spotlight on resources The Alien Tort Claims Act and Trans-Boundary Corporate Environmental Abuse: A Case Study of the Gulf Oil Spill 9p?Xc\pJk%;\ee`j K_\8c`\eKfik:cX`dj8Zk8K:8 `jXL%J%jkXklk\\eXYc`e^ Xc`\ejkfjl\`e8d\i`ZXeZ`m`cZflikj]fiZ\ikX`e\^i\^`flj_l$ dXei`^_kjm`fcXk`fej%@k_XjZfd\kfY\k_\kffcn`\c[\[]fi dfjk`ek\ieXk`feXc_ldXei`^_kjc`k`^Xk`feX^X`ejkZfigfiXk`fej% K_`jXik`Zc\\ogcfi\jk_\gfk\ek`Xc8K:8c`XY`c`kpi\jlck`e^]ifd ZfigfiXk\kiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\k_ifl^_Zfe$ j`[\iXk`fef]9GXe[k_\)'('>lc]f`cjg`cc%K_`j_pgfk_\k`ZXc ºZXj\» [\dfejkiXk\j k_Xk k_fl^_ Xe 8K:8 ZcX`d X^X`ejk 9G nflc[c`b\cp]X`cYXj\[fek_\lck`dXk\ZfeZ\ekiXk`fef][XdX^\ kfL%J%k\ii`kfip#_X[k_\[XdX^\gi`dXi`cp_`k]fi\`^enXk\ij# j_fi\jXe[Zfddle`k`\j#k_\gifjg\Zkjf]Yi`e^`e^Xe8K:8 ZcX`dXi\i\XcXe[gi\j\ek%=lik_\i#k_\jpdYfc`Zi\g\iZljj`fej f]jlZ_XZcX`dZflc[[\m\cfgYfk_`ek\ieXk`feXccXnXe[`e$ [ljki`XcjkXe[Xi[j% @ekif[lZk`fe Dlck`eXk`feXc\ek\igi`j\jXe[ZfigfiXk`fej(Xi\gfn\i]lc\ek`k`\j`ek_\^cfYXcjpjk\d# XYc\kfYfk_gfj`k`m\cpXe[e\^Xk`m\cpX]]\Zkk_\`ek\ieXk`feXccpi\Zf^e`q\[_ldXei`^_kj f]k_\`i\dgcfp\\j#Zljkfd\ij#j_Xi\_fc[\ijXe[k_\Zfddle`k`\jjliifle[`e^k_\`i fg\iXk`fej%K_\8c`\eKfik:cX`dj8Zk)8K:8fik_\8Zk `jX)))$p\Xifc[jkXklk\ fi`^`eXk`e^`ek_\(./0L%J%Al[`Z`Xip8Zk#n_`Z_\eXYc\jefe$Le`k\[JkXk\jZ`k`q\ej Xc`\ej kfjl\`e8d\i`ZXeZ`m`cZflikjfm\iZ\ikX`e\^i\^`fljm`fcXk`fejf]k_\`i_ldXe ?Xc\pJk%;\ee`jY\^Xe_\infib`e^c`]\`eXe`ek\cc\ZklXcgifg\ikpcXn]`id`eJXckCXb\:`kp#Y\]fi\ ^f`e^ fe kf nfib n`k_`e k_\ LkX_ 8kkfie\p >\e\iXc½j f]]`Z\% ?Xc\p i\Z\`m\[ _\i 9J `e 9lj`e\jj DXeX^\d\ek]ifdk_\Le`m\ij`kpf]LkX_½j;Xm`[<ZZc\jJZ_ffcf]9lj`e\jj`e)''.#Xe[jg\ekk_\ e\okk_i\\p\Xijnfib`e^XjXeX[m`jfikfknfD\dY\ijf]k_\JZfkk`j_GXic`Xd\ek%J_\`jZlii\ekcp glijl`e^_\iDXjk\ij`e?ldXeI`^_kjCXn]ifdk_\JZ_ffcf]Fi`\ekXc8]i`ZXeJkl[`\j`eCfe[fe% 90 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34 THE ATCA AND TRANS-BOUNDARY CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ABUSE i`^_kj% @k `j k_`j jkXklk\ k_ifl^_ n_`Z_ dfjk `ek\ieXk`feXc _ldXe i`^_kj ZXj\j Xi\ glijl\[X^X`ejkZfigfiXk\[\]\e[Xekj%K_\8ZknXjefkdlZ_lk`c`q\[k_ifl^_flk`kj _`jkfiplek`cXnXk\ij_\[ilc`e^`e(0/'%*J`eZ\k_\e#k_\8K:8_Xj`eZi\Xj`e^cpY\\e lj\[XjXe`ek\ieXk`feXckffc]fi_fc[`e^XZZflekXYc\k_\g\ig\kiXkfijf]k_\nfijkZXj\j f]_ldXei`^_kjm`fcXk`fejn_\e#]fiXdlck`kl[\f]i\Xjfej#c\^Xcd\Z_Xe`jdj`ek_\ Xc`\ej½_fd\Zfleki`\jXi\efklk`c`q\[%8e`dgfikXek]\Xkli\f]k_\8ZkZfeki`Ylk`e^ kfk_`j`eZi\Xj\[lj\`jk_\]XZkk_Xkk_\8K:8[f\jefk_Xm\Xe\o_Xljk`fef][fd\jk`Z i\d\[`\ji\hl`i\d\ek#d\Xe`e^`kZXeXe[[f\jj\im\Xjk_\]`ijkgf`ekf]i\Zflij\]fi Xc`\ejXepn_\i\`ek_\nfic[j\\b`e^c\^Xci\[i\jj% Fecpfe\ZfigfiXk\8K:8ZXj\+Xdfe^j\m\iXc[fq\e#\em`ifed\ekXcfifk_\in`j\#_Xj \m\igif^i\jj\[Y\pfe[gifZ\[liXcZfej`[\iXk`fej]fik_\ºd\i`kj»k_\jlYjkXeZ\f] k_\XZklXcZcX`d kfY\_\Xi[%=lik_\i#k_\ZXj\nXj[`jd`jj\[n`k_`e_flijf]Zfem\e`e^ cXi^\cp[l\kfb\pn`ke\jj\j½`eXY`c`kpkfk\jk`]p %K_lj#k_\i\`jfecpXj`e^c\#c`d`k\[ `ejkXeZ\f]jlYjkXek`m\#efkaljkgifZ\[liXc#ali`jgil[\eZ\kfkliekf`e`ek\igi\k`e^ k_\ 8Zk% ;l\ kf k_`j cXZb f] c\^Xccp [\k\id`e\[ ZfigfiXk\ c`XY`c`kp# k_\ L%J% J\Zfe[ :`iZl`k`eE\nPfibfd`efljcpZcfj\[`kj[ffij`e=\YilXip)'((kfZfigfiXk\8K:8 ZXj\j\ek`i\cp%@eA_eX[b#k_\dXafi`kpilc\[k_XkjlZ_XcXZbf]c`XY`c`kpgf`ek\[kfk_\ fm\iXcc `eXY`c`kp f] ZfigfiXk\ ZXj\j kf d\\k k_\ jki`e^\ek i\hl`i\d\ekj kf \jkXYc`j_ 8K:8c`XY`c`kp%,8[[`e^X]lik_\ikn`jkkfk_\gcfk#k_\;%:%:`iZl`k:flikf]8gg\Xcj `eAlcp)'((Yi\Xk_\[e\nc`]\`ekfXcfe^$ilee`e^ZcX`dXjn\ccXjk_\8K:8½j]lkli\ `kj\c]#i\fg\e`e^XZXj\X^X`ejk<oofeDfY`c]fiXcc\^\[_ldXei`^_kjm`fcXk`fej`e 8Z\_#@e[fe\j`X%;`i\ZkcpZ_Xcc\e^`e^k_\i\Xjfe`e^Xe[[\Z`j`fef]k_\`iZfcc\X^l\j `ek_\E\nPfibJ\Zfe[:`iZl`k#k_\dXafi`kpjkXk\[1ºE\`k_\ik_\k\ok#_`jkfipefi gligfj\f]k_\8KJR8c`\eKfikJkXklk\TjlggfikjZfigfiXk\`ddle`kp]fikfikjYXj\[ fe _\`eflj Zfe[lZk Xcc\^\[cp Zfdd`kk\[ Yp `kj X^\ekj `e m`fcXk`fe f] k_\ cXn f] eXk`fej%»-8]]`id`e^k_`j`ek\igi\kXk`fe`eXZXj\X^X`ejk=`i\jkfe\k`i\ZfdgXepk_fl^_ k_\ZXj\nXjlck`dXk\cp[`jd`jj\[ #k_\J\m\ek_:`iZl`k:flikf]8gg\Xcjj`dgcpjkXk\1 K_\]XZklXcgi\d`j\f]k_\dXafi`kp`ek_\A_eX[bZXj\`j`eZfii\Zk%».N`k_k_`j#`kj\\dj `eZi\Xj`e^cpc`b\cpk_Xkk_\]lkli\f]k_\8ZkZflc[Y\kXb\ekfk_\Jlgi\d\:flik]fiX ]`eXc[\k\id`eXk`fe%Fe\f]k_\[i`m\ijY\_`e[k_`jXik`Zc\#k_\i\]fi\#`jkf\ogcfi\k_\ gfk\ek`XcjZfg\Xe[[\m\cfgd\ekf]k_\8K:8[li`e^k_`je\ng\i`f[f]i\]c\Zk`fe Xe[[\]c\Zk`fen`k_`ek_\L%J%al[`Z`Xcjpjk\d% :figfiXk\8K:8jl`kjXi\cXi^\cpXi\jgfej\kfk_\[`jk`eZk`m\i\^lcXkfipgifYc\dk_Xk dlck`eXk`feXc\ek\igi`j\jXe[ZfigfiXk`fejgfj\%EXd\cp#k_\i\`jefnfic[ZflikZXgXYc\ f]i\^lcXk`e^k_\`ifg\iXk`fejXZifjjdlck`gc\ali`j[`Zk`fej%K_\XY`c`kpf]ZfdgXe`\j kfileXe`ek\^iXk\[fg\iXk`feXZifjjZfleki`\jXe[Zfek`e\ekj`jefk\hlXccp\eafp\[ YpeXk`feXci\^lcXkfij#n_fZXe#n`k_jdXcc\oZ\gk`fe#jlYa\ZkZfdgXe`\jn`k_`ek_\`i jfm\i\`^eali`j[`Zk`fekfk_\`i[fd\jk`Zc\^Xci\^`d\j%/K_`jXik`Zc\k_\i\]fi\]fZlj\jfe k_\]\Xj`Y`c`kpf]ZfigfiXk\8K:8ZXj\jkfY\glijl\[XjXc`k`^`flji\jgfej\kf]`cck_`j i\^lcXkfip^Xg%Jg\Z`]`ZXccp#k_`jXik`Zc\n`ccZfej`[\ik_\gfk\ek`Xc]fiXZcX`dXi`j`e^ ]ifd\^i\^`fljkiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\%@efi[\ikf`ek\iXZk`m\cp\ogcfi\ k_`jd\Xejf]c\^Xci\Zflij\le`hl\kfk_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_`jXik`Zc\n`ccZfej`[\iX _pgfk_\k`ZXcºZXj\»jliifle[`e^k_\\m\ekjf]k_\)'('>lc]f]D\o`Zff`cjg`ccXe[ k_\c`b\c`_ff[f]jlZ_XZXj\½jXY`c`kpkfgifZ\\[X^X`ejk9G%0 413*/(46..&3 91 HALEY ST. DENNIS 8jk_`jXik`Zc\n`cc[\dfejkiXk\#k_\flkcffbf]XepZXj\YXj\[fek_\i\Xc`kpf]k_\ [`jXjk\icffbj`dgifYXYc\fecpY\ZXlj\k_\[XdX^\_XjdX`ecpZfeZ\ekiXk\[feL%J% k\ii`kfi`\jXe[Zfddle`k`\j#j\\d`e^kfjgi\X[fecpXj]XiXjK\oXj('k_fl^_k_\cfe^$ k\idjgi\X[Xe[\]]\ZkjZflc[f]Zflij\kXb\p\Xijkf[\k\id`e\ %?fn\m\i#_X[fe\ f]k_\k_fljXe[jf]fk_\i>lc]n\ccjYcfnee\Xi\ikfXep]fi\`^ej_fi\j#fi_X[>lc] Zlii\ekj[\c`m\i\[k_\[\\gnXk\if`cfekfefe$L%J%j_fi\j#k_\gifjg\Zkjf]jlZ_Xe 8K:8ZXj\Xi\i\XcXe[gi\j\ek%K_\i\]fi\#k_`j\o\iZ`j\j\\bjkfj\im\XjXnXie`e^kf k_fj\n`k_k_\jZfg\Xe[XY`c`kpkf[XdX^\k_\\em`ifed\ekXe[_ldXei`^_kjfejlZ_ XjZXc\k_Xkk_\8K:8f]]\ijXle`hl\d\Xejf]i\[i\jj`ej\\b`e^kf_fc[k_fj\XkZXlj\ kfk_\]lcc\jk\ok\ekf]k_\cXn%=lik_\i#k_\\o\iZ`j\f]jlZ_Xj\i`fljZcX`df]\^i\^`flj _ldXei`^_kjm`fcXk`fejZXlj\[YpkiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXc[XdX^\nflc[`e `kj\c]Zfeki`Ylk\kfk_\[\m\cfgd\ekXe[\mfclk`fef]`ek\ieXk`feXc\em`ifed\ekXcc\^Xc jkXe[Xi[jXjn\ccXjk_\jkXe[Xi[jf]\em`ifed\ekXccp$X]]\Zk`e^`e[ljki`\j% K_\i\]fi\#k_`jXik`Zc\n`ccZfek`el\fek_\YXj`jk_Xkk_\gi`dXipcfZXk`fef][XdX^\ nXj `ejk\X[ kf efe$L%J% k\ii`kfip Xe[ Zfddle`k`\j# Xe[ Zfej`[\i k_\ gfc`k`ZXc Xe[ gifZ\[liXc `dgc`ZXk`fej f] k_`j ºZXj\» X^X`ejk 9G k_\ º[\]\e[Xek» % =lik_\i# k_`j Xik`Zc\n`ccXjjld\k_Xkfli_pgfk_\k`ZXcºgcX`ek`]]j»_X`c]ifdD\o`Zf%K_`jj\c\Zk`fe nXjgifdgk\[Ypk_\k_i\\D\o`ZXeZfXjkXckfnejk_Xk_X[XZklXccp]`c\[jl`k`eL%J% ;`jki`Zk:flik]fccfn`e^k_\[`jXjk\ikfi\Zfm\i\og\e[`kli\jdX[\`eXek`Z`gXk`fef] Xepf`ci\XZ_`e^k_\`inXk\ijXe[cXe[%((=`eXccp#k_\]fZljn`ccY\c`d`k\[kffecpk_\ gi`dXipgifZ\[liXcXe[ali`j[`Zk`feXc`jjl\jXk_Xe[1\jkXYc`j_`e^g\ijfeXcali`j[`Z$ k`fe#[\k\id`e`e^n_\k_\ijkXk\XZk`fenflc[Y\i\hl`i\[#`[\ek`]p`e^k_\Y\jk]fild ]fik_\ZXj\Xe[n_\k_\ik_\ºgfc`k`ZXchl\jk`fe»nflc[lck`dXk\cp[\]\Xkk_\ZcX`d% 8K:8=le[Xd\ekXcj K_\8K:8jkXk\j1 J^[Z_ijh_YjYekhjii^Wbb^Wl[eh_]_dWb`kh_iZ_Yj_ede\WdoY_l_bWYj_edXoWdWb_[d\ehW jehjedbo"Yecc_jj[Z_dl_ebWj_ede\j^[bWme\dWj_ediehWjh[Wjoe\j^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i$(8K:8gcX`ek`]]jk_\i\]fi\dljk]iXd\k_\`iZcX`dXZZfi[`e^kf\`k_\iXYi\XZ_f]XL%J% ki\Xkpfi#dfi\Zfddfecp#XYi\XZ_f]k_\ºcXnf]eXk`fej#»XcjfbefneXjºZljkfd$ Xip`ek\ieXk`feXccXn%»8ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXnfiilc\`j^\e\iXccpk_\i\jlckf] knf \c\d\ekj Y\`e^ gi\j\ek1 Xe \jkXYc`j_\[# n`[\jgi\X[# Xe[ Zfej`jk\ek fhWYj_Y[ f] jfd\k_`e^fek_\gXikf]jkXk\j#n_`Z_`j]fccfn\[]ifdXi[di[e\b[]WbeXb_]Wj_ed%@e fk_\infi[j#[f`e^jfd\k_`e^Y\ZXlj\k_Xk`j_fn`k_XjXcnXpjY\\e[fe\#k_\i\]fi\ k_Xk`j_fn`kXcnXpjckijY\[fe\%@eZfek\ok#XZljkfdXipilc\fiºefid»dXpefkY\ cX`[flk`eXki\Xkp#fik_\jkXk\`ehl\jk`fedXp_Xm\efkiXk`]`\[k_\i\c\mXekki\Xkp# YlkgifZ\\[jkfXZkXZ\ikX`enXpYfk_[fd\jk`ZXccpXe[`ek\ieXk`feXccpY\ZXlj\k_\p ]\\ck_Xk`]k_\p[fefkk_\pdXpY\Yi\Xb`e^`ek\ieXk`feXcZljkfdXip cXn%Giff]f] ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXnZXeY\\jkXYc`j_\[]ifdXn`[\iXe^\f]jfliZ\j`eZcl[`e^ `ek\ieXk`feXcki\Xk`\jk_\iXk`]`ZXk`fejf]n_`Z_Xi\X]fidf]jkXk\giXZk`Z\ #al[`Z`Xc [\Z`j`fej#Xe[i\jg\Zk\[XZX[\d`Zfg`e`fe#Xdfe^fk_\ij%K_lj#k_`jiXk_\ifYjZli\ jfliZ\f]cXn`j\m\iZ_Xe^`e^Xe[\mfclk`feXip% @e`ek\igi\k`e^k_\8K:8#Zflikjn`cc^\e\iXccpfecp_\XiZXj\j`]k_\Xcc\^\[m`fcXk`fe Yi\XZ_\jXkc\Xjkn`[\cpXZZ\gk\[ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXcefidj%8jjlZ_#fecpXj_fik 92 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34 THE ATCA AND TRANS-BOUNDARY CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ABUSE c`jkf]ZljkfdXipefidj_Xm\jf]Xid\kk_\i\hl`i\d\ekjflkc`e\[XYfm\#jlZ_Xjk_\ gif_`Y`k`fef]kfikli\Xe[iXZ`Xc[`jZi`d`eXk`fe#]i\\[fdf]\ogi\jj`fe#g\XZ\]lcXjj\d$ YcpXe[XjjfZ`Xk`fe#Xdfe^X[fq\efijffk_\ij%(.8gfk\ek`Xce\nZXk\^fipkfk_\c`jk `jk_Xkf]ZfigfiXk\kiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\%K_\]fZljf]YehfehWj[XYlj\ Zfd\j[fnekfk_\XY`c`kpf]dlck`eXk`feXc\ek\igi`j\jkflk`c`q\jlg\i`fi\em`ifed\e$ kXck\Z_efcf^`\jXe[dXeX^\d\ekgiXZk`Z\jk_Xek_\`ijdXcc\i[fd\jk`ZZflek\igXikj# c\X[`e^kfk_\`igi\[fd`eXeZ\`ek_\]`\c[%P\kk_\j_\\ij`q\f]dlck`eXk`feXc½jfg\iX$ k`fejXe[k_\`ii\cXk`m\cXZbf]XZZflekXY`c`kp[l\kfk_\`ek\ieXk`feXci\^lcXkfip^Xg [\jZi`Y\[XYfm\d\Xejk_XkdXepcXi^\$jZXc\\em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\ji\jlck]ifdk_\`i XZk`m`k`\j%(/K_\gfjj`Y`c`kpf]Yi`e^`e^XkiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXc8K:8ZcX`d X^X`ejkXZfigfiXk`fe#_fn\m\i#_Xjp\kkfkilcpY\k\jk\[%FecpX_Xe[]lcf]8K:8ZXj\j _Xm\`eZcl[\[ZfigfiXk\\em`ifed\ekXcZcX`dj#k_fl^_efe\_Xm\Y\\ejlYjkXek`m\cp Zfej`[\i\[Xjk_\p_Xm\\`k_\iY\\ej\kkc\[fi[`jd`jj\[`ek_\\XicpgifZ\[liXcjkX^\j f]c`k`^Xk`fe% Gi\m`fljZXj\ilc`e^j_Xm\Y\\e[`m\i^\ekfek_`j`jjl\#Xe[fecpZfej`[\i\[m`fcXk`fej ZfekX`e\[n`k_`eXj`e^c\Zflekip%@e<beh[il$Iekj^[hdF[hk9eff[h#]fi\oXdgc\#G\ilm`Xe eXk`feXcjjl\[Xe8d\i`ZXed`e`e^ZfdgXep]fim`fcXk`fejf]k_\i`^_kjkfc`]\#_\Xck_ Xe[jljkX`eXYc\[\m\cfgd\ek%(0K_\;`jki`Zk:flik]fle[k_Xkk_\\em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\j `ej`[\G\il[`[efkd\\kk_\i\hl`i\d\ekjXYfm\kfhlXc`]pXjYi\XZ_`e^ZljkfdXip `ek\ieXk`feXccXn%@eXefk_\iilc`e^#8[WdWbl$<h[[fehjCYCehWd#k_\=`]k_:`iZl`k ZflikZfej`[\i\[k_\gcX`ek`]]½jZcX`df]ZlckliXc^\efZ`[\Xe[\^i\^`flj\em`ifed\ekXc [XdX^\n`k_`e@e[fe\j`XXjYi\XZ_`e^ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXnXe[k_ljXZk`mXk`e^ c`XY`c`kple[\ik_\8Zk%)'K_\:flikilc\[#_fn\m\i#k_Xk\o`jk`e^`ek\ieXk`feXc\em`$ ifed\ekXcefidj[`[efkgifm`[\jl]]`Z`\ekjkXe[Xi[jXe[i\^lcXk`fejkf[\k\id`e\ k_Xkk_\gi`eZ`gc\j`emfb\[hlXc`]`\[XjZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXn%=lik_\i#`eIWh[_ l$H_eJ_dje#XZXj\`emfcm`e^I`fK`ekf½jXcc\^\[XZk`m`k`\j`e9fl^X`em`cc\#GXgXE\n >l`e\X# `k nXj Xi^l\[ k_Xk 8K:8 c`XY`c`kp j_flc[ Y\ Zfej`[\i\[ ]fi \em`ifed\ekXc XYlj\jYXj\[fem`fcXk`fejf]k_\i`^_kjkfc`]\#_\Xck_Xe[j\Zli`kpf]g\ijfe%)(J`d`cXi kf<beh[iWdZ8[WdWb#k_\Zflik[`[efk]\\ck_Xk\em`ifed\ekXc_Xidn`k_`efe\jkXk\ jl]]`Z`\ekcpd\kk_\8K:8½jZljkfdXipjkXe[Xi[j% 9fk_ k_\ 8[WdWb Xe[ <beh[i Zflikj# _fn\m\i# kffb ^i\Xk ZXi\ kf _`^_c`^_k k_Xk k_\`i ilc`e^jn\i\YXj\[fek_\ZfekX`ed\ekf]_Xidn`k_`ek_\Yfle[Xi`\jf]k_\j`e^c\ jkXk\`ehl\jk`fe%K_\8[WdWbZflik]lik_\i_`ek\[k_XkjhWdi#XekdZWho_Xid#XZifjjknf fidfi\jkXk\j#Zflc[gfk\ek`XccpY\Zfej`[\i\[Xm`fcXk`fef]ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXc cXn%))8]]`id`e^k_`j#k_\H_eJ_djeZflikefk\[k_Xkgfcclk`fef]`ek\ieXk`feXcnXk\inXpj ZfekiXipkfk_\LE:fem\ek`fefek_\CXnf]k_\J\XLE:CFJ #)*Xki\XkpiXk`]`\[ Yp(--eXk`fejXe[Xi^lXYcpZfej`[\i\[ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXnY\ZXlj\f]jlZ_ n`[\jgi\X[jkXk\giXZk`Z\#Zflc[Y\Zfej`[\i\[Xm`fcXk`fef]ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXc cXn%K_lj#c\^XcZfdd\ekXkfij_Xm\Xjj\ik\[k_Xk`kZflc[Y\gfjj`Yc\]fikiXej$Yfle[Xip \em`ifed\ekXcXYlj\kfXZk`mXk\k_\8K:8%)+ 9GXe[k_\>lc]F`cJg`cc Fe8gi`c)'#)'('k_\[\\gnXk\iDXZfe[ff`cn\cc]fikpd`c\jf]]k_\ZfXjkf]Cfl`j`XeX `ek_\>lc]f]D\o`ZfYc\nflk#ZXlj`e^k_\;\\gnXk\i?fi`qfef`ci`^[i`cc`e^k_\n\cc 413*/(46..&3 93 HALEY ST. DENNIS kf\ogcf[\Xe[jlYj\hl\ekcpj`ebknf[XpjcXk\i%<c\m\ei`^nfib\ijn\i\b`cc\[Xe[ j\m\ek\\efk_\ij`eali\[`ek_\\ogcfj`fe%K_\[`jXjk\i]lik_\iZXlj\[e\Xicp]`m\d`cc`fe YXii\cjf]f`ckfjg`cc`ekfk_\>lc]f]D\o`Zffm\ik_\e\ok(,*[Xpj%),@ej\\b`e^kf ZfekX`ek_\jfliZ\f]k_\c\Xb0#''']\\kY\cfnk_\fZ\Xejli]XZ\#9GXjk_\i`^fg\iXkfi# KiXejfZ\XeXjk_\i`^fne\i#fk_\iZfdgXe`\j`emfcm\[jlZ_Xj?Xcc`Ylikfe#Xe[L%J% i\^lcXkfijXcc\o_`Y`k\[Zfek`e^\eZpgcXee`e^`ejl]]`Z`\ekkfhl\cck_\]cfn%=fccfn`e^ Xj\i`\jf]]X`c\[Xkk\dgkjkfºb`cc»k_\n\cc#`knXj]`eXccpZXgg\[fek_\(-k_f]Alcp# e\Xicp k_i\\ dfek_j X]k\i k_\ ;\\gnXk\i ?fi`qfe½j [\jkilZk`fe% K_\ >lc] f`c jg`cc Y\ZXd\k_\nfijk\Zfcf^`ZXc[`jXjk\i`e8d\i`ZXe_`jkfipXe[k_\nfijkZXj\f]XZZ`[\ekXc i\c\Xj\f]f`c`ekfXepfZ\Xe%8jL%J%>lc]:fXjkZfddle`k`\jjgXee`e^]ifd=cfi`[X kfK\oXj_Xm\i\Xc`q\[#\em`ifed\ekXcZXkXjkifg_\fek_`jjZXc\_Xjk_\gfk\ek`Xckf `eZXcZlcXYcp`dgXZkj\ZkfijXj[`m\ij\Xj]`j_`e^#kfli`jd#]`eXeZ\#i\Xc\jkXk\#YXeb`e^ Xe[fk_\in`j\%@kZXeXcjfm`fcXk\XiXe^\f]_ldXei`^_kjjlZ_Xji`^_kjkfX_\Xck_p \em`ifed\ek#d\Xejf]jlYj`jk\eZ\#_\Xck_#Xe[gifg\ikp% G\ijfeXcAli`j[`Zk`fe @efi[\ikfjlYa\ZkXZfigfiXk`fekf8K:8ali`j[`Zk`fe`kdljk]`ijkY\[\k\id`e\[k_Xk`k º[f\jYlj`e\jj»`ek_\]fild`%\%#_XjXjlYjkXek`XcXe[fe^f`e^Ylj`e\jji\cXk`fej_`g `ek_\Le`k\[JkXk\j %@]k_Xki\cXk`fej_`g`jZc\XiXZflikZXek_\e\o\iZ`j\ºg\ijfeXc ali`j[`Zk`fe» fm\i k_\ ZfigfiXk`fe Xe[ Xccfn X ZfigfiXk\ 8K:8 ZXj\ kf gifZ\\[ kf fk_\iZfej`[\iXk`fej%G\i_XgjfecpX_Xe[]lcf]ZfdgXe`\jhlXc`]pXj_Xm`e^X^i\Xk\i Ylj`e\jj\ji\cXk`fej_`gn`k_k_\Le`k\[JkXk\jk_Xe9G%9G8d\i`ZX#)-XL%J%$i\^`jk\i\[ jlYj`[`Xipf]k_\<e^c`j_gXi\ekZfdgXep9GGcZ%#`j_\X[hlXik\i\[`e?fljkfe#n_`Z_ j\im\[Xjk_\ZfekifcZ\ek\i]ifdn_`Z_Xcckfg$c\m\c[\Z`j`fejn\i\Y\`e^dX[\]fi 9G½j>lc][i`cc`e^fg\iXk`fej%).8jcX`[flk`ek_\EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfikfek_\ [`jXjk\ikfk_\Gi\j`[\ek#)/Xjn\ccXj`ek_\_\XmpXeXcpj`jf]k_\[`jXjk\i½j`dgXZkfe k_\ZfdgXep½jmXclXk`fe#)09GnXjk_\nfic[½j]flik_$cXi^\jkZfigfiXk`feYpi\m\el\ Y\]fi\k_\DXZfe[fYcfnflk%9p\Xicp)'('#9GnXjgif[lZ`e^dfi\k_Xe]flid`cc`fe YXii\cjf]f`c\XZ_[Xp]ifdk_`ikpZfleki`\jXZifjjk_\nfic[¹('g\iZ\ekf]n_`Z_nXj Zfd`e^]ifdk_\>lc]f]D\o`Zf#n_\i\9G8d\i`ZXnXjk_\j`e^c\cXi^\jkgif[lZ\i%*' >`m\e9G½jjlYjkXek`XcYlj`e\jj[\Xc`e^jn`k_k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#`kZXei\XjfeXYcpY\ jlid`j\[k_XkZflikjnflc[XZZ\gkg\ijfeXcali`j[`Zk`fefm\i9G8d\i`ZX% GXiXcc\cGifZ\\[`e^j8^X`ejk9G MXi`fljkpg\jf]ZcX`dj_Xm\Y\\e]`c\[X^X`ejkXe[Y\kn\\e9GXe[fk_\i`emfcm\[ ZfdgXe`\j¹gi\[fd`eXekcp KiXejfZ\Xe Xe[ ?Xcc`Ylikfe¹j`eZ\ k_\ [`jXjk\i% *( K_\ \o`jk\eZ\f]jlZ_gXiXcc\cc`k`^Xk`fenflc[efkgi\Zcl[\k_\\o\iZ`j\f]Xe8K:8ZcX`d% @e[\\[#k_\mfcld\Xe[kpg\f]ZcX`djXi\k\jkXd\ekkfk_\\^i\^`flje\jjf]k_\[`jXjk\i% ?le[i\[jf]ºfi[`eXip»`ek_\c\^Xcj\ej\k_Xkk_\8K:8`jº\okiXfi[`eXip» Z`m`c ZcX`djXcfe\_Xm\Y\\e]`c\[X^X`ejk9G`eL%J%Zflikj%*)=lik_\i#k_\`e[\g\e[\ekcp$ X[d`e`jk\i\[>lc]:fXjk:cX`dj=XZ`c`kp>::= **`jXefk_\inXp]fi`e[`m`[lXcjXe[ Ylj`e\jj\jkfi\Zfm\iZfjkjXe[[XdX^\j]ifdk_\)'Y`cc`fe9G$]le[\[ZcX`djgfk% ?le[i\[jf]k_fljXe[jf]ZcX`dj_Xm\Xci\X[pY\\ejlYd`kk\[kfk_\>::=*+`efi[\i ]fiZcX`dXekjkffYkX`ehl`Zb]`eXeZ`Xci\c`\]k_fl^_k_\p]fi]\`kk_\`ii`^_kkfYi`e^ Xep]lkli\ZcX`dX^X`ejk9G]fi>lc]jg`cc$i\cXk\[_Xid % 94 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34 THE ATCA AND TRANS-BOUNDARY CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ABUSE =lik_\i#feAle\(#)'('#k_\L%J%8kkfie\p>\e\iXcfg\e\[Yfk_Z`m`cXe[Yh_c_dWb`e$ m\jk`^Xk`fej`ekf9G½jXZk`fejXifle[k_\[`jXjk\i#*,n`k_`e[`ZXk`fejk_Xkdfi\Zflc[Y\ ]`c\[XkXcXk\i[Xk\%*-KfglkjlZ_Xe`em\jk`^Xk`fe`ekfZfek\ok#XcdfjkXcckiXej$eXk`feXc _ldXei`^_kjc`k`^Xk`feX^X`ejkZfigfiXk`fej_XjY\\eZ`m`ciXk_\ik_XeZi`d`eXc%*.K_\ Zi`d`eXcgifY\`jjk`ccfe^f`e^Xjf]\XicpAlcp)'((#cffb`e^`ekfgfk\ek`XcdXejcXl^_k\i Z_Xi^\jfm\ik_\\c\m\ei`^nfib\ijb`cc\[`ek_\\ogcfj`fej#gfjj`Yc\\em`ifed\ekXc m`fcXk`fejf]k_\L%J%:c\XeNXk\i8Zk#gfk\ek`Xccpd`jc\X[`e^jkXk\d\ekjdX[\fek_\ gXikf]9G\o\Zlk`m\jX]k\ik_\[`jXjk\i#Xe[Xcc\^\[`ej`[\ikiX[`e^%*/>`m\ek_\gfc`k`ZXc Xe[\Zfefd`Z`dgc`ZXk`fej`e_\i\ek`ejlZ_X_`^_gif]`c\#^fm\ied\ek$c\[`em\jk`^X$ k`fe#k_\m\ip]XZkk_XkjlZ_Xe`em\jk`^Xk`fe_XjY\\eXlk_fi`q\[nflc[n\`^_fek_\ gfk\ek`Xc n`cc`e^e\jj f] Xep L%J% al[^\ kf Xccfn Zfej`[\iXk`fef]fli_pgfk_\k`ZXcZXj\% JkXk\8Zk`fe Dfjk_ldXei`^_kjZfej`[\i\[kfY\f]ZljkfdXip `ek\ieXk`feXccXnjkXkljle[\ik_\8K:8Xggcpfecp `ek_\Zfek\okf]jkXk\XZk`feY\`e^gi\j\ek%:\ikX`e m`fcXk`fej# jlZ_ Xj ^\efZ`[\# g`iXZp# jcXm\ip Xe[ ]fiZ\[ cXYfi# [f efk i\hl`i\ jkXk\ XZk`fe `e fi[\i kfXZk`mXk\k_\8K:8%*0K_\i\]fi\#`efi[\ikfjlZ$ Z\jj]lccpYi`e^8K:8XZk`feX^X`ejkXZfigfiXk`fe# gcX`ek`]]j dljk \`k_\i gifm\ k_Xk jkXk\ XZk`fe nXj gi\j\ek#fik_Xk`k`jefki\hl`i\[n`k_`ek_\Xcc\^\[ m`fcXk`fef]ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXn% @kZXeefkY\[`jglk\[ k_XkkiXej$Yfle[Xip \em`ifed\ekXc [\^iX[Xk`fefek_\ jZXc\f]k_\)'(' >lc]f`cjg`ccgifdgkj `ek\ieXk`feXcZfeZ\ie efdXkk\in_f nXjXk]Xlck% @eZfej`[\i`e^n_\k_\ifliZXj\nflc[i\hl`i\jkXk\ XZk`fe#k_\]`ijkgf`ekkfefk\`jk_Xkk_\Le`k\[JkXk\j Xe[`kjX^\eZ`\j_Xm\`ddle`kple[\ik_\8Zk%8j jlZ_#^fm\ied\ekXci\^lcXkfijjlZ_Xjk_\D`e\iXcjDXeX^\d\ekJ\im`Z\k_Xkfm\ijXn fg\iXk`fejgi`fikfXe[]fccfn`e^k_\[`jXjk\inflc[efkY\Xejn\iXYc\kfk_\ZXj\ le[\ik_\8Zk%@]jkXk\XZk`fen\i\k_\i\]fi\h[gk_h[Z`efliZXj\#n\nflc[_Xm\i\XZ_\[ X[\X[\e[Y\ZXlj\f]L%J%`ddle`kp%?`^_cpXggc`ZXYc\kffliZXj\#_fn\m\i#`jk_\ g\ijlXj`m\cf^`Zf]fe\8K:8Zfdd\ekXkfin_fZfeZcl[\jk_Xk[\k\id`e`e^n_\k_\i jkXk\XZk`fe`ji\hl`i\[Zfd\j[fnekfn_\k_\i`ek\ieXk`feXcZfeZ\ienflc[Z[f[dZ fejkXk\`emfcm\d\ek%@efk_\infi[j#`]k_\[XdX^\`ehl\jk`fen\i\f]`ek\ieXk`feXc ZfeZ\iei\^Xi[c\jjf]n_fg\ig\kiXk\[k_\XYlj\#k_\ek_\ZXj\nflc[c`b\cpefki\hl`i\ jkXk\XZk`fekfgifZ\\[%+' @kZXeefkY\[`jglk\[k_XkkiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXc[\^iX[Xk`fefek_\jZXc\f] k_\)'('>lc]f`cjg`ccgifdgkj`ek\ieXk`feXcZfeZ\ieefdXkk\in_fnXjXk]Xlck%K_`j `ek\ieXk`feXcZfeZ\ie_XjY\\e[\dfejkiXk\[`ek_fljXe[jf]_\X[c`e\jXifle[k_\ nfic[j`eZ\e\njf]k_\c\Xb#Xe[n`k_j_Xi\_fc[\iXZk`m`jkjgifk\jk`e^k_\9GXeelXc ^\e\iXc d\\k`e^ X p\Xi fe ]ifd k_\ [`jXjk\i%+( 8 ]lik_\i \oXdgc\ Zfd\j ]ifd k_\ :Xi`YY\Xe`jcXe[eXk`fejn_f]fidXccp\ogi\jj\[k_\`iZfeZ\iekfk_\L%J%J\Zi\kXip f]JkXk\k_Xkf`cdXpi\XZ_k_\`ij_fi\j%+)=Xii\dfm\[]ifdk_\[`i\Zk[XdX^\`ek_\ >lc]#EfinXp½j<e\i^pD`e`jk\i]\ckjfZfeZ\ie\[Ypk_\f`cjg`cc\m\ekjk_XkXYXenXj 413*/(46..&3 95 HALEY ST. DENNIS gcXZ\[feXcc[\\gnXk\if`cXe[^Xj[i`cc`e^`ek_\Efik_J\Xlek`ck_\`em\jk`^Xk`fe `ekfk_\jg`cc_X[Y\\eZfdgc\k\[%+*Dfjki\Z\ekcp#k_\jg`cc_Xjgifdgk\[`ek\ieXk`feXc i\m`\nf][i`cc`e^i\^lcXk`fejXe[Xdfm\XnXp]ifdk_\^\e\iXc#gi\jZi`gk`m\i\^`d\ k_Xk^fm\ie\[k_\>lc]fg\iXk`fej#kfi\^lcXk`fej`ejk\X[YXj\[fei`jbXjj\jjd\ekj]fi \XZ_`e[`m`[lXcfg\iXk`fe%++K_`j`ek\ieXk`feXcZfeZ\ienflc[_Xm\i\jlck\[n_\k_\ifi efk9G#Xjfggfj\[kfXjkXk\fg\iXkfi#nXjilee`e^k_\[i`cc`e^gif^iXd%:flgc\[n`k_ k_\]XZkk_Xkk_\Le`k\[JkXk\j`j`ddle\]ifd8K:8c`XY`c`kp#fliZXj\n`cck_\i\]fi\ gifZ\\[fek_\YXj`jk_XkjkXk\XZk`fe`jefki\hl`i\[% ;\k\id`e`e^k_\9\jk@ek\ieXk`feXc=fild Fe\f]k_\^i\Xk\jkZ_Xcc\e^\jkfkiXejeXk`feXc_ldXei`^_kjc`k`^Xk`fe#jlZ_XjZcX`dj Yifl^_k le[\i k_\ 8K:8# `j k_\ `emfZXk`fe f] k_\ [fZki`e\ befne Xj º\ehkc ded Yedl[d_[di»=E: %@eZfej`[\i`e^n_\k_\ikf[`jd`jjXZXj\YXj\[fe=E:#al[^\jn`cc n\`^_n_\k_\iXefk_\i]fild`jdfi\Xggifgi`Xk\fiºZfem\e`\ek%»K_\lj\f]=E: Xi^ld\ekjYpZfigfiXk\[\]\e[Xekj`jfe\f]k_\gi`dXipi\Xjfejn_p8K:8ZXj\j ^\e\iXccp[fefkdXb\`kY\pfe[k_\gifZ\[liXcc`k`^Xk`fejkX^\Xe[fekfX_\Xi`e^f] k_\XZklXc\m\ekj`ehl\jk`feY\]fi\[\k\id`e`e^c`XY`c`kp%+,N_\eXe=E:Xi^ld\ek`j jlZZ\jj]lc#k_\[fd\jk`Zali`j[`Zk`fef]k_\gcX`ek`]]½j_fd\jkXk\#k_\[\]\e[Xek½j_fd\ jkXk\#fik_\ali`j[`Zk`fen_\i\k_\[XdX^\nXj`e]c`Zk\[`j^\e\iXccpi\Zfdd\e[\[ kfgifZ\\[n`k_k_\ZcX`d%+-K_\ZcX`dnflc[k_\eY\^fm\ie\[Ypk_\[fd\jk`ZcXnj f]k_XkZflekip#efkL%J%cXn#Xe[nflc[k_lji\dfm\k_\jpdYfc`Zn\`^_kk_Xk^f\j n`k_]iXd`e^X_ldXei`^_kjZcX`dXjY\`e^\^i\^`flj\efl^_kfXZk`mXk\k_\8K:8% @e Zfej`[\i`e^ 9G½j gfk\ek`Xc =E: Xi^ld\ekj# al[^\j nflc[ _Xm\ k_\ fgk`fe f] [\Zc`e`e^L%J%ali`j[`Zk`fe`]k_\p[\\d\`k_\iD\o`Zf_fd\Zflekipf]fligcX`ek`]]j figfk\ek`Xccp<e^cXe[_fd\f]9G8d\i`ZX½jgXi\ekZfdgXep9GGcZ% n\i\dfi\ Zfem\e`\ek fi X[\hlXk\ `e _fjk`e^ k_\ ZXj\% @k j_flc[ Y\ efk\[ _fn\m\i k_Xk k_\ `dgc`ZXk`fej f] `emfcm`e^ 9G 8d\i`ZX½j gXi\ek ZfdgXep Zflc[ lec`b\cp Y\ ^`m\e k_\g\ijfeXcali`j[`Zk`feZfej`[\iXk`fejXYfm\%:flikjXi\le[\ijkXe[XYcp_\j`kXek# gXik`ZlcXicpn`k_i\^Xi[kf[\dfZiXk`ZZfleki`\j#kfZXcc`ekf[`ji\glk\Xefk_\ijkXk\½j aljk`Z\jpjk\dk_ifl^_k_\i\a\Zk`fef]Xe=E:Xjj\ik`fe%Glk`eg\ijg\Zk`m\#k_`jnflc[ `dgcp k_\ Xck\ieXk`m\ `ek\ieXk`feXc ]fild jl^^\jk\[¹\`k_\i D\o`Zf fi gfk\ek`Xccp <e^cXe[¹nflc[Y\[\\d\[º`eX[\hlXk\»YpL%J%Zflikjfgk`e^kf_\Xik_\ZXj\]ifd L%J%Y\eZ_\j`ejk\X[%+.8[[`k`feXccp#n_\ejfdXepL%J%Z`k`q\ejXi\Yi`e^`e^Z`m`c ZcX`djX^X`ejk9GXe[k_\fk_\iZfdgXe`\j`emfcm\[#9GZflc[i\hl\jk=E:[`jd`jjXc fe glYc`Z `ek\i\jk ^ifle[j# Xi^l`e^ k_Xk Xep `ek\ieXk`feXc ZXj\ nflc[ Yli[\e kff _\Xm`cpXL%J%alipn`k_Zfej`[\iXk`fejf]Xc`\ej½ZcX`dj%9GZflc[XcjfXjj\ikk_Xk`k nflc[Y\dfi\Zfem\e`\ekkf_\Xik_\ZXj\`eD\o`Zf#n_\i\k_\gcX`ek`]]jnflc[efk _Xm\kfkiXm\ckfk_\Le`k\[JkXk\jkfgXik`Z`gXk\%K_`jXjj\ik`fef]XD\o`ZXe]fild _fn\m\inflc[gi\Zcl[\Xepgfk\ek`XcXjj\ik`fef]<e^cXe[#^`m\ek_\dlZ_^i\Xk\i [`jkXeZ\kfn_`Z_k_\gcX`ek`]]jnflc[kiXm\c% G\ijlXj`m\i\YlkkXcjkfk_\j\Xi^ld\ekjnflc[]fZljfek_\^i\Xk\i\Xj\f]XZZ\jjkf \m`[\eZ\]ifdXL%J%ali`j[`Zk`fe^`m\ek_\\ok\ej`m\fe^f`e^gXiXcc\cc`k`^Xk`feefk\[ XYfm\%8[[`k`feXccp#n`k_9G½jjlYjkXek`Xcfg\iXk`fej`e8d\i`ZX#`knflc[Y\dlZ_ \Xj`\ikf\e]fiZ\XL%J%al[^d\ekk_Xefe\cX`[[fne`eXD\o`ZXeZflikn_\i\9G½j 96 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34 THE ATCA AND TRANS-BOUNDARY CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ABUSE fg\iXk`fejXi\c\jj\e^iX`e\[%=lik_\i#ZilZ`Xc[\Z`j`fejc\X[`e^lgkfXe[]fccfn`e^ k_\[`jXjk\in\i\dX[\]ifd9G8d\i`ZX½j?fljkfe$YXj\[_\X[hlXik\ij%K_`jc`ebf] ZfddXe[Xe[Zfekifcfg\iXk`fejYXj\[feL%J%jf`cZflc[k_\eY\Xjj\ik\[`e\og\Zk`e^ al[^\jkfgifdfk\^ff[Y\_Xm`fifek_\gXikf]L%J%$YXj\[ZfdgXe`\jjlZ_Xj9G 8d\i`ZX%>`m\ek_\j\]XZkfij#k_\c`b\c`_ff[f]gcX`ek`]]jfm\iZfd`e^Xe=E:XkkXZb Yp9G[f\jefkcffb`dgifYXYc\Xe[lck`dXk\cpZfd\j[fnekfal[`Z`Xc[`jZi\k`fe% K_\Gfc`k`ZXcHl\jk`fe K_\i\XcjkldYc`e^YcfZb`ek_`j_pgfk_\k`ZXc8K:8ZcX`d X^X`ejk9G`jk_Xkf]k_\gfc`k`ZXchl\jk`fe[fZki`e\%K_`j [fZki`e\ `j lk`c`q\[ Yp L%J% al[^\j kf [\ep X _\Xi`e^ `] k_\pY\c`\m\`knflc[fm\icXgkffdlZ_n`k_k_\gfc`k`ZXc YiXeZ_\j f] ^fm\ied\ek fi `] k_\p \og\Zk k_\ lck`dXk\ Zfej\hl\eZ\ f] Xep ilc`e^ kf `dgXZk kff _\Xm`cp lgfe L%J%]fi\`^egfc`Zpfi`ek\ieXk`feXcZfd`kp%+/K_\8K:8 `jYp`kjm\ipeXkli\XZfekifm\ij`Xckffc]fi`ek\ieXk`feXc aljk`Z\# XZk`mXk\[ Yp fecp k_\ dfjk \^i\^`flj _ldXe i`^_kj XYlj\j Zfdd`kk\[ Xepn_\i\ `e k_\ nfic[% @kj lj\ _Xj gifmfb\[ Z_Xi^\j f] al[`Z`Xc `dg\i`Xc`jd¹k_Xk L%J% Zflikj_Xm\gifdfk\[k_\dj\cm\jkfnfic[Zflikj¹Xe[_Xj gfk\ek`Xccp]Xi$i\XZ_`e^`dgc`ZXk`fej]fik_\`ek\ieXk`feXc Xe[ \Zfefd`Z i\cXk`fej f] k_\ Le`k\[ JkXk\j n`k_ fk_\i eXk`fej%=fi]\Xif]k_`j#k_\L%J%JkXk\;\gXikd\ek_XjXk k`d\jjlYd`kk\[]fidXcfg`e`fejkfZflikjXi^l`e^X^X`ejk _\Xi`e^Z\ikX`egifgfj\[ZXj\j#Xjj\ik`e^k_\gi\\d`e\eZ\f] k_\gfc`k`ZXcYiXeZ_\jf]^fm\ied\ekkfY\dX`ekX`e\[fm\i k_\al[`Z`Xip½jZfej`[\iXk`fef]]fi\`^e$i\cXk`feXc`jjl\j% K_\8K:8`jYp `kjm\ipeXkli\X Zfekifm\ij`Xckffc ]fi`ek\ieXk`feXc aljk`Z\#XZk`mXk\[ Ypfecpk_\ dfjk\^i\^`flj _ldXei`^_kj XYlj\jZfdd`kk\[ Xepn_\i\`ek_\ nfic[% K_\>lc]f`cjg`cc_XjY\\eXe\oki\d\cpgfc`k`ZXc`jjl\j`eZ\k_\\ok\ekf]k_\[XdX^\ Y\ZXd\Zc\Xi\iknf[XpjX]k\ik_\`e`k`Xc\ogcfj`fe%K_`jnXj\o\dgc`]`\[`ek_\FYXdX 8[d`e`jkiXk`fe½j i\m\ij`fe kf lj\ f] k_\ eXd\ 8h_j_i^ G\kifc\ld ]fi \oXdgc\ n_\e [`jZljj`e^k_\j`klXk`feglYc`Zcp¹XeXd\k_\ZfdgXepj_\[`e(0,+%+08jjlZ_#XZXj\ `eL%J%Zflikj`emfcm`e^Xcc\^\[m`fcXk`fejf]`ek\ieXk`feXc_ldXei`^_kjYp9Gnflc[ `e\m`kXYcpX]]\ZkL%J%i\cXk`fejn`k_k_\Le`k\[B`e^[fd#i\^Xi[c\jjf]n_\k_\ial[^\j \oZclj`m\cpZfej`[\i\[c`XY`c`kpf]L%J%$i\^`jk\i\[9G8d\i`ZX%JlZ_Zfej`[\iXk`feZflc[ ]lik_\igifm\kffdlZ_]fik_\L%J%JkXk\;\gXikd\ekkfjkXpj`c\ek% >`m\ek_\i\_XjY\\efecpfe\8K:8ZXj\k_Xk_XjdX[\`kY\pfe[k_\`e`k`XcgifZ\[liXc jkX^\j Xe[ fekf Zfej`[\i`e^ jfd\ f] k_\ XZklXc jlYjkXeZ\ f] k_\ Xcc\^\[ m`fcXk`fej k_\dj\cm\j#`k`jfYm`fljk_Xkk_\i\`jef^lXiXek\\[Z_XeZ\f]jlZZ\jj%K_\gifZ\jj`j cfe^#k`d\$Zfejld`e^#\og\ej`m\Xe[\dfk`m\%=lik_\idfi\#k_\>lc]:fXjk:cX`dj =XZ`c`kp`jefkZcfj\[kfXc`\ej%,'Efe$L%J%Z`k`q\ejX]]\Zk\[Ypk_\jg`ccXi\XcjfXYc\kf ]`c\]fihl`ZbZfdg\ejXk`fele[\ik_\>::=%KXb`e^`ekfXZZflekk_\j\c\jj[\dXe[`e^ d\XejYpn_`Z_kfY\Zfdg\ejXk\[#k_\gi`dXipdfk`mXk`fe`e]`c`e^XZcX`dX^X`ejk9G ]fi\^i\^`fljm`fcXk`fejf]_ldXei`^_kj]ifdk_\kiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXc[XdX^\ nflc[efkY\YXj\[gli\cpfe]`eXeZ`Xci\Zfm\ip%@e[\\[fe\f]k_\gi`dXipi\Xjfej 413*/(46..&3 97 HALEY ST. DENNIS K_\XY`c`kpkf]iXd\ XeXcc\^\[XYlj\ `ek_\cXe^lX^\ f]_ldXei`^_kj Xe[ZljkfdXip `ek\ieXk`feXccXn `jn_XkdXb\jk_\ 8ZkjlZ_Xle`hl\ kffc`egifm`[`e^ XZZ\jjkfaljk`Z\]fi m`Zk`djXepn_\i\ `ek_\nfic[% n_pXe8K:8ZcX`dnflc[Y\Yifl^_kX^X`ejk9G`j`kj jpdYfc`ZeXkli\%9\`e^befneXjXe8K:8[\]\e[Xek `dgc`\j `emfcm\d\ek `e fecp k_\ dfjk \^i\^`flj f] _ldXei`^_kjm`fcXk`fej%K_\XY`c`kpkf]iXd\XeXcc\^\[ XYlj\`ek_\cXe^lX^\f]_ldXei`^_kjXe[ZljkfdXip `ek\ieXk`feXccXn`jn_XkdXb\jk_\8ZkjlZ_Xle`hl\ kffc`egifm`[`e^XZZ\jjkfaljk`Z\]fim`Zk`djXepn_\i\ `ek_\nfic[%,(@e[\\[#`k`jf]k\e_fg\[k_Xkk_ifl^_ jlZ_ jl`kj gcX`ek`]]j n`cc efk fecp gi\jj ]fi k_\`i fne Zfdg\ejXk`fe ]fi `ealip# Ylk Xcjf ]fi n`[\i jfZ`Xc aljk`Z\%8jjlZ_#8K:8gifZ\\[`e^jZXej_Xg\k_\glYc`Z g\iZ\gk`fef]dlck`eXk`feXcjXe[k_\`i\em`ifed\ekXc `dgXZkjfeXjpjk\dXk`ZXe[^cfYXcc\m\c%,) :feZclj`fe @eZfej`[\i`e^k_\giXZk`ZXcZ_XeZ\jf]Xe8K:8ZXj\ YXj\[fek_\i\Xc`kpf]k_\>lc]jg`cc#`k`jlec`b\cpk_Xk XkiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXcZXj\X^X`ejk9Gnflc[ jlZZ\jj]lccpXkkXZ_8K:8c`XY`c`kp%N`k_k_\DXZfe[f n\cccfZXk\[]fikpd`c\jf]]k_\ZfXjkf]Cfl`j`XeXk_\ i\jlckXek [XdX^\ cXi^\cp ZfeZ\ekiXk\[ fe L%J% >lc] ZfXjk j_fi\j Xe[ Zfddle`k`\j% K_\i\]fi\ k_\ gfk\ek`Xc _ldXe i`^_kj m`fcXk`fej f] fliD\o`ZXegcX`ek`]]jnflc[efkY\\^i\^`flj\efl^_kfXZk`mXk\k_\8K:8%?X[k_\ Ycfne$flkn\ccY\\ecfZXk\[(''d`c\jn\jk]fi\oXdgc\#fi_X[k_\Zlii\ekjkXb\e k_\f`ck_XkjkX`e\[L%J%ZfXjkc`e\jfekfD\o`ZXej_fi\j`ejk\X[#k_\flkcffbf]k_\ ZXj\ nflc[ Y\ [iXdXk`ZXccp [`]]\i\ek% N`k_ k_fljXe[j f] n\ccj jZXkk\i\[ XZifjj k_\ >lc]#\`k_\ifiYfk_f]k_\jZ\eXi`fjXi\efklec`b\cp%8jn\iXek_ifl^_jfd\f]k_\ gfk\ek`Xcgi\c`d`eXipc`k`^Xk`feZfej`[\iXk`fejn\jXnk_Xkk_\dX`ejkldYc`e^YcfZb kfal[`Z`Xc_\Xi`e^f]XepZXj\nflc[c`b\cpY\k_\gfc`k`ZXceXkli\f]k_\jl`k%P\kn`k_ XdXafiZi`d`eXc`em\jk`^Xk`fef]k_\[`jXjk\ile[\inXpYpk_\_`^_\jkc\m\cjf]k_\ L%J%c\^Xcjpjk\d#k_\flkZfd\f]n_`Z_nflc[`e]cl\eZ\^i\Xkcpk_\al[`Z`Xc[\Z`j`fe dXb`e^`efliZXj\#`kcffbjc`b\cpk_XkjlZ_gfc`k`ZXc`dgc`ZXk`fej_Xm\Xe[Zflc[X^X`e Y\fm\iZfd\% K_\8K:8`jXcXnle`hl\kfk_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#Xe[_fc[jXelegXiXcc\c\[jpdYfc`Z mXcl\`e]iXd`e^k_\m`fcXk`fe`ek_\cXe^lX^\f]_ldXei`^_kj%K_\n\`^_kk_XkZfd\j n`k_Y\`e^eXd\[XjXe8K:8[\]\e[Xek_Xjk_\gfk\ek`Xckf^i\Xkcp`dgXZkZfigfiXk\ i\glkXk`feXe[`ek_\Y\jkZXj\jZ\eXi`f_\cggi\Z`g`kXk\Xi\k_`ebf]ZfigfiXk\Zlckli\ `ei\cXk`fekfjfZ`XcXe[\em`ifed\ekXcjX]\kpXe[fg\iXk`feXc`dgXZkj%=lik_\i#`]X kiXej$Yfle[Xip\em`ifed\ekXc_ldXei`^_kjZXj\jlZ_XjflijjlZZ\\[\[`edXb`e^ `kk_ifl^_k_\i`^fifljgifZ\[liXcXe[ali`j[`Zk`feXc_li[c\j#k_XkXZ_`\m\d\ekXcfe\ nflc[Xjj`jk`e[\m\cfg`e^k_\ZljkfdXipeXkli\f]k_\cXn%@e[\\[#jkXk\jXe[fk_\i f`cZfdgXe`\j_Xm\Y\\e[f`e^X^i\Xk[\Xckf[\dfejkiXk\k_\k_fifl^_i\m`\nXe[ `dgifm\d\ek f] [\\gnXk\i [i`cc`e^ fg\iXk`fej# i`jb dXeX^\d\ek jX]\^lXi[j# Xe[ Zfek`e^\eZpgcXej`ek_\\m\ekf]Xep]lkli\c\Xb%,*JlZ_ijWj[WYj_ed#ZfdY`e\[n`k_ k_Xk i\hl`j`k\ ]\\c`e^ f] b[]Wb eXb_]Wj_ed kf Xmf`[ Xep ]lkli\ ZXkXjkifg_\# `j gi\Z`j\cp 98 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34 THE ATCA AND TRANS-BOUNDARY CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ABUSE n_Xknflc[Zi\Xk\k_\ZljkfdXipjkXkljf]Xgif_`Y`k`fefe\^i\^`fljkiXej$Yfle[Xip \em`ifed\ekXc_Xid%@ek_`jZfek\ok`k`j`dgfikXekkfefk\k_\ZfeZ\ief]L%J%al[^\j `ei\Zf^e`q`e^YifX[#gi\m`fljcplei\Zf^e`q\[ZcX`djf]ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXn ]fi]\Xif]ºfg\e`e^k_\]cff[^Xk\j»kf]lkli\c`k`^Xk`fe%K_`jZfeZ\ie`jd`jgcXZ\[# _fn\m\i#^`m\ek_Xk8K:8ZXj\ji\gi\j\ekfecpX]iXZk`fef]k_\ZXj\cfX[f]L%J%Zflikj%,+ =lik_\idfi\# k_\ jki`e^\ek jkXe[Xi[j k_Xk dljk Y\ gXjj\[ `e fi[\i ]fi X Yi\XZ_ kf hlXc`]pXjXm`fcXk`fef]ZljkfdXip`ek\ieXk`feXccXn`e_\i\ekcpc`d`kjk_\eldY\if] 8K:8ZXj\jk_XkZflc[Y\Yifl^_k]finXi[kffecpk_fj\n_`Z_Xi\k_\dfjkj\i`flj Xe[k_\i\]fi\[\j\im`e^f]`em\jk`^Xk`fe% 8jjlZ_#k_`jXik`Zc\Zfd\jXjXnXie`e^kfXccZfigfiXk`fejXe[`e[ljki`\jk_Xkfg\iXk\ gifa\Zkjn`k_k_\gfk\ek`Xc]fi^iXm\jfZ`XcXe[\em`ifed\ekXci\g\iZljj`fej%K_\8K:8# n_`c\Zlii\ekcp^f`e^k_ifl^_Xg\i`f[f]i\]c\Zk`fe`ek_\L%J%al[`Z`Xcjpjk\d#`jXe fg\efgk`fekfm`Zk`djk_\nfic[fm\i`ej\\b`e^i\Zf^e`k`feXe[i\gXiXk`fe]fi\^i\^`flj Yi\XZ_\jf]k_\`i_ldXei`^_kj%@e[\\[#Xjfe\Zfdd\ekXkfiglk`k`ei\jgfej\kfk_\fe\ Xe[fecpZfigfiXk\8K:8d\i`kj[\Z`j`fed\ek`fe\[XYfm\#k_\ZXj\º\jkXYc`j_\[k_Xk XZfigfiXk\8K:8XZk`fe#j\\b`e^k\ejf]d`cc`fejf][fccXij`e[XdX^\j#YWdfm\iZfd\ [`jd`jjXcdfk`fejXe[i\XZ_Xalip%»,,@kgi\j\ekj`kj\c]XjXc\jjkif[[\eXe[dfi\j\m\i\ gXk_kfi\d\[p#Ylk`k`jXefgk`feefe\k_\c\jj`e_fc[`e^ZfdgXe`\jkfk_\]lcc\ok\ek f]k_\cXn%@ek_\XYj\eZ\f]X^cfYXccp`ek\^iXk\[\em`ifed\ekXcdXeX^\d\ekjpjk\d#,- \]]fikjkf[\m\cfggi\Z\[\ek`ek_`jnXpXZkXjXe`dgfikXekj`^egfjkkfZfdgXe`\j nXie`e^k_Xkk_\pZflc[Y\Zfdg\cc\[kfkiXm\ck_\8K:8gXk_j_flc[k_\pZ_ffj\kf fg\iXk\n`k_flki\^Xi[]fik_\jX]\kp#n\ccY\`e^Xe[_ldXe[`^e`kpf]k_\`ek\ieXk`feXc P Zfddle`k`\jjliifle[`e^k_\`i^cfYXcfg\iXk`fej% 7kZh[oBWjkhWi[hl[ZWij^[B[WZ;Z_jehe\j^_iWhj_Yb[$ NOTES ( J\\#G\k\iDlZ_c`ebj`#Ckbj_dWj_edWb;dj[hfh_i[ij^[BWmFo]fi[1FLG#)''. ]fiX[\kX`c\[\ogcXeXk`fef]k_\]XZkfij k_Xk[`]]\i\ek`Xk\DE<j]ifdfk_\i[fd\jk`ZXe[`ek\ieXk`feXcZfdgXe`\j\m\eDE:j #i\jlck`e^`ek_\e\\[]fi[`jk`eZk \Zfefd`Zi\^lcXkfipki\Xkd\ekf]k_`jle`hl\Ylj`e\jj\ek\igi`j\% ) Le`k\[JkXk\jAl[`Z`Xip8Zk#:_%)'#0Y #(JkXk%..(./0 2XjZlii\ekcpXd\e[\[1)/L%J%:%(*,'(00+ % * <_bWhj_]WlF[W#?hWbW#-*'=%)[/.-)[:`i%(0/' + Hec[hel$:hkccedZ9e$#)''/L%J%8gg%C<O@J),/-(((k_:`i%()&))&'/ % , A_eX[bl$HeoWb:kjY^F[jheb[kc#)[:`i)'(( '-$+/''$Zm#'-$+/.-$Zm% - @e^d:e[L???l$;nnedCeX_b9ehfehWj_ed#'0$.(),#)'((L%J%8gg%;%:%:`iZl`k/Alcp)'(( % . Ce_cW^<bece[jWbl$<_h[ijed[DWjkhWbHkXX[h9e$#('$*-.,L%J%8gg%.k_:`iZl`k((Alcp)'(( _kkg1&&nnn%ZX.% ljZflikj%^fm&kdg&0A':<FPO%g[]% / D`Z_X\c8e[\ijfe#ºKiXejeXk`feXc:figfiXk`fejXe[<em`ifed\ekXc;XdX^\1@jKfikCXnk_\8ejn\i6»MWi^XkhdBWm @ekhdWb+(#ef%*)''' #+'(% 0 :fej`[\iXk`fe Xe[ [\k\id`eXk`fe Xj kf n_\k_\i ZfigfiXk`fej fk_\i k_Xe 9G# k_\ gi`dXip fg\iXkfi f] k_\ ;\\gnXk\i ?fi`qfei`^#Zflc[]XZ\c`XY`c`kple[\ik_\8K:8]XccjY\pfe[k_\jZfg\f]k_`jgXg\i% (' ºF`c]ifd9Gjg`cc_Xji\XZ_\[\m\ip>lc]JkXk\#»7EBD[mi#Alcp-#)'('#_kkg1&&nnn%Xfce\nj%Zfd&)'('&'.&'-&kXi$ YXccj$i\XZ_$k\oXj$j_fi\j$Xd`[$e\n$jkfid$k_i\Xk&% (( IjWj[e\L[hWYhkpl$8F#,1('$Zm$''.-(2IjWj[e\JWcWkb_fWil$8F#,1('$Zm$''.-)2Xe[IjWj[e\Gk_djWdWHeel$8F#,1('$ Zm$''.-*#Xcc`eL%J%;`jki`Zk:flik#N\jk\ie;`jki`Zkf]K\oXjJXe8ekfe`f _\i\`eD\o`ZXeJkXk\j %J\\^\e\iXccp# DXi^Xi\k:ife`e=`jbXe[CXli\c9ilYXb\i:Xcb`ej#º9GJl\[YpD\o`ZXeJkXk\jFm\i>lc]F`cJg`cc;XdX^\#»8beecX[h] 8ki_d[iim[[a# J\gk\dY\i (-# )'('# _kkg1&&nnn%Ylj`e\jjn\\b%Zfd&e\nj&)'('$'0$(-&Yg$jl\[$Yp$d\o`ZXe$jkXk\j$ fm\i$^lc]$f`c$jg`cc$[XdX^\%_kdc% () @Y`[% (* @Y`[% 413*/(46..&3 99 HALEY ST. DENNIS (+ @Y`[% @Y`[% (- )/L%J%:(*,' (. =fiXZfdgc\k\c`jkj\\#JXiX_Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_edFo]fi[Xe[GfikcXe[1?Xik#)''+ #).% (/ 8e[\ijfe#º:figfiXk`fejXe[<em`ifed\ekXc;XdX^\#»+'*% (0 <beh[il$Iekj^[hdF[hk9eff[h#),*=Jlgg)[,('J;EP)'') % )' 8[WdWbl$<h[[fehj#CYCehWd?dY$#(0.=*[(-(,k_:`i(000 % )( Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#)0% )) 8[WdWbl$<h[[fehj#CYCehWd$ )* L%E%:fem\ek`fefek_\CXnf]k_\J\XLE:CFJ #Ef%*(*-*(0/) % )+ Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#*'% ), EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fefek_\9G;\\gnXk\i?fi`qfeF`cJg`ccXe[F]]j_fi\;i`cc`e^EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfik #º;\\g NXk\i1K_\>lc]F`c;`jXjk\iXe[k_\=lkli\f]F]]j_fi\;i`cc`e^#»AXelXip((#)'('#_kkg1&&nnn%f`cjg`ccZfdd`jj`fe% ^fm&]`eXc$i\gfik% )- J\\#:figfiXk\NXkZ_#º9GgcZ1N_f#N_\i\#?fnDlZ_6»_kkg1&&nnn%ZfigfiXk\nXkZ_%fi^&6c`[4)//6% ). EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfik#)% )/ EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfik#)% )0 º9Gf`cjg`cc1=`kZ_[fne^iX[\j9Gkfe\Xi$alebiXk`e^#»J^[J[b[]hWf^#Ale\(,#)'('% *' EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfik#)% *( J\\^\e\iXccp#Kfd9\i^`eXe[Df`iX?\iYjk#¼CXnjl`kj]cp`e9G>lc]jg`ccYcXd\^Xd\#I\lk\ij#8gi`c)(#)'((#_kkg1&& nnn%i\lk\ij%Zfd&Xik`Zc\&)'((&'+&)(&lj$Yg$_Xcc`Ylikfe$`[L%J%KI<.*B(9/)'(('+)(6]\\[Kpg\4IJJ]\\[EXd\4 kfgE\njZX4e\n]% *) J\\^\e\iXccp#A%=\\c\pXe[DXi^Xi\k:ife`e=`jb#º9G>lc]$Jg`ccCXnjl`kj:fejfc`[Xk\[`eE\nFic\Xej#»8beecX[h]# 8l^ljk((#)'('% ** >lc]:fXjk:cX`dj=XZ`c`kp>::= #_kkg1&&nnn%^lc]ZfXjkZcX`dj]XZ`c`kp%Zfd&% *+ J\\#>::=#Gif^iXdJkXk`jk`Zj#_kkg1&&nnn%^lc]ZfXjkZcX`dj]XZ`c`kp%Zfd&i\gfikj% *, J\\^\e\iXccp#B\ee\k_>i`]]`k_j#>`c\jN_`kk\cc#Xe[@XeB`e^#º9Gj_Xi\j[`m\feZi`d`eXc`em\jk`^Xk`fe#»J^[IkdZWo J_c[i#Ale\)#)'('#_kkg1&&Ylj`e\jj%k`d\jfec`e\%Zf%lb&kfc&Ylj`e\jj&dXib\kj&Xik`Zc\.(+)+(+%\Z\% *- J\\^\e\iXccp#A\]]9c`jj#ºL%J%DXp=`c\Dfi\:_Xi^\jI\cXk\[kfF`cJg`cc#F]]`Z`XcJXpj#»9cffdY\i^#AXelXip(*#)'((# _kkg1&&nnn%YcffdY\i^%Zfd&e\nj&)'(($'($(*&l$j$dXp$]`c\$dfi\$Z_Xi^\j$i\cXk\[$kf$f`c$jg`cc$f]]`Z`Xc$jXpj%_kdc% *. Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#(+% */ Aljk`e9cldXe[8c`jfe=`kq^\iXc[#º9G`jjX`[kf]XZ\L%J%I\m`\n]fiDXejcXl^_k\i:_Xi^\j#»8beecX[h]#DXiZ_)0#)'((# _kkg1&&nnn%YcffdY\i^%Zfd&e\nj&)'(($'*$)0&Yg$dXeX^\ij$jX`[$kf$]XZ\$l$j$i\m`\n$]fi$dXejcXl^_k\i$Z_Xi^\j%_kdc% *0 Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#+/% +' J\\#I`Z_Xi[C%?\iq#ºC`k`^Xk`e^<em`ifed\ekXc8Ylj\jLe[\ik_\8c`\eKfik:cX`dj8Zk18GiXZk`ZXc8jj\jjd\ek#»LWdZ[hX_bj @ekhdWbe\?dj[hdWj_edWbBWm+')''' #,,0#Z`k`e^Fjf]jbp#º<em`ifed\ekXc?ldXeI`^_kjLe[\ik_\8c`\eKfikJkXklk\1 I\[i\jj]fi@e[`^\efljM`Zk`djf]Dlck`eXk`feXc:figfiXk`fej#»Ik\\ebaJhWdidWj_edWbBWmH[l_[m)'(00. #**,% +( K`dN\YYXe[BXi\eDZM\`^_#ºGifk\jkfijkXi^\k9GXeelXcd\\k`e^#»J^[=kWhZ_Wd#8gi`c(+#)'((#_kkg1&&nnn% ^lXi[`Xe%Zf%lb&Ylj`e\jj&)'((&Xgi&(+&gifk\jk\ij$Yg$X^d% +) º9Gf`cjg`cc1:Xi`YY\Xe`jcXe[j]\Xijc`Zbn`cci\XZ_gi`jk`e\Y\XZ_\j#»J^[J[b[]hWf^#Ale\((#)'('% +* J\\#:XifcX?fpfj#ºEfinXp9Xej;\\gnXk\iF`c;i`cc`e^#»J^[<_dWdY_WbJ_c[i#Ale\/#)'('% ++ J\\^\e\iXccp#8p\j_XIXjZf\Xe[Kfd;f^^\kk#º:fleki`\jglj_i`jb$YXj\[ilc\jfef`c[i`cc`e^#»H[kj[hi#8gi`c(+#)'((# _kkg1&&nnn%kiljk%fi^&Xc\ike\k&e\nj&Zfleki`\j$glj_$i`jb$YXj\[$ilc\j$fe$f`c$[i`cc`e^&% +, ?\iq#ºC`k`^Xk`e^<em`ifed\ekXc8Ylj\j#»(,.% +- Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#--% +. ?\iq#ºC`k`^Xk`e^<em`ifed\ekXc8Ylj\j#»(-0% +/ Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#++#hlfk`e^9i`cdXp\i% +0 J\\ ^\e\iXccp# º9G f`c jg`cc1 FYXdX Zfdd\ekj ¼efk Xek`$9i`k`j_#½» 889# Ale\ (*# )'('# _kkg1&&nnn%YYZ%Zf%lb& e\nj&('*'*-(0% ,' >::=#J\Zk`fe.¹N_fDXp=`c\8:cX`d#_kkg1&&nnn%^lc]ZfXjkZcX`dj]XZ`c`kp%Zfd&]XhH.% ,( J\\^\e\iXccp#9\k_Jk\g_\ej#ºKiXejcXk`e^=`c}ik`^X18:fdgXiXk`m\Xe[@ek\ieXk`feXcCXn8eXcpj`jf];fd\jk`ZI\d\[`\j ]fi@ek\ieXk`feXc?ldXeI`^_kjM`fcXk`fej#»OWb[@ekhdWbe\?dj[hdWj_edWbBWm).)'') #(% ,) 8e[\ijfe#º:figfiXk`fejXe[<em`ifed\ekXc;XdX^\#»+',% ,* EXk`feXc:fdd`jj`fei\gfik#GXik@@@1C\jjfejC\Xie\[¹@e[ljkip#>fm\ied\ek#Xe[<e\i^pGfc`Zp% ,+ Afj\g_#JhWdidWj_edWb>kcWdH_]^jiB_j_]Wj_ed#00% ,, AfeXk_Xe;i`dd\i#º;fe½kY\[lYY\[X_ldXei`^_kjXYlj\i#»B[]WbJ_c[i#FZkfY\i))#)''.#_kkg1&&nnn%jk\gkf\%Zfd& Xjj\kj&XkkXZ_d\ekj&*-*.%g[]% ,- 8e[\ijfe#º:figfiXk`fejXe[<em`ifed\ekXc;XdX^\#»+),% (, 100 :"-&+063/"-0'*/5&3/"5*0/"-"''"*34