Las mujeres: entre el sacrificio y la negociación1

/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR
y la negociación1
ÈQJHOD0DUtD-DUDPLOOR%XUJRV
Docente, Departamento de Psicoanálisis, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas
Universidad de Antioquia
Dirección electrónica: [email protected]
-DUDPLOOR ÈQJHOD 0DUtD ³/DV PXMHUHV HQWUH HO VDFUL¿FLR \ OD
QHJRFLDFLyQ´ (Q Boletín de Antropología. Universidad de Antioquia,
Medellín, Vol. 28, N o 45, pp. 62-75.
7H[WRUHFLELGRDSUREDFLyQ¿QDO
Resumen. Habitualmente se espera que las transformaciones sociales se traduzcan de manera
automática en transformaciones subjetivas. Sin embargo, ello no sucede de ese modo, y particularmente,
FXDQGRVHWUDWDGHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOHVSROtWLFRV\HFRQyPLFRVTXHEHQH¿FLDQDODVPXMHUHV([LVWHQ
obstáculos de orden subjetivo que impiden el surgimiento de posiciones favorables a la apropiación y
el ejercicio de los derechos socialmente reconocidos para las mujeres. La indagación de esta cuestión
coloca en escena la articulación entre el poder y la subjetividad señalando lo impreciso que puede resultar
suponer que el poder solo se localiza en el ámbito público.
Palabras clave: feminidad, subjetividad, poder, sentimiento de culpa, derechos sociales, posición
subjetiva.
(VWHDUWtFXORVHGHVSUHQGHGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHDOL]DGDSRUORVSURIHVRUHV+pFWRU*DOOR0DULR
(ONLQ5DPtUH]\ÈQJHOD0DUtD-DUDPLOORORVWUHVDGVFULWRVDO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3VLFRDQiOLVLVGH
OD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\+XPDQDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD+L]RSDUWHWDPELpQ
GHOHTXLSRHOHVFULWRU\DXWRGLGDFWDHQSVLFRDQiOLVLV5XEpQ/ySH](OWtWXORGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
IXH³&RQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV\REVWiFXORVVXEMHWLYRV´ODFXDOSDUWtDGHODH[SHULHQFLDFOtQLFDSHUR
DGHPiVGHXQTXHKDFHUHQXQD21*GHODFLXGDGHQODFXDOVHLQYHVWLJDQHLQWHUYLHQHQODVSUR
EOHPiWLFDVTXHPiVDJRELDQDODVPXMHUHV/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQIXHSXEOLFDGDFRQHOWtWXOR³)HPLQL
GDGHVVDFUL¿FLR\QHJRFLDFLyQHQHOWLHPSRGHORVGHUHFKRV´SRUOD(GLWRULDOGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH
$QWLRTXLD$OJXQRVDSDUWDGRVGHHVWHDUWtFXORWLHQHQFRPRVRSRUWHODSXEOLFDFLyQUHIHULGD
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 63
:RPHQEHWZHHQVDFUL¿FHDQGQHJRWLDWLRQ
Abstract. An idea commonly held is that social transformations automatically translate into
subjective ones. However, this is not the case, and particularly when it comes to the social, political and
economic rights of women. There are subjective obstacles that prevent the emergence of adequate
positions that allow women to exercise ownership and socially recognized rights. Investigating this issue
involves looking at the relation between power and subjectivity, both revealing how inaccurate it is to
assume that power manifests exclusively in the public sphere.
Keywords: femininity, subjectivity, power, guilt, social rights, subjective position.
(VWHWH[WRHVWiIXQGDPHQWDGRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ³&RQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV\REVWiFXORV
VXEMHWLYRV´TXH SURFXUDEDLQGDJDUORVDVSHFWRVVXEMHWLYRVTXHLPSLGHQ\REVWDFXOL]DQ
TXHORVGHUHFKRVUHFRQRFLGRVSDUDODVPXMHUHVVHWUDGX]FDQSDUDHOODVHQSRVLFLRQHV
IDYRUDEOHVDVXDSURSLDFLyQ\HMHUFLFLR6HWUDWDGHXQWHPDTXHFRPSHWHDOSRGHU
\DODVXEMHWLYLGDGSRUTXHORVGHUHFKRVVXSRQHQXQVXMHWRTXHHVWiHQFRQGLFLRQHV
GHDXWRUL]DUVHDHMHUFHUGHWHUPLQDGDVH[SUHVLRQHVGHSRGHU&RQHOUHFRQRFLPLHQ
WRGHGHUHFKRVSDUDODVPXMHUHVVHEXVFDEDQRVRORLQJUHVDUODVHQODFDWHJRUtDGH
FLXGDGDQDVVLQRDGHPiVDJHQFLDUVXSUHVHQFLDHQHVSDFLRVDVRFLDGRVFRQHOSRGHU
\TXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHDGMXGLFDEDDORVYDURQHV
/DSDODEUD³SRGHU´UHPLWHDP~OWLSOHVVLJQL¿FDFLRQHVFRPRSRVHHUODIDFXOWDG
RSRWHQFLDGHKDFHUDOJRWHQHUPiVIXHU]DTXHRWURVHUFDSD]GHYHQFHUORHMHUFHU
GRPLQLRMXULVGLFFLyQSRVHHUYLJRUFDSDFLGDGSRWHVWDGVREHUDQtDDXWRULGDGLGHDV
TXHGHDOJXQDPDQHUDHQIDWL]DQODIXHU]DHOLPSHULR\HOGRPLQLRDVSHFWRVYLQFXODGRV
WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHFRQHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFRFRQDTXHOORTXHVHRSRQHDODLQWLPLGDG
ELHQGHOSURSLRVHUELHQGHODIDPLOLD\HOKRJDU
/DVXEMHWLYLGDGSRUVXSDUWH\JUDFLDVDGHVDUUROORVFRQFHSWXDOHVGHGLVFLSOL
QDVFRPRODSVLFRORJtD\HOSVLFRDQiOLVLVUHPLWHDORSHUWHQHFLHQWHDORLQWHUQRVH
DVRFLDFRQHOPRGRGHSHQVDU\VHQWLUFRQODVIDQWDVtDV\GHVHRVPiVtQWLPRV'HVGH
HVWDVSHUVSHFWLYDVSRGHU\VXEMHWLYLGDGPDWHULDOL]DQODRSRVLFLyQGHORLQWHUQR\OR
H[WHUQRGHORSULYDGR\ORS~EOLFRRSRVLFLRQHVTXHDVXYH]KDFHQSDUWHGHVHULHVGH
VLJQL¿FDFLyQHQODVFXDOHVVHHQOD]DQGHXQODGRORtQWLPRORSULYDGRORVXEMHWLYR
ORVVHQWLPLHQWRV\ORVPRGRVGHSHQVDUFRORFiQGRVHGHRWURODGRORS~EOLFRHQVX
DUWLFXODFLyQFRQHOSRGHU8QDGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHHVWDVVHULHVHVODFRQYLFFLyQ
VHJ~QODFXDOHQORtQWLPRRSULYDGRQRH[LVWHHOSRGHU
(OSVLFRDQiOLVLVRIUHFHODSRVLELOLGDGGHDUWLFXODUSRGHU\VXEMHWLYLGDGVHxDODQ
GRHOLQFRQYHQLHQWHGHHVWDEOHFHUXQDVHSDUDFLyQUDGLFDOHQWUHORSULYDGR\ORS~EOLFR
HQWUHORtQWLPR\ORFROHFWLYRHQWUHHODIXHUD\HODGHQWUR(QORPiVtQWLPRHVWDPRV
JREHUQDGRVSRUODPDQHUDFRPRVHLQVFULELyHO2WURFRQVXSDODEUDDFFLyQVLOHQFLR
(O2WURFRQPD\~VFXODUHPLWHDODFXOWXUDDOOHQJXDMH\VXVOyJLFDVHQHOFXDOHVLQVFULWRWRGR
VHUKXPDQRLQFOXVRDQWHVGHVXQDFLPLHQWR,JXDOPHQWHUHPLWHDORWURTXHGHVHPSHxDIXQFLRQHV
GHFLVLYDVSDUDHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRHQODYLGDFLUFXQVWDQFLDSRUODFXDOVHLQVWLWX\HHQIXHQWHGH
LQVFULSFLRQHVSVtTXLFDVHQIXQFLyQGHOGHVHRLQFRQVFLHQWH
64 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
RLQGLIHUHQFLDHIHFWRTXHGDFXHQWDGHFyPRORH[WHUQRVHKDFHtQWLPR&LPHQWDGRV
HQODFRQYLFFLyQVHJ~QODFXDOORVLPSHGLPHQWRVTXHREVWDFXOL]DQODDSURSLDFLyQ\
HMHUFLFLRGHORVGHUHFKRVQRREHGHFHQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDIXHQWHVH[WHUQDVHPSUHQ
GLPRVXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUDHVFODUHFHUFXiOHVHUDQORVREVWiFXORVtQWLPRVTXHLP
SHGtDQDDOJXQDVPXMHUHVDVXPLUVHFRPRVXMHWRVGHGHUHFKRVRFLDOPHQWHKDEODQGR
/DKLVWRULDHVULFDHQHMHPSORVGHODVP~OWLSOHVIRUPDVFRPRVHKDH[FOXLGRD
ODVPXMHUHVGHOSRGHUVRFLDOSROtWLFRHFRQyPLFR\S~EOLFRH[FOXVLyQTXHHQFXHQWUD
XQRGHVXVVRSRUWHVHQODRSRVLFLyQGHORS~EOLFR\ORSULYDGRRSRVLFLyQDVXYH]
IXQGDPHQWDGDHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOGHODTXHHVREMHWRODGLIHUHQFLD
VH[XDODQDWyPLFDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXHFRQGXFHDVXSRQHUTXHODGLIHUHQFLDHTXLYDOH
DODLQIHULRULGDGORFXDOGDOXJDUDXQDVXHUWHGHOHJLWLPDFLyQGHFLHUWDVPDQHUDVGH
FRQGXFLUVHFRQODVPXMHUHV\TXHVHPDWHULDOL]DQHQDFFLRQHVFX\RREMHWLYRHVVX
H[FOXVLyQ\VXGHJUDGDFLyQ3(QHOFRQWH[WRGHHVWHHQWUDPDGRGHLGHDVGHODVFXDOHV
SRUORGHPiVWRGRVVRPRVSDUWtFLSHVVHIXQGDXQDFRQYLFFLyQVLODVPXMHUHVVRQ
LQIHULRUHVQRSRVHHQFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDSDUWLFLSDUGHORPiVH[FHOVRGHXQDVRFLHGDG
HVWRHVHOSRGHU\GHPDQHUDSDUWLFXODUHQVXHMHUFLFLR$ORDQWHULRUGHEHDxDGLUVH
TXHHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLDOVHJ~QHOFXDOODVPXMHUHVVRQVXMHWRVGHGHUHFKRV\
FLXGDGDQtDQRHVVX¿FLHQWHSDUDTXHHOODVPLVPDVVHFRQGX]FDQHQFRQVRQDQFLDFRQ
ORVPLVPRVVHORVDSURSLHQ\VHRULHQWHQHQODGLUHFFLyQTXHVHxDODQORVGHUHFKRV
\ODFRQGLFLyQGHFLXGDGDQDV
*UDFLDVDODVDFFLRQHVGHO0RYLPLHQWR6RFLDOGH0XMHUHVGHVDUUROODGDVHQ
GLVWLQWDVODWLWXGHVIXHSRVLEOHODSURPXOJDFLyQ\UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHGHUHFKRVVRFLD
OHVHFRQyPLFRVSROtWLFRVODERUDOHV\DFDGpPLFRVSDUDODVPXMHUHV4$OIHPLQLVPR
OHGHEHPRVHOPpULWRGHKDEHUVDFDGRDODOX]DVSHFWRVGHODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\
IDPLOLDUHVTXHHQWDQWRSHUPDQHFtDQHQODRVFXULGDGOHJLWLPDEDQ\IRUWDOHFtDQOyJLFDV
GHSRGHU\GRPLQLRPDWHULDOL]DQGRODVXERUGLQDFLyQGHXQVH[RIUHQWHDORWUR(VWD
GLPHQVLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\IDPLOLDUHVSHUPDQHFLyRFXOWDGXUDQWHVLJORV
WLHPSRJREHUQDGRSRUODFHUWH]DVHJ~QODFXDOODVPXMHUHV\ORIHPHQLQRSRVHtDQ
XQD LQIHULRULGDG QDWXUDO HQ WDQWR ORV YDURQHV \ OR PDVFXOLQR XQD VXSHULRULGDG
SURYHQLHQWHLJXDOPHQWHGHODQDWXUDOH]D\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHGHVXFRQIRUPDFLyQ
ELROyJLFD\VH[XDO/RPDVFXOLQRHVFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRORPHMRU\DVSHFWRVFRPR
ODIXHU]D\ODSRWHQFLDVRQSURSXHVWRVHQODFRQGLFLyQGHLGHDOHVXQLYHUVDOHV\VRQ
HQWRQFHVGHVHDEOHVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLPSOLFDGDVHQXQDYHUVLyQGHOSRGHUWUDGXFLGD
HQWpUPLQRVGHGRPLQLR\FRQWURO
6LVHREVHUYDFRQFXLGDGRODGL¿FXOWDGQRHVWULEDHQODGLIHUHQFLDHQVtPLVPD
EDQDOVHUtDVXSRQHUTXHHQHOORVHORFDOL]DHOSUREOHPD/DQDWXUDOH]DVHFDUDFWHUL]D
EiVLFDPHQWHSRUODGLYHUVLGDGHOMXLFLRTXHKDFHGHXQDVFRVDVPHMRUHVTXHRWUDVHV
3XHGHQUHYLVDUVHDOUHVSHFWRQXPHURVRVDUWtFXORV\WH[WRV3RUHMHPSOR6FRWW-RDQ³(OFRQFHSWR
GHJpQHUR´SXEOLFDGRHQ/DPDV0DUWD
3XHGHYHUVHDOUHVSHFWR)DOFRQ/LGLD
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 65
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHKXPDQR1RH[LVWHGLFKRMXLFLRHQODQDWXUDOH]D/DGL¿FXOWDGFRQ
ODGLIHUHQFLDVHLQWURGXFHFRQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXHVHKDFHGHODPLVPDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
TXHDVXYH]GDOXJDUDXQMXLFLRVREUHORPHMRU\ORSHRUSURGXFLHQGRXQDGLVSDULGDG
HQODDXWRUL]DFLyQSDUDHOHMHUFLFLR\DVXQFLyQGHOSRGHU'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDVH
SXHGHGHFLUTXHODVPXMHUHV\WRGRDTXHOORTXHUHSUHVHQWD\DOXGHDORIHPHQLQR
HVH[FOXLGRGHODVOyJLFDVGHOSRGHUVRFLDOSROtWLFR\S~EOLFRHQJHQHUDO(QODLQ
WHUSUHWDFLyQGHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWpUPLQRVGHLQIHULRULGDGVHORFDOL]DHOIXQGDPHQWR
GHXQDGLVWULEXFLyQLQHTXLWDWLYDGHOSRGHU(VWRVDUJXPHQWRVVRQYiOLGRVFXDQGRVH
WUDWDGHXQDQiOLVLVVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOGHODGLVSDULGDGGHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVIUHQWH
DOSRGHUSHURRWUDFRVDHVFXDQGRGLULJLPRVODPLUDGDDOiPELWRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDG
$XQUHFRQRFLHQGRODWUDVFHQGHQFLD\ORVEHQH¿FLRVGHOHVFODUHFLPLHQWRVHJ~Q
HOFXDOODPDVFXOLQLGDG\ODIHPLQLGDGHQWpUPLQRVVRFLDOHVQRWLHQHQXQVXVWUDWR
HQODELRORJtDVLQRHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQFXOWXUDOGHODGLIHUHQFLDDODQiOLVLVGHVGHHO
FRQFHSWRGHJpQHUR\DOIHPLQLVPRVHOHVHVFDSDXQDYHUWLHQWHGHFLVLYDGHODYLGD
KXPDQDDTXHOODTXHVHxDODTXHHOVHUKXPDQRQRVLHPSUHVHFRQGXFHRULHQWDGR
SRUODE~VTXHGDGHOSURSLRELHQELHQTXHSXHGHHVWDUDVRFLDGRDORVGHUHFKRVDORV
EHQH¿FLRVVRFLDOHVSROtWLFRVHFRQyPLFRV\ODERUDOHV)LQDOPHQWHELHQDVRFLDGR
FRQODVDWLVIDFFLyQ\HOSODFHU5
6LHQODFRQGLFLyQKXPDQDH[LVWLHUDODLQFOLQDFLyQDFRQGXFLUVHHQFRQVRQDQ
FLDFRQHOVHQWLGRFRP~Q\ODE~VTXHGDGHOELHQHVWDUVHUtDOyJLFRHVSHUDUTXHODV
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVRFXUULGDVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORV
GHUHFKRVSDUDODVPXMHUHVGLHUDQOXJDUDPXWDFLRQHVHQVXVSRVLFLRQHVVXEMHWLYDV
HVGHFLUTXHHOSRGHUUHFRQRFLGRVRFLDOPHQWHVHWUDGXMHUDHQODDSURSLDFLyQ\OD
DXWRUL]DFLyQVXEMHWLYDSDUDVXHMHUFLFLR6LQHPEDUJRQRVXFHGHGHHVHPRGR/RV
GHUHFKRV\HOSRGHUS~EOLFDPHQWHUHFRQRFLGRVQRVHLQVFULEHQFRPRGHUHFKRHQOD
VXEMHWLYLGDG(VXQKDOOD]JRTXHSXHGHHFKDUOXFHVVREUHXQDGHODVH[SUHVLRQHV
TXHSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUVHHQHOGLVFXUVRGHQRSRFDVPXMHUHVFXDQGRVHOHVLQWHUURJD
DFHUFD GHO SRUTXp QR KDFHQ HMHUFLFLR GH ORV GHUHFKRV UHFRQRFLGRV \ OHJLWLPDGRV
VRFLDOPHQWHGLFHQHQWRQFHVTXH³QRWLHQHQGHUHFKRDOGHUHFKR´LGHDTXHSXHGH
LJXDOPHQWHDGTXLULURWUDH[SUHVLyQ³QRORPHUH]FR´61RWHQHUGHUHFKRDOGHUHFKR
RQRPHUHFHUORQRSURYLHQHHQODDFWXDOLGDGGHXQRWURH[WHUQR\WLUiQLFRVLQRGH
ODLQWLPLGDGGHOVHU
(VWHKHFKRGHPXHVWUDXQDFRVDQRHVVX¿FLHQWHFRQODSURPXOJDFLyQGHORV
GHUHFKRV SDUD TXH HVWRV VH LQVFULEDQ HQ OD VXEMHWLYLGDG FRPR XQD FHUWH]D FRPR
XQDFRQYLFFLyQSHURDGHPiVWHQHUODLGHDGHQRWHQHUGHUHFKRDOGHUHFKRFRORFD
$OUHVSHFWRSXHGHQUHYLVDUVHODVREUDVGH6LJPXQG)UHXGMás allá del principio del placer
\Malestar en la cultura
/DH[LVWHQFLDGHSRVLFLRQHVVRVWHQLGDVHQGLFKRVFRPRORVUHIHULGRVSXHGHYHUL¿FDUVHHQHOWUDEDMR
FRQPXMHUHV\JUXSRVGHPXMHUHVHQWRUQRDWHPDVFRPRODVYLROHQFLDV\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQVRFLDO
\SROtWLFD
66 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
DTXLHQHVDVtORVXSRQHQEDMRHOVLJQRGHXQPHQRVGHSRGHU<HOORVHHQFXHQWUD
HQHOIXQGDPHQWRGHP~OWLSOHVIHQyPHQRVTXHFDXVDQQXPHURVDVUHÀH[LRQHVHQHO
FDPSRGHOIHPLQLVPR\GHORVHVWXGLRVGHJpQHUR3RUHMHPSORPXMHUHVTXHDXQ
UHFRQRFLHQGRHOGDxRTXHUHFLEHQGHTXLHQHVGLFHQDPDUODVGDxRSURGXFLGRSRUHO
PDOWUDWR\DFWRVYLROHQWRVQRDGPLWHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHGHPDQGDUORVRUHWLUDQOD
GHPDQGDXQDYH]GHVDSDUHFHHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHLPSRWHQFLDTXHVXVFLWyODYLROHQFLD
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRHVLPSRUWDQWHVHxDODUSRUHMHPSORTXHXQDGHODVGL¿FXOWDGHVFRQ
ODVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQTXLHQHVVHRFXSDQGHUHFLELU\KDFHUVHJXLPLHQWRDFDVRV
GHYLROHQFLDLQWUDIDPLOLDUHVHOUHWLURSRUSDUWHGHODPXMHUDIHFWDGDGHODTXHMDPR
WLYDGDSRUODDJUHVLyQXQDYH]SDVDHOLPSDFWRVXVFLWDGRSRUODPLVPD,JXDOPHQWH
HQFRQWUDPRVPXMHUHVFRQXQDSURIXQGDGHVDXWRUL]DFLyQDDGPLQLVWUDUHOGLQHURTXH
GHYHQJDQQLVLTXLHUDVHWUDWDGHOGLQHURTXHHORWURSURYHHVLQRGHOTXHHOODVPLVPDV
JDQDQJUDFLDVDXQDODERUUHPXQHUDGD<HQHVWRVFDVRVHQFRQWUDPRVPXMHUHVGRPL
QDGDVSRUODFXOSDFXDQGRVHGHMDQVHGXFLUSRUODWHQWDFLyQGHDGTXLULUELHQHVSDUD
VtPLVPDV0XFKDVVRORDGPLWHQJDQDUGLQHURFRQHO~QLFRSURSyVLWRGHJDUDQWL]DU
ODPDQXWHQFLyQGHVXVIDPLOLDV(QXQDRFDVLyQHVFXFKpDXQDPXMHUGLFLHQGRTXH
HOODVRORDFHSWDEDGHEXHQDJDQDHOSDJRSRUVXWUDEDMRVLVHQWtDTXHFRQHOORFXEUtD
ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHVXIDPLOLDDORFXDOVHGHEtDDJUHJDUHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHKDEHUVH
³PDWDGRWUDEDMDQGR´'HRWURPRGRWHQtDODLPSUHVLyQGHQRPHUHFHUOR6LJXLHQGR
FRQHVWDOtQHDHQFRQWUDPRVPXMHUHVTXHHQDSDULHQFLDKDFHQHMHUFLFLRGHOGHUHFKRDO
YRWR\VRORHQDSDULHQFLDSRUTXHVXHOHFFLyQHVODLQGLFDGDSRUHOYDUyQGRPLQDQWH
HQODIDPLOLDHVGHFLUHOSDGUHHOKHUPDQRRHOFRPSDxHUR'HHVWHPRGRDXQTXH
KDFHQHMHUFLFLRGHXQGHUHFKRVLDQDOL]DPRVFRQFXLGDGRVXPDQHUDGHSURFHGHU
HVSRVLEOHHYLGHQFLDUTXHQRHVDVtSRUTXHVXDFWRHVWiVRVWHQLGRSRUODGHFLVLyQGH
RWUR)LQDOPHQWHXQDGHODVH[SUHVLRQHVPiVSRWHQWHVGHOSRGHUHVSRGHUGHFLGLU
3DUWLHQGRGHOSVLFRDQiOLVLVFRPRHQIRTXHHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPSUHQGLPRV
OD ODERU GH LQGDJDU SRU TXp D SHVDU GHO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO GH ORV GHUHFKRV
DOJXQDV PXMHUHV VH PXHVWUDQ UHIUDFWDULDV D VX DSURSLDFLyQ \ HMHUFLFLR FXHVWLyQ
TXHWUDGXMLPRVHQXQDSUHJXQWD¢TXpHOHPHQWRVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGVHRSRQHQDOD
SURGXFFLyQGHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVtQWLPDVFRQVRQDQWHVFRQODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVFRQTXLVWDGDVSRUGLYHUVRVPRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHSRUORV
PRYLPLHQWRVGHPXMHUHV"(QHOFRQWH[WRGHODSUHJXQWDVHKL]RXQDOHFWXUDGHWUHV
REUDVOLWHUDULDV\VHUHDOL]DURQHQWUHYLVWDVDPXMHUHVWUDEDMDGRUDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVD
GLVWLQWDVFRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\HFRQyPLFDV/DVREUDVOLWHUDULDVIXHURQMadame
BovaryGH)ODXEHUW*XVWDYCasa de MuñecasGH,EVHQ+HQULN\La señorita Elsa de
6FKQLW]OHU$UWKXUSHUVRQDMHVIHPHQLQRVVLWXDGRVHQHOVLJOR ;,;TXHUHVSRQGtDQ
GHGLYHUVDPDQHUDDORVLPSHUDWLYRVSUHVHQWHVHQODpSRFD
(QHOHVWXGLRGHODVREUDVOLWHUDULDVVXUJLyXQDVSHFWRTXHQRGHSHQGHH[FOXVL
YDPHQWHGHODVOyJLFDVGLVFXUVLYDVGHODVpSRFDVKLVWyULFDVVLQRGHODLPSRVLELOLGDG
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 67
GHOHQFXHQWURHQWUHORVVH[RV7/DVREUDVGDQFXHQWDGHWUHVPXMHUHVHQIUHQWDGDVD
XQPLVPRLPSRVLEOHHOHQFXHQWURSHUIHFWRFRQHODPRU\FRQODVH[XDOLGDGFRQOD
SDUHMD\HORWURODVWUHVVLWXDGDVHQODPLVPDOyJLFDGLVFXUVLYDVLVHOHPLUDGHVGHODV
FRVWXPEUHVVRFLDOHV\VLQHPEDUJRODVWUHVUHVSRQGLHQGRGHPDQHUDGLYHUVDIUHQWH
DODPRU\ODVH[XDOLGDG(OGHVHQFXHQWURUDGLFDOHQWUHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVEDVWDSDUD
GHPRVWUDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDGLPHQVLyQSUHVHQWHHQODVXEMHWLYLGDGTXHQRVHGHMD
DJRWDUSRUORJHQHUDOGHOGLVFXUVRVRFLDOSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQORTXHFRPSHWHDODPRU
DODVH[XDOLGDG\DOJRFHGHOFXHUSR
/RVSHUVRQDMHVOLWHUDULRVLOXVWUDQDFHUFDGHORVUROHV\IXQFLRQHVDVLJQDGRVD
ODVPXMHUHVHQHOVLJOR;,;VREUHODVYDULDFLRQHVVXEMHWLYDVHQODVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDV
GHUHVSRQGHUDORVHQFDUJRVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVSHURVREUHWRGRSHUPLWHQHODFHU
FDPLHQWRDFLHUWDVVROXFLRQHVIHPHQLQDVDORLUUHGXFWLEOHGHODDXVHQFLDGHDUPRQtD
FXDQGRVHWUDWDGHODPRUHOGHVHR\HOJRFHHQHOFRQWH[WRGHODUHODFLyQDPRURVD\
VH[XDO/DOLWHUDWXUDHQVHxDTXHH[LVWHXQDGLPHQVLyQLPSHUPHDEOHDORVGLVFXUVRV
VRFLDOHV\TXHFRPSHWHDODPRU\DOGHVHRDOFXHUSR\VXVVDWLVIDFFLRQHV
(QHOFRQWH[WRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHWXYRFRQWDFWRFRQODSDODEUDGHPXMHUHV
GHOVLJOR XX9PHGLDQWHHQWUHYLVWDVVLWXDGDVHQODOyJLFDGHODSUHJXQWDTXHOHGLR
VRSRUWHDODPLVPD(QHODQiOLVLVGHORVGDWRVSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRUODVHQWUHYLVWDVDOD
OX]GHODSUHJXQWDTXHLQGDJDSRUORVREVWiFXORVVXEMHWLYRVTXHLPSLGHQHOHMHUFLFLR
GHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOPHQWHUHFRQRFLGRVSDUDODVPXMHUHVVXUJLHURQODVFDWHJRUtDV
GHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQFRPRUHVSXHVWDVSRVLEOHVIUHQWHDOFRQÀLFWRVXVFLWDGR
HQWUHHOGHEHUPDWHUQR\ORVKRUL]RQWHVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRVTXHIXHURQDELHUWRVSRU
ODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV(VWDVGRVYHUWLHQWHV²HOGHEHUPDWHUQR\ODVFRQTXLVWDV
VRFLDOHV²VRQSHUFLELGDV\DVXPLGDVSRUDOJXQDVPXMHUHVFRPRRSXHVWDVFRPR
VLODXQDSXVLHUDHQYLORDODRWUDSRUTXHQRHVVLHPSUHIiFLODUWLFXODUODDVSLUDFLyQ
PDWHUQDOFRQODVLQFXUVLRQHVHQODYLGDS~EOLFD(VWHFRQÀLFWRHUDLPSHQVDEOHHQHO
VLJOR;,;SRUTXHHQHVDpSRFDHUDLQFRQFHELEOHSULPHURTXHODVPXMHUHVQRWXYLHUDQ
HOPDWULPRQLRFRPRGHVWLQRSHURDGHPiVTXHH[LVWLHUDPDWULPRQLRVLQKLMRV\PiV
D~QQRVHSRQtDHQFXHVWLyQHOGHEHUPDWHUQDOGHODVPXMHUHV6HOHVHGXFDED\
HQFDPLQDEDGHVGHVXQDFLPLHQWRKDFLDHOPDWULPRQLR\ODPDWHUQLGDGVLWXDFLyQTXH
(VWDLGHDUHPLWHDORGHVFXELHUWRSRUHOSVLFRDQiOLVLV\VHJ~QORFXDOH[LVWHXQDLPSRVLELOLGDGGH
VXSRQHUXQDFRPSOHPHQWDULHGDGHQWUHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVGHELGRDODGLYHUVLGDGGHVXVSRVLFLRQHV
IUHQWHDOGHVHR\DOJRFHVH[XDO$OUHVSHFWRVHSXHGHUHYLVDU/DFDQ-DFTXHV
9pDVHDOUHVSHFWR+pFWRU*DOOR
6HUHDOL]DURQHQWUHYLVWDVDPXMHUHVWUDEDMDGRUDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVVRFLRHFR
QyPLFRV\HGXFDWLYRVSURIHVLRQDOHVWpFQLFDV\GHVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVTXHGHVHPSHxDQGLVWLQWDV
SURIHVLRQHV\R¿FLRVSHURDGHPiVTXHWXYLHUDQXQDUHODFLyQGHSDUHMDHKLMRV(OGLVHxRGHHVWH
SHU¿OREHGHFLyEiVLFDPHQWHDTXHVHJ~QH[SHULHQFLDVFOtQLFDV\JUXSDOHVSUHYLDVGHORVLQYHVWL
JDGRUHVPXFKDVPXMHUHVORFDOL]DQVXVGL¿FXOWDGHVSDUDDSURSLDUVHGHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDOPHQWH
UHFRQRFLGRVHQDUJXPHQWRVGHULYDGRVGHODVOyJLFDVIDPLOLDUHV\DPRURVDV
68 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
HYLWDEDHOFRQÀLFWRTXHPXFKDVGHODVPXMHUHVGHODFRQWHPSRUDQHLGDGHQIUHQWDQ\
TXHWUDGXFHQHQWpUPLQRVGHRSRVLFLyQHQWUHORVKLMRVHODPRU\HOWUDEDMR
/RVGLFKRVGHODVPXMHUHVHQWUHYLVWDGDVVHxDODURQTXHODQHJRFLDFLyQVHFRQVWL
WX\HHQODYtDTXHKDFHSRVLEOHODFRQFLOLDFLyQHQWUHODPDWHUQLGDG\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
DELHUWDVSRUORVGHUHFKRVFRQTXLVWDGRV&XDQGRODPDWHUQLGDG\HOFXLGDGRGHMDQ
GHVHUODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGH[FOXVLYDGHODVPXMHUHVRSRUORPHQRVVX~QLFRiPELWR
H[LVWHQFLDOODQHJRFLDFLyQFRQHORWURVHVLW~DFRPRXQDGHODVVDOLGDVSRVLEOHVSDUD
DUWLFXODUODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDVFRQODVDVSLUDFLRQHVPDWHUQDOHV
&XDQGRODQHJRFLDFLyQQRHVSRVLEOHVHLQVWDODODSRVLFLyQGHOVDFUL¿FLR1H
JRFLDFLyQ\VDFUL¿FLRVHFRQVWLWX\HQHQDOWHUQDWLYDVDQWHHOFRQÀLFWRVXVFLWDGRSRU
HOGHEHUPDWHUQDO\ORVEHQH¿FLRVVRFLDOHVRIUHFLGRVSRUODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV
SHURDVXYH]DPEDVSRVLFLRQHVVRQRSXHVWDV/DQHJRFLDFLyQLPSOLFDXQDSRVLFLyQ
VXEMHWLYDIXQGDGDHQODFRQYLFFLyQGHWHQHUGHUHFKRDOGHUHFKR\GHVGHHVWDFRQYLF
FLyQVHHVWDEOHFHXQSDFWRFRQHORWUR/DQRFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLRSRUVXSDUWHGHQRWD
ODWUDGLFLRQDOSRVLFLyQGHODVPXMHUHVVRSRUWDGDHQODIXQFLyQPDWHUQDO\GHODFXDO
VH HVSHUD Gp OXJDU D XQD DFWLWXG FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU OD VXPLVLyQ OD GHGLFDFLyQ OD
DEQHJDFLyQODSDFLHQFLD\ODUHQXQFLD6LQGHVFRQRFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGLVFXUVLYDV
TXHGHVGHORVRFLDOIDYRUHFHQXQDSRVLFLyQGHODVPXMHUHVFHQWUDGDHQODIXQFLyQ
PDWHUQDO\TXHVHKDFHH[WHQVLYDPiVDOOiGHOYtQFXORFRQORVKLMRVRHOPDULGRHV
LQGLVSHQVDEOHDQRWDUTXHGLFKDSRVLFLyQLJXDOPHQWHWLHQHFRPRVRSRUWHVXEMHWLYR
XQLPSHUDWLYRLQFRQVFLHQWHTXHVHH[SUHVDFRPRVHUYLGXPEUHLPSHUDWLYRDOTXHVH
RSRQHODQHJRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRHVWD~OWLPDWLHQHVXSXQWRGHSDUWLGDHQXQUHFRQR
FLPLHQWRGHVt\GHORWUR
(OVDFUL¿FLRVXUJLyHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRPRXQDSDODEUDSURSXHVWDSRUDOJXQDV
GHODVPXMHUHVHQWUHYLVWDGDV\UHIHULGDDODSRVLFLyQGHPDGUHDUWLFXODGDFRQHOGHEHU
VHU5HVXOWyVLQJXODUTXHODSRVLFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLRHQODFXDOVHGDSUHYDOHQFLDDO
ELHQHVWDU\ORJURVGHORWURSDUWLFXODUPHQWHGHORVKLMRVSURYHQJDGHODSURSLDPDGUH
\VHFRQVWLWX\DHQXQIpUUHRREVWiFXORSDUDODVXEMHWLYDFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRVVRFLDO\
FXOWXUDOPHQWHUHFRQRFLGRV(VWRVLJQL¿FDTXHODSRVLFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLRHVXQDDFWLWXG
FRQODFXDODOJXQDVPXMHUHVUHVSRQGHQDORVLGHDOHVHLPSHUDWLYRVSURSXHVWRVSRUOD
SURSLDPDGUH\GHORVFXDOHVQRSXHGHQVXVWUDHUVH'HDOJXQDPDQHUDHVWHUHVXOWDGR
SHUPLWHVXSRQHUTXHODUHODFLyQFRQODPDGUHFRPRLQVFULSFLyQVXEMHWLYDQRVROR
VHFRQVWLWX\HHQHOIRFRGHODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHXQDSRVLFLyQIUHQWHDORWURDGHPiVVH
PXHVWUDLPSHUPHDEOHDODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\GLVFXUVLYDVVXVFLWDGDVSRU
ODFRQTXLVWDGHORVGHUHFKRVSDUDODVPXMHUHV
/D SRVLFLyQ VDFUL¿FLDO D PHQXGR UHYHOD XQD SRVLFLyQ SDUDGyMLFD FXDQGR
GLFKRVDFUL¿FLRGDOXJDUDXQVXIULPLHQWRTXHSXGLHUDHYLWDUVH\IUHQWHDOFXDOQDGD
VHKDFHDORTXHSXHGHDxDGLUVHTXHLQVWDODXQDGHXGDLPSDJDEOHHQWDQWRVHHVSHUD
TXHHORWURDOTXHVHKDEHQH¿FLDGRFRQHOSURSLRVDFUL¿FLRUHVSRQGDDVXYH]FRQ
XQVDFUL¿FLRFRQXQDUHQXQFLDDOSURSLRGHVHR\DVSLUDFLRQHV
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 69
(OLGHDOGHOVDFUL¿FLRHQQRPEUHGHOELHQHVWDUGHORWURHVWUDQVPLWLGRSRUODV
PDGUHVQRVRORDODVKLMDVVLQRWDPELpQDOKLMRYDUyQFXDQGRVHLQVFULEHFRPRXQD
SRVLFLyQTXHpOGHEHHVSHUDUGHODPXMHUFRQODTXHFRQIRUPDXQDUHODFLyQGHSD
UHMD'HHVWHPRGRXQDGHODVHQWUHYLVWDGDVGLRFXHQWDGHFyPRVXSDUHMDHVSHUDED
TXHHOODVHFRPSRUWDUDWDOFRPRODPDGUHORKDEtDKHFKRFRQpO\GHHVWHPRGR
DVSLUDEDDTXHHOODORHVSHUDUDHQFDVDGLVSXHVWDDDWHQGHUORWDOFRPRODPDGUHOR
KDFtDH[SHFWDWLYDDQWHODFXDOQRUHVSRQGLyODPXMHUHQFXHVWLyQ(QOXJDUGHHOOR
SURSXVRXQDQHJRFLDFLyQHQWDQWRFRQVLGHUDEDTXHDOLJXDOTXHpOHOODWHQtDGHUHFKR
DODERUDUDWHQHUXQDYLGDS~EOLFDDREWHQHUVDWLVIDFFLRQHVSURYHQLHQWHVGHVXKDFHU
SURIHVLRQDO8QKRPEUHTXHHVSHUDVHUDWHQGLGRSRUVXSDUHMDWDOFRPRORIXHSRU
ODPDGUHVXSRQHTXHODPXMHUTXHKDLQVWLWXLGRFRPRSDUHMDREWLHQHGHHOORXQD
FRPSODFHQFLD&XDQGRHQFXHQWUDXQDPXMHULQVFULWDHQHOVLJQL¿FDQWHGHODDEQHJD
FLyQ\HOVDFUL¿FLRVHJXUDPHQWHFRQIRUPDUiQXQDSDUHMDTXHGDODLPSUHVLyQGHVHU
SHUIHFWDSHURFXDQGRHQFXHQWUDXQDPXMHUSRFRGLVSXHVWDDVHUUHVLJQDGDORPiV
SUREDEOHHVTXHVHSURGX]FDHOGHVDMXVWH\ODUXSWXUD3HURRWUDSRVLEOHUHVSXHVWDHV
ODDSHUWXUDGHXQHVSDFLRGHFRQFHUWDFLyQ\QHJRFLDFLyQORTXHSXHGHSURGXFLUXQD
UHGLVWULEXFLyQGHWDUHDVHQHOLQWHULRUGHOKRJDU
6LQHPEDUJRH[LVWHXQDGL¿FXOWDGSDUDLQVWDODUODQHJRFLDFLyQFRPRDOWHUQDWLYD
FXDQGRXQKRPEUHHVSHUDGHXQDPXMHUXQDSRVLFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLR\ODPXMHUDVXYH]
QRHVWiELHQGLVSXHVWDDHOOR6HWUDWDGHXQDGL¿FXOWDGSURYHQLHQWHGHODVXEMHWLYLGDG
PDVFXOLQDVHJ~QODFXDOODPXMHUDODTXHVHKDLQVWLWXLGRHQODFRQGLFLyQGHDPDGD
GHEHVHUFRQWURODGDHQVXFXHUSR\VXVH[XDOLGDG1RSRFRVKRPEUHVLPDJLQDQTXH
FXDQGRXQDPXMHUVDOHGHFDVDHVWiPRWLYDGDSRUODH[SHFWDWLYDGHH[SHULPHQWDUHQ
VXVH[XDOLGDG\VXFXHUSRFRVDVQRYLYLGDVFRQpO<HQHVWHFRQWH[WRVRQSUHVDGH
XQDIDQWDVtDFX\RFRQWHQLGRHVTXHVXSDUHMDREWLHQHFRQRWURKRPEUHVDWLVIDFFLRQHV
VH[XDOHVTXHpOQRSXHGHSURSRUFLRQDUOH5HVXOWDVLQJXODUSHURQRVRQSRFRVORV
KRPEUHVTXHVHUHVLVWHQDTXHVXVSDUHMDVWHQJDQXQDYLGDODERUDO\S~EOLFDGHELGR
DIDQWDVtDVFRPRODGHVFULWD
&XDQGRHQHOFRQWH[WRGHXQDUHODFLyQGHSDUHMDVHORJUDURPSHUODFOiVLFD
RSRVLFLyQPXMHU²FDVD²FXLGDGR\KRPEUH²FDOOH²SURYHHGRUVHKDEUiHOLPLQD
GRXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHFRQGXFHQDODGLVFRUGLDLQVWLWX\pQGRVH
FRPRFDPSRGHQHJRFLDFLyQODUHGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVWDUHDVKRJDUHxDV\ODVUHVSRQ
VDELOLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV 6LQ HPEDUJR URPSHU FRQ GLFKDV HTXLYDOHQFLDV LPSOLFD
XQD PRGL¿FDFLyQ GH ODV SRVLFLRQHV GHO KRPEUH \ OD PXMHU IUHQWH DO SRGHU TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDHQWUDPDGRFRQORS~EOLFRGHXQODGRSHURDGHPiVFRQHOSRGHUDVR
FLDGRFRQHOKHFKRGHSURYHHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVHFRQyPLFDVTXHKDJDQSRVLEOHHO
VRVWHQLPLHQWRGHXQDFDVD
8QRGHORVDVSHFWRVVXEMHWLYRVLPSOLFDGRVHQODSRVLFLyQVDFUL¿FLDODVXPLGD
SRUDOJXQDVPXMHUHVDXQHQHOWLHPSRGHORVGHUHFKRVHVODFXOSDSURYHQLHQWHGHORV
LPSHUDWLYRVWUDQVPLWLGRVSRUODSURSLDPDGUHHLQVWDODGRVHQODVXEMHWLYLGDGFRPR
PDQGDWRVIUHQWHDORVFXDOHVHVLPSRVLEOHUHEHODUVH\TXHUHVXOWDQPiVSRWHQWHV\
70 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
H¿FDFHVTXHODLQWHQFLyQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHWRPDGDGHFRQGXFLUVHVHJ~QODVSRVLEL
OLGDGHV\EHQH¿FLRVTXHSURPHWHQORVGHUHFKRVFRQTXLVWDGRV&XDQGRVHLQWHQWDLU
HQFRQWUDYtDGHORVPDQGDWRVPDWHUQRVLQVFULWRV\UHJLVWUDGRVHQODPiVDEVROXWD
LQWLPLGDGVREUHYLHQHHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHFXOSD
(QHVWHFDVRODGL¿FXOWDGQRSXHGHH[SOLFDUVHFDEDOPHQWHDOXGLHQGRDOPDQGDWR
SDWULDUFDOIXQGDPHQWDGRHQODLQFRQGLFLRQDOLGDGPDWHUQD6HWUDWDPiVELHQGHXQD
H[WUDxDFRPSODFHQFLDTXHUHSRUWDEHQH¿FLRVGHORVTXHHOVXMHWRQDGDVDEHSHUR
TXHGDQOXJDUDFLHUWDVDFFLRQHVTXHEXVFDQJDUDQWL]DUODLQVDWLVIDFFLyQ\KDVWDHO
VXIULPLHQWRGHOVXMHWRPDQHUDGHFRQGXFLUVHTXHSXHGHVHUHOVLJQRGHODSUHVHQFLD
GHXQVHQWLPLHQWRLQFRQVFLHQWHGHFXOSDGHOTXHVHVLUYHSDUDQHXWUDOL]DUFXDOTXLHU
VLWXDFLyQGHODTXHSXGLHUDREWHQHUEHQH¿FLRVRVDWLVIDFFLyQ
'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDVHSXHGHSURSRQHUXQDKLSyWHVLVUHIHULGDDORVREV
WiFXORVVXEMHWLYRVTXHLPSLGHQODDSURSLDFLyQ\HOHMHUFLFLRGHGHUHFKRVVRFLDOPHQWH
DGPLWLGRV\UHFRQRFLGRV6HWUDWDGHORVLJXLHQWHODFXOSDDUWLFXODGDDODLPSRVLFLyQ
LQFRQVFLHQWHGHORVPDQGDWRVPDWHUQRVHVXQRGHORVQRPEUHVGHORVREVWiFXORVVXE
MHWLYRVTXHLPSLGHQODDSURSLDFLyQ\HOHMHUFLFLRGHORVGHUHFKRV/DFXOSDLPSLGH
FXDOTXLHUH[SUHVLyQGHODQHJRFLDFLyQSHURDVXYH]GHVDWDXQDSRVLFLyQVDFUL¿FLDO
\GHUHQXQFLD
1RKD\TXHFUHHUTXHODSRVLFLyQVDFUL¿FLDOWLHQHFRPR~QLFDDVSLUDFLyQHO
ELHQHVWDUGHORWURUHQXQFLDQGRDODVSURSLDVVDWLVIDFFLRQHV(VWDSRVLFLyQWDPELpQGD
FXHQWDGHXQDGHODVYHUVLRQHVGHOSRGHUPiVFRQWXQGHQWHVHQWDQWRHVSHUDDFDPELR
XQDJUDWLWXGHWHUQD\VXSRQHODLPSRVLELOLGDGHQHORWURGHSDJDUFDEDOPHQWHHO
VDFUL¿FLRRIUHFLGR'HVDWDHQHODSDUHQWHEHQH¿FLDGRXQVHQWLPLHQWRGHLPSRWHQFLD
HQWDQWRQDGDGHORTXHKDJDSRGUiGHYROYHU\SDJDUGHPDQHUDDEVROXWDHOVDFUL¿FLR
FRQHOFXDOODPDGUHSRUHMHPSORKL]RSRVLEOHVXVDWLVIDFFLyQ\HOFXEULPLHQWRGH
QHFHVLGDGHV(QRWUDVSDODEUDVVHYXHOYHXQHVFODYRFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHOVDFUL¿FLR
GHORWURHQWDQWRGLFKRVDFUL¿FLRLQVWDODXQDGHXGDLPSDJDEOH+HDTXtXQDGHODV
YHUVLRQHVPiVFRQWXQGHQWHVGHOSRGHU\SRUORGHPiVODPiVLQYLVLELOL]DGDSRUTXH
TXLHQVHVDFUL¿FDDSDUHQWHPHQWHVXIUHSHURSXHGHQVHULQFDOFXODEOHVORVEHQH¿FLRV
obtenidos de ello.
&XDQGRXQDPXMHULQWHUSUHWDTXHHOLGHDOSURSXHVWRSRUODPDGUH\TXHGLFWDPL
QDFRPRGHEHUVXSUHPRTXHGDUVHHQODFDVDGHGLFDGDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDOFXLGDGRGHO
RWURHVXQIDFWRUTXHGHJUDGDVXSURSLRVHUSXHGHDVXPLUHOWUDEDMR\ODVDFWLYLGDGHV
ODERUDOHVFRPRXQDHVWUDWHJLDSDUDFRPEDWLUXQDLGHQWL¿FDFLyQDOHVWUDJRYLQFXODGR
FRQHOVDFUL¿FLRGLVWDQFLiQGRVHGHHVHPRGRGHODPDGUH(VWHKHFKRUHYHODTXH
IUHQWHDOGLFKRGHODPDGUHHOVXMHWRSXHGHHOHJLUDXQTXHODVFDXVDVGHVXHOHFFLyQ
QRVHDQFRQVFLHQWHVSHURVLQOXJDUDGXGDVHOLJH'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDFREUD
VLQJXODULPSRUWDQFLDXQRGHORVDVSHFWRVTXH)UHXGVXEUD\DHQODUHODFLyQPDGUH
9pDVHVREUHODVH[XDOLGDGIHPHQLQD)UHXG\)UHXG
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 71
KLMD6HWUDWDGHODKRVWLOLGDG/DKRVWLOLGDGSXHGHFRQVWLWXLUVHHQXQRGHORVDVSHFWRV
TXHSHUPLWDDXQDKLMDHVWDEOHFHUXQDGLVWDQFLDHQWUHHOOD\ODPDGUHGLVWDQFLDTXH
SXHGHVHUPX\EHQp¿FDFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHVXVLPSHUDWLYRV
&XDQGRXQDPXMHUFRQVLJXHDVRFLDUHOPDQWHQHUVHHQFDVDWDOFRPRODPDGUH
ORSURSRQHFRQHOHQFLHUURODUXWLQD\ODGHSHQGHQFLDFRQORLQVRSRUWDEOH\SRFR
KDODJDGRUVHFRQYLHUWHHQDSUHPLDQWHUHVWDUOHFRQVLVWHQFLDDFXDOTXLHULGHQWL¿FDFLyQ
DVRFLDGDFRQHOVDFUL¿FLRORFXDOVHUiXQDFRQGLFLyQSDUDGDUOHOXJDUDODQHJRFLD
FLyQSDUDGDUOHYLGDSURSLDDVXVSUR\HFWRVSHURDVXYH]SDUDDVXPLUXQDSRVLFLyQ
IUHQWHDODVFRQTXLVWDVVRFLDOHVTXHDSXQWHDODREWHQFLyQGHEHQH¿FLRVHQHOiPELWR
SROtWLFRHFRQyPLFR\ODERUDO
8QRGHORVSXQWRVHQORVFXDOHVODQHJRFLDFLyQVHRSRQHDOVDFUL¿FLRHVTXHHO
VXMHWRVHVLW~DHQLJXDOGDGGHFRQGLFLRQHV\EDMRODSUHPLVDGHXQUHFRQRFLPLHQWR
PXWXRHQHOLQVWLWXLUVHFRPRVXMHWRGHGHUHFKRTXHFRPSDUWHREOLJDFLRQHV\UHV
SRQVDELOLGDGHVGLVSXHVWRD¿MDUOtPLWHV\GH¿QLUOLEHUWDGHVSRVLEOHV/DQHJRFLDFLyQ
VXSRQHFRPRSRVLFLyQQRFRQVHQWLUFRQFRQGXFLUVHVDFUL¿FLDOPHQWHQLDFHSWDUOD
VXERUGLQDFLyQVLQUHJODV/DQHJRFLDFLyQLPSOLFDODSUHVHQFLDGHXQGHVHRFRQVWUXLGR
\VHLQVWLWX\HHQXQDYtDTXHOLPLWDODWLUDQtDTXHHO2WURVLHPSUHWLHQHODWHQWDFLyQ
GHHMHUFHU
$OJXQDVGHODVPXMHUHVHQWUHYLVWDGDVGDQFXHQWDGHFyPRKDQDVXPLGR\
SURSXHVWRQHJRFLDFLRQHVUHVXOWDGRGHOFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRGHUROHV\IXQFLRQHVDVLJ
QDGDVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHDKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVHQHOFRQWH[WRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOFXHV
WLRQDPLHQWRTXHVXUJHGXUDQWHODLQIDQFLDRODDGROHVFHQFLD6HWUDWDHQWRQFHVGHXQD
SRVLFLyQTXHSRVHHDQWHFHGHQWHVHQODKLVWRULDSHUVRQDO\TXHVHGLULJHDFXHVWLRQDUORV
SULYLOHJLRVGHORVYDURQHV\FX\RHMHUFLFLRLPSOLFDODVXERUGLQDFLyQGHODVPXMHUHV
/DQHJRFLDFLyQLPSOLFDDGPLWLUTXHHOVHUIHPHQLQRQRVHUHVXHOYHPHGLDQWH
ODPDWHUQLGDGFRPR~QLFDRSFLyQTXHODSUHJXQWDSRUHOVHUPXMHUQRHQFXHQWUDXQD
UHVSXHVWDVX¿FLHQWHHQHOFXLGDGRGHORWURFRORFDGRHQODSRVLFLyQGHKLMR1RVHWUDWD
GHVXSRQHUGHHQWUDGDTXHORXQRHVPHMRUTXHORRWURHVGHFLUTXHODPDWHUQLGDGHV
XQDSRVLFLyQFULWLFDEOHHQWDQWRODRSFLyQSRUORS~EOLFRHVODPHMRURSFLyQSDUDXQD
PXMHULQVFULWDHQHOWLHPSRGHORVGHUHFKRVSRUTXHSXHGHVXFHGHUTXHODSRVLFLyQ
DVXPLGDHQHOFDPSRODERUDOSRUHMHPSORVHDXQDSRVLFLyQVDFUL¿FLDOPiVKRQGD
\GHFLGLGDTXHDTXHOODVTXHVHSXHGHQDVXPLUHQHOFRQWH[WRGHODVUHODFLRQHVGH
FXLGDGRGHORWUR
(QHVWHVHQWLGRSXHGHHYRFDUVHXQDLGHDSURSXHVWDDQWHVGHOD5HYROXFLyQ
IUDQFHVDKDFLDSRUHOMXULVWDeWLHQQHGH/D%RpWLHHQXQSHTXHxRWH[WRTXH
WLWXOy³6REUHODVHUYLGXPEUHYROXQWDULD´/D%RpWLH/RTXHUHVXOWDQRWDEOH
GHVXLGHDHVTXHGHYHODGHTXpPDQHUDODHVFODYLWXGSXHGHVHUHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQ
FRQVHQWLPLHQWRSURYHQLHQWHGHOVXMHWRPLVPRVLQTXHPHGLHODLPSRVLFLyQGHRWUR
H[WHUQRTXHOHSODQWHHODREHGLHQFLDFRPRH[LJHQFLD(VWDLGHDUHVXOWDVHGXFWRUDHQ
WDQWRKDELWXDOPHQWHVHVXSRQHTXHODHVFODYLWXG\ODVHUYLGXPEUHVRQUHVSXHVWDGHO
VXMHWRDQWHODLPSRVLFLyQGHRWURH[WHUQR\HVSRVLEOHDOXGLUODHQHVWHFRQWH[WRSRU
72 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
ORVLJXLHQWHQRVRQSRFDVODVPXMHUHVTXHVLQFURQL]DGDVFRQORVGHUHFKRVDGPLWHQ
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHHMHUFHUORV\FRKHUHQWHVFRQHVDLGHDVHDXWRUL]DQSRUHMHPSOR
DFXOWLYDUODYLGDLQWHOHFWXDODODERUDUDREWHQHUGLQHURSRUHOOR\DDGPLQLVWUDUORD
WRPDUVXVGHFLVLRQHVDFRQGXFLUVXYLGDHQDSDUHQWHLQGHSHQGHQFLD3HURFXDQGR
QDUUDQVXVDQJXVWLDVSXHGHRFXUULUXQDGHGRVFRVDV
‡
‡
'HXQODGRHVWiQVREUHFDUJDGDVGHH[LJHQFLDVSRUTXHDTXHOORTXHGHEHUtDUH
SRUWDUOHVVDWLVIDFFLRQHVVHWUDQVIRUPDVLQJXODUPHQWHHQIXHQWHGHLPSHUDWLYRV
'HHVWHPRGR\SRUHVWDYtDVHDXWRH[LJHQGHPDQHUDGHVFRPXQDO\VHGHGLFDQD
GHPRVWUDUFRWLGLDQDPHQWHQRVRORTXHPHUHFHQORTXHWLHQHQVLQRDGHPiVTXH
VRQVX¿FLHQWHPHQWHEXHQDVSDUDGHVHPSHxDUVHHQVXWUDEDMRSRUHMHPSOR
(VWHWLSRGHSRVLFLyQLQFLWDXQDLGHDORTXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRGHUHFKRV\IXHQWH
GHEHQH¿FLRVHVDVXPLGRSRUDOJXQDVPXMHUHVHQFDOLGDGGHH[LJHQFLD1RKD\TXH
ROYLGDUTXHH[LVWHXQDGLIHUHQFLDVXVWDQFLDOHQWUHODH[LJHQFLD²HOLPSHUDWLYR²\
XQLGHDO/DH[LJHQFLDHVXQPDQGDWRGHOFXDOHOVXMHWRQRSXHGHVXVWUDHUVHHQ
WDQWRHOLGHDOGDOXJDUDXQDHOHFFLyQVHWUDWDGHXQDSRVLELOLGDGVLQHPEDUJR
HQRFDVLRQHVHOLGHDOSXHGHOOHJDUDLQVWLWXLUVHHQH[LJHQFLD\HQOXJDUGHSURSRU
FLRQDUVDWLVIDFFLyQVHFRQVWLWX\HHQIXHQWHGHVXIULPLHQWRDOWUDQVIRUPDUVHHQXQ
LPSHUDWLYRIUHQWHDOFXDOHOVXMHWRQRSXHGHKDFHURWUDTXHFRVDTXHGREOHJDUVH
\FXPSOLU'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDUHVXOWDVLQJXODUTXHORVGHUHFKRVUHFRQRFLGRV
SDUDODVPXMHUHV\GHORVFXDOHVVHHVSHUDEDREWXYLHUDQIXHQWHVGHVDWLVIDFFLyQ
\EHQH¿FLRVVHWUDGXFHQSDUDQRSRFDVHQIXHQWHVGHXQDPXGDDXWRH[LJHQFLD
TXHQRSXHGHQHOXGLU
'HRWURODGRHQFRQWUDPRVPXMHUHVTXHDVXPHQORVGHUHFKRVFRPRVLVHWUDWDUD
GH XQD VXPDWRULD GH REOLJDFLRQHV SRUTXH DO WUDEDMR GRPpVWLFR DJUHJDQ ODV
REOLJDFLRQHVODERUDOHVDFDGpPLFDVHFRQyPLFDVVXPDWRULDTXHVHWUDGXFHHQ
XQDVREUHFDUJDTXHHQQRSRFDVRFDVLRQHVVHSDJDFRQODVDOXG\HOFXHUSR
$QWHHVWDVUHVSXHVWDVGHPXFKDVPXMHUHVIUHQWHORVGHUHFKRVUHVSXHVWDVTXHQR
IDYRUHFHQODVDWLVIDFFLyQVLQRHODJRELR\HOVXUJLPLHQWRGHXQSOXVGHVXIULPLHQWR
ORTXHSRGHPRVGHYHODUHVODH¿FDFLDGHXQLPSHUDWLYRTXHHVWiSUHVHQWHD~QHQ
HOWLHPSRGHORVGHUHFKRVLPSHUDWLYRSURYHQLHQWHGHORVLGHDOHVSURSXHVWRVSRUOD
¿JXUDPDWHUQD\GHORVFXDOHVPXFKDVPXMHUHVQRSXHGHQVXVWUDHUVH
&RPRVHREVHUYDODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFDVRFXUULGDVFRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHGHUHFKRVQRSURGXFHQGHPDQHUDDXWRPiWLFD
WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQODVPHQWDOLGDGHVDGHPiVHQODVXEMHWLYLGDGIHPHQLQDVLJXH
LPSHUDQGRODYR]PDWHUQDFRPRIXHQWHGHREOLJDFLRQHVODVFXDOHVQRHVWiQHQFRQ
VRQDQFLDFRQODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV&XDQGRVHKDFHHVWDDQRWDFLyQQRVHWLHQH
ODLQWHQFLyQGH³FXOSDU´DODVPDGUHV1RVHWUDWDGHHVR6HWUDWDGHDGPLWLUODWUDV
FHQGHQFLDTXHWLHQHSDUDODVPXMHUHVGLFKD¿JXUD<DOSDUHFHUGLFKDWUDVFHQGHQFLD
WDPSRFRHVPRGL¿FDGDSRUODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 73
3DUDODVPXMHUHVHOYtQFXORFRQODPDGUHHVHVWUXFWXUDQWHGHFLHUWDVSRVLFLRQHV
YLWDOHV(OSVLFRDQiOLVLVKDUHYHODGRODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHVWHYtQFXOR\HOTXHVH
HVWDEOHFHHQWUHODPDGUH\HOKLMRYDUyQ6RQGLVWLQWDVODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQXQR\RWUR
FDVR/DPDGUHHVHOSULPHU2WURQRVRORHQWpUPLQRVGHFXLGDGR\DPRUVLQRWDPELpQ
HOSULPHU2WURGHOTXHSURYLHQHQLGHDOHV\QRUPDV3HURSDUDXQDPXMHUWDPELpQ
ORHVHQWpUPLQRVGHXQDYHUVLyQVREUHODIHPLQLGDG\ODPDWHUQLGDGVREUHHODPRU
\ODVH[XDOLGDG&XDQGRXQDPXMHUQRORJUDOLEHUDUVHSVtTXLFDPHQWHGHODPDGUH
LQFRUSRUDGDFRPRVRSRUWHVXEMHWLYRGHOVDFUL¿FLRHVGHFLUFXDQGRVHFRQGXFHVD
FUL¿FLDOPHQWHEDMRHOLPSHUDWLYRPDWHUQRSHUFLELUiDHVWDPDGUHFRPRFDXVDGHXQ
HVWUDJR&XDQGRHQOXJDUGHHOORSHUFLEHDODPDGUHFRPRIXHQWHGHLGHDOHVTXHSXHGH
RQRHOHJLUHVGHFLUTXHQRDVXPHIUHQWHDORVPLVPRVXQDSRVLFLyQGHREOLJDWRULR
FXPSOLPLHQWRVLQRTXHORVWRPDFRPRDOWHUQDWLYDVSDUDREWHQHUVDWLVIDFFLRQHVSHU
VRQDOHVQRDVXPHXQDSRVLFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLR
8QDPXMHUSXHGHDVXPLUODYLGDODERUDOVLQTXHVHHQFXHQWUHHQRSRVLFLyQ
FRQODYLGDGRPpVWLFDHVWHSDUHFHVHUXQSUHVXSXHVWRSDUDFRQGXFLUVHVLQFRQÀLFWRFRQ
ODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDVVLQODVHQVDFLyQGHVDFUL¿FLRRH[FHVR3DUDHOORTXL]iVHD
LQGLVSHQVDEOHXQDQHJRFLDFLyQHQODFXDOHOYDUyQDVXPDSDUWHGHORVGHEHUHVTXH
WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHDVLJQDQDODVPXMHUHVHVGHFLUORVTXHKDFHUHVKRJDUHxRV\GH
FXLGDGR<SDUDTXHHOORVHDSRVLEOHVHJXUDPHQWHHVQHFHVDULRTXHHOYDUyQQRVROR
DGPLWDTXHODPXMHUSRVHHHOGHUHFKRDLQFXUVLRQDUHQiPELWRVTXHDQWHVKDEtDQHVWDGR
YHWDGRVSDUDHOODVVLQRDGHPiVTXHQRSUHVXPDTXHSHUGHUiHOFRQWUROVREUHODYLGD
GHHOODVLDGPLWHGHEXHQDJDQDTXHSXHGHGHVHPSHxDUVHFRQKROJXUDHQHVSDFLRV
GLYHUVRVDODFDVD\HOFXLGDGR'HDOJXQDPDQHUDWDPELpQLPSOLFDUHODWLYL]DUODLGHD
VHJ~QODFXDOHOSRGHUVRORVHLQVFULEHHQHOiPELWRS~EOLFR\GHOGLQHUR8QKRPEUH
ELHQSXHGHUHODWLYL]DUODVVLJQL¿FDFLRQHVVXEMHWLYDV\VRFLDOHVDVLJQDGDVDOWUDEDMR
GRPpVWLFR\QRVHQWLUTXHHVGHVYDORUL]DGRHQVXVHUSRUHOKHFKRGHKDEHUDGPLWLGR
DVXPLUGLFKRWUDEDMRPLHQWUDVVXFRPSDxHUDODERUD
'HRWURODGRHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHFXHVWLRQDUHOSUHVXSXHVWRVHJ~QHOFXDOWHQHUDF
FHVRDOGLQHURHVIXHQWHGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDIHPHQLQD(VFLHUWRTXH
ODGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDKDVLGRODHVWUDWHJLDSDUDKDFHUHIHFWLYDODVXERUGLQDFLyQ
GHODVPXMHUHVORFXDOVLJQL¿FDTXHQRVRORDVLJQDQGRORGRPpVWLFRFRPRVXIXQFLyQ
\GHVWLQRVHOHVH[FOX\HGHOSRGHUS~EOLFR$HOORVHDxDGHODVHULHGHDUJXPHQWRV
GHVWLQDGRVDQDWXUDOL]DUODVIXQFLRQHVGHOFXLGDGR\SRUHVDYtDODGHSHQGHQFLDHFR
QyPLFD6LQHPEDUJRODLQGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDDODFXDOVHDFFHGHPHGLDQWHHO
WUDEDMRUHPXQHUDGRQRJDUDQWL]DVLHPSUHODDXWRQRPtDSRUTXHSXHGHVXFHGHUTXH
DOJXQDVPXMHUHVDVXPDQGLFKRWUDEDMR\HOGLQHURTXHGHULYDQGHOPLVPRFRQXQD
SRVLFLyQVDFUL¿FLDOORFXDOLPSLGHTXHORSHUFLEDQFRPRIXHQWHGHLQGHSHQGHQFLD\
DXWRQRPtD(QHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDHQFRQWUDPRVPXMHUHVTXHDVXPHQODYLGDODERUDOGHO
PLVPRPRGRRGHXQPRGRVHPHMDQWHDFRPRDVXPHQODYLGDKRJDUHxD\IDPLOLDUHV
GHFLUKDFLHQGRWRGRSRUHORWURROYLGiQGRVHGHVt'HHVWHPRGRVHSXHGHHYLGHQ
FLDUTXHQRVHWUDWDGHXQFDPELRHQODVIXQFLRQHVGRQGHVHORFDOL]DXQDYHUGDGHUD
74 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQSDUDODVPXMHUHVGHULYDGDVGHODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDV6HWUDWDVREUH
WRGRGHXQFDPELRHQODVSRVLFLRQHVDVXPLGDV
/DVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDVVHSXHGHQUHYHVWLUGHYLHMDVSRVLFLRQHVGDQGROXJDU
DQXHYDVIRUPDVGHHVFODYLWXGSDUDODVPXMHUHVSRUTXH\DQRVRORGHEHUiQVHUH[
FHOHQWHVPDGUHV\HVSRVDVVLQRDGHPiVH[FHOHQWHVWUDEDMDGRUDV6HPXOWLSOLFDQORV
LPSHUDWLYRVHQOXJDUGHKDFHUGHODH[LVWHQFLDXQDIXHQWHGHVDWLVIDFFLRQHV
3XHGHVRQDUH[WUDxRTXHODVFRQTXLVWDVIHPLQLVWDVHQOXJDUGHDJHQFLDUSRVLFLR
QHVGHDXWRQRPtDHLQGHSHQGHQFLDHQOXJDUGHLPSXOVDUODREWHQFLyQGHVDWLVIDFFLRQHV
\EHQH¿FLRVHQRFDVLRQHVSXHGDQVHUIXHQWHGHDXWRH[LJHQFLDVWDQVHYHUDVFRPR
DQWDxRVHSUHVHQWDEDQODVREOLJDFLRQHVGHVHUPDGUH\HVSRVD6LQHPEDUJRHVWH
KDOOD]JRKDVLGRSRVLEOHJUDFLDVDODHVFXFKDGHPXFKDVPXMHUHV\DODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
UHIHULGDDOLQLFLRGHHVWHDUWtFXOR(VWDGLPHQVLyQSRFRDPDEOHGHFLHUWDVSRVLFLRQHV
TXHDVXPHQDOJXQDVPXMHUHVIUHQWHDORVGHUHFKRV\FRQTXLVWDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDV
UHVXOWDQ LQFRPSUHQVLEOHV VL VH ROYLGD TXH HO VHU KXPDQR QR HVWi H[FOXVLYDPHQWH
JREHUQDGRSRUODUD]yQSRUHOVHQWLGRFRP~QRSRUODDVSLUDFLyQDOELHQ
(OSVLFRDQiOLVLVKDGHVFXELHUWRTXHDTXHOORTXHUHVXOWDPiVH[WUDxRDODUD]yQ
DODFODULGDGTXHSDUHFHFDUDFWHUL]DUODFRQFLHQFLDORPiVDMHQRDQXHVWURVSHQVD
PLHQWRVFRWLGLDQRVSRVHHXQDH¿FDFLDTXHVRORSXHGHFRORFDUVHGHOODGRGHOSRGHU
(VWDVHUtDXQDGHODVYHUVLRQHVGHOSRGHUTXHVLODFRQWUDVWDPRVFRQODVRIUHFLGDV
SRUHOGLFFLRQDULRVHGHEHUtDDUWLFXODUDOGRPLQLR(QODLQWLPLGDGHOVHUKXPDQR
HVGRPLQDGRSRULGHDVIDQWDVtDVGHVHRVDQKHORVTXHDXQUHVXOWDQGRFRQWUDULRVDOD
YHUVLyQFRQVFLHQWHTXHWLHQHGHVtPLVPRHMHUFHQVREUHpOXQGRPLQLRLQGRPHxDEOH
GHVGHODDUJXPHQWDFLyQGHODUD]yQ3DUDGHPRVWUDUOREDVWDFRQDOXGLUDORVHIHFWRV
TXHSXHGHQSURGXFLUORVVXHxRVODVHVFHQDVTXHVHWRPDQHOUHSRVRPLHQWUDVVHGXHU
PH¢&XiQWDVYHFHVODVSURGXFFLRQHVRQtULFDVGHVDWDQVHQWLPLHQWRVGHDEDWLPLHQWR
WULVWH]DRDOHJUtDVHQWLPLHQWRVTXHUHVXOWDUtDQLQH[SOLFDEOHVVLQUHPLWLUORVDGLFKD
HVFHQD\VLQQLQJXQDYLQFXODFLyQFRQODVVLWXDFLRQHVYLYLGDVHQODYLJLOLD"<¢TXp
KD\PiVtQWLPRTXHXQVXHxR"<HVHSURGXFWRWDQSURIXQGDPHQWHtQWLPR\TXHHQ
SRFDVRFDVLRQHVVHQDUUDUtDFRQWRGRGHWDOOHSRUTXHVHJXUDPHQWHFRQWLHQHRUHPLWHD
DVSHFWRVVHQWLPLHQWRVLGHDVRDxRUDQ]DVTXHFDXVDQYHUJHQ]DRKDVWDUHSXJQDQFLD
HVWHSURGXFWRWLHQHHOSRGHUGHLQVWDODUHVWDGRVGHiQLPRTXHUHVXOWDQHQLJPiWLFRVR
LQH[SOLFDEOHVSRUHVWDUH[HQWRVGHXQDFDXVDOLGDGSURYHQLHQWHGHODUHDOLGDG
<HVSRVLEOHLQFOXVRDOXGLUHQHVWHFRQWH[WRDRWURDVSHFWRSURIXQGDPHQWH
tQWLPRTXHHMHUFHXQJRELHUQRVRORHQDSDULHQFLDLQH[SOLFDEOH6HWUDWDSDUWLFXODUPHQWH
GHOPDUWLULRGHULYDGRGHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHKDEHUKHFKRORLQFRUUHFWRVHQWLPLHQWRGH
FXOSDGHOFXDOSRFDVYHFHVVHFRQRFHVXIXHQWHTXHSXHGHVXUJLUGHSHQVDPLHQWRV
LGHDVIXJDFHV\VLQYLQFXODFLyQFRQKHFKRVGHODUHDOLGDG(OVHQWLPLHQWRGHFXOSD
SXHGHGHVDWDUVHDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHIDQWDVtDV\GHVHRV<HVDVIDQWDVtDVGHVHRVR
SHQVDPLHQWRV TXH VH MX]JDQ LQDGHFXDGRV LQPRUDOHV \ SHUYHUVRV SXHGHQ GHVDWDU
/DVPXMHUHVHQWUHHOVDFUL¿FLR\ODQHJRFLDFLyQ
/ 75
VHQWLPLHQWRVGHFXOSDTXHJRELHUQDQGHWDOIRUPDTXHSXHGHQLQFOXVRDOWHUDUODV
UHODFLRQHV FRQ RWURV ORV SURFHVRV GH VXHxR \ GH UHSRVR ORV SUR\HFWRV YLWDOHV \
DPRURVRV¢1RVHWUDWDHQWRQFHVGHXQJRELHUQRPiVH¿FD]LQFOXVRTXHDTXHOTXH
SXHGHHMHUFHUXQRWURH[WHUQR"
/RVHQWUDPDGRVGHOSRGHU\ODVXEMHWLYLGDGQRVRQVHQFLOORV(VEDVWDQWHFy
PRGRVXSRQHUTXHHOSRGHUHVH[WUDxRDOVXMHWRDVXVOyJLFDV\GLQiPLFDVSHUROD
PDQHUDFRPRHOVHUKXPDQRVHFRQGXFHGHPXHVWUDRWUDFRVD
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUi¿FDV
)DOFRQ/LGLDMujer y poder político.9LQGLFDFLyQ)HPLQLVWD0DGULG(VSDxD
)UHXG6LJPXQGMás allá del principio del placer.$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV%XHQRV$LUHV
$UJHQWLQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBMalestar en la cultura.$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBSobre la sexualidad femenina.$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV%XHQRV$LUHV$U
JHQWLQD
BBBBBBBBBBBBNuevas conferencias de introducción al psicoanálisis.$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV
%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
)ODXEHUW*XVWDYHMadame Bovary.ÏSWLPD%DUFHORQD
*DOOR+pFWRU-DUDPLOORÈQJHOD0DUtD5DPtUH]0DULR(ONLQ/ySH]5XEpQ'DUtRFeminidaGHVVDFUL¿FLR\QHJRFLDFLyQHQHOWLHPSRGHORVGHUHFKRV(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD
0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
,EVHQ+HQULNCasa de muñecas./LEUHVDP4XLWR
/D%RpWLHeWLHQQHDiscurso sobre la servidumbre voluntaria.6H[WR3LVR0p[LFR')
/DFDQ-DFTXHVEl seminario: Libro 20. Aún.3DLGyV%XHQRV$LUHV
/DPDV0DUWDFRPSEl género: la construcción cultural de la diferencia sexual.38(*
0p[LFR
6FKQLW]OHU$UWKXULa señorita Elsa./RVDGD%XHQRV$LUHV