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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ F/LEHUDFLyQSHUVRQDO\FROHFWLYDGHWRGRWLSRGHGHSHQGHQFLDTXHLPSLGH XQD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ SOHQD ´>+@D\ TXH VXSHUDU ODV GHSHQGHQFLDV SXHV GH SRFR VLUYH OD OLEHUWDG SRWHQFLDO VL QR SXHGH URPSHU ODV DPDUUDV GHO REMHWR TXH OR GHWHUPLQD XQtYRFDPHQWH LPSRVLELOLWiQGROH D GHWHUPLQDUVH D Vt PLVPR (VWDV GHSHQGHQFLDVTXLWDQOLEHUWDGFXDQGRHVWiQLQWHULRUL]DGDVSHURHOTXHSURYHQJDQ GHO LQWHULRU QR TXLWD VX FDUiFWHU GH DQXODFLyQ GH OD OLEHUWDG HV OR TXH GHEHUtD OODPDUVH OLEHUDFLyQ GH ODV GHSHQGHQFLDV WHQGHQFLDOHV SDVLRQDOHV DWUDFWLYDV FRQVXPLVWDVHWFµ (VWDPDQHUDLQWHJUDOGHFRPSUHQGHUODOLEHUDFLyQVXSRQHXQSURFHVRGHOXFKD SRU OD MXVWLFLD TXH GHEH FRQGXFLU DO HMHUFLFLR DXWpQWLFR GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GHWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV'HDKtTXH(OODFXUtDYHDORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVGHVGHORV SURFHVRV GH OLEHUDFLyQ \ QR GHVGH OD PHUD OLEHUDOL]DFLyQ HQWHQGLGD pVWD FRPR HO SURFHVR TXH DSXQWD H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D OD OLEHUWDG VXEMHWLYD H LQGLYLGXDO SRU HVRGHQXQFLDODVDEVWUDFFLRQHVGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVTXHDXQTXHSUHGLFDGRV SDUDWRGRVVRQHMHUFLGRVVRORSRUXQRVFXDQWRVVREUHXQDEDVHPDWHULDOSRVLELOL WDGDSRUODH[SORWDFLyQGHODPD\RUtD &DEHDFODUDUTXH(OODFXUtDQRGHVSUHFLDODOLEHUWDGLQGLYLGXDO\VXEMHWLYDQL PXFKRPHQRVODFDSDFLGDGFUHDWLYDGHODSHUVRQDHQODKLVWRULDVXSRVWXUDQRHV XQ FROHFWLYLVPR TXH QLHJXH HVWD GLPHQVLyQ KXPDQD &RPR PHQFLRQDPRV XQR GHORVHOHPHQWRVGHODOLEHUDFLyQHVODOLEHUWDGDQWHODUHSUHVLyQDQWHODVUHDOLGD GHVTXHDWHPRUL]DQDOVHUKXPDQRGRQGHELHQFRPSUHQGLGRVHVWiQXELFDGRVORV GHUHFKRVKXPDQRVFRP~QPHQWHOODPDGRVGHOLEHUWDG'RQGHQRHVWiGHDFXHU GRHVHQFRQVLGHUDUODOLEHUDOL]DFLyQ³HOSURFHVRGHLQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQTXHQDFH GHVGHHO5HQDFLPLHQWRHXURSHR³FRPRXQDXWpQWLFRSURFHVRGHOLEHUDFLyQLQWH JUDOGHWRGDODKXPDQLGDG´6LQGHVHVWLPDUODVYLUWXGHVGHODOLEHUDOL]DFLyQ« OD OLEHUDFLyQ KDFH XQ SODQWHDPLHQWR PiV PDWHULDO \ PiV LQWHJUDO HQ GHÀQLWLYD PiVUHDOLVWD\PiVXQLYHUVDOLVWDµ 3DUD (OODFXUtD OD UHDOLGDG KLVWyULFD QR HV FUHDFLyQ GH XQ PDFURVXMHWR VLQR TXHHVWDUHDGHODKXPDQLGDGPLVPD3RUHVRQRH[LVWHXQSDUDGLJPD~QLFRGH OLEHUDFLyQKXPDQDTXHVHDYiOLGRHQWRGRWLHPSR\OXJDU6LHPSUHVHUiQHFHVDULR GLVFHUQLUODVIRUPDVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVGHODSRVLEOHSUD[LVOLEHUDGRUDSXHV HVWDVHLGHQWLÀFDFRQHOSURFHVRKLVWyULFRPLVPRHQFXDQWRHVWHSURFHVRHVSUR GXFWLYR \ WUDQVIRUPDWLYR (VWD FRQFHSFLyQ SOXUDOLVWD GHO SURFHVR GH OLEHUDFLyQ QRVLJQLÀFDODQHJDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGKLVWyULFDFRPRWRWDOLGDGVLQRTXHODPLV PDSUD[LVKXPDQD\ODKLVWRULDFRPRDSURSLDFLyQGHSRVLELOLGDGHVLPSOLFDQ\D HQVtPLVPDVODSOXUDOLGDG7DPSRFRVLJQLÀFDQHJDUODXQLGDGGHODKXPDQLGDG SXHVGHVGHHOSURFHVRGHOLEHUDFLyQHQVXiPELWRHVWUXFWXUDOODKXPDQLGDGVHFRP SUHQGH FRPR SDUWH GHO PLVPR SK\OXP SHUR SDUD VHUOR \ VHJXLU VLpQGROR GHEH ,EtGS ,EtGS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (/3(16$0,(172-85Ì',&2'(,*1$&,2(//$&85Ì$ HOGHODMXVWLFLDHOGHODGLJQLGDGHOGHODVROLGDULGDGHWF3RURWURODGRODOX FKDGHODYLGDHQFRQWUDGHODPXHUWHFRQVWLWX\HXQSULQFLSLRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUD SODQWHDUVH HO SUREOHPD GH ORV GLVWLQWRV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV \ VX MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ (OODFXUtD OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ DFHUFD GH TXH HQ ORV KHFKRV VH GD HO GLVIUXWH GH XQRV GHUHFKRV QR IXQGDPHQWDOHV \ PXFKDV YHFHV VXSHUÁXRV SRU XQRV SRFRV \HVWRVVHFRQVWLWX\HQHQXQDFDXVDUHDOSDUDTXHODPD\RUSDUWHVHYHDSULYDGD R GHVSURYLVWD GH VXV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GH DTXHOORV TXH DVHJXUDQ OD YLGD \ VX UHSURGXFFLyQ´1RSRGUtDQORVSRFRVJUXSRVKXPDQRVRSDtVHVGLVIUXWDUGHOR TXH FRQVLGHUDQ VXV GHUHFKRV VL QR IXHUD SRU OD YLRODFLyQ R OD RPLVLyQ GH HVRV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV HQ HO UHVWR GH OD KXPDQLGDG 6yOR FXDQGR VH DFHSWH HVWR VH FRPSUHQGHUiODREOLJDFLyQGHORVSRFRVDUHVDUFLUHOPDOKHFKRDORVPXFKRV\ ODMXVWLFLDIXQGDPHQWDODOH[LJLUORTXHUHDOPHQWHOHVHVGHELGR1RSXHGHGDUVH OD PXHUWH GH PXFKRV SDUD TXH XQRV SRFRV WHQJDQ PiV YLGD QR SXHGH GDUVH OD RSUHVLyQGHODPD\RUtDSDUDTXHXQDPLQRUtDJRFHGHOLEHUWDGµ 3DUD (OODFXUtD HO HQIRTXH OLEHUDO GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV HV OLPLWDGR 1R SRUTXH UHFKDFH ORV IUXWRV GH ODV OXFKDV SRU OD OLEHUWDG QL VX FRQWULEXFLyQ D OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHVRFLHGDGHVMXVWDVVLQRSRUTXHHVLQVXÀFLHQWH\VXGLVFXUVRVHKD YXHOWRXQLQVWUXPHQWRLGHROyJLFRIXQFLRQDOSDUDODHVWUXFWXUDFDSLWDOLVWDDXQTXH HO OLEHUDOLVPR SROtWLFR HV GLIHUHQWH LGHROyJLFDPHQWH H LQWHQWD FRQVHUYDU FLHUWD DXWRQRPtD HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ HO OLEHUDOLVPR HFRQyPLFR HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV PDWH ULDOHV GH OD DFWXDO FRQÀJXUDFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG KLVWyULFD PXFKRV GH VXV SUHVX SXHVWRVVRQXWLOL]DGRVLQWHUHVDGDPHQWHSDUDLPSHGLUODVXSHUDFLyQGHHVWUXFWXUDV LQMXVWDV ´/D OLEHUWDG EXUJXHVD TXH VXE\DFH HQ PXFKRV GH ORV DQXQFLRV GH OD OLEHUWDGHVWiIXQGDGDHQODSURSLHGDGSULYDGD\PiVHQFRQFUHWRHQODULTXH]D VLQHOGHVHTXLOLEULRGHXQRVSRFRVTXHWLHQHQPXFKR\GHXQRVPXFKRVTXHWLH QHQSRFRDSHQDVSXHGHKDEODUVHGHOLEHUWDGµ3RUORWDQWRQREDVWDODOLEHUD OL]DFLyQSDUDFRQVHJXLUODOLEHUWDGVLQRTXHVRQQHFHVDULRVGLYHUVRVSURFHVRVGH OLEHUDFLyQTXHVHFRQVWLWX\DQHQODQHJDFLyQVXSHUDGRUDGHOPDOHVWUXFWXUDO /DYHULÀFDFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVGHEHUHDOL]DUVHQRGHVGHORTXHVH GLFH VLQR GHVGH ODV SUiFWLFDV UHDOHV GH ORV SXHEORV HV GHFLU QR EDVWD HO GLV FXUVR QL OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV HQ WH[WRV OHJDOHV QDFLRQDOHV ,EtGS ,(OODFXUtD´(QWRUQRDOFRQFHSWR\DODLGHDGHOLEHUDFLyQµySFLWS 6HxDOD (OODFXUtD ´6LHPSUH SHUR HQ HO PXQGR DFWXDO GH IRUPD PiV VXWLO KD\ P~O WLSOHV IRUPDV GH DQXODU OD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ R GH UHGXFLUOD D OD UHVSXHVWD DSDUHQ WHPHQWH OLEUH D VROLFLWDFLRQHV \ SUHVLRQHV TXH YLHQHQ GH GHQWUR R GH IXHUD +D\ HO SHOLJURGHXQDSHUSHWXDHVFODYLWXGSHUVRQDOSRUPiVTXHVHSLHQVHTXHVHKDHOHJLGR OLEUHPHQWHDOVHxRURDOSRGHUGHTXLHQHVVHTXLHUHVHUHVFODYRµLEtGS -$6HQHQW´/RVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVGHVGHORVSXHEORVRSULPLGRVµHQ5&DUGHQDO\ - 6REULQR FRRUGV ,JQDFLR (OODFXUtD $TXHOOD OLEHUWDG HVFODUHFLGD 6DO 7HUUDH 6DQWDQGHUS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ RLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHELGRDTXHVHFRUUHHOSHOLJURGHTXHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV VH UHGX]FDQ D XQD QRUPDWLYLGDG DEVROXWD \ DEVWUDFWD LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH WRGD FLUFXQVWDQFLD KLVWyULFD \ TXH SUREDEOHPHQWH FRQVLVWD HQ XQD IRUPD YHODGD GH GHIHQGHUOR\DDGTXLULGRRDGTXLULEOHHQHOIXWXURSRUORVPiVIXHUWHV 5HSHQVDUODKLVWRULDGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV /DÀORVRItDGHODKLVWRULDGHODPRGHUQLGDGVXUJLGDDSDUWLUGHOSHQVDPLHQWR GH+HUGHU\.DQW\FRQGXFLGDDVXPi[LPDH[SUHVLyQSRU+HJHO\0DU[FRQFL EHODKLVWRULDFRPRGHVDUUROORFRPRXQGHVHQYROYLPLHQWRGHORTXHDOSULQFLSLR SRWHQFLDOPHQWHVHDHQODQDWXUDOH]DGHOKRPEUHHQODOyJLFDGHO(VStULWX$EVROX WRRHQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGLDOpFWLFDGHOPXQGRPDWHULDO1RKD\GXGDGHTXHHVWDV FRQFHSFLRQHVGHODKLVWRULDEXVFDURQJXLDUODHPDQFLSDFLyQGHOVHUKXPDQR6LQ HPEDUJR PXFKRV GH HVWRV DXWRUHV WHUPLQDURQ GHVFRQÀDQGR GHO VHU KXPDQR \ EXVFDURQRWUDLQVWDQFLDTXHDVHJXUDUDHOSURJUHVRGHODKLVWRULD(QWRQFHVODQR YHGDGKLVWyULFDGHVDSDUHFH\WDPELpQODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGpWLFDIUHQWHDODKLVWRULD /DKLVWRULDVHYXHOYHXQSURFHVRUDFLRQDO\WHOHROyJLFR\SRUORWDQWRVHWUDWDUtD GH XQ SURFHVR XQLWDULR 3RU HVR HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ GH OD KLVWRULD HV HXURFpQWULFD SXHVVHFRQVLGHUDD(XURSDFRPRODSXQWDGHODQ]DGHOSURFHVR(VWDYLVLyQHVWi SUHVHQWH HQ OD OHFWXUD RÀFLDO VREUH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV FRPR XQ GHVDUUROOR KLVWyULFROLQHDOGLYLGLGRHQJHQHUDFLRQHV\SURFHVRVGHJHQHUDOL]DFLyQ\HVSHFL ÀFDFLyQ (OSHQVDPLHQWRRÀFLDOGHRFFLGHQWHQRHYDO~DKRQUDGDPHQWHVXSDVDGRQLVX SURJUHVR6LQRIXHUDSRUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHHVWRFRQOOHYDSDUHFHUtDTXHKD\ XQDFDUJDGHLQRFHQFLD(OODFXUtDFULWLFDDORVWHyULFRVGHO´SURJUHVRµSRUTXHHQ IRFDQ´ODFXHVWLyQVLQSHUFDWDUVHTXHHO¶SURJUHVR·HVXQDDEVWUDFFLyQµ /D LGHD GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV VXIUH GH HVWR HQ HVSHFLDO FXDQGR VH XWLOL]D VX KLVWRULRJUDItD FRPR XQ LQVWUXPHQWR LGHROyJLFR SDUD MXVWLÀFDU HO FDSLWDOLVPR SUHVHQWiQGROR FRPR ´XQ FDSLWDOLVPR EXHQRµ TXH FRQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR \ OD H[SDQVLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRV SULPHUD VHJXQGD WHUFHUD FXDUWD JHQHUDFLRQHV VH KD YXHOWR ´PHQRV VDOYDMHµ (VWD IRUPD GH YHU OD KLVWRULFLGDG GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV HVWi LQÁXHQFLDGD SRU OD ÀORVRItD GH OD KLVWRULD GH OD PRGHUQLGDG /RV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV VRQ FRQFHELGRV FRPR SURGXFWRV UDFLRQDOHV TXH GHVGH VX QDFLPLHQWRIRUPDOHQODVOXFKDVEXUJXHVDVGHOVLJOR;9,,,WLHQHQFRQWHQLGRVHQ Vt PLVPRV WRGR OR TXH KDQ GH GDU /R ~QLFR TXH VH QHFHVLWDHV TXH SDVHQ GH OD SRWHQFLD DO DFWR D WUDYpV GH OD KLVWRULD$Vt HV FRPR VH OHH VX KLVWRULD FRPR XQ SURFHVR OLQHDO VLQ FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV ORV GHUHFKRV VRFLDOHV QR VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPRODDÀUPDFLyQGHXQVHFWRUTXHVHYHtDH[SORWDGRSRUDTXHOORVVHFWRUHVTXH VHKDEtDQHPSRGHUDGRDWUDYpVGHODDÀUPDFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVOLEHUDOHVQLORV GHUHFKRV FXOWXUDOHV \ GH ORV SXHEORV VH FRPSUHQGHQ FRPR HO HPSRGHUDPLHQWR ,(OODFXUtD´3URJUHVR\UHYROXFLyQµHQ(VFULWRVWHROyJLFRV7RPR,ySFLWS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (/3(16$0,(172-85Ì',&2'(,*1$&,2(//$&85Ì$ GH ORV FRQJORPHUDGRV D TXLHQHV HO FRORQLDOLVPR OHV KD QHJDGR VX GLJQLGDG 6H DÀUPD TXH VROR VRQ SURFHVRV FRQWHQLGRV HQ OD SURSLD QDWXUDOH]D R HQ OD UDFLR QDOLGDGGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV\VHWUDWDGHSURFHVRVGHJHQHUDOL]DFLyQ\GH HVSHFLÀFDFLyQ GH ORV PLVPRV GHUHFKRV RULJLQDGRV HQ HO VLJOR ;9,,, /R TXH VH WHUPLQDVRVWHQLHQGRHVTXHHOVXMHWRGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHVHOVHUKXPDQR HQDEVWUDFWRWUiWHVHGHORVGHUHFKRVOLEHUDOHVGHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHVRGHORV GHUHFKRV FXOWXUDOHV \ VH UHOHJD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD SUD[LV \ OD FUHDWLYLGDG GH OD SHUVRQD \ FRPXQLGDGHV FRQFUHWDV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU HO DYDQFH GH OD KLVWRULD 3DUDGyMLFDPHQWH HVWH OLEHUDOLVPR GHO VXMHWR DEVWUDFWR WHUPLQD VLHQGR IXQFLRQDO DO WRWDOLWDULVPR GHO PHUFDGR SXHV GHVGH OD PDQHUD HQ TXH HVWi HVWUXFWXUDGR HO DFWXDO VLVWHPDPXQGR \ FRQVLGHUDQGR OD PDWHULDOLGDG GH OD KLVWRULD OD ~QLFD OLEHUWDGSOHQDHVODGHTXLHQSXHGDHMHFXWDUODFRPROLEHUWDGHQHOPHUFDGR3RU PHGLRGHGLFKRKXPDQLVPRDEVWUDFWRVHDFDEDSRULQVFULELUDORVGHUHFKRVKX PDQRVHQXQDLQVWDQFLDVXSUDKXPDQDVHPHMDQWHDO(VStULWX$EVROXWRGH+HJHO SHURQRHVHVWDODYLVLyQGH(OODFXUtD (Q OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH KLVWRULD GH (OODFXUtD KD\ XQ UHFKD]R D FXDOTXLHU SUH VXQWR PDFURVXMHWR TXH OD JXtH 6LJXLHQGR D =XELUL VXSHUD OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH OD KLVWRULDFRQVWUXLGDEDMRORVSUHVXSXHVWRVDULVWRWpOLFRVGHSRWHQFLD\DFWRGRQGH OD KLVWRULD QR HV RWUD FRVD TXH XQD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ GH SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV FRQWHQLGDV GHVGHHOSULQFLSLRSRUXQVXMHWRRXQDVXEVWDQFLDXQLYHUVDOHV/DKLVWRULDHVHQ WHQGLGDSRU(OODFXUtDGHVGHODSUD[LVKXPDQD\ORVFRQFHSWRVGHFDSDFLWDFLyQ\ SRVLELOLWDFLyQ(VHOVHUKXPDQRHQVXLQWHJUDOLGDGDWUDYpVGHODSUD[LVKLVWyUL FDTXLHQWRPDVREUHVXVKRPEURVHOKDFHUVHFDUJRGHODUHDOLGDG'HDKtHOUH FKD]RDFRORFDUORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVIXHUDGHODPDWHULDOLGDGGHODKLVWRULDVLQ TXHHVWRVLJQLÀTXHXQDFRWDPLHQWRDODFUHDWLYLGDGKXPDQD/DSUD[LVKLVWyULFD HVXQDSUD[LVUHDOVREUHODUHDOLGDG\HVWHGHEHVHUHOFULWHULR~OWLPRTXHOLEHUH GH WRGD PLVWLÀFDFLyQ \D VHD OD PLVWLÀFDFLyQ GH XQD HVSLULWXDOL]DFLyQ TXH QR WLHQHHQFXHQWDODPDWHULDOLGDGGHODUHDOLGDGRXQDPLVWLÀFDFLyQGHODPDWHULDOL GDGTXHWDPSRFRWLHQHHQFXHQWDVXGLPHQVLyQWUDVFHQGHQWDO(VWHUHFKD]RDXQD FRPSUHQVLyQDEVWUDFWDGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVOOHYDD(OODFXUtDDFRPSUHQGHU PiV DOOi GHO OLEHUDOLVPR OD DXWpQWLFD GLQiPLFD GH OD FRQTXLVWD GH GHUHFKRV ´3RGUtD GHFLUVH TXH HO OLEHUDOLVPR « EXVFD RIUHFHU LJXDOGDG GH RSRUWXQLGD GHV SDUD WRGRV ORV LQGLYLGXRV \ WRGDV ODV WHQGHQFLDV 3HUR GH KHFKR HVWR QR HV DVt\HO«PtQLPRHMHUFLFLRGHKLVWRUL]DFLyQPXHVWUDTXHODVOLEHUWDGHV\VXV FRQGLFLRQHV QR VH UHJDODQ VLQR TXH VH FRQTXLVWDQ HQ XQ SURFHVR KLVWyULFR GH OLEHUDFLyQµ(QHIHFWRGHVGHHVWDFRPSUHQVLyQGHODKLVWRULDVHSXHGHUHDOL]DU XQDIXQGDPHQWDFLyQSRSXODU\VRFLRKLVWyULFDGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVFRQEDVH HQODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHODVQHFHVLGDGHVPiVDFRUGHFRQODXUJHQFLDGHMXVWLFLDSDUD HO7HUFHU0XQGR ,(OODFXUtD´8WRStD\SURIHWLVPRµySFLWSFXUVLYDVPtDV Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ /DKLVWRULDHVFRQFHELGDHQWRQFHVFRPRXQSURFHVRGLVFRQWLQXR\VRPHWLGR DUHWURFHVRV\HVWDQFDPLHQWRVGHDGTXLVLFLyQGHFDSDFLGDGHVSRUSDUWHGHOVXMHWR KXPDQR\GHDFWXDOL]DFLyQGHSRVLELOLGDGHVHQODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOHKLVWyULFD(VWH SURFHVR QR VH SUHVHQWD FRPR DOJR QHFHVDULR FRQ OyJLFD LQWHUQD R FRQ XQ WHORV TXH PDUTXH OD VXSHULRULGDG PRUDO GH XQD FLYLOL]DFLyQ R FXOWXUD 6H WUDWD GH XQ SURFHVR FRQWLQJHQWH IUiJLO \ VRPHWLGR D SpUGLGDV \ UHWURFHVRV /D KLVWRULD HV VLHPSUHXQSURFHVRFUHDWLYR\DELHUWR´(OGHVWLQRGHODKLVWRULDHVDOJRTXHODKLV WRULDVHYDGDQGRDVtPLVPDVHYDGDQGRVXVSURSLDVSRVLELOLGDGHVVHYDGDQGR VXVSURSLDVFDSDFLGDGHV«\VHYDGDQGR³RDOPHQRVVHSXHGHOOHJDUDGDU³ VXSURSLDÀJXUDKLVWyULFDµ(QHVWHVHQWLGRORTXHGHÀQHXQDpSRFDKLVWyULFDHV OD DOWXUD SURFHVXDO HV GHFLU HO GHWHUPLQDGR VLVWHPD GH SRVLELOLGDGHV TXH HQ HO SURFHVRGHODUHDOLGDGKLVWyULFDFRQGLFLRQDHOFDUiFWHUGHODVDFFLRQHVKXPDQDV (VWDFRQFHSFLyQGHODKLVWRULDHVPiVDSWDSDUDFRPSUHQGHUHOGHVDUUROORGH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV 'HVGH HOOD OD FOiVLFD GLYLVLyQ HQ ´JHQHUDFLRQHVµ D\XGD D WRPDU FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV QR VRQ DOJR HVWiWLFR VLQR GL QiPLFR HQ HO VHQR PLVPR GHO RFFLGHQWH SURGXFWR GH FRQÁLFWRV \ VXUJLPLHQWRV FRQVWDQWHV GH QXHYDV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV OR FXDO SHUPLWH FRPSUHQGHU PHMRU TXH GHVGH RWUDV FXOWXUDV \ FLYLOL]DFLRQHV SXHGHQ VHU FXHVWLRQDGRV HQ VX SUHWHQGLGD XQLYHUVDOLGDGDEVWUDFWD 'HIHQGHU ODV SRVWXUDV LGHDOLVWDV GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV DEVWUDFWDV \ XQL YHUVDOLVWDV VLJQLÀFD QR FRPSUHQGHU HO FDUiFWHU DELHUWR \ SURFHVXDO GH OD KLVWR ULD (V GHVFRQRFHU OD FDSDFLGDG GHO VHU KXPDQR GH UHSHQVDU FRQVWDQWHPHQWH HO PXQGRHQTXHYLYHGHDVXPLUODVSRVLELOLGDGHV\FDSDFLGDGHVTXHXQPRPHQWR KLVWyULFROHSHUPLWH (OXVRDOWHUQDWLYRGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV 2WUR WHPD TXH FRORFD HQ OD GLVFXVLyQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR GH (OODFXUtD UHVSHFWR D ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV HV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH KDFHU XQ XVR DOWHUQDWLYR GH HOORV 1XHVWUR DXWRU HQWLHQGH HQ XQ SULPHU PRPHQWR ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV FRPR DOJRGHELGRFX\DFDUHQFLDRGLVIUXWHFRQGLFLRQDVHULDPHQWHHOSURSLRGHVDUUROOR KXPDQRVRQODFRQFUHFLyQGHOELHQFRP~QRHQVHQWLGRQHJDWLYRODVXSHUDFLyQ GHO PDO FRP~Q ´8QD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GHVGH HVWD SHUV SHFWLYD GHO PDO FRP~Q GRPLQDQWH ORV PRVWUDUtD FRPR HO ELHQ FRP~Q FRQFUHWR TXHGHEHVHUEXVFDGRHQODQHJDFLyQVXSHUDGRUDGHOPDOFRP~QTXHUHDOPHQWH VHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQDVLWXDFLyQHQ«TXHVRQYLRODGRVSHUPDQHQWH\PDVLYD PHQWH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRVµ (Q HVWH VHQWLGR GHEH GDUVH XQ XVR DOWHUQDWLYR GHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVQRGHVGHODDÀUPDFLyQGHOVXMHWRDEVWUDFWRVLQRGHVGH ,EtGS ,(OODFXUtD´(OPDOFRP~Q\ORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVµHQ(VFULWRVÀORVyÀFRV7RPR,,, ySFLWS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (/3(16$0,(172-85Ì',&2'(,*1$&,2(//$&85Ì$ ODVSHUVRQDVFRQFUHWDVTXHVXIUHQVXYLRODFLyQ(VGHFLUVHOHGHEHGDUDODVGLV SRVLFLRQHV MXUtGLFDV GH GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV XQ VHQWLGR SROtWLFR SDUD VHU H[LJLGDV HQ EHQHÀFLR GH ODV YtFWLPDV GH ORV SREUHV GH ORV RSULPLGRV GH ODV PD\RUtDV SRSXODUHV /D FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD KLVWRULD FRPR DSURSLDFLyQ GH SRVLELOLGDGHV SHUPLWH FRPSUHQGHUORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVGHVGHODSUD[LVGHORVSREUHVORVH[FOXLGRV\ ORVRSULPLGRV/RVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVVXUJLHURQSULQFLSDOPHQWHFRPRXQLQVWUX PHQWRGHGHIHQVDIUHQWHDOSRGHUSROtWLFRFRQHOREMHWLYRGHOLPLWDUVXVSRVLEOHV DEXVRV H LPSHGLU TXH VH UHSURGXMHUDQ ORV H[FHVRV TXH KDEtD FRPHWLGR GXUDQWH HODQWLJXRUpJLPHQ(QHVHPRPHQWRTXLHQHVOXFKDEDQHUDQLQGLYLGXRVFRQFUH WRV HQ VX VLWXDFLyQ GH EXUJXHVHV TXH EXVFDEDQ FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD UHSURGXFLU VX YLGD(QWRQFHVHUDQXQDVXEMHWLYLGDGHPHUJHQWHTXHDWUDYpVGHODDEVWUDFFLyQ ORJUyLQYLVLELOL]DUHOFRQÁLFWRTXHGLRRULJHQDVXVGHUHFKRV\ORVSUHWHQGLHURQ FRPR SURGXFWR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D KXPDQD \ QR GH OD SUD[LV$ SDUWLU GH DKt ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV KDQ FRQVWLWXLGR HQ VX YHUVLyQ GRPLQDQWH OD SHFXOLDU LGHR ORJtD QRUPDWLYD GHO PXQGR PRGHUQREXUJXpV (V LPSRUWDQWH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXHFRPRVHxDOD1LFRODX&ROO´QRHVORPLVPRXWLOL]DUORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV SDUDGHIHQGHUVHGHORVDEXVRVGHODVHPSUHVDVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHVRGHORV(VWDGRV GLFWDWRULDOHVRGHPRFUiWLFRVHQFXDOTXLHUOXJDUGHOPXQGRTXHXWLOL]DUORVSDUD LPSRQHUXQPRGHORVRFLDOSROtWLFR\HFRQyPLFRGDGRHQHVWHFDVRGHORFFLGHQ WHPRGHUQRµ+DEUtDTXHDxDGLUTXHODVJUDQGHVPD\RUtDVSRSXODUHVRODVPL QRUtDVGLVFULPLQDGDVKDQGHGHIHQGHUVHQRVRORGHODVHPSUHVDVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHV R GHO (VWDGR VLQR GH GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH SRGHU TXH DWHQWDQ FRQWUD OD GLJQLGDG KXPDQD DO LPSHGLU OD SURGXFFLyQ \ UHSURGXFFLyQ GH OD YLGD (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV FRPRVHxDOD(OODFXUtDORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVGHEHQVHULQVWUXPHQWRVSDUDFRP EDWLUWRGRWLSRGHYLROHQFLDHVWUXFWXUDOHLQVWLWXFLRQDO´/DH[LVWHQFLDGHPD\R UtDV PX\ SRU GHEDMR GH ORV QLYHOHV TXH VH UHTXLHUHQ \ VRQ SRVLEOHV HQ QXHVWUD pSRFDLQFOXVRDXQTXHQRKXELHUDUHSUHVLyQSRVLWLYDHVODSUXHEDGHODLQMXVWLFLD GHODHVWUXFWXUD\GHODYLROHQFLDLQVWLWXFLRQDO/DYLROHQFLDLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVDVt ODYLROHQFLDRULJLQDQWH\ODYLROHQFLDSULQFLSDOµ /RVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVVLHPSUHH[LVWHQHQUHODFLyQFRQODVRFLHGDG\HQIXQ FLyQGHXQDFRQFUHFLyQGHOVHUKXPDQR6XFRPSUHQVLyQGHVGHODWHRUtDKHJHPy QLFD VRVWLHQH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH ´GHUHFKRVµ GHO LQGLYLGXR FRQ WRWDO LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHVXVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\GHFyPRHVWRVVHFRQVWUX\HQ\DGHPiVQRLQWHUHVD VL GLFKRV GHUHFKRV VH YHQ DIHFWDGRV VL HO LQGLYLGXR HV LQGtJHQD HPSUHVDULR REUHUR EODQFR QHJUR YDUyQ PXMHU HWF (O FRQWUDFWXDOLVPR FOiVLFR WHUPLQD QHXWUDOL]DQGR OD FDSDFLGDG FUHDWLYD GHO VHU KXPDQR VHxDOD TXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV $1LFRODX&ROO´'HUHFKRVKXPDQRV\GLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDOµ,[WXVS ,(OODFXUtD´/D,JOHVLD\ODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHVHQ(O6DOYDGRUµHQ(VFULWRVSROtWLFRV 7RPR,,ySFLWS\´&RPHQWDULRVDOD&DUWD3DVWRUDOµySFLWS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas 5(9,67$/$7,12$0(5,&$1$'(7(2/2*Ì$ WLHQHQGHUHFKRVTXHSXHGHQH[LJLUDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHO(VWDGRSHURDFDPELR ODVSHUVRQDVSLHUGHQVXFDSDFLGDGGHOXFKDSRUODGLJQLGDG\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH HVWUXFWXUDVSDUDHODFFHVRLJXDOLWDULRDORVELHQHVTXHVDWLVIDJDQVXVQHFHVLGDGHV 5HQXQFLDQ D HVWD FDSDFLGDG GH OXFKD SRUTXH OH HQWUHJDQ DO (VWDGR HO SRGHU GH FRQVWUXLU GLFKDV HVWUXFWXUDV TXH VRQ HGLÀFDGDV HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV LQWHUHVHV GH ORVVHFWRUHVKHJHPyQLFRVGHODQDFLyQRGHOPXQGR$GHPiVDOGDUOHVDORVGH UHFKRVKXPDQRVXQFDUiFWHUHWHUQRUDFLRQDOXQLYHUVDO\QDWXUDOVHLQYLVLELOL]DQ ODVUHODFLRQHVKXPDQDVFRQÁLFWLYDVTXHGLHURQRULJHQDODDFXPXODFLyQGHFLHU WRVGHUHFKRVHQHVWHFDVRGHORVOODPDGRVGHOLEHUWDGQHJDWLYD (QFDPELRORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHQXQDWHRUtDFUtWLFDWLHQHQVXIXQGDPHQWR HQODSUD[LVGHORVSXHEORVHQEXVFDGHMXVWLFLDGHPHMRUHVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGD TXH OHV SHUPLWDQ SURGXFLU \ UHSURGXFLU VX YLGD (Q OD VLWXDFLyQ PXQGLDO DFWXDO VL UHDOPHQWH TXHUHPRV WRPDUQRV HQ VHULR OD MXVWLFLD HV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH DVXPLU XQDIXQGDPHQWDFLyQGHHVWRVGHUHFKRVGHVGHODSUD[LVSRSXODU\SHQVDUORVGHVGH HOOXJDUTXHGDYHUGDGFRPRQRVORSURSRQH(OODFXUtD$VtORVGHUHFKRVKXPD QRV QR GHEHQ FRPSUHQGHUVH VROR HQ IXQFLyQ GH XQD VRFLHGDG LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGD GRQGH FRQ RUGHQ VH H[SUHVDQ ORV LQWHUHVHV ³HVR Vt VROR ORV LQWHUHVHV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ ´OHJtWLPRVµ³ VLQR FRPR XQ HVSDFLR FRQÁLFWLYR GRQGH VXEMHWLYLGD GHVHPHUJHQWHVOXFKDQSRUPHMRUHVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGD'HORFRQWUDULRORVGH UHFKRVKXPDQRVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQXQHOHPHQWRLGHROyJLFRTXHVLELHQHQVXPR PHQWR QDFLHURQ FRPR SURGXFWR GH XQD VXEMHWLYLGDG HPHUJHQWH XQD YH] TXH VH KDFHGHOSRGHULPSLGHTXHRWURVVXMHWRVUHDOLFHQSURFHVRVGHOXFKDHLQWHQWDGDU SRU WHUPLQDGD WRGD QRYHGDG KLVWyULFD (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR SRU HMHPSOR (OODFXUtD LQWHUSUHWDGHVGHORVSREUHV\VXSUD[LVGHOLEHUDFLyQXQGHUHFKRKXPDQRFOiVLFR HVGHFLUOHGDXQXVRDOWHUQDWLYR´(OGHUHFKRDODH[LVWHQFLDGHODVRUJDQL]DFLR QHVSRSXODUHVHVXQGHUHFKRIXQGDPHQWDOUHFRQRFLGRFRPRWDOXQLYHUVDOPHQWH\ DPSDUDGRSRUQXHVWUD&RQVWLWXFLyQ\SRUQXHVWURVFRPSURPLVRV«1RVHWUDWD VyOR GH XQ GHUHFKR JHQHUDO GH ORV KRPEUHV D XQLUVH \ RUJDQL]DUVH SDUD ORJUDU ÀQHVKRQHVWRVVLQRGHOGHUHFKRPXFKRPiVXUJHQWHTXHWLHQHQORVGHVSRVHtGRV HLQMXVWDPHQWHRSULPLGRVDKDFHUYDOHUVXVGHUHFKRVPiVIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHGH RWUD PDQHUD VH YHQ SHUPDQHQWH HVWUXFWXUDO \ FR\XQWXUDOPHQWH FRQFXOFDGRVµ (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV (OODFXUtD SLHQVD TXH FLHUWRV GHUHFKRV QDFLGRV GH OD PRGHU QLGDG GHEHQ FRQWHPSODUVH HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR HVSDFLR SROtWLFR TXH SRVLELOLWHVXSHUDUGHPRFUDFLDVGHEDMDLQWHQVLGDGSURFHGLPHQWDOLVWDV\IRUPDOLV WDVTXHHQORVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVVRQXWLOL]DGDVSDUDOHJLWLPDUORVLQWHUH VHVSULYDWLVWDVGHODVFODVHVVRFLDOHVDOWDV\GHODVHPSUHVDVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHVSDUD GDU SDVR D GHPRFUDFLDV GRQGH VH UHFRQR]FDQ QXHYRV GHUHFKRV GHVGH ODV OXFKDV ,(OODFXUtD´(OSDSHOGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHVHQODDFWXDOVLWXDFLyQGHOSDtVµ HQ(VFULWRVSROtWLFRV7RPR,,ySFLWS &IU%GH6RXVD6DQWRV'HPRFUDWL]DUODGHPRFUDFLD/RVFDPLQRVGHODGHPRFUDFLD SDUWLFLSDWLYD)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD0p[LFR')S Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (/3(16$0,(172-85Ì',&2'(,*1$&,2(//$&85Ì$ VRFLDOHVTXHUHLYLQGLFDQQHFHVLGDGHVKXPDQDV3RUHVRHVLQFRUUHFWRYHUHQOD OXFKDSRUODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVVRFLDOHVXQDUHLYLQGLFDFLyQH[FOX VLYDGHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHV\XQGHVSUHFLRSRUORVRWURVWLSRVGHGHUHFKRV/RV OODPDGRVGHUHFKRVGHOLEHUWDG\SDUWLFLSDFLyQSXHGHQVHUPHGLRVSDUDVDWLVIDFHU QHFHVLGDGHV WDQ LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR ORV GHUHFKRV HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV \ FXOWXUD OHV\DGHPiVSXHGHQVHUFRPSOHPHQWDULRVORLPSRUWDQWHHVVXKLVWRUL]DFLyQHV GHFLUYHULÀFDUHOSDUDTXpVHXVDQ\HOSRUTXLpQVHXWLOL]DQ6HWUDWDGHDVXPLU HO GLVFXUVR GH ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV \ GDUOHV XQ XVR DOWHUQDWLYR D IDYRU GH ORV SREUHV3RUHMHPSOR(OODFXUtDFRQVLGHUDEDXQFULPHQFRQWUDODGHPRFUDFLDVDO YDGRUHxD OD QR OHJDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FDPSHVLQDV D ODV TXH HO *R ELHUQRFDOLÀFDEDGHFRPXQLVWDVGHVHVWDELOL]DGRUDV\WHUURULVWDVQRVyORSRUWUD WDUVHGHXQDYLRODFLyQDOGHUHFKRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\GHOLEHUWDGGH DVRFLDFLyQVLQRSRUTXHFRQVLGHUDEDTXHODRUJDQL]DFLyQFDPSHVLQDHUDXQDUHV SXHVWDKLVWyULFDDODYLROHQFLDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGD$OFRQWUDULRGHORTXHDÀUPDED HO (VWDGR OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ SRSXODU VLJQLÀFDED XQD GH ODV VDOLGDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV IUHQWHDODYLROHQFLDHVWUXFWXUDOHLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGDTXHD]RWDEDDOSDtV $Vt ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV FRQVLVWHQ GHVGH HO KDFHUVH FDUJR GH OD UHDOLGDG HQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHVSDFLRVGHOXFKDTXHORJUHQVXEYHUWLUODVLQMXVWLFLDV\ODV RSUHVLRQHVTXHLPSLGHQODVDWLVIDFFLyQGHQHFHVLGDGHVGHORVSXHEORVGHWRGRHO SODQHWD6HWUDWDGHSURFHVRVGHWRGRWLSRQRVyORQRUPDWLYRVFRPRSDUHFHUtDQ DÀUPDUODVWHRUtDVOLEHUDOHV\FLHUWDVFRUULHQWHVDQDOtWLFDVVLQRWDPELpQSURFHVRV HFRQyPLFRV SROtWLFRV FXOWXUDOHV VRFLDOHV TXH YD\DQ HQFDPLQDGRV D OD OLEHUD FLyQ LQWHJUDO GH ODV SHUVRQDV 3URFHVRV TXH SHUPLWDQ OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH SRGHU DORVVHFWRUHVPDUJLQDGRVGHODVVRFLHGDGHVSDUDTXHDWUDYpVGHVXHPSRGHUD PLHQWRSXHGDQKDFHUHIHFWLYRDTXHOORTXHVHSUHGLFDIRUPDOPHQWHFRPRGHUHFKR KXPDQRGHVGHVXSURSLDSDUWLFXODULGDG (OODFXUtD\ODWUDGLFLyQKLVSDQRDPHULFDQDGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV (Q FRQH[LyQ FRQ WRGRV ORV SXQWRV DUULED GHVFULWRV SRGHPRV VHxDODU TXH (OODFXUtDSXHGHVHULQVFULWRHQODWUDGLFLyQKLVSDQRDPHULFDQDGHORVGHUHFKRVKX PDQRV7+'+(VWDWUDGLFLyQWLHQHVXVRUtJHQHVKLVWyULFRVHQODGHIHQVDGHORV SXHEORVLQGLRVUHDOL]DGDHQWUHPXFKRVRWURVSRUIUD\%DUWRORPpGHODV&DVDV\ IUD\$ORQVR GH OD9HUDFUX] (VWD WUDGLFLyQ VH GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV WUDGLFLRQHV OLEH UDOHVSRUYDULDVUD]RQHVPLHQWUDVpVWDVHVWiQEDVDGDVHQHOLQGLYLGXRDEVWUDFWR ,(OODFXUtD´(OSDSHOGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHVHQODDFWXDOVLWXDFLyQGHOSDtVµ ySFLWS &IU-$GHOD7RUUH5DQJHO(OGHUHFKRFRPRDUPDGHOLEHUDFLyQHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD 6RFLRORJtD MXUtGLFD \ XVR DOWHUQDWLYR GHO GHUHFKR &(1(-868$6/3 6DQ /XLV 3RWRVt SS &IU,(OODFXUtD´/D,JOHVLD\ODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVSRSXODUHVHQ(O6DOYDGRUµySFLW S Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." 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Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (/3(16$0,(172-85Ì',&2'(,*1$&,2(//$&85Ì$ VDGR GHVGH ODV FODVHV VRFLDOHV PiV GHVIDYRUHFLGDV GHVGH DEDMR \ HQ FRQWH[WRV FRQFUHWRVHYLWDQGRDVtODIRUPXODFLyQGHDEVWUDFFLRQHVUHVSHFWRDOVHUKXPDQR 8QD ~OWLPD UD]yQ FRQVLVWH HQ TXH HVWD WUDGLFLyQ UHFXSHUD H[SHULHQFLDV TXH KDQ VLGRLQYLVLELOL]DGDV\SRUORWDQWRGHVSHUGLFLDGDVSRUORPRQRFXOWXUDOGHOVDEHU MXUtGLFR TXH VyOR UHFRQRFH ODV WUDGLFLRQHV QRUDWOiQWLFDV LQJOHVD IUDQFHVD \ HVWDGR XQLGHQVHFRPRODV~QLFDVTXHSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUVHGHIHQVRUDV\SURPRWRUDVGH GHUHFKRVKXPDQRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR FXDQGR (OODFXUtD DÀUPD TXH ´ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GHEHQ VHU SULPDULDPHQWH GHUHFKRV GH ORV RSULPLGRV SXHV ORV RSUHVRUHV QR SXHGHQ WHQHU GHUHFKR DOJXQR HQ WDQWR TXH RSUHVRUHV \ D OR VXPR WHQGUiQ HO GHUHFKR D TXH VH OHV VDTXH GH VX RSUHVLyQ 6yOR KDFLHQGR MXVWLFLD D ORV SXHEORV \ D ODV FODVHVRSULPLGDVVHSURSLFLDUiVXDXWpQWLFRELHQFRP~Q\ORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV UHDOPHQWHXQLYHUVDOHVµVHXELFDGHOOHQRHQOD7+'+ (Q FRQFOXVLyQ SRGHPRV VHxDODU TXH XQD WHRUtD FUtWLFD GH ORV GHUHFKRV KX PDQRVQRVOOHYDDVRVWHQHUVLJXLHQGRD(OODFXUtDTXH´>P@LHQWUDVKD\DSREUHV OD OLEHUDFLyQ YHQGUi GH ORV SREUHV &XDQGR GHMH GH KDEHUORV SRUTXH KD VLGR VXSHUDGR PXQGLDOPHQWH HO HVWDGR GH VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV EiVLFDV \ KD\DVLGRVXSHUDGDWDPELpQODGHVLJXDOGDGLQMXVWDµ(VGHFLUPLHQWUDVH[LVWDQ SREUHV ORV GHUHFKRV KXPDQRV GHEHUiQ VHU FRQVWDQWHPHQWH UHLQYHQWDGRV UHQR YiQGRORVGHQWURGHODSUD[LVGHOLEHUDFLyQSDUDHYLWDUVXLGHRORJL]DFLyQ\XWLOL ]DFLyQFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRVGHRSUHVLyQ ,(OODFXUtD´+LVWRUL]DFLyQGHOELHQFRP~Q\GHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHQXQDVRFLHGDG GLYLGLGDµHQ(VFULWRVÀORVyÀFRV7RPR,,,ySFLWS ,(OODFXUtD´(QWRUQRDOFRQFHSWR\DODLGHDGHOLEHUDFLyQµySFLWS Digitalizado por: Biblioteca "P. Florentino Idoate, S.J." Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas