Сар¤tulo 1 Introducción de VRVS Capítulo ya emitido. 1

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. 9-B >J1/ 9 ;74D28B 0-92 .A1/ 4 =?>@98B . =6STE ( >@43/VUW3B 4 ;OQ01/ 9 >@9 0G2 0-(4/1=?4 6XE 2?(YI 9=ZFN8039 [email protected]=52?=[5<(4/19 ;74M2
/12 =5919<? ; =@2 *G.A/ / (49\/`2 UW9<E 0-2 (+4D2@B 8N 032?4D=?912/ 2 4+=6? .C03/ 4 =?91B8>@. , (D9=21Z<a 8N 039]8N 0391/ (+;74D2 (DE1E 9 >@91/ ( 2^2 =@2 .19 ; (3A_ 4D2 *-(D2 4M2 *-(4/ (
b E1E 9 >@91/E 43BHB 0392 .A/14OBB(YI 91?8( >@4D/)( 2 ( *Gc4? =6B-(Od)91Qa0P8. . *afe3egddd A Ih/CIh2<A 43/C?-A
i =[? 0G/1(]j@A C ahk (4B8. (+2?2?(7>@9 (DE1E 9=2 47(l7:97<;
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kU 9 =6;7BTE`*P-91(45 /:(4/ 91Z BA 9 2)=@E 43B-4-E 43B(' 4D/ ; ( >39 E 4DP39 .19 /14*) 4 91B9<2 N8039 *B4DB39,+;.- b 9-/+
-/ (32 00B *01/ 4JE 9=2 4 >@9 >39 . 9=E1E =6LDB ([email protected] ;]c .1=[E<( >@9 B 0392 .A/ ( >@=[/19E1E =6LDB10 k2 I 9/ 91R
; 4M2 >@4D2 =@E 4DB34D2 9B254M2N 0-9 *B4DB39 92CE/1=/.143+ 2?43? =[B+ 6,+/ 9? =@2 .191/4+ A5- 9B39 ;74D2N8039
*3=6BTE`-P (4/ 91B 9<28N 039 >@=[E 96+ 1/ 91? =[2 . 97/ + U 1/ 91? =@2 .A/ (4/`2 9YZ A
i =[? 0G/1(]j@A jJaJk (3B . (+2?2?( >@9 =[3B =@E =?47>39>/ 9? =@2 .C/ 4
7 +_ 91/14D9 ? ;7=[B4D+<2 U 00B B-03( 9=2 *G.Cc3/ 48? =['B-0@(:.100E 43/14>B7B3>@4 =@2 ;O.1=6Q0B8/ . 9 4M2 >39E (+0G;72 0-*(44D/12 =54 *439/B /19 9 2T2?257:9B-9(47F/ A;9. 2D22A=?E19 / ;7=[Q3*0=?; /19 4M6l2 B8E 0-0-9(42B-.A>3/144
B3E (34-2 4 P-( 9 6820(\2 =[2 2 . = 9<>@;74 (<*03B1/ 914MI 2 = (+(Y;7I =[9112 (48B /`.1c9 6 92C. E 9143BB ? >J=?>3/ 9<4 ;7*B4D4D2 / 8N 4+03.C9 / 492CE0T4D2 ?0-91(3/ / =?004 :B >@+9<_ 2 437<? =69B 7<+ ; >@2 =;' 991B 1/ 918BE 03. 9Y6 Z 4 A
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i =[? 00/ (j@A &0a i 4D/ ;:032 (4/1=547>@9F/ 9? =@2 .C/ 4
9 2 ( ;7=[2 ; ( ; (4B391/ ( 1/ 9 2?259-B (+;74M2 254M2E ( ; *4D2 >@9 29+ k (32C2 d)43/ > + U B 039=2 .C/1(' [email protected]/1(
E 2 (YI 9:>39 (DE1E 9=2 4 (+2 7:97<;0Z 6 9B 9<2 E (+;7*4(+/ 91R . 6 *9 k (32C2Ad 4D/1> +>I 4 2[I 9<;74D2 (
92CE/1=6Q3=[/ B80-92 .A/ (+E 2 (YI 9 *-(4/ (+E 43BJST/ ; (4/H8N 039X3B 4 -B 4D2 3P 9 ;74M2 9=8N 03=6I 4JE ( >34 (+2
92CE/1=6Q3=[/12?(-A
. B1+ i =6/`2 . (+;79 + 9=2AE1/ =[3Q =?; 4M2 8B 0-92 .A1/ 4l-B 4 ; QG/ 9 A
. 1B +_ (D2 . ( ;79 + 92CE1/ =6-Q =5;74D2 B 039=2 .C/ 4M2 (+*9 2?25= >@4D<2 A
.9 2?B9E .C9 /A2 LD<E3B (+=@E;74-*BA 4"b 8N + 03. , ; 3B (+4 =?2*B+ 4@>@.1919<3B ;79<4D; 2 4M;72 918N 8B 03. 9 =[/ 289682CE(O1/ =[8N 3Q 03=6/9 B*-03(31/9=(O2 .C8N1/ ( 039<>@>3=[(3/ /9=E1E E 4 =6LD;7B *32?>@9 9-. (+E;74391/C8B/ 9<.149
/E 943? B0=@SG2 .C/ /1; ( (3>@/4D2 B 039B9=2 .C9 1/ 2 ( 7<(+925.17<( ;92 B 2 9 9<2B-2 4D=@22 . 991;BhI (-=?(3A /Cc ( 92 .1( >3=6/19EE =[L3B 00B ;791BG21(4) 9:*-(4/ (
.>@9F2E8B ( 0-;792 *B.A/4:(:+*T c44 ? ;7=[-B 9 (O*-d (49? Q 9 A + 92 4 * E =?43BB (+2 2@6 91B 2*4@>@9 ;74M2 92CE1/ =63Q =[/ 2?(7>@=[1/ 9E1E =6LDB
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-2 ; <E (+9;7/ 47*>@4,9 + .1k89 3P2 43' 433B -B954-+ A .1( ; 3Q =1B 92 4 * E =54D-B (+2 691B <2 *4@>@9 ;74D2 92CE1/ =[3Q =6/ 8B 0-92 .A1/ 4
.; B 039=9<2 2.C1/ E (<(+I;7(4*1/ =?4 (D2 >3E 9 4 ;1/ 9100? 3B=[2 = .A>31/ ( 4 >@9+ 2^' 8N4 03;79:; 2 009 -B 9=/BG. E603+-98B U '.A/ 4 (4;:7B 00=68B 3B .1= 91>3?3( / >G( ZO>-(3-P 2 ( 6 91B 009<B 2G7:;79917<B ; A 8N 0399
2?( 2?=[2 .1(:. 9B39 ;74M2N 0-92 9<259=E1E =?43BB(4/ 2?(lB 039=2 .C/1(Ga+19 9<>0 90 ;+ A
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i =[? 00/ (]j@A Ga 9B >@9:' 4 ; 003B = >3( >@92
i>@9 =[B-B ( 0325;792 91.AB8/1.14 9 20*-P3( 9<,[2 ;76 4D2 00>3B-9F( *S E ) =?(40-/:>3( 8B > 0-9/12 9 .A*G/ (/ 9=' 2 / 9(4B B*. ) ( (.1=6P3I 43(/ >@(4/191=?B8(7.C/ ( 4 .C>3/1(Y9 I B 2 039>@2 9 .A/ 2 (H(]52 94D2?B-9(HE1E P3=6LD44B R
/1I (391/B8= . (3(4AgB-k ((42/ 9( (49=Q02 .11/ 4=6/`3Pc 9 9;7BV4MB 2 03>@99 2 .A*31/ 4=6BTBB E`-P(YI(491/ 8? 91( B >@94D2 / Q 914+B .ALD2?(OBV8N 8N 03039 9 .1>@91=@B3E 9<9 ;7+14D; 2 . N -/0-+ 9<A2 9 B-2?9(EE B =?0343B-9I (3( /
2?( 5<43B-( ? 9 43?D/Cc4STE ( 91B 2 (&N8039-B34M2 91BTE 43B8.C/1( ; 4M2 A^_ ( ; ( 6 43/1, ( >@9 B34D2 4+.C/ 4M2
2 9<259=E1E =?43BB (4/`c + . 00/ 4 *B95+ A
i =[? 00/ (]j@AJahk (4B8.1( 252 (7>@92 9<259=E1E =6LDB >@9 .10 0G3Q =[<E (3E =6LDB
9=2 *30 2 *3=[BGE`-P ( ;74D2 91B + . -/+ *-(4/ ( *-(321(4/ (2 ( 2 =[? 03=?91B8. 9]I 91B8.1(3B-( 91B 2 (
N 0-92 9 2?9EE =?43B-(3/ 9<;74D2(B 039=2 .C/ 4 *-( ,[2<A 972 ( 25=@2 . (22 ( ;7( 6 43/1,?( >@9B34D2 4+.C/ 4M2:2 9R
259=E1E =?43BB(4/`c +1@; *-(+=[B +lU . 2 *-(-(DZ A
i =6? 00/1(]j3A Ga i 43/1; 032 (41/ =?4 >@9>2 9 2?9EE =[L3B>@9 2 *B(+=@2
k00B-=6BT( E`P-E =?(+0-;7>34D( 2> 4+>@.A9 / (\2?( I 2?91=[5 2 .191( B N803+9 . .191 B0-/?8( +72 6 ( 91; B =@2 2 ;7(\( B 03P394DI /1(-( IN 910-B89O. (4B3B-4M(\2 4 2 .A9 /12?4D92OEE U =?9143B B-(39 /2^9<E<; (34M2 4 2
>@9 . 2 *B(-(Ga ( >J1/ = > 4</ (4B ')(3-B (41/ = (O2 43B 2?(D2E =?0->3( >392 /19 *0/192 91B8.1(+. =[I (32`Z A0; 9R
259=E1E =?43BB(+;74D2 00BB ( >@9 9 2?2 (32 6 *3=[BGE`-P (+;74M2 91B 9<2Q4+.ALDB >@9+1; . -/+ *-(3/1(OS*) (3/ 2 (
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E /191(3/CB / (4(>/`c33P A 4D/1(3/ = ( (32 4hE =?( >3( ( 9=2 (E =50B>3( >Ah_ (I 91B8. (4B-( >@9<2 9<259=E1E =6LDB7>39:E =?0->3( > 2 9
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i =6? 00/ (lj3A Ja i 43/1; 0-2?(3/ =?4 >39F2 9 2?9EE =[L3B >@9 . 0 ' / (4B4) (lP34D/1(3/ = (
kB80-(39/12(:.A/1.14:911/ *; 91=[/A-B S-(32 / 9=232 *-91=6BGBhE`I BP =?( (+>@;74 4D(2 292 B91/C9 I82= >@Q4D4+/).CL3>@B-9>N87<0399 7F>@; =@E A 9 +1; 30 -/+U . 7#0 b 9:Z 6
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# ' # '> % >! % 8 # H )=59B2 (3P343/ ( ; =@2 ; 4 0GB E 43/C/19 4 9 2?9E .A/CL3B3=@E 4FP-(>2 =?>34 91BhI =?( >@4 (FB80-92 .A/14>Q30051LDB A8' 4 ;OR
*0/143Q-( ;74D2 B 039=2 .C/ 4M2 ;791BG21(4) 9=2 6lQ30G2CE (+;74M2 00B34 >@9 2T7:97F; A . 2; 9BG21(4) 9 .191B->J/`c 00BB(
BQ3E 2 03=?(Y9191IB I 9 47E 9=4 912A*3BE1= / (+=59 ;7.12!( 4D7:6 2 92 0G7<(>-B 9;E ( 2 2B(Y>@4 I =[9/ *39=N8=6E1BT03E E`9=[-P L39=(+BH2 ;7.`)d c 4D912 9Q 2C9AGEB /1k =/.(39( 121/ ((:6:>@.12 91=[( /1/ 9=;*BE19=[E ?-B =[L3((3B;/8B4M)d 0-2 91991Q-2 B .A8N 1/ 2 034l( 9>1/*G91-P c4? (? =[6 =62 BB.A911/(F4B d E9 942 Q7;7; >34 99 BG2G0G12 7<2 (40-)9(39 7F/ 2-=?;44
8N 039 . 93B 9 ;74D2 (43Q =?91/ .1(-A . 2 4 9=)2 . 4@>@4-A (79=2 . (+;74D2 1/ 91? =[2 .A/ ( >@4M2 9B 9 27<97<; A
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' % P8-!' . 1/ 4 .1(D;7*2 a 4 eD9 eY2 68d*0( d1/ 9=4Jd 2 E . 9=A (+Ih2 ;7/A4 IJ4D>32<2 A9:4D/ /A>@9? 9? 6. =@29*3.CE1/ =[E (BG=[L3>@E`BP-4D(+2 ( ;790@B 4M. 4 29 ;]912 B c7:. 9<9=@2 E 7<=@( E 9;4D>@B32 9O4I B(+>@;7039<9=2M4D2 E 2.C431/ (P3( 9 2 >@. ( 9=61/ *G/94c3E)?E 4(=[=[L3-B N 3B (]0-09)d k >@912 Q=@EI 989>3/ 9 +19<2 ;.;7-2 =@4Db2 2.199 4 ; -/.A/ (0+ ( aA
IN89035 9 25>@4M=@)2 E 96>34D+ 2 254D=@?E 43=[B-B +l4D)2 U B3914 B ; 2?4DQ02/19 8N 03>@99 *B0T4D2 0-3B (39 / 9=?4M2CZEAG1/ =/; .149 (3+ Q0254D/ ? =[/`=[Bc:+ 0G6(B-(]+ 1/ I 919? B8=[.12 (4. 9BB7/ (O++A3B k039=[BGI E`(7-P *-( (4; / 4M( 2 =6B891.AB /1449 R2
>@0GE =6/<B 0392 .A1/ 4 3B 4 ; Q01/ 9:>39 0G2 0-(41/ =?4 + :2 9/ -B ( ; 9Da + 6\E 2 (YI 9 >@9 (3EE 92 4 +k (D2A2A)d 43/ > a ++A
_ 4M2 92CE1/ =6-Q =5;74D)2 6 918B .A/ (+;74D)2 9B 9<27:97<; A
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i =[? 00/ (j@A 0aJ7 91B8. (4B-(7>@9 ( 0@. 9B .1=[E<(3E =6LDB
(BB(]I 95 >@91B8.C/ 4 >@9<27<97<;2B*3=[BGE`P-( ;74D2 9B 9 2 =[E 43B34 N8039PB( 6 (72 ( =[5N803=?91/ >3(76 N8039
>@=@E 96+ 4gdB32?4 ( > + A
i =[? 00/ (]j@A 0ahk (4B8.1( 252 (7>@9 2 0G2 0B(4/1=547>@9>7:97<;
.9 2 2 2 2 4 =@'2 . .1d)9 ; (3/ ( 9(+N80303. 974 ;]*B4@c+>@. =@9<E ; (+;74M2 9B =[BG.192 . (+>@2 9 (4.1/ 9AE .1; (H9 2?9B E03E 9=?243.AB-1/ (4\; 2 =@4M2 2 . 9 9 ; 2 (*0/14 =?; *B991/ / (+4 . =[>@I 9 42?6 4D2 B32?4M=[B2 J; 2250-) 90G2 .A2 ./ 4(
B32?>@4 94MQ-2=[BG(4QB2 ) .1(44 ( ) (+2?>@( ;79 ; 4M>34M2 432-B9<2@2 >@6 (39725/C=@>@E`2 -P.1=@E4D=6I9:2<4A + >@ 9 b =6BG0 2 .1( k 2?(Db E '=[L3 B b 3B 9E . 912+ (41/U k =54 b *B (4 / (. B - 03. 92 k8.A1/ 9 4O0 2 =@2 '.19 0 ; k b ( _!4 Z *BA 9 1/ (+9 . =[(4I 3P4 , 2
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i =[? 00/ (lj3A C ahk (48B .1( 252 (7>@9 >@9=2A<E (4/C? ( >39 22 4*' . d (4/19
92 ( 00>@B 97<2CE 9(3a /A7<?8; ;,(3= A 9&-2 A .1(4D;7;2 9 4DE .14203*-*91=?B++( A; k 4M=[=[2 BGB-E`>@9<P-2 4g(+d(ST;72FE`4M-P I 2 9191/ 9/ 4B9<;7919 B 4D2 2 QB 004+03.AB-9=LD(2 B.C/ I 4 >399B8>3.1=[+1(42C;@BBE (Y(4 I 2 ;]9 6 43c3/2>>@9N89 2 03*3009 03B9=+:>32 =[*-E 2?9:(44 / +( 9 ;@) =6(Y9B3IE =@039 E .1= 43(4(g//R
;74D2)*-(3/1(:=6-B =[E =?(3)/ 9<2*01/ 4hE 92 4:>@9 =[BG2 .1(+2 (3E =6LDB A >@=[/ 9=E . (+;791B8. 9 2?9 >39E =?;74D2 (OB80-92 .A/14
B-(+03(YI. 4 91;? ( (+>@. 43=@E / (+N8;70399 B 2?.14 9 (4A4QG_ /1( (>=[BGE 0-2 .1(4( B-2?(D>3E4 =[L3254>B /1919B E =6Q-( =62+BB 6 >@4g9 d(2-*G2 / 94J2 E ;:9=2 034 6O>32 9 =?; =6BT*-2 25. 9 (+2 2 (3>@E 00=[/L3(4B8B 2. 919 /`9<c 23=6*0B31/ =@4hE =E ( 9>32 44
I (+;74D2 >@=[E =59-B >@4 .14 >34 9 20/ ( .146+1; =[? 03=?918B .19 +42 +; =[? 03=?918B . 95+42 +; =6? 03=?918B . 95+42 9 .`E-P (D2 . (<8N 039
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