL[%DUUDO
*HQHWWH*HUDUGPalimpsestos. La literatura en segundo grado0DGULG7DXUXV
*RQ]iOH]ÈQJHOPalabra sobre palabra%DUFHORQD$XVWUDO
*URHPHU*HUDOG6LQJLQJ7KH1HZV<RPLXUL,Q-DSDQ'XULQJ7KH(GR$QG3HLML
3HULRGVHarvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesYROQS
+HDUQ/DIFDGLRKokoro: Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life1HZ<RUN
&RVLPR
0DU[.DUOEl dieciocho brumario de Luis Bonaparte%DUFHORQD$ULHO
0RQWDQDUR3DEOR-XDQ*HOPDQEsperanza, utopía y resistencia%XHQRV$LUHV
/HD
2¶+DUD(GJDUDesde Melibea/LPD5XUD\
3HWURQLR ÈUELWUR &D\R Satiricón 9RO 7UDGXFFLyQ GH 0& 'tD] \ 'tD]
0DGULG$OPD0DWHU
3RUU~D $QD 0DUtD 5HODFLRQHV GH -XDQ *HOPDQ (O FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR GH ODV
FHUWH]DVSRpWLFDVRevista de crítica literaria latinoamericanaQS
5XELR 2UHFLOOD )UDQFLVFR -DYLHU 0LWR \ ULWXDO HQ OD OH\HQGD GH 3XUnjUDYDV \
8UYDĞƯ59>7UDEDMRVSUHSDUDWRULRVSDUDODWUDGXFFLyQGHO2JYHGD@$XOD
RULHQWDOLVRevista de estudios de próximo oriente antiguoYROQS
:LOOLDPV.DWH1HOVRQDQG/DG\+DPLOWRQ$9HU\3XEOLF$IIDLU%%&>HQOtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/nelson_
emma_01.shtml
107