Eg^bZgV GZk^hiV AVi^cdVbZg^XVcV YZ A^Wgdh

Anuncio
KDAJB:C&CæB:GD'9>8>:B7G: '%%,$:C:GD '%%-LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB*!%%::#JJ#
EGA
Eg^bZgVGZk^hiVAVi^cdVbZg^XVcVYZA^Wgdh
KVaaZ_dcdZhjcÒa‹hd[d
c^jcX^Zci†ÒXd!h^cd
jcZchVn^hiVa^iZgVg^dfjZ!
VeZaVcYdVaVb{hejgV
igVY^X^‹c_VXdW^cVYZ6b‚g^XV
AVi^cV!Xdck^ZgiZVa^chjaidZc
jcVYZaVhWZaaVhVgiZhÇ#
?dg\ZKdae^hdWgZ
AVejiVYZ7VW^adc^V
:aegdWaZbV
XdcaVhVjidW^d\gV[†Vh
KVc^VBVg`Vg^VchdWgZaVhYZGZ\^h9ZWgVn
nBVg†V:j\Zc^VK{hfjZoEZgYdbd
GdWZgid<dco{aZo:X]ZkVgg†V/
8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY!jcVdak^YVWaZZY^X^‹cXdcbZbdgVi^kV
HZg\^dGVb†gZo/8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZ
?dg\Z8VŠ^oVgZh:h\jZggV/GdbVci^X^hbd]^heVc^hiVZc::#JJ#
?jVcEVWadBZcZhZhZcEViV\dc^VnZa9;
EVWad8]VX‹c/µB{hcVggVi^kVWgVh^aZŠV
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
'EGA
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
8dciZc^Yd
(
GdWZgid<dco{aZo:X]ZkVgg†V 8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY!YZ<VWg^Za<VgX†VB{gfjZo
+
6c†WVa<dco{aZo
Add`^c\;dglVgY/8dbeVgVi^kZEZgheZXi^kZhdc8jWVÉhIgVch^i^dc!YZBVg^[Za^
E‚gZo"HiVWaZZiVa
.
HZg\^dGVb†gZo
=j\d8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZ!YZ8g^hi^cVBVgXVcdn6aWZgid7VggZgVInh`V
&(
KVc^VBVg`Vg^Vc
EgV^hZY7ZDjgAdgYh/I]Z6jidW^d\gVe]n!YZG‚\^h9ZWgVn
BnA^[ZVhV8dadbW^VcGZkdaji^dcVgn/GZ[aZXi^dchd[V;dgbZg<jZgg^aaZgV!YZ
BVg†V:j\Zc^VK{ofjZoEZgYdbd
&*
8Vgadh6\j^ggZ
<jZggVneVoZcZah^\adMM>!YZ:g^X=dWhWVlb
&-
?dg\ZKdae^
I]Z<dY9Zajh^dc!YZG^X]VgY9Vl`^ch
7gZV`^c\i]ZHeZaa#GZa^\^dcVhVCVijgVaE]ZcdbZcdc!YZ9Vc^Za9ZccZii
<dY^hCdi<gZVi!YZ8]g^hide]Zg=^iX]Zch
I]ZEdgiVWaZ6i]Z^hi!YZ8]g^hide]Zg=^iX]ZchZY#
Dc<dY#6cJcXdbbdc8dckZghVi^dc!YZCdgbVcBV^aZgXdcB^X]VZaAZccdc
AVejiVYZ7VW^adc^V!YZ;ZgcVcYdKVaaZ_d
''
GdWZgidIdggZii^
>bbVcjZa@Vci/K^\ZcX^VYZaV[^adhd[†VXg†i^XV!YZ;Za^eZ8VhiVŠZYV!K^XZciZ9j"
g{cnAj^h:YjVgYd=dndhZYh#
I]Z8VbWg^Y\Z8dbeVc^dcid@VciVcYBdYZgcE]^adhde]n!YZEVja<jnZgZY#
:hXg^idh`Vci^Vcdh/:cidgcdV@Vci!hjdWgVZ^c[ajZcX^V!YZ9Vk^YHdWgZk^aaV
8g†i^XVYZaVgVo‹ceg{Xi^XV!YZ>bbVcjZa@Vci
DWhZgkVX^dcZhhdWgZZahZci^b^ZcidYZadWZaadnadhjWa^bZ!YZ>bbVcjZa@Vci
'*
?jVcEVWadBZcZhZh
;VahVXVabV!YZBVg†VHdc^V8g^hid[[
'+
EVWad8]VX‹c
IZgg^WaZbZciZ[Za^XZh#CjZkVcVggVi^kVWgVh^aZŠV!YZ8g^hi^VcYZC{eda^ZY#
',
?dg\Z8VŠ^oVgZh:h\jZggV
KZcXdcb^\dVaV:heVŠVaZ_VcV/Adh^ciZaZXijVaZhcdgiZVbZg^XVcdhVciZZabjcYd
]^heVcd!YZ>k{c?V`h^XŸ
HeV^c^c6bZg^XV#I]ZDg^\^chd[=^heVc^hb^ci]ZJc^iZYHiViZh!YZG^X]VgY@V"
\VcZY#
'.
:YjVgYdEdhVYV8VgW‹
HdkZgZ^\cinVcYGZkdaji^dc^ci]Z>WZg^Vc6iaVci^X!YZ?ZgZbn6YZabVc
GZegZhZciVX^‹cZ^cYZeZcYZcX^V!&-&%"&-&+!YZ<j^aaZgbdHdhV6WZaaV
:aeg^bZga^WZgVa^hbdZheVŠdanadhegdXZhdhYZZbVcX^eVX^‹cYZ6b‚g^XV!&-%-"
&-')#JcVgZk^h^‹c]^hidg^d\g{ÒXVYZaa^WZgVa^hbd]^he{c^Xd!YZGdWZgid7gZŠV
6jidgZh
1O`Z]a/UcW``SZhegd[ZhdgZcaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZDgZ\dc#:h
VjidgYZI]Z8g^b^cVahd[A^bVVcYi]Z^gLdgaYh!nYZ7gZkZ]^hid"
g^VYZaVZhXaVk^ijYZcZaEZg#JcV]Zg^YVfjZcdYZ_VYZhVc\gVg#
8]`US1OƒWhO`Sa3aUcS``OZchZŠV]^hidg^VZcaVJc^kZg"
h^YVYYZIZmVh!Zc6jhi^c#Hjai^bda^WgdZhEjg^iVc8dcfj^h"
iVYdgh/>WZg^Vc^o^c\i]Z6iaVci^X!&**%"&,%%#
>OPZ]1VOQ„\egVXi^XVZaeZg^dY^hbdYZhYZ7jZcdh6^gZh#
:hVjidgYZ=^hidg^Vjc^kZghVaYZa^chdbc^d#
/\POZ5]\htZShZhegd[ZhdgZcZaegd\gVbVYZZheVŠda
nedgij\j‚hYZaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZNVaZ#Hjai^bda^WgdZh6
8dbeVc^dcidHeVc^h]6bZg^XVcBdYZgc^hbdIVbZh^h#
@]PS`b]5]\htZSh3QVSdO``OZhegd[ZhdgYZa^iZgVijgVh
]^he{c^XVhnXdbeVgVYVZcNVaZ#HjAdkZVcYi]ZAVl^c8Zg"
kVciZhadejWa^XVg{<gZYdhZcigVYjXX^‹cZaVŠdfjZk^ZcZ!n
egdcidhVaYg{ZcKZgWjbhj8VgiVhYZ8VgeZci^Zg#
DO\WO;O`YO`WO\ZhVjidgVYZ>YdhngZX^‚caaZ\VYdh/aV^o"
fj^ZgYVjgj\jVnVZcZaZm^a^dnaVhgZYZhigVchcVX^dcVaZhYZYZ"
gZX]dh]jbVcdh#
8cO\>OPZ];S\SaSaZhXg^WZXg‹c^XVhYZk^V_Z#HjhgZaVidh
]VcVeVgZX^YdZcCVi^dcVa<Zd\gVe]^XnhZ]VcigVYjX^YdV
kVg^dh^Y^dbVh#
3RcO`R]>]aORO1O`P„ Zh^ckZhi^\VYdgVhdX^VYdYZa
8ZcigdYZ:hijY^dhAVi^cdVbZg^XVcdhYZaHi#6cidcnÉh8d"
aaZ\ZZcaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZDm[dgY#
AS`UW]@O[`ShZhVjidg!ZcigZadb{hgZX^ZciZ!YZHZŠdgYZ
adhIg^hiZhnIVbWdgdak^YVYd#
@]PS`b]B]``SbbWZchZŠV[^adhd[†VZcaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZ8]^"
aZ#:hVjidg!Xdc8VgaV8dgYjV!YZKVg^ZYVYZcaVgVo‹c/ZchVndh
hdWgZ@Vci#
8]`USD]Z^W\Vc‹ZaEgZb^dHZ^m7VggVaYZCdkZaVXdc:c
WjhXVYZ@a^c\hdg&...#9Z‚ahdciVbW^‚caVhcdkZaVh:a
[^cYZaVadXjgV!:a_jZ\dYZaVedXVa^eh^hnCdhZg{aVi^ZggV#
Editor: Fernando Gubbins. Editores asociados: Luisa Angrisani, Antonio Espinoza. Asistente de edición: Francisco Ángeles. Corrección: Anahí Barrionuevo. Editor gráfico: Augusto Nieves. Comercialización y ventas: Arturo Conde. Asistente de publicidad:
Justine Thurman. Practicante: Elsa Cárcamo. Foto portada: Verso Books
PRL – Primera Revista Latinoamericana de Libros. Diciembre 2007, enero 2008, volumen 1, número 2. Una publicación bimestral
de Mido Editores Inc., 474 Central Park West, New York, NY 10025, 1(212) 864-4280.
Copyright © 2007. Derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida sin permiso expreso de Mido
Editores.
identity, memory, and diaspora
voices of cuban-american
artists, writers, and philosophers
jorge j. e. gracia,
lynette m. f. bosch, and
isabel alvarez borland, editors
Offers a detailed picture of the
lives of Cuban Americans through
interviews with artists, writers,
and philosophers.
$70.00 hc/978-0-7914-7317-7
available 2/08
cuba
idea of a nation diplaced
andrea o’reilly herrera, editor
Internationally renowned scholars
address the Cuban diaspora from
multiple perspectives and locations.
$85.00 hc/978-0-7914-7199-9
new
from
suny
press
global fragments
globalizations, latinamericanisms,
and critical theory
eduardo mendieta
Philosophical explorations of the
processes of globalization, particularly
in the context of Latin America.
$70.00 hc/978-0-7914-7257-6
the ravine
nivaria tejera
translated and with an afterword by
carol maier
Fictional narrative of a young girl’s
experiences at the beginning of the
Spanish Civil War.
$14.95 pb/978-0-7914-7292-7
available 1/08
order from your
local bookstore or visit
www.sunypress.edu
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
EGA(
8jVgZciVVŠdhYZhej‚h
GdWZgid<dco{aZo:X]ZkVgg†V
8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY
YZ<VWg^Za<VgX†VB{gfjZo#IZmid
gZk^hVYdedgZaVjidgeVgVZhiVZY^X^‹c#
:Y^X^‹c8dcbZbdgVi^kV
GZVa6XVYZb^V:heVŠdaV!6hdX^VX^‹c
YZ6XVYZb^VhYZaVAZc\jV:heVŠdaV!
'%%,!,*+ee#!JH&%!-*
A
VaZ†ZcXjVcidhVa^‹ejWa^XVYV!Zc
&.+,! ‚edXV Zc fjZ XjghVWV b^h
ZhijY^dh YZ YdXidgVYd Zc NVaZ!
nbZYZhajbWg‹#8dbdaZeVh‹V
bjX]dh![jZjca^WgdfjZbZbVgX‹YZedg
k^YV n ijkd jc ^beVXid YZiZgb^cVciZ Zc
b^XVggZgVXdbdegd[ZhdgnXg†i^Xd0aVa^iZ"
gVijgVaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVhZg†ViVbW^‚cjcV
YZb^hZheZX^Va^YVYZh#;jZjcVZmeZg^Zc"
X^VZhi‚i^XVidiVa!aVhZchVX^‹cYZaZZgVa\d
eZg[ZXid!VadfjZcdaZhdWgVWVc^[VaiVWV
jceZghdcV_Z!jcZe^hdY^d!jcVeVaVWgV!YZ
jcVXVWVYdb{hY^\cdYZjcXjZcidfjZ
YZjcVcdkZaVYZ(*&e{\^cVh#:hV^begZ"
h^‹caViZcYg†VcdigdhÄhZ]VWa‹YZaVÆcd"
kZaV idiVaÇÄ! eZgd V b† iVbW^‚c bZ aaZk‹
V[dgbjaVgaViZdg†VYZaVgX]^kd!YZaiZmid
fjZ ad Xdci^ZcZ idYd/ idYV aV a^iZgVijgV n
idYVaV]^hidg^VaVi^cdVbZg^XVcV!^cXajh^kZ
aVhgZ\aVhedgaVhfjZ‚hiVhhZXdbW^cVcn
Xdc_j\Vc! n hj gZaVX^‹c b^b‚i^XV Xdc adh
Y^hXjghdh ]Z\Zb‹c^Xdh YZa bdbZcid Zc
fjZhjg\Z#:agZhjaiVYd[jZb^a^WgdBni]
VcY6gX]^kZ/6I]Zdgnd[AVi^c6bZg^XVCV"
ggVi^kZ! fjZ ejWa^X‹ 8VbWg^Y\Z Zc &..%
ZY^X^‹cZcZheVŠdaYZa;dcYdYZ8jaijgV
:Xdc‹b^XVYZ'%%%!digVedghVa^g#
8^Zc VŠdh YZ hdaZYVY! jc eg^hbV fjZ gZ"
[gVXiV idYdh Zhdh iZmidh ]^hi‹g^Xdh n a^"
iZgVg^dh VciZg^dgZh! hZ gZ[aZ_V V h† b^hbd
VYZb{hZcZaegdXZhdYZ]VXZgad#AVcdkZaV
Xdci^ZcZ Zc hj eg^bZg XVe†ijad jcV ^bV"
\Zc YZ ZhZ eg^hbV Zc Za WadfjZ YZ ]^Zad
fjZZa[jijgd8dgdcZa6jgZa^Vcd7jZcY†V
kZ Vi‹c^id Zc aV XVgeV YZ adh \^iVcdh V aV
fjZhjeVYgZadaaZkV/Æ6ahZgYZhiVeVYdedg
Za\^\VciZ!ZaXd[gZYZ_‹ZhXVeVgjcVa^Zc"
id \aVX^Va# 9Zcigd h‹ad ]VW†V jc ZcdgbZ
WadfjZigVcheVgZciZ!Xdc^c[^c^iVhV\j_Vh
^ciZgcVh Zc aVh XjVaZh hZ YZheZYVoVWV Zc
ZhigZaaVhYZXdadgZhaVXaVg^YVYYZaXgZeh"
XjadÇ',!X^idedgaVZY^X^‹cfjZXdbZcid
Vfj†# :hV ZhigjXijgV W^hZaVYV! igVchaX^"
YV!VigVkZhVYVedggVndhYZajofjZgZkZaVc
hj bdciV_Z ^ciZg^dg! cd edg igVcheVgZciZ
bZcdhh‹a^YVdYZ[^c^YVedgeaVcdhg^\j"
gdhdh! Zh Xdbd Za bjcYd [^Xi^X^d XgZVYd
edg <VgX†V B{gfjZo Zc hj cdkZaV Äh^bj"
aVYd!Z[†bZgd!eZgdbVX^odZchjXdchi^ij"
X^‹c#6akZgZaWadfjZYZ]^Zad!?dh‚6gXV"
Y^d 7jZcY†V ÆhZ VigZk^‹ V bjgbjgVg Ä:h
ZaY^VbVciZb{h\gVcYZYZabjcYdÇ',#
Nd!VaiZgb^cVgYZaZZgaVcdkZaV!iVbW^‚c
eZch‚ Zc jc ZcdgbZ Y^VbVciZ! Yjgd! kV"
9ZW^‹i^ijaVgaVBVXdcYd#;DID/H6CI>AA6C6:9>8>DC:H<:C:G6A:H
a^dh†h^bd!XVh^XVgZciZYZ[jcX^‹ceg{Xi^XV
nWZaad]VhiVZaYZhXVgd#
AdfjZbZidX‹egZhZcX^VgZcaVheg‹m^"
bVh Y‚XVYVh [jZ aV ^chiVjgVX^‹c YZ jc
Xa{h^Xd# AV Zhea‚cY^YV igVYjXX^‹c ^c\aZhV
YZ<gZ\dgnGVWVhhV\Vc‹jcegZb^d!8^Zc
VŠdhYZhdaZYVYZbeZo‹VaZZghZZcXjghdh
jc^kZgh^iVg^dh! cd nV YZ a^iZgVijgV h^cd YZ
eda†i^XVnhdX^dad\†V!nhj^c[ajZcX^V[jZgZ"
XdcdX^YV]VhiVZcaV8]^cV#:c&.-'!<Vg"
X†VB{gfjZo[jZZahZ\jcYdcdkZa^hiVaVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcd Zc gZX^W^g Za EgZb^d CdWZa
ÄZa eg^bZgd! B^\jZa Ûc\Za 6hijg^Vh cd
igVhXZcY^‹Za{bW^idYZaVaZc\jVZheVŠdaV#
:c NVaZ! YdcYZ hZ\j†V! V]dgV YZ egd[Zhdg!
XdbeVgi†Vb^hZcijh^VhbdhXdc:b^gGd"
Yg†\jZo BdcZ\Va! fjZ ]VW†V Xdcig^Wj^Yd
Va aVcoVb^Zcid YZ aV cdkZaV Vci^X^eVcYd
[gV\bZcidhZcBjcYdCjZkd!aV^c[ajnZciZ
gZk^hiVfjZY^g^\^‹ZcEVg†hVbZY^VYdhYZ
aVY‚XVYVYZ&.+%!nXjndZchVndÆCdkZYVY
nVcVXgdc^hbdYZ8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVYÇ!Y^d
XdcjcVYZaVhXaVkZhYZaVcdkZaVÄhjVeV"
gZciZYZhY‚cedgadhZmeZg^bZcidhcVggVi^"
kdhYZaVhkVc\jVgY^Vh#8dcXdb^iVciZXdc
ZaiVgY†dgZXdcdX^b^Zcid^ciZgcVX^dcVaYZ
7dg\Zh! <VgX†V B{gfjZo ]VW†V ejZhid aV
a^iZgVijgVaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVZcZa[dXdYZaV
ViZcX^‹c^ciZgcVX^dcVa#
EVgVjcZhijY^dhdYZaVa^iZgVijgV!eVgiZ
YZ aV hdgegZhV n bjX]V YZ aV VYb^gVX^‹c
egdkZc†V YZ X‹bd <VgX†V B{gfjZo ]VW†V
Vh^b^aVYd hjh [jZciZh# :hiVh hdc k^h^WaZh!
X^iVYVh!VajY^YVh!^cXdgedgVYVhh^cbVndg
gZXVid c^ gZheZid# :hiVh ZgVc/ 7dg\Zh Xdc
hjhVgY^YZha^iZgVg^dhnaVWZg^cidh08VgeZc"
i^Zg! Xdc hj igVchbjiVX^‹c YZ aV ]^hidg^V
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVZc[^XX^‹c!nadfjZk^cdV
aaVbVghZZaÆgZVa^hbdb{\^XdÇ0Gja[d!Xdc
hj8dbVaV!ejZWadYZ[VciVhbVhadXjVXZh0
8ZgkVciZh!YZhYZajZ\d!Xdchj^gdc†Vn_jZ"
\dhVjidg^VaZh0CZgjYV!Xdchj8Vcid\ZcZ"
gVa!VWVgXVYdgV‚e^XVXdci^cZciVa0DXiVk^d
EVonhjh^YZVhhdWgZZaVbdgnaVeh^Xdad"
\†VYZaVhdaZYVY0;Vja`cZg!Xdchj[ViVa^h"
bd gjgVa0 eZgd V igVk‚h YZ idYdh Zaadh aV
igVY^X^‹c dXX^YZciVa ZciZgV! eVhVcYd edg
9VciZ n aaZ\VcYd V =dbZgd n bjn ZheZ"
X^VabZciZVaV7^Wa^VnaVigV\ZY^V\g^Z\V#
IVbW^‚chZcdiVWVaV^c[ajZcX^VYZaVa^iZ"
gVijgV\c‹hi^XVnZadXjai^hbdegd[‚i^XdYZ
CdhigVYVbjhnhjhbjX]dhhZ\j^YdgZh!aV
Vafj^b^V! n jc YZchd VXZgkd YZ igVY^X^d"
cZh n XgZZcX^Vh edejaVgZh XdadbW^VcVh!
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVhnZcai^bV^chiVcX^VZh"
eVŠdaVhÄXdciZbedg{cZVh!k^\ZciZh!eZgd
XdcjcZheZhdg]^hi‹g^XdfjZhZgZbdciVV
aV8dcfj^hiVnedgV]†VaV:YVYBZY^V#Ad
fjZZhb{h!edgk†VYZadV[g^XVcdnad^c"
Y†\ZcV!<VgX†VB{gfjZo^cXdgedgVidYdZa
iZhdgdYZb^idhnXgZZcX^VhZcadhdg†\ZcZh
b^hbdhYZad]jbVcd#
:hiVkZgi^ZciZb†i^XVYZ8^ZcVŠdhYZhd"
aZYVY cd dWZYZXZ h‹ad V aV ^cbZgh^‹c Zh"
edci{cZV d ^c\ZcjV YZ <VgX†V B{gfjZo
Zc adh [jcYVbZcidh YZ ad cVggVi^kd! h^cd
iVbW^‚cVjc]ZX]d[{X^abZciZdak^YVWaZ
]dn/fjZ8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVYhZZhXg^WZn
ejWa^XV XdcXdb^iVciZbZciZ Xdc Za Vj\Z
YZa ZhigjXijgVa^hbd fjZ Zc aV Y‚XVYV YZ
&.+%hZbVc^[Zhi‹XdcZaYZhXjWg^b^Zcid
nedejaVg^YVYYZaVdWgVYZaVcigde‹ad\d
8aVjYZA‚k^"HigVjhh#GZXdgYZbdhaV[ZX]Vh
YZejWa^XVX^‹cYZadha^Wgdheg^cX^eVaZhYZa
\gVciZ‹g^XdYZab^id/6ci]gdedad\^ZhigjX"
ijgVaZ&.*-!AVeZch‚ZhVjkV\Z&.+'!AZ
idi‚b^hbZ Vj_djgYÉ]j^ &.+'! Bni]dad\^"
fjZh>/aZXgjZiaZXj^i&.+)!Bni]dad\^fjZh
>>/Yjb^ZaVjmXZcYgZh&.++!Bni]dad\^fjZh
>>>/aÉdg^\^cZYZhbVc^ƒgZhYZiVWaZ&.+-!n
jcdVciZg^dg!eZgdfjZ[jZgZZY^iVYdZcaV
Y‚XVYV! Ig^hiZh igde^fjZh &.**! a^Wgd fjZ
6aZ_d8VgeZci^ZggZhZŠ‹nfjZi^ZcZ\gVc"
YZh eVgVaZa^hbdh Xdc hj cdkZaV Adh eVhdh
eZgY^Ydh&.*(#Cddak^YZbdhiVbedXdZa
eZcZigVciZ ZchVnd YZ DXiVk^d EVo! 8aVj"
YZ A‚k^"HigVjhh d Za cjZkd [Zhi†c YZ :hded
&.+-! fjZ VXa^bVi‹ Za eZchVb^Zcid YZa
Vcigde‹ad\dVaVa^iZgVijgV![VX^a^i{cYdcdh
VadhZhijY^VciZhnXg†i^XdhZaVXXZhdVjcV
dWgVfjZegdbZi†VgZkZaVgcdhadhhZXgZidh
YZ idYdh adh h^hiZbVh h^bW‹a^Xdh! ^cXaj"
h^kZ Za ed‚i^Xd# AV Vajh^‹c YZ EVo Va \gVc
[VWja^hiV \g^Z\d hZ Zmea^XV edgfjZ! YZhYZ
aV a^iZgVijgV! ad fjZ b{h ^ciZgZh‹ YZa Zh"
igjXijgVa^hbd [jZ hj XdcXZeid YZa b^id!
YZ aV ZhigjXijgV YZa gZaVid# :c i‚gb^cdh
b{h Vbea^dh n hZYjXidgZh! [jZ aV ^YZV YZ
aV XjaijgV Xdbd jcV kVhiV XdbW^cVidg^V
Xd]ZgZciZ!XdbeaZiV!YZh^\cdhZcigZbZo"
XaVYdhgZaVi^kdhVVXi^k^YVYZhiVcY^kZghVh
XdbdaVXdX^cV!adhi‹iZbh!aVhXdhijbWgZh
bVig^bdc^VaZh n Za aZc\jV_Z! ad fjZ Zhi^"
bja‹ aV XgZVX^‹c YZa bjcYd bVXdcY^cd#
:hiZ Zh Xdbd jcV ZcdgbZ Zh[ZgV Vgb^aVg
ZcfjZhZXdbW^cVc!XdbdeaVcZiVhdWa^"
\VYdh V hjh hZkZgVh ‹gW^iVh! cdbWgZh! eV"
g^ZciZh! VXdciZX^b^Zcidh! bjZgiZh! idYdh
^bVciVYdh edg Za iZggdg n Za VigVXi^kd YZa
^cXZhid!ZhVhZciZcX^VZY†e^XVfjZcdejZ"
YZh^cdgZb^i^gVA‚k^"HigVjhhnhjhj_ZX^‹c
YZidYdad]jbVcdZcZhVeg^bdgY^Vaegd"
]^W^X^‹cfjZg^\ZZaYZhZdeVgVdg\Vc^oVg
adhXaVcZh!nfjZZhVc{ad\VVaVY^[ZgZcX^V
fjZ]VXZh^\c^[^XVi^kdhVadhhdc^YdhegZX^"
hVbZciZedgZaXdcigVhiZfjZadhXdck^ZgiZ
Zc[dcZbVh#AVhdgegZcYZciZWZaaZoVYZaV
b^cjX^dhVVgbdc†VYZaVcdkZaVYZ<VgX†V
B{gfjZo gZ[aZ_V ZhZ eVgZciZhXd ÄkVa\V aV
eVaVWgVÄXdcaVdWgVYZA‚k^"HigVjhh#
6ZhidhZVŠVYZZaZ[ZXidYZ7dg\Zhn8Zg"
kVciZh! fjZ hZ cdiV Zc adh bVaVWVg^hbdh
XdcbVcjhXg^idhn[^\jgVhYZaVjidg!fjZgZ"
kZaVcaVhaZnZhYZab^id!dZab^idYZab^id#
:hYZX^g!Zab^idYZaVZhXg^ijgV!edgfjZcd
hZigViVYZjcgZaViddgVa!h^cdYZjcdfjZ
YZeZcYZYZaVeg{Xi^XVYZaVZhXg^ijgV#:hZ
b^idhZg{!ZcZ[ZXid!hjb^c^higVYdedgaVaZn!
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
)EGA
edgZaYZgZX]d!ZcZadg^\ZcYZaV]^hidg^Vn
YZ aV cVggVi^kV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVh ÄXdcXgZ"
iVbZciZZaYZgZX]d^cY^Vcd!naVegZhZcX^V
VWgjbVYdgVYZadaZ\Va!bjnZcZheZX^Vahj
gZi‹g^XV!ZcadhY^hXjghdhfjZhjg\ZcXdcZa
CjZkdBjcYd#EdgZhdZagZaVideg^bdgY^Va
YZ8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVYZhZaYZaV[jcYVX^‹c
YZaVX^jYVY!ZaVXid_jg†Y^XdedgZmXZaZcX^V
bZY^VciZZaXjVaZa^beZg^dZheVŠda[jcY‹
adfjZkZcYg†VVhZg6b‚g^XVAVi^cV!egdXZ"
hd fjZ VeVgZXZ Zc hj idiVa^YVY Xdbd jcV
kVhiV VaZ\dg†V Zc aV ]^hidg^V YZ BVXdcYd#
9Z V]† adh Y^aViVYdh bVcjhXg^idh YZ BZa"
fj†VYZh! fjZ egd[Zi^oVc idYV aV cVggVi^kV!
hj\^g^ZcYdVh†!Xdc\ZhidWdg\ZVcd!fjZaV
ZhXg^ijgVegZXZYZVaVgZVa^YVY#
9ZhYZ jc ejcid YZ k^hiV Zhig^XiVbZciZ
a^iZgVg^d!aVk^gijYeg^cX^eVaYZ8^ZcVŠdhYZ
hdaZYVYZhaVXd^cX^YZcX^VYZ[dgbVn[dcYd!
eVgVedcZgadZcadhi‚gb^cdhb{higVY^X^d"
cVaZhedh^WaZhÄnaVdWgVYZ<VgX†VB{gfjZo
hZ g^\Z edg gZ\aVh n XdhijbWgZh a^iZgVg^Vh
bjnigVY^X^dcVaZh#EdgZ_Zbead!aVnVX‚aZWgZ
eg^bZgVdgVX^‹cYZaVcdkZaV!fjZiVcidhed"
YZbdh gZX^iVg YZ bZbdg^V! gZoV/ ÆBjX]dh
VŠdh YZhej‚h! [gZciZ Va eZadi‹c YZ [jh^aV"
b^Zcid!ZaXdgdcZa6jgZa^Vcd7jZcY†V]VW†V
YZgZXdgYVgVfjZaaViVgYZgZbdiVZcfjZhj
eVYgZadaaZk‹VXdcdXZgZa]^ZadÇ.#<VgX†V
B{gfjZo edYg†V ]VWZg jhVYd Za XdcY^X^d"
cVah^beaZ!fjZhZXgZ‹edgV\aji^cVX^‹cYZa
^c[^c^i^kdgZXdgYVgZ"]†V!YZ]VWZg!fjZYV
gZXdgYVg†V/ ÆZa XdgdcZa 6jgZa^Vcd 7jZcY†V
gZXdgYVg†V VfjZaaV iVgYZ gZbdiV###Ç# EZgd
jh‹!ZckZo!aVXdc_j\VX^‹ceZg^[g{hi^XVdYZ
dWa^\VX^‹cÆ]VW†VYZgZXdgYVgÇ#whiV!YZhYZ
ajZ\d!edghje{i^cVVgXV^XV!aZYVjcidcd
b{h hdaZbcZ V aV dgVX^‹c0 Zh jc \^gd b{h
dgVidg^d! b{h Y^\cd YZ cVggVg jc VXid YZ
igVhXZcYZciVa^bedgiVcX^V!XdbdadZh‚hiZ
ZcaVbZbdg^VYZaXdgdcZa0VadfjZ]VnfjZ
VŠVY^gfjZZhaVdgVX^‹cfjZVWgZaVcdkZaV#
AV Xdc_j\VX^‹c eZg^[g{hi^XV i^ZcZ Vfj† jcV
[jcX^‹cgZi‹g^XV#EZgd]Vnb{h#6aY^k^Y^ghZ
ZcYdhÄ]VW†VYZngZXdgYVgÄZai^ZbedkZg"
WVa YgVbVi^oV aV egZhZcX^V h^bjai{cZV YZ
ZhdhYdhbdbZcidhhZeVgVYdhZcZai^Zbed
eZgdXdci^\jdhZcaVbZciZYZaXdgdcZa/hj
egZhZcX^V VciZ Za eZadi‹c n Za gZXjZgYd YZ
aViVgYZZcfjZhjeVYgZadaaZk‹VXdcdXZg
Za]^Zad#EdYg†V]VhiVVg\“^ghZfjZZhVeg^"
bZgVdgVX^‹cXdci^ZcZnVidYVaVZhigjXijgV
iZbedgVaYZaVcdkZaV#8dbd‚hiV]Vnbj"
X]Vh [^a^\gVcVh a^iZgVg^Vh b{h Zc 8^Zc VŠdh
YZhdaZYVY!iZmidfjZgZh^hiZn]VhiVhj[gZ
V^gdhdXjVafj^Zgi^edYZVegdm^bVX^‹cXg†"
i^XV!^cXajh^kZaVb{hgVcX^Vn[^ada‹\^XV#whiV
ZhXjVa^YVYh‹adYZadhkZgYVYZgdhXa{h^Xdh!n
ZhiVcdkZaVh^cYjYVadZh#
:c Za ZmigVc_Zgd! n bZ YV aV ^begZh^‹c
fjZ hdWgZ idYd Zc Za bjcYd YZ ]VWaV ^c"
\aZhV!8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY]VaaZ\VYdVhZg
XdcdX^YV Xdbd Za b{h eZg[ZXid n i†e^Xd
Z_ZbeadYZaÆgZVa^hbdb{\^XdÇ!bdk^b^Zc"
iddiZcYZcX^VVaVfjZhZVhdX^VXVh^idYV
aV cVggVi^kV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV Zc :hiVYdh
Jc^Ydh# :h jcV de^c^‹c VednVYV Zc aV ^\"
cdgVcX^V! edgfjZ Zh eViZciZ fjZ cd idYV!
c^ h^fj^ZgV aV bVndg eVgiZ YZ aV cVggVi^kV
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVegVXi^XVadfjZhZXdcdXZ
edgÆgZVa^hbdb{\^XdÇ#CdhZejZYZcZ\Vg!
edg hjejZhid! fjZ hZ cVggVc hjXZhdh Zc aV
cdkZaVfjZejZYZckZghZZcgZaVX^‹cXdcaV
iZdg†Vneg{Xi^XVYZadfjZ8VgeZci^ZgYZcd"
b^c‹ZcZa[Vbdhdeg‹ad\dV:agZ^cdYZZhiZ
hdh! YZ egdcid bZ ZcXjZcigd gdYZVYd YZ
ÆWdiZgdh#Ç8VgbZcA‹eZo!aVgZX^ZciZbZciZ
[VaaZX^YV bVYgZ YZ b^ Vb^\d n XdbeVYgZ
?dh‚6#8VWgVcZh!Za\gVc_jg^hiVejZgidgg^"
fjZŠdn_jZoYZY^hig^id!XdciVWVh^ceZhiV"
ŠZVgaVh^\j^ZciZ]^hidg^V#9Z_dkZc!ZcEjciV
YZHVci^V\dEaVnVYZ=jbVXVd!hjejZWad!
ZaaV^WVVk^h^iVgVaVh]ZgbVcVh8djgi!jcVh
bdgZcVhbjnbVndgZhÆnVZgVck^Z_VhXjVc"
YdndZgVc^ŠVÇ!YZÆaVh^haVh!ÇZhYZX^g!YZaVh
>haVhK†g\ZcZh#8dcZaaVhY^h[gjiVWVYZea{i^"
XVhZhe^g^ijVaZh!edgfjZZgVcbjngZa^\^dhVh#
JcY†V!XVb^cVcYdYZkjZaiVVhjXVhV!YdŠV
8VgbZc k^d Va YZbdc^d# Cd ]VW†V aj\Vg V
YjYVhYZfj^‚cZgVZaeZghdcV_Z#6aVVaijgV
YZ hjh ZcidcXZh cdkZciV VŠdh! aV hZŠdgV ad
XdciVWVXdcaVXZgi^YjbWgZYZVa\dfjZcd
VYb^i†VXjZhi^‹cedh^WaZ#Digd\gVcVb^\d
b†d ejZgidgg^fjZŠd! Za V]dgV _jW^aVYd n
Y^hi^c\j^Ydegd[Zhdg6gijgd:X]VkVgg†V;Z"
ggVg^!bZXdciVWVfjZ!VaVbVŠVcVh^\j^Zc"
iZYZjc]jgVX{cfjZVodi‹EjZgidG^Xd!hZ
YZhXjWg^‹fjZZaXZbZciZg^dYZ6\jVY^aaV!
eg‹m^bdVabVg!]VW†Vh^YdVggVhVYdnfjZ
XVY{kZgZhnViVYZh[adiVWVccdaZ_dhYZaV
eaVnV#Adh[Vb^a^VgZhYZadhbjZgidhWdnVc"
iZhaZheV\VgdcVeZhXVYdgZhfjZ!YZhYZhjh
aVcX]VhnVgbVYdhYZkVgVhXdc\VcX]dhZc
aVejciV!gZhXViVgdcVidYdhadhfjZejY^Z"
gdc#6a^chiVciZXd^cX^Y^bdhfjZhZigViVWV
YZ jcV ^bV\Zc Y^\cV YZ <VgX†V B{gfjZo#
B^ZcigVhfjZadhaZXidgZhYZdigVhaZc\jVhn
XjaijgVhaZ\†i^bVbZciZ\doVcYZhZbZ_Vc"
iZhgZaVidhedghjkVadgZm‹i^Xd!adhaVi^cdV"
bZg^XVcdh hVWZbdh fjZ <VgX†V B{gfjZo
]VXVaVYd]dcYdZccjZhigVXjaijgVVidYd
c^kZa Ä]VhiV ]VXZ edXd ]VW†V hZ^h GdWZgid
<dco{aZok^kdhZcb^[Vb^a^V#
6a aaZ\Vg V ZhiZ ejcid cd ejZYd bZcdh
fjZgZXdgYVgZa]ZgbdhdZchVndYZBVgi†
hdWgZLVaiL]^ibVc!jcdYZadhb{hWg^"
aaVciZh Z_Zbeadh YZ Xg†i^XV a^iZgVg^V aVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcV!YdcYZhdhi^ZcZfjZaVedZh†V
YZa\gVckViZYZBVc]ViiVcZgVjcVXdchj
cVX^‹c#Nad]V\dedgfjZ!XdcZaeVhVgYZa
i^ZbednZakZgi^\^cdhd\^gVgYZai^dk^kdYZ
aVhbdYVhXg†i^XVh!adhkVadgZhZhi‚i^XdhYZ
8^Zc VŠdh YZ hdaZYVY Zhi{c h^ZcYd bZcdh"
egZX^VYdhedgadhegdedcZciZhYZadhbVa
aaVbVYdhÆZhijY^dhXjaijgVaZhÇfjZcdhdc
c^ jcV XdhV c^ aV digV# HZ igViV YZ jc [Z"
c‹bZcd XVh^ ZmXajh^kVbZciZ cdgiZVbZg^"
XVcd!YZafjZeVgi^X^eVccdgiZVbZg^XVcdh
naVi^cdVbZg^XVcdhVbZg^XVc^oVYdhfjZ!V
b^bdYdYZkZg!eVgi^ZcYdYZjcejg^iV"
c^hbd bjn YZa cdgiZ! hZ VkZg\“ZcoVc YZ
ZmeZg^bZciVg eaVXZg Zhi‚i^Xd adh edXdh
fjZhdcXVeVXZh#AVWVhZ^YZda‹\^XVZhjc
bVgm^hbdYZeVXdi^aaV!naVeg{Xi^XVhZXgZZ
VXi^k^hbd eda†i^Xd! eZgd hZ igViV Zc gZVa^"
YVYYZjc^YZVa^hbdgVbea‹cfjZhZfjZ"
YVZcjcYZhbZcjoVb^ZcidZhXda{hi^XdYZ
adh egdaZ\‹bZcdh! h^c aaZ\Vg _Vb{h Va hj"
ejZhiddW_ZidYZZhijY^d#HZaZZcnXdbZc"
iVcjcdhVdigdhZcXVXd[‹c^XVheVggV[VYVh
YZehZjYd[^adhd[†VÄfjZaaVbVcÆi]ZdgnÇÄ!
kVadgVYVb{hfjZaVa^iZgVijgVb^hbVfjZ!
edghjZgiZeVgV‚hiV!gVgVkZoidXVc#6a\j"
cdh hZ eZgb^iZc Zb^i^g hVcYZXZh Xdbd aV
dh\gVcYZhVgi^hiVhbVgXVcaVgZVa^" YZYZX^gfjZÆZhi{cZcXdcigVYZaVa^iZgV"
YVYYZ[dgbViVafjZ]VneZghdcVh ijgV!Ç fjZ Zh jcV ÆXdchigjXX^‹cÇ! YZhYZ
nVXdciZX^b^ZcidhfjZeVgZXZceZg" ajZ\ddigVkZoZa^YZVa^hbd#6aÆY^{ad\dÇ
iZcZXZgVhjhdWgVh!YZaVhfjZ]Vc ZcigZ h† aZ aaVbVc ÆaVi^cdVbZg^XVc^hbdÇ
ZhXVeVYdedgjc^chiVciZdVaVhfjZkVcV Ph^XRnhZVY]^ZgZcVY^kZghdhÆedhihÇ/edh"
^c\gZhVgbjnegdcid#:cZhiV‚edXVYZdWZ" Xdadc^Va^hbd!edhbdYZgc^hbd!ZiX#!XdcaV
bjcYd&.).ÆadgZVabVgVk^aadhdVbZg^XV"
cdÇ!eZgdfjZ]VkZc^YdVXdcdXZghZedgZa
i‚gb^cdXgZVYdZcaV Y‚XVYV YZ &.'%edg
;gVcoGd]!ZaXg†i^XdYZVgiZ!fjZadji^a^o‹
eVgVgZ[Zg^ghZVaVe^cijgVZmegZh^dc^hiV#:c
idYdXVhd!ÆgZVa^hbdb{\^XdÇ!Vea^XVYdVaV
cVggVi^kV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV! Zh jcV ZheZX^Z
YZdm†bdgdc!fjZhjg\ZZcXdcigVedh^X^‹c
VaVYdXig^cVYZaÆgZVa^hbdhdX^Va^hiVÇ!YZaV
fjZZhXdciZbedg{cZd!nfjZhZegdej\cV"
WVZcadheV†hZhYZaeZg^Xa^iVYdWadfjZXd"
bjc^hiV#:ci‚gb^cdh\ZcZgVaZh!iVanXdbd
hZVhdX^VVaVcVggVi^kVaVi^cdVbZg^XVcV!n
V8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVYZceVgi^XjaVg!ZagZV"
a^hbdb{\^XdhZgZ[^ZgZVcdkZaVhngZaVidh
fjZhZVi^ZcZcVadhXdckZcX^dcVa^hbdhYZa
gZVa^hbd Xdgg^ZciZ n bda^ZciZ! eZgd Zc adh
fjZ YZ egdcid ^ggjbeZc ZaZbZcidh [Vc"
i{hi^XdhÄVXidhfjZk^daVcaZnZhcVijgVaZhd
eZghdcV_Zh[VWjadhdh#:caVcdkZaVYZ<Vg"
X†V B{gfjZo! GZbZY^dh aV 7ZaaV VhX^ZcYZ
VaX^ZadZcjcgZkjZadYZh{WVcVhWaVcXVh#
AVXgZZcX^VZcaVVaiZgVX^‹cYZaZnZh[†h^XVh
kZcYg†V V hZg Va\d ^c]ZgZciZ V aV Xjaij"
gV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV! hZ\c aVh iZdg†Vh YZ
8VgeZci^Zg# GZVa^hbd b{\^Xd! ad gZVa bV"
gVk^aadhdVbZg^XVcdhZg†V!Vh†!aVa^iZgVijgV
[Vci{hi^XV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV0 jcV a^iZgVijgV
[Vci{hi^XViZag^XV#HVaiVVaVk^hiVaV^cZmVX"
i^ijYYZai‚gb^cdh^eZchVbdhZc7dg\Zhd
KVg\VhAadhV!eZgdYZidYdhbdYdh]VnfjZ
VXZeiVgfjZedg^c[ajZcX^VYZ8VgeZci^Zgn
hdWgZidYdYZ<VgX†VB{gfjZo]V]VW^Yd
WgdiZhYZZhiZi^edYZa^iZgVijgVZc6b‚g^XV
AVi^cVÄe^‚chZhZZcAVXVhVYZadhZhe†g^ijh!
YZ>hVWZa6aaZcYZ<j^bVgZhGdhVnaVkZg"
i^ZciZ WgVh^aZŠV YZ idYd Zhid Zh ]Vg^cV YZ
digdÄbjng^XdÄXdhiVa#
:c8VgeZci^Zg!adbVgVk^aadhdhjZaZiZcZg
jcV Y^bZch^‹c ]^hi‹g^XV n hVaiV V aV k^hiV
Xdbd jc igjXd a^iZgVg^d0 edg Z_Zbead! Zc
ÆK^V_Z V aV hZb^aaVÇ! Za i^Zbed YZa gZaVid
igVchXjggZ]VX^VVig{h#AdcdkZYdhdZc8^Zc
VŠdhYZhdaZYVYZhfjZZacVggVYdghZZmegZ"
hV YZhYZ Za ^ciZg^dg YZ aVh Xdck^XX^dcZh YZ
hjh eZghdcV_Zh! cd YZhYZ jcV eZgheZXi^kV
hjeZg^dg! n Vh† hZ eZgb^iZ XdciVg Xdc ^b"
eVk^YZohjXZhdhfjZh‹adhdcedh^WaZhh^hZ
XdbeVgiZcaVh^YZVhYZZhidh#8dbdidYdZc
aV cdkZaV! aV cVggVX^‹c Zh YZ jc [jcX^dcV"
b^ZcidVjidhj[^X^ZciZ!h^cVeZaVX^‹cVkVad"
gZhneVgZXZgZhZmiZgcdhfjZXjZhi^dcZchj
kZgVX^YVYÄcVggVYdg!eZghdcV_Zhn!YjgVciZ
Zai^ZbedYZaVaZXijgV!ZaaZXidg]VW^iVcjc
b^hbd!]Zgb‚i^XdbjcYd#Adb{h^ch‹a^id
YZaVhXgZZcX^VhYZadheZghdcV_Zh!gZegZhZc"
iVi^kVh YZa VbW^ZciZ gjgVa aVi^cdVbZg^XV"
cd! Zh aV VXZeiVX^‹c ^beVh^WaZ YZ hjXZhdh
fjZcdejZYZchZgh^cdb^aV\gdh#NZhfjZ
aV ^bV\^cVX^‹c edejaVg aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV!
^cbZghVYZhYZ]VXZX^cXdh^\adhZcjcXV"
ida^X^hbdejZWaZg^cd!XgZZZcadhb^aV\gdh!
hdceVgiZYZhjk^k^gXdi^Y^Vcd#:hiZXdbed"
cZciZcd]VgZX^W^Ydhj[^X^ZciZViZcX^‹cVa
]VWaVgYZagZVa^hbdb{\^XdYZ<VgX†VB{g"
fjZo!eZgdZhdigVYZaVhgZVa^YVYZhfjZ8^Zc
VŠdhYZhdaZYVYZmegZhVhdWgZaVXjaijgVaV"
i^cdVbZg^XVcV#
A
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
^c\ZcjV^ajh^‹c!bjnYZabVg`Zi^c\cdgiZ"
VbZg^XVcd!YZfjZZaeg‹m^bdÆedhiÇhZg{
Va\dgZVabZciZcjZkd!gVY^XVa!fjZWdggVg{
idYdadVciZg^dgnadhjhi^ij^g{#
BVgi†!XjnVhXgZYZcX^VaZhYZVXi^k^hiVed"
a†i^XdcVY^ZhZVigZkZg†VVedcZgZciZaVYZ
_j^X^d!hZegZ\jciV/Æ´Fj^‚cZhZa^\cdgVciZ
fjZbVci^ZcZfjZaVedZh†VcdZh^cY^heZc"
hVWaZVadhejZWadh4=Vn\ZciZhYZiVcXdgiV
k^hiVbZciVa!fjZXgZZcfjZidYVaV[gjiVhZ
VXVWVZcaVX{hXVgV#AVedZh†V!fjZXdc\gZ"
\VdY^h\gZ\V!fjZ[dgi^[^XVdVc\jhi^V!fjZ
VejciVaVdYZgg^WVaVhVabVh!fjZYVdfj^iV
Vadh]dbWgZhaV[ZnZaVa^Zcid!Zhb{hcZXZ"
hVg^VVadhejZWadhfjZaV^cYjhig^Vb^hbV!
ejZh‚hiVaZhegdedgX^dcVZabdYdYZhjW"
h^hi^g!b^ZcigVhfjZVfj‚aaVaZhYVZaYZhZdn
aV[jZgoVYZaVk^YVÇ.'#&Jce{ggV[dVciZh
]VW†VZhXg^idadh^\j^ZciZ!fjZedYg†VVea^"
XVghZeVaVWgVedgeVaVWgVV8^ZcVŠdhYZhd"
aZYVYn6b‚g^XVAVi^cV/
8VYVZhiVYdhdX^VaigVZhjZmegZh^‹c
VaVa^iZgVijgV!YZiVabdYd!fjZedgaVh
Y^kZghVh[VhZhYZZaaVejY^ZgVXdciVghZ
aV]^hidg^VYZadhejZWadh!Xdcb{hkZg"
YVYfjZedghjhXgdc^XdcZhnhjhY‚XV"
YVh# Cd ejZYZ ]VWZg XdcigVY^XX^dcZh
ZcaVCVijgVaZoV0aVb^hbVVhe^gVX^‹c
]jbVcV V ]VaaVg Zc Za Vbdg! YjgVciZ
aVZm^hiZcX^V!nZcad^\cdgVYdYZhej‚h
YZaVbjZgiZ!jci^edeZg[ZXidYZ\gV"
X^Vn]ZgbdhjgV!YZbjZhigVfjZZcaV
k^YV idiVa ]Vc YZ V_jhiVghZ Xdc \dod
adh ZaZbZcidh fjZ Zc aV edgX^‹c VX"
ijVaYZk^YVfjZVigVkZhVbdheVgZXZc
YZhjc^Ydhn]dhi^aZh#AVa^iZgVijgVfjZ
VcjcX^ZnegdeV\jZZaXdcX^Zgid[^cVan
Y^X]dhdYZaVhXdcigVY^XX^dcZhVeVgZc"
iZh0aVa^iZgVijgVfjZ!XdbdZhedci{cZd
XdchZ_dnZchZŠVcoVYZaVCVijgVaZoV!
egdbja\jZ aV ^YZci^YVY Zc jcV eVo
hjeZg^dg YZ adh Yd\bVh n eVh^dcZh g^"
kVaZh!fjZZcZaZhiVYdZaZbZciVaYZadh
ejZWadh adh Y^k^YZc n ZchVc\g^ZciVc0
aV a^iZgVijgV fjZ ^cXjafjZ Zc Za Zhe†"
g^ij ZheVciVY^od YZ adh ]dbWgZh jcV
Xdck^XX^‹ciVcVggV^\VYVYZaV_jhi^X^V
n WZaaZoV YZ[^c^i^kVh fjZ aVh eZcjg^Vh
n[ZVaYVYYZaVZm^hiZcX^VcdadhYZhXd"
gVodcZc c^ VX^WVgZc! cd h‹ad gZkZaVg{
jcZhiVYdhdX^Vab{hXZgXVcdVaVeZg"
[ZXX^‹c fjZ idYdh adh XdcdX^Ydh! h^cd
fjZ!]ZgbVcVcYd[Za^obZciZaVgVo‹c
naV\gVX^V!egdkZZg{VaV=jbVc^YVY!
Vch^dhV YZ bVgVk^aaV n YZ edZh†V! Xdc
aVgZa^\^‹cfjZXdc[jhVbZciZV\jVgYV
YZhYZfjZXdcdX^‹aVdfjZYVYZ^chj[^"
X^ZcX^VYZhjhVci^\jdhXgZYdh#.&"'
AV VXd\^YV YZ fjZ ]V h^Yd dW_Zid 8^Zc
VŠdhYZhdaZYVYedgidYV6b‚g^XVAVi^cVn
:heVŠVXdbdadViZhi^\jVaVZY^X^‹cfjZnV
aaZ\Vg‚VXdbZciVgZhegjZWVYZfjZVa\d
kVa^dhd]VnYZgZXdcdX^b^ZcidXdaZXi^kdZc
hjaZXijgV!eg‹m^bdVadfjZZmegZhVBVgi†#
AVhkZciVhYZadha^WgdhYZ<VgX†VB{gfjZo!
cdh‹adYZhjdWgVbVZhigV!XZgi^[^XVcfjZ
hja^iZgVijgV]Vh^YdaZ†YVnVegZX^VYVedg
Vbea^dh hZXidgZh YZa eWa^Xd aZXidg aVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcd! fjZ gZXdcdXZc Zc ZaaV Zhdh
&
8^idedgEgdhVZhXd\^YV!hZaZXX^‹c!^cigd"
YjXX^‹c n cdiVh YZ ?dh‚ Da^k^d ?^b‚cZo
BVYg^Y/:B:H6!&.,*#
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
kVadgZh# >ck^iVYd YZ ]dcdg V jcV gZX^ZciZ
[Zg^VYZaa^WgdZc7d\di{!bZeVhZ‚igVWV_d"
hVbZciZedgeVh^aadhYZa^WgZg†VhVi^WdggV"
YdhYZZ_ZbeaVgZhYZhjai^bda^Wgd#
8dc idYd! YZhej‚h YZ VŠdh YZ Zmea^XVg
8^Zc VŠdh YZ hdaZYVY Zc Xjghdh jc^kZgh^iV"
g^dhZcNVaZndigVh^chi^ijX^dcZhZjgdeZVhn
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVh!hjeZgVYVaVZbdX^‹cYZ
b^heg^bZgdhZcXjZcigdhXdcaVcdkZaV!]Z
aaZ\VYdV[dgbjaVgbZVa\jcdhgZeVgdhhd"
WgZaVb^hbV#H^ZbegZbZ]VeVgZX^YdfjZ
Za i†ijad Zh jcd YZ hjh YZ[ZXidh! fjZ i^ZcZ
Va\dYZhZci^bZciVa^hbdWVgVidfjZdhX^aV
ZcigZadhjWa^bZnadegdhV^Xd/Ƶ6]!edWgZh
bVXdcY^cdh!XdcYZcVYdhcVYVbZcdhfjZ
V X^Zc VŠdh YZ hdaZYVYÇ# 6YZb{h! ad YZ aV
hdaZYVYcdhZhdhi^ZcZ!hjZcV[Vahd!XjVcYd
hZaZVig^WjnZVeZghdcV_ZhfjZcdeVgZXZc
hj[g^gaV! n eVgZXZ YZbVh^VYd dWk^VbZciZ
YZg^kVYdYZaZm^hiZcX^Va^hbdegZkVaZX^ZciZ
ZcaVY‚XVYVYZ&.*%nYZDXiVk^dEVo#8gZd
fjZ ]Vn V^haVb^Zcid! eZgd cd hdaZYVY Zc
BVXdcYd!fjZZhjcVhdX^ZYVYjc^YV!hda^"
YVg^V!ZcfjZadheZghdcV_ZhaaZkVcjcVk^YV
hdX^Va eaZcV# E^Zchd fjZ aV cdkZaV YZW^‹
]VWZghZ^ci^ijaVYdBVXdcYd!cdbWgZgZhd"
cVciZ!gVgd!YZdhXjgVZi^bdad\†VnfjZ!Vjc
h^c hZg Za i†ijad! ]V eVhVYd Va kdXVWjaVg^d
XdbcbjX]db{hfjZZa^begdcjcX^VWaZ
XdcYVYdYZ;Vja`cZg#
DigV YZW^a^YVY hdc adh eZghdcV_Zh! fjZ
VeVgZXZc VigVeVYdh Zc aV b^cjX^dhV gZad"
_Zg†VYZaVcdkZaVZaÆbZXVc^hbd[Vb^a^VgÇ!
')* n cd bVc^[^ZhiVc jcV Y^bZch^‹c ig{"
\^XV!XdbdadhYZ;Vja`cZg#whiZhZbZiZZc
aVXdcX^ZcX^VYZadhhjndhnadh]VXZ]VWaVg
YZhYZZadhXjgdedodYZhjhVabVhVidgbZc"
iVYVh Xdc kdXZh Z ^c[aZm^dcZh ^cdak^YVWaZh#
:c8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY]VhiVadhegdiV\dc^h"
iVheVgZXZcdWZYZXZgV[jZgoVhhjeZg^dgZhV
hjhkdajciVYZh!bjX]VhkZXZh\ZcZVa‹\^XVh!
XjnV^cZmdgVW^a^YVYhZZmegZhVbZY^VciZhj"
eZgaVi^kdhVWhdajidhZ]^e‚gWdaZh^chjeZgV"
WaZh#8aVgd!edYg†VVg\jbZciVghZfjZ‚hiVZh
eVgiZYZaVkZgi^ZciZX‹b^XVYZaVcdkZaV!fjZ
ZaVjidbVi^hbdZhg^h^WaZ!Xdbdegdejh^ZgV
7Zg\hdcVa\jcVkZo#8jVcYdhZedcZZcbd"
k^b^ZcidZabjcYdbVXdcY^cdZhXdbdjcV
kVhiVXV_VYZbh^XVXdc[^\jg^iVhfjZ\^gVc
gdW‹i^XVh0 hdc adh 7jZcY†V! fjZ \Zhi^XjaVc
gZeZi^YVbZciZ! ]VX^ZcYd adh b^hbdh VYZ"
bVcZhngZXdgg^YdhÄidYVhZhVh\jZggVhX^k^"
aZhfjZZaXdgdcZa6jgZa^Vcd7jZcY†Ve^ZgYZ#
=VnZhXZcVhXdcbdkZYdgVh!XdbdaVYZaeV"
ig^VgXVhZc^aVbVggVYdVjc{gWda!ZmejZhidV
aVh^cXaZbZcX^VhYZai^ZbednVadheZa^\gdh
YZaVVaZ\dg†V!eZgd‚hiVhiVbW^‚ci^ZcZchj
aVYdX‹b^Xd!XdbdXjVcYdhZYZhXjWgZfjZ
aV_Zg^\dcoVfjZ]VWaVZaVcX^VcdZhaVi†c#:h"
idhhdcgZeVgdh]dcZhidhfjZ]V\dh^ccZ\Vg
b^VYb^gVX^‹cedgaVdWgV#EdgjcaVYd!aV
eZg[ZXX^‹cZhh^ZbegZjcZheZ_^hbd!nedgZa
digd!<VgX†VB{gfjZocdZhc^jc;Vja`cZg
c^bjX]dbZcdhjc8ZgkVciZh#
AV ZY^X^‹c ÆXdcbZbdgVi^kVÇ YZ 8^Zc
VŠdhYZhdaZYVYfjZV]dgVejWa^XVcaVGZVa
6XVYZb^V :heVŠdaV n aV 6hdX^VX^‹c YZ
6XVYZb^VhYZaVAZc\jV:heVŠdaVcdkVV
hZgbZbdgVWaZ!ZmXZeidedgaVXjg^dh^YVY
YZfjZ<VgX†VB{gfjZob^hbdaVXdgg^\^‹#
>Y‚ci^XVZc[dgbVidVaVYZaFj^_diZejWa^"
XVYV edg aVh b^hbVh VXVYZb^Vh Zc '%%*
eVgV XZaZWgVg Za XjVgid Vc^kZghVg^d YZ aV
dWgVbVZhigVYZ8ZgkVciZh!‚hiVegZiZcYZ
Zfj^eVgVg VbWVh cdkZaVh! ZaZkVcYd aV YZ
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
<VgX†VB{gfjZoVXa{h^XdYZa^Y^dbV0eZgd
ZhdadhVW†VbdhnVidYdh#AVh[VaaVhYZZhiV
ZY^X^‹c Zbe^ZoVc Xdc jcV cdiV a^b^cVg
Vc‹c^bV! hjedcZbdh fjZ edgfjZ Zc ZaaV
]VWaVcaVhVXVYZb^Vh!kZgYVYZgVbZciZg^"
h^WaZ#6aa†hZcdh^c[dgbVfjZaVcdkZaV[jZ
XdggZ\^YVedgZaVjidgb^hbdeVgVYZej"
gVgaVYZÆ^cYZhZVWaZhZggViVhÇ]VWg{YZ_V"
YdaVhYZhZVWaZhnÆZmegZh^dcZhYjYdhVhÇ
hjedcZbdh fjZ Zc i‚gb^cdh \gVbVi^XV"
aZh!cdbdgVaZh#IVbW^‚chZY^XZ!Xdc]jZ"
XVgZi‹g^XVeViZgcVa^hiVnYZhYZZacVY^gYZ
aV^\cdgVcX^V!fjZÆAVXgZVX^‹cYZ<VgX†V
B{gfjZo^ciZ\gVadhgZ\^higdhYZaVbZ_dg
igVY^X^‹ca^iZgVg^VdgVanZhXg^iV!ZcaVfjZ!
ZcZ[ZXid!gZhjZcVcVa\jcVhkdXZh!nV]^h"
eVc^oVYVh!fjZegdXZYZcYZaVgV]jVXd!YZa
c{]jVia!YZafjZX]jVdYZdigdhY^VaZXidh
XVg^WZh!nfjZ!VbVa\VbVYVhXdcaVhk^Z_Vh
eVaVWgVh XVhiZaaVcVh! Zcg^fjZXZc Za ZheV"
Šda jc^kZghVaÇ ^m"m# ´:a VgV]jVXd! Za c{"
]jVianZafjZX]jVY^VaZXidhXVg^WZh4´Hdc
k^Z_Vh idYVh aVh eVaVWgVh XVhiZaaVcVh4 Adh
fjZe^ZchZcfjZaV^c[ajZcX^VYZaVa^iZgV"
ijgVaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVZc:heVŠV]VbZ_d"
gVYdZac^kZaYZXdcdX^b^ZcidYZ6b‚g^XV
AVi^cVZcaVBVYgZEVig^VhZkVcVkZgYZ"
[gVjYVYdhVaaZZgZhiVcdiV!XdbdiVbW^‚c
adhfjZZheZgZchZg^ZYVY[^ada‹\^XVZcZhiV
ZY^X^‹c#
:cZ[ZXid!ZakdXVWjaVg^dfjZhZ^cXajnZ
Zc ZaaV bZoXaV XdadbW^Vc^hbdh n VbZ"
g^XVc^hbdh YZ digVh egdXZYZcX^Vh Xdc
eVaVWgVh YZ jhd Xdbc! hZ\j^YVh YZ YZ"
[^c^X^dcZh Y^\cVh YZ jc iZmid egZeVgVYd
eVgVZhijY^VciZhZmigVc_Zgdh#JcZ_Zbead
idbVYdVaVoVg/ZcaVe{\^cV*.+hZcdh^c"
[dgbV fjZ k^ijVaaVh fj^ZgZ YZX^g Èk†kZgZhÉ
nfjZkdaiZVgZhÈYVgaVkjZaiVÉ#AdhZchVndh
Xg†i^Xdh fjZ VXdbeVŠVc aV cdkZaV hdc YZ
bjn YZh^\jVa XVa^YVY! hZaZXX^dcVYdh b{h
edgaVcdidg^ZYVYYZhjhVjidgZhfjZedg
hj XVa^YVY ^ciZaZXijVa# 8dc aV ZmXZeX^‹c
YZa bV\c†[^Xd iZmid YZa gZX^ZciZbZciZ
[VaaZX^Yd 8aVjY^d <j^aa‚c! adh YZb{h hdc
ZchjbVndg†VVcZXY‹i^XdhÛakVgdBji^h!
8Vgadh;jZciZh!egdedcZc^YZVhig^aaVYVh
n VgX]^XdcdX^YVh BVg^d KVg\Vh AadhV d
eZXVcYZjcVhje^cV^\cdgVcX^VYZaVW^"
Wa^d\gV[†V<dcoVad8Zadg^dhdWgZadÆgZVa
bVgVk^aadhdÇ# :c ad fjZ gZheZXiV V ZhVh
Æ^cYZhZVWaZh ZggViVhÇ n ÆZmegZh^dcZh Yj"
YdhVhÇ! Xdck^ZcZ gZXdgYVg aVh VYbdc^X^d"
cZhYZ7dg\ZhhdWgZaVedh^W^a^YVYYZfjZ
ejZYVcZm^hi^giZmidhYZ[^c^i^kdh#9^XZZc
ÆAVh kZgh^dcZh ]db‚g^XVhÇ/ Æ:a XdcXZeid
YZa iZmid YZ[^c^i^kd cd XdggZhedcYZ h^cd
V aV gZa^\^‹c d Va XVchVcX^dÇ D8! 7VgXZ"
adcV/:bZX‚!&.-.!>!e#'(.#6YZb{h!Xdc
jc Xg^iZg^d g^\jgdhVbZciZ [^ada‹\^Xd! aV
eg^bZgVZY^X^‹cYZjciZmidZhaVeg^cXZeh!
ZggViVh n idYd! egdYjXid YZ hj Vjidg Zc
jcbdbZcidadb{heg‹m^bdedh^WaZVhj
XdcXZeX^‹cnZ_ZXjX^‹c#IdYVZY^X^‹chjW"
h^\j^ZciZ! ^cXajh^kZ h^! Xdbd ‚hiV! Zh Xd"
ggZ\^YVedgZaVjidg!ZhdigVZY^X^‹c!cdaV
eg^bZgVncdcZXZhVg^VbZciZhjeZg^dg#9Z
idYdhbdYdh!nXdbdZgVYZZheZgVg!eZhZ
VadhYZhkZadhYZ<VgX†VB{gfjZonadhZY^"
idgZh! ZhiV ZY^X^‹c ÆXdcbZbdgVi^kVÇ cd
Zhi{a^be^VYZZggViVhnZggdgZh#EdgZ_Zb"
ead!ZcaVe{\^cV&+'!YdcYZhZaZZÆæghjaV
ad gZX^W†V Xdbd jc b^ZbWgd YZ aV [Vb^"
a^VÇ! YZWZ YZX^g ÆæghjaV ad gZX^W†V Xdbd
Vjcb^ZbWgdYZaV[Vb^a^VÇ0nZcaV'%%!
YdcYZ Y^XZ ÆVXjhVYd YZ ]VWZg gZXgjYZX^"
YdaV\jZggVhdadeVgVkZcYZgaVb{hXVgVÇ!
YZWZghZgÆh‹adeVgVkZcYZgaVb{hXVgVÇ#6a
^\jVafjZZakdXVWjaVg^d!aVW^Wa^d\gV[†VZh
ZmigZbVYVbZciZYZ[^X^ZciZ0c^h^fj^ZgVhZ
Xdch^\cVcaVhVciZg^dgZhZY^X^dcZhXg†i^XVh
YZaVcdkZaVYZ?dVfj†cBVgXdn?VXfjZh
?dhZi#EVgVhZgegdYjXidYZiVciVhVXVYZ"
b^Vh!ZhiVZY^X^‹cÆXdcbZbdgVi^kVÇd[gZ"
XZedXVh\VgVci†VhVXVY‚b^XVh#
:cigZadhcdkZa^hiVhYZaZc\jVZheVŠdaV!
8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVYcdiVgY‹ZcZcXdcigVg
YZigVXidgZhfjZ!VeVWjaaVYdhedghj[VbV!
XdciV\^dhd Zhi^ad n XVji^kVYdg jc^kZghd
[^Xi^X^d ajX]Vgdc edg a^WZgVghZ YZ hj ^c"
[ajZcX^V#Hjg\^‹Vh†!edgZ_Zbead!Za\gjed
fjZhZVjidYZcdb^c‹!XdchdgcV!BXDcYd!
VajY^ZcYd V aV [VbdhV XVYZcV cdgiZVbZ"
g^XVcV YZ ]VbWjg\jZhVh! eVgV YZhiVXVg
fjZaVgZVa^YVYaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVcdZgVaV
V^haVYVbZciZgjgVaYZaejZWad^bV\^cVg^d
XgZVYdedg<VgX†VB{gfjZo!h^cdZajgWV"
cd!YdcYZadb{hgZaZkVciZZhaVegZhZcX^V
YZa ^beZg^d XdbZgX^Va cdgiZVbZg^XVcd#
6jcfjZcdaZ[Vai‹\gVX^VVaVdXjggZcX^V!
c^kZgYVYVhjXg†i^XV!db^i†VfjZadh^\c^"
[^XVi^kdZc6b‚g^XVAVi^cVZhfjZZm^hiZc
h^bjai{cZVbZciZ BVXdcYdh n BXDcYdh#
6YZb{h!adig^hiZZhfjZYZa\gjedcdhjg"
\^‹c^jcVhdaVdWgVfjZc^gZbdiVbZciZ
ejY^ZgV XdbeVgVghZ Zc XVa^YVY Xdc 8^Zc
VŠdh YZ hdaZYVY! n egdcid eVh‹ Va dak^Yd#
B{hgZX^ZciZbZciZ!aVhcdkZaVhYZaXdadb"
W^VcdgVY^XVYdZcB‚m^Xd;ZgcVcYdKV"
aaZ_d!ZceVgi^XjaVgAVk^g\ZcYZadhh^XVg^dh
&..)! ]Vc ad\gVYd ]VXZg XdckZg\Zg adh
]dggdgZhYZaVk^daZcX^VjgWVcVegdkdXVYV
edg Za cVgXdig{[^Xd Xdc aV ^beZgZXZYZgV
iZb{i^XV Zc fjZ hZ a^\Vc Vbdg n bjZgiZ!
eVgVXgZVgjcbjcYd[^Xi^X^dXdcijcYZc"
iZ n Xdck^cXZciZ# :hid h† nV cd Zh BVXdc"
Yd#EZgdZcaVhVgiZh!ZcaVh]jbVc^YVYZh!
aVh \gVcYZh dWgVh cjcXV eVhVc YZ bdYV!
edg bjX]d fjZ adh ÆedhihÇ fj^h^ZgVc kZg"
aVh hdbZi^YVh V aVh gZ\aVh YZa bVg`Zi^c\#
NV cVY^Z XdbedcZ h^c[dc†Vh Xdbd aVh YZ
7ZZi]dkZc! eZgd Zhd cd fj^ZgZ YZX^g fjZ
hZ]VnVhjeZgVYdV7ZZi]dkZc!c^fjZ‚hiZ
ejZYVeVhVgYZbdYV#8^ZcVŠdhYZhdaZYVY
Zh!VeZhVgYZZhiVdak^YVWaZZY^X^‹cÆXdc"
bZbdgVi^kVÇ!jcXa{h^Xd!cdnVYZaVaZc\jV
ZheVŠdaV!h^cdYZidYVhaVhaZc\jVh#
Cd ]Vc [VaiVYd iVbedXd adh Xg†i^Xdh YZ
<VgX†V B{gfjZo edg hj XdcYjXiV eda†i^XV!
EGA*
XjnVgZhdcVcX^VZh!YVYVhj[VbVnEgZb^d
CdWZa! ZmigVdgY^cVg^V# =Vn fjZ gZXdcdXZg!
edg jc aVYd! fjZ V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ ;jZciZh n
KVg\VhAadhV!\ZcZgVabZciZhZ]VVWhiZc^Yd
YZeZgb^i^ghZjcegdiV\dc^hbdYZhV[dgVYd#
EdgZ_Zbead!ndaZXZaZWgdfjZ!VY^[ZgZcX^V
YZadhdigdhYdh!cdhZ]VVigZk^YdVZ_ZgXZg
aV Xg†i^XV a^iZgVg^V# EZgd aV \gVc YZW^a^YVY
YZÆ<VWd!ÇXdbdYZ_VfjZaZY^\VcXdcjcV
XVbeZX]VcZg†VVkZXZhjcedXdZbeVaV\d"
hV! hdc adh ]dbWgZh fjZ YZiZciVc Za edYZg
eda†i^Xd n hdWgZ idYd jcd! ;^YZa 8Vhigd# 6a
8dbVcYVciZZc?Z[Z!<VgX†VB{gfjZoaZdW"
hZfj^V jcV aZVaiVY eZggjcV! V eZhVg YZ hjh
Xg†bZcZh!VkZXZheZgeZigVYdhXdcigVadhYZ
hjegde^d\gZb^d!adheZg^dY^hiVh#8jVcYdZa
g‚\^bZcXVhig^hiVZcXVgXZa‹VhZiZciVnX^c"
XdYZZhidhZc'%%)!XdcYZc{cYdadhVeZcVh
YZ\gdiZhXVadc\^ijY!<VgX†VB{gfjZo]^od
jcVhYZXaVgVX^dcZhZkVh^kVhhdWgZaVXdcYjX"
iV YZ hj VYdgVYd VYVa^Y# AV c^XV kZo fjZ
<VgX†VB{gfjZohZVigZk^‹VXg^i^XVgaVY^XiV"
YjgVXjWVcV[jZZcjcVZcigZk^hiVYZ&.,)!
XdcXZY^YV Va eZg^‹Y^Xd Xdbjc^hiV ^iVa^Vcd
ÆBVc^[ZhidÇ!eZgdY^[jcY^YVedgÆAZCdjkZa
DWhZgkViZjgÇcd#*&&!'+YZV\dhidV&ZgdYZ
hZei^ZbWgZ!ee#))")+!eZgdVaeVgZXZgjcV
aaVbVYVVadgYZc[jZhj[^X^ZciZeVgVVbdg"
YVoVgadedgadheg‹m^bdhigZ^ciVnigZhVŠdh#
:cVa\jcV‚edXV!<VgX†VB{gfjZoVcYj"
kdZcZah‚fj^idYZDbVgIdgg^_dh!Za]db"
WgZ[jZgiZeVcVbZŠd!n!XjVcYd]VXZjcdh
VŠdh[jZ^ck^iVYdXdc;jZciZhVBVgi]VÉh
K^cZnVgYedg7^aa8a^cidc!kdak^‹VggdWVYd
VciZ aV ZhiVijgV [†h^XV YZa egZh^YZciZ cdg"
iZVbZg^XVcd kZg Za gZedgiV_Z YZ <VgX†V
B{gfjZoZcÆI]ZBdcigZVa<VoZiiZÇ!YZa,
YZ[ZWgZgd!&...#Nde^ZchdfjZaV[VhX^cV"
X^‹c YZ <VgX†V B{gfjZo edg adh ]dbWgZh
edYZgdhdh Zh b{h jc egdWaZbV eZghdcVa
fjZeda†i^Xd#6YZb{h!h^[j‚gVbdhV_jo\Vg
VadhZhXg^idgZhedgXg^iZg^dh‚i^Xdhneda†i^"
XdhcdhfjZYVg†VbdhXdcbjnedXdh#8V"
b^ad ?dh‚ 8ZaV! Za EgZb^d CdWZa ZheVŠda!
cdh‹ad[jZ[gVcfj^hiVh^cdfjZeVgi^X^e‹
Zc XVbeVŠVh YZ egdeV\VcYV Zc [Vkdg YZ
aVY^XiVYjgV#:cZaXVhdYZ<VgX†VB{gfjZo
adb{hegdbZiZYdghZg†V]VXZgjcZhijY^d
XVgVXiZgda‹\^XdZcidYVaVgZ\aVnXdiZ_Vgad
Xdc aV iZb{i^XV YZa edYZg Zc hj dWgV cd"
kZa†hi^XV! cd h‹ad Zc 8^Zc VŠdh YZ hdaZYVY!
h^cdiVbW^‚cZc:adidŠdYZaeVig^VgXV#EZgd
ZaedYZgfjZgZVabZciZXjZciVZhZaYZhj
egdY^\^dhV^bV\^cVX^‹ca^iZgVg^V#
“Una estupenda noticia”
Abelardo Oquendo en La República de Lima
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
+EGA
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
IgZhVaiZgcVi^kVheVgV8jWV
6c†WVa<dco{aZo
Add`^c\;dglVgY/8dbeVgVi^kZ
EZgheZXi^kZhdc8jWVÉhIgVch^i^dc
YZBVg^[Za^E‚gZo"HiVWaZ!Zi#Va#
Jc^kZgh^ind[Cdgi]8Vgda^cVEgZhh!
'%%,!(+%ee#!JH',
:
cZaX‚aZWgZXjZcidYZ7dg\ZhÆ:a
_VgY†c YZ hZcYZgdh fjZ hZ W^[jg"
XVcÇ! jc Zhe†V X]^cd Zc i^Zbedh
YZ aV Eg^bZgV <jZggV BjcY^Va
XdckZghVXdcjchVW^d^c\a‚hVXZgXVYZaV
cdkZaV:a_VgY†cYZhZcYZgdhfjZhZW^[jgXVc!
ZhXg^iV edg jc VciZeVhVYd YZa Zhe†V# :c
ZhV ZmigVŠV cdkZaV! aV VXX^‹c cVggVi^kV hZ
gVb^[^XV Zc bai^eaZh VaiZgcVi^kVh XVYV
kZofjZadheZghdcV_ZhYZWZcidbVgVa\j"
cVYZX^h^‹cdhZZc[gZciVcVjcbdbZcid
XgjX^Va#:ahVW^d^c\a‚hadZmea^XVVh†/
6 Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ CZlidc n YZ HX]d"
eZc]VjZg! hj VciZeVhVYd cd XgZ†V Zc
jc i^Zbed jc^[dgbZ! VWhdajid# 8gZ†V
Zc^c[^c^iVhhZg^ZhYZi^Zbedh!ZcjcV
gZYXgZX^ZciZnkZgi^\^cdhVYZi^Zbedh
Y^kZg\ZciZh!XdckZg\ZciZhneVgVaZadh#
:hV igVbV YZ i^Zbedh fjZ hZ Vegdm^"
bVc!hZW^[jgXVc!hZXdgiVcdfjZhZ"
XjaVgbZciZ hZ ^\cdgVc! VWVgXV idYVh
aVh edh^W^a^YVYZh# Cd Zm^hi^bdh Zc aV
bVndg†VYZZhdhi^Zbedh0ZcVa\jcdh
Zm^hiZ jhiZY n cd nd0 Zc digdh! nd! cd
jhiZY0 Zc digdh! adh Ydh# :c ZhiZ! fjZ
jc[VkdgVWaZVoVgbZYZeVgV!jhiZY]V
aaZ\VYdVb^XVhV0Zcdigd!VaVigVkZhVg
Za _VgY†c! bZ ]V ZcXdcigVYd bjZgid0
Zc digd! nd Y^\d ZhiVh b^hbVh eVaV"
WgVh!eZgdhdnjcZggdg!jc[VciVhbV#
JcV kZgh^‹c hZbZ_VciZ V ZhiV! VjcfjZ
b{h a^b^iVYV! YZ aV BVcn LdgaYh I]Zdgn
iZdg†V YZ adh bai^eaZh jc^kZghdh Zh aV
fjZ^c[dgbVZaXjg^dhdeZgdi^aZ_ZgX^X^d
YZa a^Wgd Add`^c\ ;dglVgY/ 8dbeVgVi^kZ
EZgheZXi^kZh dc 8jWVÉh IgVch^i^dc! ZY^iVYd
edg aV hdX^‹ad\V XjWVcd"cdgiZVbZg^XVcV
BVg^[Za^ E‚gZo"HiVWaZ! n Zc Za fjZ eVgi^X^"
eVjcVYdXZcVYZZheZX^Va^hiVhYZY^kZghVh
Y^hX^ea^cVh!YZhYZaVhX^ZcX^Vheda†i^XVhnZa
YZgZX]dXdchi^ijX^dcVa]VhiVadhZhijY^dh
XjaijgVaZh#:cZab^hbd!hZ\caVegd[Zhd"
gVE‚gZo"HiVWaZ!cdhZigViVYZegdcdhi^XVg
Xj{cYdnX‹bdXVbW^Vg{Zag‚\^bZcXjWV"
cd!h^cdYZ]VXZgjcVhZg^ZYZXdc_ZijgVh
W^Zc^c[dgbVYVhVXZgXVYZaVh[dgbVhfjZ
edYg†VidbVgaVigVch^X^‹c]VX^VjccjZkd
\dW^Zgcd n edh^WaZbZciZ jc cjZkd h^hiZ"
bVZXdc‹b^Xd"hdX^VaZc8jWV#
:hiZ a^Wgd! YZ ]ZX]d! [jZ V aV ^begZciV
YjgVciZ aV \gVkZYVY YZ ;^YZa 8Vhigd Zc Za
kZgVcdYZ'%%+naVigVch[ZgZcX^VYZaedYZg
Z_ZXji^kdVhj]ZgbVcdGVa!fj^ZcZhVYZ"
b{hZa?Z[ZYZaVh;jZgoVh6gbVYVh#6jcfjZ
8VhigdeVgZXZ]VWZgiZc^YdYZhej‚hjcVb^"
aV\gdhVgZXjeZgVX^‹c!]VX^ZcYdVeVg^X^dcZh
6egZcYZgVk^k^gh^c‚a#;DID/G:C:7JGG>"B6<CJBE=DIDH#
\gVWVYVhZcaViZaZk^h^‹cXjWVcVnaaVbVYVh
iZaZ[‹c^XVhZck^kdVhjb{h[Zgk^ZciZVa^VYd
Zc Za Xdci^cZciZ! Za egZh^YZciZ kZcZodaVcd
=j\d8]{kZo!aVk^YVYZaeg^bZgbVcYViV"
g^dXjWVcdZhi{aaZ\VcYdVhj[^c#CVYVb{h
gVodcVWaZ!ejZh!fjZZhiVgegZeVgVYdheVgV
XjVafj^ZgV YZ aVh bai^eaZh kZgh^dcZh fjZ
ejZYVidbVgaVigVch^X^‹cVjccjZkdg‚\^"
bZcXjWVcdYZhej‚hYZaVYZhVeVg^X^‹cYZ
fj^Zc]Vh^Ydhja†YZgVWhdajidYjgVciZXVh^
bZY^dh^\ad#
AdhZchVndhYZaa^WgdhZdXjeVcYZYdXZ
iZbVh/ aV eda†i^XV0 Za Z_‚gX^id0 Za h^hiZbV
aZ\Va0 aV hdX^ZYVY X^k^a0 aVh XjZhi^dcZh
YZ \‚cZgd0 Za gVX^hbd0 aVh ZhigViZ\^Vh YZ
igVch^X^‹c ZXdc‹b^XV0 aV eda†i^XV hdX^Va n
ZaW^ZcZhiVghdX^Va0aVXdggjeX^‹c0aVY^{h"
edgV0 bZbdg^V! ^YZdad\†V n XjaijgV! n aVh
gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ 8jWV n adh :hiVYdh Jc^"
Ydh#6hjkZo!XVYVjcdYZadhZchVndhhZ
ZhigjXijgVZcigZhVheZXidh/jcVXdbeVgV"
X^‹cXdcaVhZmeZg^ZcX^VhYZdigdhcjZkdh
gZ\†bZcZh YZbdXg{i^Xdh0 Za Z[ZXid YZ aVh
XdcY^X^dcZhYZ8jWVZcaVY‚XVYVYZ&..%
neg^cX^e^dhYZah^\adMM>hdWgZZaegdXZhd
YZigVch^X^‹c0naVhVaiZgcVi^kVheaVjh^WaZh
dYZhZVWaZheVgVjcVigVch^X^‹cXjWVcV#
6ciZh YZ ZmVb^cVg adh [jijgdh edh^WaZh
fjZk^hjVa^oVcadhZheZX^Va^hiVhYZAdd`^c\
;dglVgY!Xdck^ZcZeVhVggZk^hiVXdbd]V"
XZcbjX]dhYZadhZchVndhYZZhiZa^WgdV
adhhjXZhdhfjZ]VcaaZkVYdV8jWVVZhiV
ZcXgjX^_VYV#
8
dcaVXV†YVYZaVJc^‹cHdk^‚i^XV!
ZbWaZbVi^oVYVedgaVYZbda^X^‹c
YZa Bjgd YZ 7Zga†c Zc &.-.! adh
gZ\†bZcZhXdbjc^hiVhYZ:jgdeV
8ZcigVanDg^ZciVaiVbW^‚chZYZhbdgdcVgdc
Zc jcV hZg^Z YZ igVch[dgbVX^dcZh \ZcZgVa"
bZciZeVX†[^XVhnX^k^aZhfjZYZhZbWdXVgdc
Zcjcbdk^b^ZcidYZXVbW^d]VX^VY^kZghVh
[dgbVh YZa XVe^iVa^hbd n aV YZbdXgVX^V# AV
gZjc^[^XVX^‹cYZ6aZbVc^VZc&..%naVZc"
igVYVVaVJc^‹c:jgdeZVYZdX]deV†hZhYZa
Vci^\jdWadfjZXdbjc^hiVZc'%%)hdchdad
Ydh YZ adh ]^idh YZ ZhZ YgVb{i^Xd egdXZhd#
9Z]ZX]d!ZhiZhjXZhd]^hi‹g^XdejZYZ^cXaj"
hdkZghZZcZaXdciZmidb{h\ZcZgVa^oVYdYZ
jcVaaVbVYVÆiZgXZgVdaZVYVÇYZigVch^X^dcZh
YZbdXg{i^XVhfjZijkdhj^c^X^dXdcZa[^cVa
YZaVhY^XiVYjgVhZc:heVŠV!Edgij\Van<gZ"
X^VnfjZ!VadaVg\dYZaVhY‚XVYVhYZ&.-%
n &..%! hZ bVc^[Zhi‹ iVbW^‚c Zc 6b‚g^XV
AVi^cV! Zc Za gZidgcd V gZ\†bZcZh X^k^aZh n
YZbdXg{i^XdhZcaV6b‚g^XV8ZcigVa!6g\Zc"
i^cV! 7gVh^a! 8]^aZ n Jgj\jVn! n Za [^cVa YZa
bdcdeda^djc^eVgi^Y^hiVYZaEG>ZcB‚m^Xd#
:a \dW^Zgcd XjWVcd! h^c ZbWVg\d! ad\g‹
eZgbVcZXZgXVh^^cYZbcZVciZZhidh[Zc‹"
bZcdh# 8dbd cdh gZXjZgYV ?dg\Z ;# E‚gZo
A‹eZoZchjZchVndhdWgZadhVheZXidhZXd"
c‹b^Xdh YZ aV igVch^X^‹c! XjVcYd aV ZXd"
cdb†VXjWVcVZcig‹ZcXdaVehdZc&..%Va
eZgYZgZaXdbZgX^d!adhXg‚Y^idhnaVVnjYV
YZadheV†hZhYZaWadfjZhdX^Va^hiVÄZaegd"
YjXidWgjidcVX^dcVahZgZYj_dZcjciZgX^d
nhjXdbZgX^dZmiZg^dghZY^hb^cjn‹ZcigZh
XjVgiVh eVgiZhÄ! Za \dW^Zgcd YZ ;^YZa 8Vh"
igd ^chi^ijn‹ jc egd\gVbV ZXdc‹b^Xd YZ
ZbZg\ZcX^VfjZcdVbZcVoVWVZahiVijfjd!
WV_d Za i†ijad Zj[Zb†hi^Xd YZ ÆeZg†dYd Zh"
eZX^VaZci^ZbedYZeVoÇ#9^X]degd\gVbV
Xdch^hi^‹ Zc jc ejŠVYd YZ bZY^YVh bjn
a^b^iVYVh ZcXVb^cVYVh V aV a^WZgVa^oVX^‹c
YZadhbZgXVYdh!^cXajnZcYdaVaZ\Va^oVX^‹c
YZa Y‹aVg Xdbd bdcZYV k{a^YV Zc 8jWV
ZhiV aZ\Va^oVX^‹c [jZ YZgd\VYV Zc '%%)0
aVVjidg^oVX^‹cVadhXjWVcdheVgVigVWV_Vg
edghjXjZciVZc{gZVhXdbdZaigVchedgiZ!
aVgZeVgVX^‹cYZXVhVhnadhhZgk^X^dhXdbd
Zc adh gZhiVjgVciZh Ydb‚hi^Xdh aaVbVYdh
ÆeVaVYVgZhÇ0 aV XgZVX^‹c YZ XddeZgVi^kVh
V\g†XdaVhYZhbVciZaVcYdeVgX^VabZciZaVh
Vci^\jVh[^cXVhXdaZXi^kVhYZa:hiVYd0Va\j"
cVhgZ[dgbVhig^WjiVg^Vh0aVXgZVX^‹cYZod"
cVhYZbZgXVYda^WgZngZ[dgbVhVah^hiZbV
WVcXVg^d#
:hiVh ZhXVhVh bZY^YVh eVa^Vi^kVh! fjZ cd
Xdchi^ij†VcjceaVcXd]ZgZciZnVWVgXVYdg
eVgV Xdc_jgVg aV Xg^h^h! iVbedXd hZ k^Zgdc
VXdbeVŠVYVhedgjcVa^WZgVa^oVX^‹ceVgV"
aZaVZcaVk^YVeda†i^XV#8dbdhZŠVaVBVg^[Za^
E‚gZo"HiVWaZZchjVgi†XjadhdWgZaVeda†i^XV
XjWVcV!VjcfjZZcZaXdc\gZhdYZaEVgi^Yd
8dbjc^hiVYZ&..%hZkZci^aVgdcXdcX^ZgiV
VeZgijgVaVhfjZ_Vh!YjYVhnegdejZhiVhYZ
adhb^ZbWgdhYZaEVgi^Ydn]VhiVYZX^jYV"
YVcdh XdbjcZh n Xdgg^ZciZh! ZhV VeZgijgV
Yjg‹ bjn edXd# EVgV &..*! Za EVgi^Yd ]V"
W†VkjZaidVVhjb^gedhijgVhYZa†cZVb{h
YjgV!nZcZaVŠd'%%%8VhigdVegdkZX]‹aV
Xg^h^hYZaXVhd:a^{c<dco{aZoeVgVgZVa^oVg
aVh b{h \gVcYZh bdk^a^oVX^dcZh bVh^kVh
fjZhZ]VW†VcYVYdZc8jWVZcY‚XVYVh#AV
Xjab^cVX^‹cYZZhiZegdXZhdhZY^dZcZagZ"
[Zg‚cYjbYZ'%%'!fjZYZXaVg‹^ggZkdXVWaZ
ZahdX^Va^hbdZc8jWVnaaZk‹V^cXdgedgVg
ZhiZ eg^cX^e^d! bZY^VciZ jcV Zcb^ZcYV! V
aV 8dchi^ijX^‹c XjWVcV# :a gZ[Zg‚cYjb YZ
'%%'iVbW^‚c[jZjcVgZhejZhiV]^eZgW‹a^XV
YZag‚\^bZcVciZZa‚m^idYZaEgdnZXidKVgZ"
aVÄa^YZgVYdedgZaY^h^YZciZDhlVaYdEVn{
HVgY^ŠVh!ZaegdnZXidaaZk‹VciZaV6hVbWaZV
CVX^dcVaXjWVcVjcVeZi^X^‹cVXdbeVŠVYV
YZb{hYZdcXZb^a[^gbVhZm^\^ZcYdaVXZ"
aZWgVX^‹cYZjcVXdchjaiVeWa^XVhdWgZadh
XVbW^dheda†i^XdhnZXdc‹b^XdhViZcdgXdc
Za6gi†Xjad--YZaV8dchi^ijX^‹cXjWVcV#
AdhZ[ZXidhYZZhiVhXg^h^hhdWgZZaejZWad
XjWVcd ]Vc h^Yd VbW^\jdh! Xdbd hZŠVaV
9Vb^{c?#;Zgc{cYZoZchjVgi†XjadVXZgXV
YZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^aZc8jWV#;Zgc{cYZoYZ"
[^cZaVÆhdX^ZYVYX^k^aÇXdbdaVZh[ZgVhdX^Va
YdcYZcjbZgdhVhdg\Vc^oVX^dcZhVji‹cd"
bVh [dgbVaZh Z ^c[dgbVaZh Vgi^XjaVc Y^"
kZghdh ^ciZgZhZh Z ^YZci^YVYZh n egdXjgVc
bZY^Vg ZcigZ adh X^jYVYVcdh n Za :hiVYd#
HZ\cZaZhijY^dhd!h^W^ZcaVhigVch^X^dcZh
YZbdXg{i^XVhZcGjh^VnadhVci^\jdheV†"
hZhYZaWadfjZhdX^Va^hiVYZbdhigVgdcaVXV"
eVX^YVYYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^aYZ^bejahVgZa
egdXZhdYZbdXg{i^Xd!iVbW^‚cejh^ZgdcZc
Zk^YZcX^V fjZ aV [gV\bZciVX^‹c ZcigZ adh
Y^hi^cidh\gjedhYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^aedY†V
\ZcZgVgXdc[jh^‹cnVeVi†VZcigZadhX^jYV"
YVcdhYZaVhcjZkVhYZbdXgVX^Vh#B{hVc!
aV^cZ[^XVX^VYZjcdhcjZkdh\dW^ZgcdhYZ"
bdXg{i^XdhVWgjbVYdhedgaVhbai^eaZhn
Xdc[a^Xi^kVhYZbVcYVhYZaVhdX^ZYVYX^k^a
aaZk‹ Zc cd edXdh XVhdh Va Vj\Z YZ aV Xd"
ggjeX^‹cnaVXg^b^cVa^YVY#
;Zgc{cYZokZZc8jWV]dnY†VaVZm^hiZc"
X^V YZ jcV egdid"hdX^ZYVY X^k^a! VaZciVYV
edgjcVkVg^ZYVYYZ[dgbVhYZgZh^hiZcX^V
^c[dgbVa VciZ Za edYZg YZa :hiVYd# 6 aVh
b{h YZ (*% dg\Vc^oVX^dcZh ^cYZeZcY^Zc"
iZh! hZŠVaV ;Zgc{cYZo! hZ hjbV aV >\aZh^V
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
8Vi‹a^XV! Xjnd XgZX^b^Zcid n VXi^k^hbd
gZcdkVYdVeVgi^gYZaVY‚XVYVYZ&.-%aV
]VXdckZgi^YdZcaVc^XVdg\Vc^oVX^‹c^c"
YZeZcY^ZciZXdcVaXVcXZkZgYVYZgVbZciZ
cVX^dcVa Zc 8jWV# :hiVh dg\Vc^oVX^dcZh
]VcYZhV[^VYdXdc‚m^idZaXdcigdaYZa:h"
iVYdZcbViZg^VhZXdc‹b^XVhnhdX^VaZh#
CddWhiVciZ!]Vndigdh[VXidgZhfjZb^"
a^iVc XdcigV aV ZmeVch^‹c YZ aV hdX^ZYVY
X^k^a/ bjX]dh XjWVcdh! [Vi^\VYdh YZ aV
eda†i^XVnaVXdchiVciZbdk^a^oVX^‹c!Wjh"
XVc hVi^h[VXZg hjh ^ciZgZhZh Zc Za {bW^id
YZadeZghdcVanadeg^kVYd!iZcYZcX^VfjZ
hZ^ciZch^[^XVYZW^YdVaVhY^[^XjaiVYZhYZ
hdWgZk^k^g Zc jcV ZXdcdb†V ZbedWgZ"
X^YV# 6Š{YVhZ V Zhid Za b^ZYd V aV eZghZ"
XjX^‹c eda†i^XV! aVh aZVaiVYZh Y^k^Y^YVh! aV
YZhdg^ZciVX^‹cVXZgXVYZa[jijgdnaVdb"
c^egZhZciZ Xdc[gdciVX^‹c Xdc adh :hiVYdh
Jc^Ydh!nhZZci^ZcYZedgfj‚bjX]dhXj"
WVcdh]VWaVcVXZgXVYZaVÆYdWaZbdgVaÇn
edgfj‚aVXg^b^cVa^YVYnaV^c[dgbVa^YVY
ZXdc‹b^XVZaÆ_^cZiZg^hbdÇdegdhi^ijX^‹c
n digVh [dgbVh hZbZ_VciZh YZ WjhXVghZ Za
eVcYZXVYVY†VXdchi^ijnZc]dcYdhegd"
WaZbVhhdX^VaZhfjZcdYZhVeVgZXZg{cXdc
jcVigVch^X^‹cYZbdXg{i^XV#
:a YZiZg^dgd YZ adh hZgk^X^dh hdX^VaZh! YZ
idYVaVVbea^VgZYYZVh^hiZcX^VhfjZZa\d"
W^Zgcd Xdbjc^hiV YZ 8jWV hda†V d[gZXZg V
hjhX^jYVYVcdh!Zhdigd[VXidgegZdXjeVciZ
YZXVgVVjcVigVch^X^‹c^cb^cZciZ!Xdbd
hjWgVnV8VgbZadBZhV"AV\dZchjVgi†Xjad
YZY^XVYdVaVeda†i^XVnaVVh^hiZcX^VhdX^Va
Zc 8jWV# :c Za gZc\a‹c YZ aV ZYjXVX^‹c!
YdcYZdWijkdad\gdhVbea^VbZciZgZXdcd"
X^YdhaVGZkdajX^‹c8jWVcV!aVXg^h^hYZaV
Y‚XVYV YZ &..% gZYj_d Za egZhjejZhid Zc
jc(-!gZhjaiVcYdZcjcVZhXVhZoYZbViZ"
g^VaZhZhXdaVgZh![VaiVYZbVciZc^b^ZcidYZ
adheaVciZaZh!gZYjXX^‹cZcadhhZgk^X^dhYZ
igVchedgiZnVa^bZciVX^‹cYZadhZhijY^Vc"
iZh n jc YZhXZchd \ZcZgVa^oVYd Zc aV XVa^"
YVYYZaVZYjXVX^‹c#AdhhZgk^X^dhYZhVajY
jc^kZghVaZhn\gVij^idh!digdgVgZaVi^kVbZc"
iZ YZhVggdaaVYdh n fjZ ]VW†Vc egdYjX^Yd
Va\jcdhYZadhbZ_dgZh†cY^XZhYZhVajYYZ
aV edWaVX^‹c Zc 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV! iVbW^‚c
hj[g^Zgdc Za \daeZ YZ aV Xg^h^h YjgVciZ Za
ÆeZg†dYd ZheZX^VaÇ/ hZ\c BZhV"AV\d! Za
\Vhid eZg X{e^iV Zc Za Xj^YVYd YZ aV hVajY
WV_‹jc,*ZcigZ&.-.n&..(#AVgZYjXX^‹c
YZegZhjejZhidhh^\c^[^X‹aV[VaiVYZbZY^"
X^cVh! e^ZoVh YZ gZejZhid eVgV Za Zfj^ed
b‚Y^Xd! VcZhi‚h^Xdh! ZiX# HjbVYd Zhid V aV
gdijgVYZaVnVYZiZg^dgVYV^c[gVZhigjXijgV
YZV\jVediVWaZnVaXVciVg^aaVYd!XgZX^‹aV
^cX^YZcX^VYZaVY^VggZVnaV]ZeVi^i^h#6hj
kZo!aV[VaiVYZegd[^a{Xi^XdhnZaVjbZcidZc
aV egdhi^ijX^‹c VjbZci‹ aV iVhV YZ Zc[Zg"
bZYVYZh kZc‚gZVh n aV ZhXVhZo YZ kVXjcVh
^cXgZbZci‹ aV ^cX^YZcX^V YZ kVg^XZaV n ij"
WZgXjadh^hÄZcXVbW^d!adhb^ZbWgdhYZaVh
[jZgoVhVgbVYVh!aVhZ\jg^YVYYZa:hiVYdn
adhVaidhd[^X^VaZhYZa\dW^ZgcdnYZaEVgi^Yd
8dbjc^hiVgZX^WZcadhhZgk^X^dhYZjch^hiZ"
bVYZhVajYhZeVgVYd!nZa\dW^Zgcd]VZh"
iVWaZX^Yd!VYZb{h!eVgVadhZmigVc_Zgdh!jc
h^hiZbV YZ Xj^YVYd YZ hVajY b{h Z[ZXi^kd
fjZ[jcX^dcVVWVhZYZY‹aVgZh#
CdidYdhadhXVbW^dhdXjgg^YdhYjgVciZ
ZaÆeZg†dYdZheZX^VaÇnhjhZXjZaV]Vch^Yd
cZ\Vi^kdh#:caVZh[ZgVXjaijgVaZ^YZda‹\^"
XV!XdbdZmea^XVGV[VZaGd_VhZchjZchVnd
hdWgZaV^YZdad\†V!aVXjaijgVnaVbZbdg^V!
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
aV Xg^h^h ]V egdkdXVYd gZV_jhiZh Zc adh h^h"
iZbVh h^bW‹a^Xdh bZY^VciZ adh XjVaZh adh
XjWVcdh ^ciZgegZiVc hj gZVa^YVY# :hidh gZ"
V_jhiZh hj\^ZgZc aV edh^W^a^YVY YZ fjZ adh
^ciZaZXijVaZh n Vgi^hiVh XjWVcdh ejZYVc
kdakZgV[dgbjaVgjch^hiZbVYZ^YZVhnYZ
h†bWdadhXdbeVgi^YdhfjZgZaaZcZcZakVX†d
dXVh^dcVYdedgZaYZhegZhi^\^d]^hi‹g^XdYZa
bVgm^hbd"aZc^c^hbdnZaXdaVehdcdhdadYZ
aVZXdcdb†VXjWVcVh^cdYZadhb^idhfjZaV
GZkdajX^‹cXgZ‹eVgVaZ\^i^bVghZ#
HZ\cGd_Vh!VeVgi^gYZaVXV†YVYZaWad"
fjZ hdX^Va^hiV! Za g‚\^bZc XjWVcd ]V ^Yd
eVjaVi^cVbZciZ VWVcYdcVcYd Za bVgm^h"
bd"aZc^c^hbd Xdbd aV ^YZdad\†V d[^X^Va
YZa:hiVYdn]V^YdgZVYdeiVcYdjcVigVY^"
X^‹cXjWVcVYZcVX^dcVa^hbdgZkdajX^dcV"
g^d#:hiVZhigViZ\^VWjhXVgZZYjXVg^YZda‹"
\^XVbZciZVadhX^jYVYVcdh!egdbdk^ZcYd
jcVXjaijgVeda†i^XVWVhVYVcdnVZcjcV
^ciZgegZiVX^‹c bVgm^hiV YZ aV ]^hidg^V YZ
8jWV!h^cdb{hW^ZcZcjcVcVggVX^‹c]Z"
gd^XVYZaVcVX^dcVa^YVYXjWVcV!YZhYZaVh
ajX]VhedgaV^cYZeZcYZcX^VYZah^\adM>M!
ZbWaZbVi^oVYVh Zc ?dh‚ BVgi†! ]VhiV aVh
gZkdajX^dcZh YZ &.(( n &.*. k^hiVh Xdbd
Ze^hdY^dhYZgZh^hiZcX^VXdcigVZa^beZg^V"
a^hbdZhiVYdjc^YZchZ#
6eZhVgYZfjZZag‚\^bZcXjWVcd]Vji^"
a^oVYdZhiZcVX^dcVa^hbdgZkdajX^dcVg^dn
ZaXdc[a^XidXdcadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh[jcYV"
bZciVabZciZXdbdjcbZXVc^hbdYZXdc"
igdahdX^Va!Gd_VhhZŠVaVfjZaVVXi^ijYedh"
Xdbjc^hiVYZZhiV^YZdad\†V]VidaZgVYdaV
Zm^hiZcX^V YZ egdnZXidh YZ gZXdcX^a^VX^‹c
cVX^dcVanYZadfjZ‚aaaVbVÆeVX^[^XVX^‹c
YZaVbZbdg^VÇ!ZhYZX^g!ZagZXdcdX^b^Zcid
YZ jc eVhVYd ]^hi‹g^Xd XdbeVgi^Yd ZcigZ
VYkZghVg^dhXdbdjceg^bZgeVhd]VX^VaV
b^i^\VX^‹c YZa Xdc[a^Xid# Gd_Vh X^iV Xdbd
Z_ZbeadaVhXdc[ZgZcX^Vhig^eVgi^iVh!ZcaVh
fjZeVgi^X^eVgdcgZegZhZciVciZhYZaVVci^"
\jVJc^‹cHdk^‚i^XV!YZadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh
^cXajnZcYd Va Zm hZXgZiVg^d YZ aV YZ[ZchV
GdWZgiH#BXCVbVgVnYZaVegde^V8jWV!
XZaZWgVYVhZcAV=VWVcVZc&..'!'%%&n
'%%'! XdcbZbdgVcYd adh Vc^kZghVg^dh YZ
aVXg^h^hYZadhegdnZXi^aZhYZ&.+'nYZaV
^ckVh^‹cYZ7V]†VYZ8dX]^cdhZc&.+&#
;dgbVc eVgiZ iVbW^‚c YZ ZhiV ÆeVX^[^XV"
X^‹c YZ aV bZbdg^VÇ adh egdnZXidh YZ gZh"
iVjgVX^‹cjgWVcVYZaV=VWVcVK^Z_V!Zcadh
fjZhZgZXdcdXZZakVadg]^hi‹g^XdYZZY^[^"
X^dh!bdcjbZcidhnaj\VgZhYZaV‚edXVXd"
adc^VanaVZgVgZejWa^XVcV0adhigVWV_dhb{h
YZhegZ_j^X^VYdhYZ^ckZhi^\VX^‹cYZ_‹kZcZh
XjWVcdhXdbdGV[VZa6XdhiVYZ6gg^WV!BV"
g†V 6cidc^V B{gfjZo 9dao n 9jVcZa 9†Vo
>c[VciZ!nadhZcXjZcigdhnY^{ad\dhfjZhZ
]VckZc^YdYVcYdYZhYZaVY‚XVYVYZ&.,%
ZcigZadhb^ZbWgdhb{hbdYZgVYdhYZaZm^"
a^dXjWVcdnadhXjWVcdhYZaV^haV#8d^cX^YZ
Gd_VhXdcadhhZŠVaVb^ZcidhYZA^hVcYgdE‚"
gZoÄZchjZchVndVXZgXVYZaZm^a^dXjWVcd
nZa[jijgdYZ8jWVÄhdWgZaV^bedgiVcX^V
fjZgZk^hiZZa]ZX]dYZaVXVh^idiVaYZhVeVg^"
X^‹cYZadh\gjedhYZgZh^hiZcX^VVgbVYVVa
g‚\^bZcYZ;^YZa8VhigdZcigZadhZm^a^VYdh
XjWVcdh n Za egZYdb^c^d ZcigZ Zhidh YZ aV
^YZVYZVaZciVgjcVigVch^X^‹ceVX†[^XV]VX^V
aVYZbdXgVX^VVigVk‚hYZjcegdXZhdYZgZ"
XdcX^a^VX^‹ccVX^dcVa#
8dbdejZYZVegZX^VghZ!aVigVch^X^‹cYZ
8jWV]VX^VjccjZkdg‚\^bZcZhiVg{dXj"
gg^ZcYdXdcZaigVh[dcYdYZaVhZg^Vh^ijV"
X^‹cZXdc‹b^XVnhdX^VadXVh^dcVYVedgZa
XdaVehdYZaWadfjZhdX^Va^hiV!h^ijVX^‹cfjZ
Zag‚\^bZcXjWVcdcd]VhVW^YdV[gdciVg
VYZXjVYVbZciZ# HZ\c hZ YZhegZcYZ YZ
adh ZchVndh YZ Add`^c\ ;dglVgY! 8jWV eV"
gZXZZhiVg!ejZh!bjnedXdegZeVgVYVeVgV
aVhZ\jcYVÄVjcfjZcd^cZheZgVYVÄ\gVc
Xg^h^hfjZhZaZVkZX^cV/aVYZhVeVg^X^‹cYZ
;^YZa8Vhigd#
´
8j{aZhhdc!ZcidcXZh!adhhZcYZgdh
fjZhZW^[jgXVcVciZ8jWVnadhXj"
WVcdhigVhaVbjZgiZYZhjXVjY^aad!
hZ\c adh ZheZX^Va^hiVh YZ Add`^c\
;dglVgY46jcfjZcdidYdhadhZchVndhYZa
a^Wgd i^ZcZc ZhiV ZhigjXijgV gVb^[^XVYV!
idYdhZcbVndgdbZcdgbZY^YVidbVcZc
XjZciV Va\jcVh YZ aVh igZh edh^WaZh VaiZg"
cVi^kVhdbdYZadhfjZhZejZYZck^hajb"
WgVgeVgVaVigVch^X^‹cXjWVcV/
&# AV Xdchda^YVX^‹c YZ jc g‚\^bZc hj"
XZhdg h^\j^ZcYd aVh eVjiVh egZk^hiVh edg
aV VXijVa ‚a^iZ \dWZgcVciZ YZ 8jWV# 7V_d
ZhiZg‚\^bZc!ZaEVgi^Yd8dbjc^hiVh^\jZ
bdcdeda^oVcYd Za edYZg! eZgd hZ YV jcV
VeZgijgVZXdc‹b^XVh^b^aVgVaVhfjZ]Vc
dXjgg^YdZc8]^cVnZcK^ZicVb#
'#JcVigVch^X^‹ccZ\dX^VYV]VX^VaVYZ"
bdXgVX^VedgZag‚\^bZchjXZhdgajZ\dYZ
jcegdXZhdYZgZ[dgbVhZXdc‹b^XVhned"
a†i^XVh!aVhXjVaZh!VabZ_dgVgaVhXdcY^X^d"
cZhYZk^YVYZaVedWaVX^‹c!YVc^bejahd
VaVhYZbVcYVhYZXVbW^dYZbdXg{i^XdYZ
aVhdX^ZYVYX^k^anYZZaZbZcidhYZcigdYZa
egde^dg‚\^bZc#DigVkZgh^‹cYZZhiZbd"
YZadhZg†VaVYZjcVigVch^X^‹ccZ\dX^VYV
ajZ\dYZa[gVXVhdYZaVhbZY^YVhYZgZ[dg"
bVYZag‚\^bZchjXZhdgnYZjcVhZg^ZYZ
egdiZhiVhedejaVgZh#
(#Jcg‚\^bZchjXZhdg^cbdk^a^hiVnZb"
eZŠVYdZcbVciZcZgZahiVijfjdZXdc‹b^Xd!
VeZhVgYZaVhbVaVhXdcY^X^dcZhZXdc‹b^"
XVhYZaeV†h#HZYVcegdiZhiVhedejaVgZhfjZ
aVhZ\jg^YVYYZa:hiVYdcdad\gVXdciZcZgn
fjZadhhdaYVYdhYZaVh;jZgoVh6gbVYVhhZ
gZh^hiZc V gZeg^b^g# AV k^daZcX^V VjbZciV0
iVbW^‚c VjbZciV Za [aj^g YZ WVahZgdh fjZ
]jnZc WjhXVcYd gZ[j\^d Zc aV ;adg^YV! n
[jZgoVhYZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhdjcV[jZgoV
YZeVobjai^cVX^dcVa^ciZgk^ZcZceVgVigV"
iVgYZgZhiVWaZXZgZadgYZc#
EdggVodcZhdWk^VhÄhZigViV!YZhej‚hYZ
idYd!YZjckdajbZcfjZWjhXVegdedcZg
ZhfjZbVh eVgV egde^X^Vg Za XVbW^d ]VX^V
aVYZbdXgVX^VÄaViZgXZgVVaiZgcVi^kVhdad
hZ bZcX^dcV WgZkZbZciZ Zc aV ^cigdYjX"
X^‹cVZhiZa^Wgd!nhdcaVhYdheg^bZgVhaVh
fjZgZX^WZcbVndgViZcX^‹c#9Z]ZX]d!Zc
\gVc bZY^YV ZhiZ a^Wgd ejZYZ kZghZ iVb"
W^‚c Xdbd jcV hZg^Z YZ XdchZ_dh d jcV
V\ZcYV YZ egdnZXidh fjZ ZhiZ \gjed YZ
ZheZX^Va^hiVhedcZhdWgZaVbZhVYZVa\c
[jijgdXdb^i‚YZigVch^X^‹cXjWVcd#
A
V eg^bZgV VaiZgcVi^kV! hZ\c Zm"
edcZ E‚gZo"HiVWaZ! W^Zc hZ edYg†V
aaVbVg ÆZa bdYZad h^cd"k^ZicVb^"
iVÇ#:hiZbdYZadegZhjedcZfjZaVh
‚a^iZh\dWZgcVciZhZc8jWVejZYVcaaZ\VgV
jcXdchZchdZcidgcdVX‹bdgZZhigjXijgVg
aVZXdcdb†VcVX^dcVanfjZVegZcYVcVYZ"
b{hV\dWZgcVgedghjXjZciV!h^cYZeZc"
YZg YZ jc a†YZg XVg^hb{i^Xd Xdbd 8Vhigd#
GZfjZg^g†V VYZb{h fjZ Za ejZWad aZh Y‚
i^Zbed V aVh gZ[dgbVh ]VhiV fjZ Za cjZkd
EGA,
-EGA
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
g‚\^bZcejZYVXdchda^YVghjaZ\^i^b^YVY#
BZ_dgVgaVXVa^YVYYZk^YViZcYg†VfjZhZg
jcVeg^dg^YVYYZaEVgi^Yd8dbjc^hiV!fjZ
YZWZg†VaZ\Va^oVgnYVgXVW^YVZchjh[^aVhV
adhVjidZbeaZVYdhnVadhZbegZhVg^dh#6hj
kZo!aV6hVbWaZVCVX^dcVaedYg†V^ghZXdc"
k^gi^ZcYdZcjcVaZ\^haVijgVXdcgZjc^dcZh
gZ\jaVgZhb{h[gZXjZciZh!ndg\Vc^oVX^dcZh
^c[ajnZciZh YZ kZiZgVcdh! Xdbd aV 6hdX^V"
X^‹cYZ8dbWVi^ZciZhYZaVGZkdajX^‹c8j"
WVcV[jcYVYVZc&..(!edYg†VcegdbdkZg
aV ^YZV YZ aV igVch[dgbVX^‹c ZXdc‹b^XV
Xdbd jc ^beZgVi^kd gZkdajX^dcVg^d! V aV
bVcZgVX]^cV#
8dc_ZijgV E‚gZo"HiVWaZ fjZ jc VigVXi^kd
YZa bdYZad h^cd"k^ZicVb^iV eVgV adh :hiV"
YdhJc^YdhnadheV†hZhYZaVD:6hZg†Vhj
\VgVci†VYZZhiVW^a^YVYeda†i^XV!jc^YVVhj
VeZgijgVZXdc‹b^XV#:hidh[VXidgZhedYg†Vc
VaVaVg\VXdcYjX^gVaaZkVciVb^ZcidYZaWad"
fjZdZXdc‹b^XdXdcigV8jWVnV^ciZcidhYZ
^ciZ\gVgVaV^haVYZbVcZgVb{h[dgbVaZc
aVZXdcdb†VYZa]Zb^h[Zg^d#:cXjVcidVaVh
gZaVX^dcZh eda†i^Xd"b^a^iVgZh! h^ZbegZ iVc
^cZhiVWaZhnYZa^XVYVhZcZaXdciZmidaVi^cd"
VbZg^XVcd! iVcid E‚gZo"HiVWaZ Xdbd ?dg\Z
># 9db†c\jZo XdcXjZgYVc Zc fjZ WV_d Za
bdYZadh^cd"k^ZicVb^iVZhiVhcdhj[g^g†Vc
\gVcYZhigVhidgcdh/[jcYVbZciVabZciZ!Va
YVghZjcVhjXZh^‹cY^c{hi^XVYZ;^YZaVGVa
8VhigdfjZZhVidYVhajXZhadfjZnV]VXd"
bZcoVYdVhjXZYZg!Zaeg^bZgbVcYViVg^d
hZg†VjcZm"b^c^higdYZaVYZ[ZchVVfj^Zc
aVh[jZgoVhVgbVYVhgZheZiVcndWZYZXZc#6
hjkZo!XdbdZc8]^cV!aVh[jZgoVhVgbVYVh
edYg†VcXdci^cjVgYZhVggdaaVcYdZbegZhVh
ZXdc‹b^XVhd[^gbVhXdbZgX^VaZhY^g^\^YVh
edgd[^X^VaZhgZi^gVYdhZcXdaVWdgVX^‹cXdc
aVh[jZgoVhVgbVYVh#
:c ad gZaVi^kd V aV hdX^ZYVY X^k^a! XgZZ
9Vb^{c>#;Zgc{cYZofjZaVa^WZgVa^oVX^‹c
YZaVZXdcdb†VWV_dZabdcdeda^deda†i^Xd
YZa EVgi^Yd 8dbjc^hiV egdYjX^g†V jc YZ"
hVggdaad aZcid! Xdc[a^Xi^kd n eVgX^Va YZ aVh
Zci^YVYZhX^k^aZh#6aVbea^VghZaVZh[ZgVYZ
VXi^k^YVYZhZXdc‹b^XVheZgb^i^YVh!]VWg†V
jc bdk^b^Zcid \ZcZgVa^oVYd YZhYZ Za id"
iVa^iVg^hbd ]VX^V Za Vjidg^iVg^hbd! ad XjVa
Wg^cYVg†V V adh ^cY^k^Yjdh n \gjedh YZ aV
hdX^ZYVY X^k^a jc bVndg ZheVX^d eVgV hjh
VXi^k^YVYZh! eZgd cd jcV XdbeaZiV VeZg"
ijgV eda†i^XV# AV >\aZh^V 8Vi‹a^XV n digVh
YZcdb^cVX^dcZh gZa^\^dhVh edYg†Vc kZghZ
WZcZ[^X^VYVh Va iZcZg bZcdh gZhig^XX^dcZh
Zc hj b^h^‹c ZkVc\Za^oVYdgV! V aV kZo fjZ
adh Y^h^YZciZh n VXi^k^hiVh YZ adh YZgZX]dh
]jbVcdhhZ\j^g†Vcide{cYdhZXdchZkZgVh
gZhig^XX^dcZh#
:a bdYZad h^cd"k^ZicVb^iV ^cXajhd Xdc"
iZbeaVg†V aV \gVYjVa gZ^ciZ\gVX^‹c d gZ"
jc^[^XVX^‹c YZ aV Y^{hedgV XjWVcV V c^kZa
ZXdc‹b^Xd! V bZY^YV fjZ hZ aZkVciVgV Za
WadfjZd! hZ\c egdedcZ A^hVcYgd E‚gZo#
:a XdciVXid gZ\jaVg^oVYd n [gZXjZciZ YZ
aV Xdbjc^YVY Zm^a^VYV Xdc aV Xdbjc^YVY
YZ aV ^haV edYg†V XdcYjX^g V aVg\d eaVod V
jc h^hiZbV eda†i^Xd b{h VW^Zgid# 6 hj kZo!
Xdbd YZhiVXV L^aa^Vb B# AZd\gVcYZ Zc
hjZchVndhdWgZZa[jijgdYZaVhgZaVX^dcZh
ZcigZ8jWVnadh:hiVYdhJc^Ydh!ZabZ_dgV"
b^Zcid Zc aVh gZaVX^dcZh ZcigZ aV Y^{hedgV
n adh XjWVcdh YZ aV ^haV V[ZXiVg†V edh^i^kV"
bZciZaVhgZaVX^dcZhZcigZadh:hiVYdhJc^"
Ydhn8jWV!idYVkZofjZaV]dhi^a^YVYYZa
Zm^a^dXjWVcd]VX^VZag‚\^bZcXVhig^hiV]V
h^YdjcdYZadheg^cX^eVaZhdWhi{XjadheVgV
aVcdgbVa^oVX^‹cYZaVhgZaVX^dcZhZcigZadh
YdheV†hZh#
:ahZ\jcYdbdYZad!fjZedYg†VbdhaaV"
bVgÆYZbdXg{i^Xd"a^WZgVaÇ!dWk^VbZciZcd
ZmXajnZ Va eg^bZgd n edYg†V ^cXajhd YZg^"
kVghZYZZhiZVigVk‚hYZjcVigVch^X^‹cb{h
d bZcdh aVg\V# <jhiVkd 6gcVkVi cdh gZ"
XjZgYV!ZchjZchVndhdWgZaV8dchi^ijX^‹c
XjWVcVnaV[jijgVigVch^X^‹cYZbdXg{i^XV!
fjZaVaaZ\VYVVaedYZgZc8jWVYZjcg‚"
\^bZcYZbdXg{i^Xd"a^WZgVaWVhVYdZcjcV
ZXdcdb†V YZ bZgXVYd iZcYg†V fjZ ZhiVg
VXdbeVŠVYV YZ jcV igVch[dgbVX^‹c Vb"
ea^VnYZa^WZgVYVYZah^hiZbVaZ\Va#6gcVkVi
hZŠVaV VYZb{h fjZ! Xdbd ]V hjXZY^Yd Zc
bjX]dh YZ adh eV†hZh YZa Vci^\jd WadfjZ
hdX^Va^hiV!adheg^bZgdhXVbW^dhVah^hiZbV
aZ\Va XjWVcd hZg†Vc bdYZgVYdh0 b{h fjZ
YZjcVgZkdajX^‹c!hZigViVg†VYZjcVgZ[d"
ajX^‹cÄkdXVWad]†Wg^YdfjZVcVaVh^YZVh
YZaVgZ[dgbVXdggZXi^kVnZaXVbW^dgZkd"
ajX^dcVg^d# JcV YZ aVh eg^bZgVh iVgZVh Zc
ZhiZhZXidgYZacjZkd\dW^ZgcdhZg†VZaegd"
XZhd YZ ZcbZcYVg aV VXijVa 8dchi^ijX^‹c
hdX^Va^hiVYZ8jWV!dYZVYdeiVgjcVcjZkV
8dchi^ijX^‹c! ejZh Zc '%%' aV 8dchi^ij"
X^‹chdX^Va^hiV[jZZcbZcYVYVeVgV^beZ"
Y^gXjVafj^Zg[jijgdXVbW^d]VX^VZaeajgV"
a^hbdeda†i^Xd!hZ\cgZoVZcZa8Ve†ijad>!
Vgi†XjadiZgXZgd/Æ:ahdX^Va^hbdnZah^hiZbV
eda†i^XdnhdX^VagZkdajX^dcVg^dZhiVWaZX^Yd
Zc ZhiV 8dchi^ijX^‹c! egdWVYd edg VŠdh
YZ]Zgd^XVgZh^hiZcX^V[gZciZVaVhV\gZh^d"
cZhYZidYdi^ednaV\jZggVZXdc‹b^XVYZ
adh \dW^Zgcdh YZ aV ediZcX^V ^beZg^Va^hiV
b{hedYZgdhVfjZ]VZm^hi^Ydn]VW^ZcYd
YZbdhigVYd hj XVeVX^YVY YZ igVch[dgbVg
Za eV†h n XgZVg jcV hdX^ZYVY ZciZgVbZciZ
cjZkVn_jhiV!Zh^ggZkdXVWaZ!n8jWVcdkda"
kZg{_Vb{hVaXVe^iVa^hbdÇ#
JcgZidVafjZiVbW^‚chZiZcYg{cfjZZc"
[gZciVg VbWdh bdYZadh YZ igVch^X^‹c hZg{
ZaYZaVXdggjeX^‹c#9Vc^ZaE#:g^`hdc!Zchj
ZchVndhdWgZZhiZiZbVZcAdd`^c\;dglVgY!
hjWgVnV fjZ ZhiZ ]V h^Yd jc egdWaZbV YZ
aVg\V]^hidg^VZc8jWV#AVXdggjeX^‹c!edh"
ijaV :g^`hdc! i^ZcYZ V [adgZXZg Zc eV†hZh
YdcYZ]Vn\gVcYZhY^heVg^YVYZhYZedYZg!
^chi^ijX^dcZh^cZ[ZXi^kVh!jcVhdX^ZYVYX^k^a
Y‚W^anc^kZaZhWV_dhYZeVgi^X^eVX^‹cX^jYV"
YVcV# AV 8jWV GZkdajX^dcVg^V bjZhigV Zc
ZhiZeVgi^XjaVgVa\jcdhYZadhgVh\dhYZaV
XdggjeX^‹cVaZhi^adYZaVVci^\jVJc^‹cHd"
k^‚i^XVÄiVaZhXdbdjcVXdbeaZ_VgZYYZ[V"
kdg^i^hbdheda†i^XdhnZhXVhVa^WZgVa^oVX^‹c
ZXdc‹b^XVÄ XdbW^cVYdh Xdc kZgh^dcZh V
eZfjZŠVZhXVaVYZaVheg{Xi^XVhYZhdWdgcd
fjZ hZ YVc Zc digdh eV†hZh aVi^cdVbZg^XV"
cdh# 9Zcigd YZ ZhiZ h^hiZbV! ;^YZa 8Vhigd
Zh fj^Zc YZhYZ ]VXZ VŠdh ]V ZhiVWaZX^Yd!
YZbVcZgVVgW^igVg^V!aV[gdciZgVZcigZXj{a
i^edYZXdggjeX^‹chZeZgb^iZnXj{aVbZ"
g^iV Va\c i^ed YZ XVhi^\d d[^X^Va# Cd dWh"
iVciZ!ZcaVVXijVa^YVY!ajZ\dYZaVXg^h^hYZa
ÆeZg†dYdZheZX^VaÇnhjha^b^iVYVhgZ[dgbVh!
aVXdggjeX^‹cZcaVhVaiVhZh[ZgVhYZaEVgi^Yd
8dbjc^hiVhZXgZZfjZ]VaaZ\VYdVc^kZaZh
YZ\VcVcX^VfjZhjeZgVcZac^kZaegdbZY^d
YZaVh‚a^iZhXjWVcVh#6YZb{h!^cXajhdVc^"
kZa edejaVg! aV hjeZgk^kZcX^V ZXdc‹b^XV V
bZcjYd ^bea^XV ZhiVg Va bVg\Zc YZ aV aZn
bZY^VciZ gZXjghdh fjZ kVc YZhYZ Za igjZ"
fjZ ]VhiV Za gdWd# JcV 8jWV YZbdXg{i^XV
iZcYg†V fjZ a^Y^Vg cd hdad Xdc adh egdWaZ"
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
bVhaZ\VaZhZ^chi^ijX^dcVaZhYZYZhbVYZ_Vg
aV gZY YZ eg^k^aZ\^dh fjZ Za VXijVa :hiVYd
XjWVcd ]V XgZVYd eVgV adh b^ZbWgdh YZ
aV ‚a^iZ! h^cd Xdc Za YZhV[†d YZ gZZYjXVg n
igVch[dgbVgaVhVXi^ijYZhbdgVaZhYZaejZ"
WadVciZaVVXi^k^YVYZXdc‹b^XV#
8dbd h^ [jZgV edXd! jcV 8jWV YZbd"
Xg{i^XV iZcYg†V VYZb{h fjZ Zc[gZciVghZ
Xdc jcV edYZgdhV [jZciZ YZ XdggjeX^‹c
YZ \dW^Zgcdh Z ^cY^k^Yjdh Zc aV odcV YZa
8Vg^WZ/ZacVgXdig{[^Xd#:g^`hdchZŠVaVfjZ
aV edh^X^‹c \Zd\g{[^XV YZ 8jWV aV kjZakZ
jc ejcid bjn YZhZVWaZ eVgV Za igVh^Z\d
YZYgd\VhnZaaVkVYdYZY^cZgd#H^W^ZcZh
X^ZgidfjZZcaVVXijVa^YVYZag‚\^bZcXj"
WVcdeVgZXZVXijVgXdbdjcVa^VYdYZadh
:hiVYdhJc^Ydhn:jgdeVZcaVajX]VXdc"
igVZacVgXdig{[^Xd!nfjZhjh^hiZbVWVc"
XVg^dXdcigdaVYdedgZa:hiVYd]VhZgk^Yd
YZWVggZgVVaaVkVYdYZY^cZgd!bVciZcZg
ZhiVY^hX^ea^cVedYg†VhZgb{hY^[†X^aeVgV
jc[jijgd\dW^ZgcdYZbdXg{i^Xd#
Edgai^bd!ZcZa{bW^idYZaVVh^hiZcX^V
hdX^VafjZZa\dW^ZgcdegdkZZVhjhX^jYV"
YVcdh!BZhV"AV\dVejciVfjZaVigVch^X^‹c
VjcV8jWVYZbdXg{i^Xd"a^WZgVaYZWZZk^iVg
bdkZghZYZ^cbZY^Vid]VX^Vjch^hiZbVYZ
bZgXVYd!ejZhZhidcd]Vg†Vh^cdVjbZciVg
aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZhniZch^dcZhnVZm^hiZciZh
ZcZah^hiZbV#:hiZZheZX^Va^hiVgZXdb^ZcYV!
ZcXVbW^d!jcegd\gVbVYZVh^hiZcX^Vhd"
X^VahZbZ_VciZVafjZ]Vc^beaZbZciVYdadh
eV†hZhb{hYZhVggdaaVYdhYZ:jgdeV8ZcigVa
nDg^ZciVanaVgZ\^‹cYZa7{ai^Xd/jcVgZY
YZhZ\jg^YVYhdX^VaVYb^c^higVYVYZbdYd
YZhXZcigVa^oVYd fjZ egdkZV hjeaZbZcidh
ZXdc‹b^Xdh iZbedgVaZh V adh X^jYVYVcdh
edWgZh!\VgVci^o{cYdaZhjcc^kZaVYZXjVYd
YZhjWh^hiZcX^V!nfjZd[gZoXVhZgk^X^dhb‚"
Y^Xdh n ZYjXVi^kdh \gVij^idh Va hZXidg b{h
cZXZh^iVYdYZaVedWaVX^‹c# BZhV"AV\dhj"
WgVnVfjZZcaVhgZ[dgbVh]VX^Vjch^hiZbV
YZbZgXVYdYZWZbVciZcZghZjcZfj^a^Wg^d
ZcigZ adh ^cXZci^kdh ZXdc‹b^Xdh fjZ egd"
bjZkVcZaV]dggd!ZaYZhVggdaadZXdc‹b^Xd
n Za XgZX^b^Zcid YZ aV [jZgoV aVWdgVa n aVh
YZh^\jVaYVYZhfjZhdc^c]ZgZciZhVaegde^d
h^hiZbVYZbZgXVYd#
A
dd`^c\;dglVgYd[gZXZ!XdbdedXdh
a^Wgdh YZ hj iZbV! jcV b^gVYV Zm"
igVdgY^cVg^VbZciZ VWVgXVYdgV n
Vjidg^oVYVVaZhiVYdVXijVaYZaVhd"
X^ZYVY!aVeda†i^XV!aVZXdcdb†VnaVXjaijgV
XjWVcVh!XdcZakVadgVŠVY^YdYZVci^X^eVg
Va\jcdhYZadhedh^WaZhbdYZadhnadhed"
h^WaZhdWhi{XjadheVgVZaXVbW^d]VX^Vjc
cjZkd h^hiZbV YZ \dW^Zgcd Zc aV ^haV XVg^"
WZŠV#FjZYVXaVgdZcidYdhadhZchVndhYZ
Add`^c\;dglVgYfjZZcadhhZcYZgdhfjZhZ
W^[jgXVc VciZ 8jWV Zc adh eg‹m^bdh VŠdh
_j\Vg{cjceVeZaYZiZgb^cVciZcdhdadaVh
gZVa^YVYZhYZaegZhZciZXjWVcdnYZaXdciZm"
id^ciZgcVX^dcVaÄaVedh^WaZVXi^ijY]dhi^aYZ
adh:hiVYdhJc^YdhVciZjcVigVch^X^‹cYZ
Zhi^adÆh^cd"k^ZicVb^iVÇ!edgZ_ZbeadÄ!h^cd
iVbW^‚caVhgZVa^YVYZhYZaeVhVYdXjWVcd/
aV]ZgZcX^VYZacZdXdadc^Va^hbdcdgiZVbZ"
g^XVcdnYZaVhY^XiVYjgVh!aVhYZh^\jVaYVYZh
ZcigZXVbednX^jYVY!naVhiZch^dcZhZcigZ
XaVhZh n gVoVh# :hiVh gZVa^YVYZh ]^hi‹g^XVh
Z_ZgXZg{cjcV\gVk^iVX^‹c^cZajY^WaZXjVc"
YdaV8jWVGZkdajX^dcVg^Ve^ZgYVVhj8d"
bVcYVciZngZXjeZgZaVhedh^W^a^YVYZhnadh
g^Zh\dhYZaVa^WZgiVY#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
EGA.
9^[†X^ajcVKZcZojZaV
Xdbd8jWV
HZg\^dGVb†gZo
=j\d8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZ
YZ8g^hi^cVBVgXVcdn6aWZgid7Vg"
gZgVInh`V
BVYg^Y!9ZWViZ!'%%+!)%%ee#!
JH'(!*%
Æ
X^d edgfjZ Za \dW^Zgcd ]V ^bejZhid iVhVh
YZÆe^hdniZX]dÇ#
EZgdiVbW^‚cZaXdchjb^YdgYZaVXaVhZ
:!aVXViZ\dg†VYZVWV_dYdcYZZhi{Za+%
YZaVedWaVX^‹c!]Vk^hidVjbZciVYdhhjh
^c\gZhdh Zc jc &+% Zc adh ai^bdh XjV"
igdVŠdh#=VniVcidY^cZgdZcaVXVaaZ!jcV
VWjcYVcX^VegdkdXVYVZc\gVceVgiZedg
Za ZcdgbZ XgZX^b^Zcid YZa \Vhid eWa^Xd!
fjZZaB^c^hiZg^dYZ;^cVcoVhYgZcVZaZm"
XZhdYZa^fj^YZoXdcjcVZb^h^‹cYZWdcdh
edg&%W^aadcZhYZWda†kVgZh'b^aWda†kV"
gZhedgjcY‹aVg!VaegZX^dd[^X^Va#JcVa^"
fj^YZofjZY^heVgVZaXdchjbd!nY^heVgV
Za egZX^d YZa Y‹aVg Zc Za bZgXVYd cZ\gd!
fjZV]dgVhZXdi^oVVigZhkZXZhhjkVadg#
9Zig{hYZjcB^ihjW^h]^]Vn\ZciZ
XdbegdbZi^YVÇ! gZoV Za aZbV YZa
VcjcX^d YZ e{\^cV ZciZgV YdcYZ
jcZ_‚gX^idYZi‚Xc^Xdhhdcg^ZciZh!
k^hi^ZcYd hjh jc^[dgbZh YZ [VZcV! Xjhid"
Y^VjcYZhajbWgVciZbdYZadAVcXZg#=Vn
YZXZcVhYZVk^hdh[jaaXdadgZcadhY^Vg^dh!
fjZd[gZXZcidYVhjZgiZYZZmigVkV\VcX^Vh
eVgV Za Xdchjbd Xdbd Zc XjVafj^Zg eV†h
VZhe^gVaYZaVVWjcYVcX^VcdYZ_V
YdcYZaVXaVhZbZY^VXjai^kVhjVk^YZoedg
YZ hZg jc ZheZ_^hbd! n cd edXdh
aVhbZgXVcX†VhngZWdhVYZY^cZgdea{hi^Xd
ZXdcdb^hiVh YZa eV†h kZc Za Y^h"
ZcZaWdah^aad#
eVgdVhXZcYZciZYZadhegZX^dhYZa
EZgd ZhiV Zh KZcZojZaV! YdcYZ WV_d aV eZig‹aZdXdbdjcVbVaY^X^‹c#:a\dW^Zgcd
‚\^YV YZa egZh^YZciZ =j\d 8]{kZo aV \VhiVVYdhbVcdh#8dcjcVbVcdegdY^"
6hVbWaZV CVX^dcVa kdiV V idYV b{fj^cV \VZaegZhjejZhidd[^X^Va!fjZh^ZbegZZhi{
jcVgZ[dgbVXdchi^ijX^dcVafjZegZiZcYZ XgZX^ZcYd!nXdcaVdigVadhgZXjghdheVgV"
XgZVgjcbdYZadhdX^Va^hiV#:caVeg^bZgV aZadhfjZkVcVadhegd\gVbVhhdX^VaZhYZ
e{\^cVYZjcdYZZhdhb^hbdhY^Vg^dh!aV 8]{kZo! hdWgZ idYd V aVh [VbdhVh ÆB^h^d"
[dideg^cX^eVaZhaVYZjcVbj_ZgYZaejZ" cZhÇ! YZhi^cVYVh V Va^k^Vg aVh XdcY^X^dcZh
Wad!X]Vk^hiVVbjZgiZ!fjZYZaVciZYZjc YZk^YVYZadhb{hedWgZh!aaZkVcYdhdWgZ
XdgY‹c YZ eda^X†Vh Vci^bdi^cZh egZcYZ idYdhVajYnZYjXVX^‹cVaVhWVgg^VYVh#
[jZ\dVjcVXVb^hZiVbdgVYVZcaVfjZhZ
6b{hgZXjghdheZigdaZgdh!bVndg\Vhid!
aZZÆAZZgeVgVYZX^Y^gÇ!VggZWViVYVVVa\j" nb{hWda†kVgZhZcX^gXjaVX^‹c#NVjcfjZ
cd YZ adh bVc^[ZhiVciZh fjZ VYkZghVc aVh Zcadhai^bdhigZhVŠdhaVhkZciVhYZeZ"
gZ[dgbVhne^YZci^ZbedeVgVfjZhZVcZh" ig‹aZd gZegZhZciVc &+, b^a b^aadcZh YZ
ijY^VYVhedgaVedWaVX^‹c#
Y‹aVgZh! hdad Za VŠd eVhVYd Za ]jZXd YZa
AVeVaVWgVXdbegdb^hd!^\jVafjZaVeV" Y‚[^X^i Zc Za \Vhid eWa^Xd [jZ YZ *!- W^"
aVWgV gZkdajX^‹c! eZgiZcZXZc Va a‚m^Xd hV" aadcZh YZ Wda†kVgZh# :hiZ X^Xad eZgkZghd
\gVYd YZ 8]{kZo n hj Zcidgcd YZ edYZg0 cd Zh ZmigVŠd V aV ]^hidg^V YZ KZcZojZaV#
nZaVcjcX^dYZaAVcXZg!jcedXdhdXVggd" K†Xidg HVabZg‹c! VcVa^hiV [^cVcX^Zgd YZa
cVbZciZ! ZcaVoV Za i^ed YZ Xdbegdb^hd Y^Vg^dÆ:aJc^kZghVaÇ!Y^XZfjZÆXjVcYdZa
VfjZhZVi^ZcZaVaZ\^‹cjc^[dgbVYVfjZ egZX^d YZa WVgg^a gZ\^higV jc hVaid ZhiZaVg
XjhidY^VZakZ]†Xjad/ÆXdbegdbZi^YdhXdc jcV ZcdgbZ XVci^YVY YZ Y^k^hVh ^c\gZhV#
ijhZ\jg^YVY!XdcaV^ccdkVX^‹cnZaegd" :hid i^ZcYZ V ^cXgZbZciVg Za kVadg YZ aV
\gZhdÇ#JcXdbegdb^hdb{hfjZgZciVWaZ# bdcZYV! aVh ^bedgiVX^dcZh hZ VWVgViVc!
EVgVaVhXdbeVŠ†VhfjZkZcYZcVjidh!KZ" nhZXidgZhXdbdaVV\g^XjaijgVnaVbVcj"
cZojZaV Zh jcV [^ZhiV# =Vn XdaVh YZ ]VhiV [VXijgV e^ZgYZc XdbeZi^i^k^YVYÇ# EZgd jc
hZ^h bZhZh Zc ZheZgV YZ edYZg gZX^W^g Za Vb^\dYZabjcYdVXVY‚b^XdbZ]VY^X]d
bdYZad gZhZgkVYd! n adh BZgXZYZh! adh ?V" iVbW^‚cfjZ!YZhYZh^ZbegZ!aVXdggjeX^‹c
\jVgnadh=jbbZgh\doVcVfj†YZabZ_dg XgZXZZcaVb^hbVegdedgX^‹cfjZXgZXZZa
bZgXVYdYZabjcYd#NjcV[^ZhiVeVgVadh ^c\gZhd eZigdaZgd! YZ bVcZgV fjZ Za eV†h
X^gj_Vcdh ea{hi^Xdh# JcV bjX]VX]V hjZaZ cjcXVhVaZ\VcVcYdXdcZa^cXgZbZcidYZ
gZX^W^gXdbdgZ\VadYZhjheVYgZh!VaXjb" adhegZX^dhYZaXgjYd#
ea^gadhfj^cXZVŠdh!jca^[iYZadhhZcdh#
9ZhYZ Za VŠd '%%)! aVh ^bedgiVX^dcZh!
AV\ZciZfjZejZYZi^ZcZiVciVeaViVZcaVh YdcYZ kVc Zca^hiVYdh YZhYZ Va^bZcidh
bVcdhfjZZa[^cVcX^Vb^ZcidYZaVhiVg_ZiVh W{h^Xdh n bZY^X^cVh \Zc‚g^XVh V Vjidb‹"
YZXg‚Y^id]VVjbZciVYdYZhYZZaVŠd'%%) k^aZhYZaj_d!_dnVhneZg[jbZh!hZ]Vc^c"
Zc*-'!digV[^ZhiV!ZhiVkZoeVgVadhWVcXdh XgZbZciVYd Zc jc &.%! b^ZcigVh fjZ aV
fjZXdadXVcZaY^cZgdViVhVhYZa(%nb{h! ^cYjhig^VnaVV\g^XjaijgVhZ]VcfjZYVYd
b^ZcigVhadheg‚hiVbdheVgVdigdhhZXidgZh! edg YZWV_d YZ adh YZb{h hZXidgZh YZ aV
Xdbdk^k^ZcYVneZfjZŠVhnbZY^VcVhZb" ZXdcdb†V!fjZXgZXZhdWgZidYd\gVX^VhVa
egZhVh!YZ_VcYZhZgVigVXi^kdhXdbdcZ\d" Xdchjbd0eZgdaVegdYjXX^‹c^chj[^X^ZciZ
A
eVgV ViZcYZg aV YZbVcYV! V hj kZo! ]VXZ
XgZXZgaV^c[aVX^‹c!fjZZhiZVŠdVaXVcoVg{
Za &*! aV b{h VaiV YZa Xdci^cZciZ# 6 b{h
Xdchjbd!bVndg^c[aVX^‹c#
N XgZXZ aV ZhXVhZo YZ adh W^ZcZh YZ Xdc"
hjbdW{h^Xd!fjZ[VaiVcZcadhZhiVciZhYZ
adhhjeZgbZgXVYdhedgfjZi^ZcZcb{hYZ"
bVcYV]VW^ZcYdiVcidX^gXjaVciZZcaVXV"
aaZ!dedgfjZZa\dW^Zgcd]VejZhidegZX^dh
ideZhVadhegdYjXidgZhnVadhYZiVaa^hiVh!d
edgfjZ]VnZheZXjaVX^‹cnVXVeVgVb^Zcid
hZ\cZaVaZ\Vidd[^X^Va#AV\ZciZhZfjZ_V
YZfjZYZWZ^gYZaVhZXVVaVbZXVeVgVed"
YZgVWVhiZXZghZ!adfjZh^\c^[^XVaVe‚gY^YV
YZbjX]Vh]dgVhi^aZh#;VaiVcaVaZX]ZnZa
VoXVg! VYZb{h YZ adh [g^_daZh! egdYjXidh
fjZ XjZhiV ZcXdcigVg Vc Zc adh BZgXVa!
adhXZcigdhYZVWVhiZX^b^ZcidXgZVYdhedg
8]{kZoeVgVkZcYZgegdYjXidhYZeg^bZgV
cZXZh^YVYVegZX^dhhjWh^Y^VYdh#
N Xdbd hjXZYZ h^ZbegZ Xdc aVh i^ZcYVh
WV_d Xdcigda ZhiViVa! ]Vn VXjhVX^dcZh YZ
XdggjeX^‹cXdcigVadhVYb^c^higVYdgZhYZ
adh BZgXVa! YZ bVa bVcZ_d YZ aVh ^bedg"
iVX^dcZh YZ Va^bZcidh! \gVc eVgiZ YZ adh
XjVaZhaaZ\VV]dgVYZhYZ7gVh^a!nYZ[^aigV"
X^‹c YZ ^ckZciVg^dh edg aV [gdciZgV ]VX^V
8dadbW^V!ÆjcVbVYZ_VYZXdbea^X^YVYZh
fjZi^ZcZfjZkZgXdcXddeZgVi^kVh!bVc"
iZc^b^Zcid YZ XVb^dcZh! Y^hig^WjX^‹cÇ!
hZ\cjcY^g^\ZciZh^cY^XVaX]Vk^hiV!6c"
idc^d8]^g^cdh#
:aXdcigdaYZegZX^dh!fjZY^hidgh^dcVZa
bZgXVYdYZadhVa^bZcidh!ZheVgiZYZaV[^"
adhd[†V_jhi^X^ZgVYZa\dW^Zgcd!nhZVea^XV
iVbW^‚c V adh hZgk^X^dh b‚Y^Xdh eg^kVYdh
nVadhbZY^XVbZcidh#8]{kZo]VXVa^[^XV"
YdYZÆ^chZchVidhnXg^b^cVaZhÇadhXdhidh
YZaVhbZY^X^cVh!n]VVYkZgi^YdfjZh^aVh
Xa†c^XVh cd Vi^ZcYZc aV iVWaV YZ egZX^dh
YZXgZiVYVeVgVadhkZ^ciZegdXZY^b^Zcidh
fj^gg\^Xdhb{h[gZXjZciZhÆ###k^ZcZaVgd_V
gd_^iVnadhkdnVZheZgVgZcaVWV_VY^iV###Ç#
Adh b‚Y^Xdh YZ ZhVh Xa†c^XVh! gZVX^dh Va
Xdcigda! VaZ\Vc fjZ Za \dW^Zgcd YZWZg†V
b{hW^ZcdXjeVghZYZadhY‚[^X^ihhdX^VaZh
YZ aV hVajY eWa^XV! ejZh [VaiVc jcVh )%
b^aXVbVhYZ]dhe^iVa!h^hZidbVZcXjZc"
iV aV cdgbV YZ aV Dg\Vc^oVX^‹c BjcY^Va
YZaVHVajY!fjZhZŠVaVjcVbZY^VYZigZh
VXjVigdXVbVhedgXVYVb^a]VW^iVciZh#N
[VaiVciVbW^‚cZcadh]dhe^iVaZhbViZg^V"
aZh fj^gg\^Xdh n bZY^XVbZcidh W{h^Xdh!
hZ\cZab^hbdVaZ\Vid#
]VbWgZ0dXdbdZa\adg^dhdeV†hYZ?Vj_V!
YdcYZXdggZcedgadhegVYdhg†dhYZb^Za
n YZ k^cd! aajZkZc YZa X^Zad adc\Vc^oVh n
_VbdcZh!VWjcYVcadheVidhnaVh{cVYZh
fjZkjZaVcnVXdX^cVYdheVgVedhVghZZc
aVhbZhVh!ncdhZcZXZh^iVc^VgVgc^VhZ"
ggVg#
9ZVXjZgYdXdcaVgZ[dgbVXdchi^ijX^d"
cVafjZjcVkZoVegdWVYVhZg{hdbZi^YVV
gZ[Zg‚cYjb!aV_dgcVYVaVWdgVahZg{gZYj"
X^YV YZ )) V (+ ]dgVh! Zc jcV Vea^XVX^‹c
ZhXVadcVYV fjZ ZbeZoVg{ Xdc adh igVWV"
_VYdgZh YZa :hiVYd Zc ZcZgd YZ '%%-! n
aaZ\Vg{VhjidiVa^YVYZc'%&%0aV[^adhd[†V
fjZigVhajXZYZhYZZa[dcYdYZaVWZc‚[^XV
^ciZcX^‹cZhfjZZcjceV†hiVcg^XdZcgZ"
Xjghdh!nYdcYZZaeZig‹aZdhZ\j^g{h^ZcYd
ZabVc{Y^k^cdedgadheg‹m^bdh'%%VŠdh!
hZ\cXVaXjaVZaegZh^YZciZ8]{kZoaVYj"
gVX^‹cYZaVhgZhZgkVhYZahjWhjZad!cd]Vn
fjZZh[dgoVghZiVcid#
EZgdZhiZhZci^b^ZcidiVbedXdZhcjZkd!
c^XdchZXjZcX^VYZaV[^adhd[†VYZ8]{kZo!
fjZadc^XdfjZ]V]ZX]dZhZmVXZgWVgad
[gZciZVaVaoV^cjh^iVYVYZadhegZX^dhYZa
eZig‹aZd! V]dgV Zc aV iZb^WaZ [gdciZgV YZ
adh &%% Y‹aVgZh edg WVgg^a# :a h†cYgdbZ
YZa eV†h WZcYZX^Yd edg aV \gVX^V Y^k^cV
h^ZbegZ]VZhiVYdVaa†!VaejcidfjZZaZh"
Xg^idg6gijgdJhaVgE^Zig^aaVb‹jcVkZoV
hjhXdcX^jYVYVcdhVYZY^XVghZÆVhZbWgVg
Za eZig‹aZdÇ! Zc aj\Vg YZ \VhiVgad h^c gZ"
[aZm^‹c#
N fjZ Za eZig‹aZd XjZhiZ ]dn iVcid cd
YZeZcYZ YZa VoVg! h^cd! Zc eg^bZg aj\Vg!
YZ jcV YZ Zm^idhV ZhigViZ\^V fjZ 8]{kZo
hZZbeZŠ‹ZcdgfjZhiVgYZhYZhjhjW^YV
Va edYZg Zc &..-/ gZk^k^g V aV DE:E! Za
dg\Vc^hbd [dgbVYd edg adh eV†hZh egd"
YjXidgZhYZeZig‹aZd!nYVgaZhjeVeZaYZ
X{giZa^ciZgcVX^dcVaeVgVYZiZgb^cVgadh
egZX^dhYZaXgjYdZcZabjcYd#AV\jZggV
YZ>gVfnaVkdgVX^YVYYZ8]^cVZcigV\Vg
eZig‹aZd ]Vc Xdcig^Wj^Yd Va VaoV! eZgd
Zh jc iVcid fjZ cVY^Z ejZYZ fj^iVgaZ V
8]{kZo#
:aY^cZgdegdYjX^YdedgZaeZig‹aZdk^Z"
cZ V hZg Xdbd jcV aajk^V YZ aV fjZ idYdh
hZbd_VccZXZhVg^VbZciZ!eZgdYZVXjZgYd
XdcaVhegZb^hVhhdX^Va^hiVhYZa\dW^Zgcd!
adh b{h edWgZh YZWZc bd_VghZ b{h# :h aV
gVo‹cYZaVZm^hiZcX^VYZaVhB^h^dcZh!fjZ
V]dgV iZcYg{c gVc\d Zc aV 8dchi^ijX^‹c
Eda†i^XV YZ VXjZgYd Xdc aVh gZ[dgbVh# AVh
B^h^dcZh]VcXdhiVYdb{hYZ(%W^aadcZh
cdejZYZ^bV\^cVgVKZcZojZ" YZWda†kVgZhYZhYZZaVŠd'%%(!nZcZaegZ"
aVYZYdhbVcZgVh/XdbdZcaV hjejZhid YZa VŠd '%%- i^ZcZc Vh^\cVYdh
]^hidg^V YZa gZn B^YVh! fjZ (!* W^aadcZh! Xdc jc ^cXgZbZcid YZa ,%
idYd ad fjZ idXVWV ad XdckZg" YZhYZZaVŠdeVhVYd#
i†V Zc dgd! Vjc adh Va^bZcidh fjZ hZ aaZ"
AVhB^h^dcZhGdW^chdc>n>>!WVji^oVYVh
kVWVVaVWdXV!YZbdYdfjZhZbdg†VYZ Zc]dbZcV_ZVabVZhigdYZ7da†kVg!H^b‹c
J
&%EGA
GdYg†\jZo! fjZ jh‹ Za cdbWgZ GdW^chdc
XdbdhZjY‹c^bdYjgVciZaVajX]VedgaV
^cYZeZcYZcX^V!Zhi{cYZhi^cVYVhVd[gZXZg
VaiZgcVi^kVh ^c[dgbVaZh YZ ZYjXVX^‹c V
adhVYjaidhfjZcdijk^Zgdcdedgijc^YVY
YZ Vh^hi^g V aV ZhXjZaV YZ bVcZgV [dgbVa#
6i^ZcYZc V ( b^aadcZh YZ eZghdcVh! n Za
XdhidedgVajbcdZhYZb^aY‹aVgZh!b^Zc"
igVhZaXdhidedgZhijY^VciZYZjcVZhXjZaV
W{h^XVZhYZ-.Y‹aVgZh!hZ\cjcZhijY^d
YZaZmeZgidBVg^Vcd=ZggZgV#
Cd]VnYjYVfjZhZigViVYZjccbZ"
gd^begZh^dcVciZYZZhijY^VciZh!XZgXVYZ
jc '% YZ aV edWaVX^‹c VYjaiV YZa eV†h!
eZghdcVh fjZ VciZh cd iZc†Vc c^ X‚YjaV
YZ ^YZci^YVY edgfjZ c^ h^fj^ZgV ZhiVWVc
XZchVYVh! eVgiZ YZ ZhV bVhV h^c gdhigd
YZadhZhigVidhb{hedWgZhnbVg\^cVYdh!
adhYZÆWVgg^dVYZcigdÇ!XdbdhZaaVbVaV
b^h^‹c YZ hVajY dg\Vc^oVYV edg 8]{kZo
eVgVZaadh#EZgdaVhXg†i^XVhYZadhZmeZgidh
Zc ZYjXVX^‹c hZ X^ZgcZc hdWgZ aVh B^h^d"
cZh ZYjXVi^kVh Zc XjVcid V hj Z[^XVX^V! n
hjXVa^YVY#8VgVhnbVaVh#BjX]dhkVc!hZ
VaZ\V!edgfjZhZaZheV\VjcVWZXVdhjWh^"
Y^dedgVh^hi^g!eZgdcdXdcaV^ciZcX^‹cYZ
ZhijY^Vg#:aZmegZh^YZciZYZaV8db^h^‹c
YZ :YjXVX^‹c YZ aV 6hVbWaZV CVX^dcVa!
?dh‚ Aj^h ;Vg†Vh! V]dgV VYkZghd V 8]{kZo!
Y^XZfjZÆaV\ZciZhZ[Vhi^Y^VYZegdXZhdh
eZYV\‹\^Xdh VcVXg‹c^Xdh! VYZb{h YZa
YZhdgYZcnaVXdggjeX^‹cÇ#
EVgV fj^ZcZh VYkZghVc aVh B^h^dcZh! hZ
igViV YZ jcV deZgVX^‹c YZ Xa^ZciZa^hbd
eda†i^Xd!h^cXVa^YVYeZYV\‹\^XV#ÆJcZhij"
Y^VciZgZX^WZfj^cXZ]dgVhVXVY‚b^XVhhZ"
bVcVaZh! eZgd h^c egd[Zhdg c^ bViZg^VaZh!
b^ZcigVhjcZhijY^VciZYZah^hiZbV[dgbVa
iZcYg{ XjVgZciV ]dgVhÇ! VaZ\V ;Vg†Vh# :c
aj\VgYZegd[ZhdgZh!]Vn[VX^a^iVYdgZhfjZ
VeZcVh ]Vc gZX^W^Yd jc WgZkZ Xjghd YZ
VY^ZhigVb^ZcidncdZhi{chj_ZidhVhjeZg"
k^h^‹c!c^VZkVajVX^‹c#
AVhjc^kZgh^YVYZhYZa:hiVYd!fjZhZg^"
\Zc Zc KZcZojZaV YZ bVcZgV Vji‹cdbV!
Xdbd Zc idYV 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV! ZcigVc
iVbW^‚cZcZaeVfjZiZYZgZ[dgbVhXdch"
i^ijX^dcVaZh n! eVgV ZbeZoVg! fjZYVg{
VWda^Yd Za h^hiZbV YZ VYb^h^‹c hZaZXi^kV
YZadhZhijY^VciZh!adfjZegZhjedcZjcV
bZY^YVYZbdXg{i^XV!VjcfjZadhgZXidgZh
ad kZc Xdbd jc ViZciVYd V aV XVa^YVY YZ
aV ZchZŠVcoV# AV gZ[dgbV ZhiVWaZXZ! VYZ"
b{h! fjZ eVgV ZaZ\^g V aVh Vjidg^YVYZh
VXVY‚b^XVhkdiVg{cadhegd[ZhdgZh!adhZh"
ijY^VciZh!adhZbeaZVYdhnadhdWgZgdhYZ
XVYV XZcigd! jcV Y^hedh^X^‹c fjZ! hZ\c
aVgZXidgVYZaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZ8VgVWdWd!
BVg†VAj^hV6\j^aVgYZBVaYdcVYd!Xdc"
hjbVg{ Za Xdcigda eda†i^Xd YZ jcVh Zci^"
YVYZhfjZ]VhiVV]dgV]Vch^YdgZYjXidh
Vci^X]Vk^hiVh#
AV8dchi^ijX^‹cYVg{jckjZaXdVah^hiZ"
bV^chi^ijX^dcVanbVgXVg{jcgjbWdY^"
[ZgZciZVaVhdX^ZYVY!XdccjZkdhXdcXZe"
idhZcXjVcidVaVegde^ZYVYeg^kVYVnadh
a†b^iZhVaVh^ckZgh^dcZhZmigVc_ZgVh#EZgd!
hdWgZ idYd! V[^gbV adh bZXVc^hbdh YZ
XZcigVa^oVX^‹c YZa edYZg# Fj^iV V adh :h"
iVYdh n bjc^X^e^dh [VXjaiVYZh fjZ eVhVc
VbVcdhYZaVegZh^YZcX^V!nVaVkZoXgZV
jccjZkdZhiVbZcidYZEdYZgEdejaVg!eV"
gVaZadVadhdigdhedYZgZhYZa:hiVYd!fjZ
nV ^cXajnZc jc ÆEdYZg BdgVaÇ# :a EdYZg
EdejaVg! Y^XZ Za cjZkd Vgi†Xjad &(+ YZ aV
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
iVh!X]d[ZgZh!ZbeaZVYdhYZ]diZaZhnXZc"
igdhXdbZgX^VaZh!bZhZgdhYZgZhiVjgVciZh!
k^kZcjcVY^k^h^‹cYZcigdYZhjh[Vb^a^Vh/
jcdhXdc8]{kZo!digdhZcXdcigV#Cd]Vn
aj\Vg eVgV edh^X^dcZh ^ciZgbZY^Vh d YZh"
VeVh^dcVYVh! iVcid Xdbd [jZ aV h^ijVX^‹c
ZcC^XVgV\jVZcaVY‚XVYVYZ&.-%!eVgVZa
i^ZbedYZaVgZkdajX^‹chVcY^c^hiV!hVakd
fjZZcidcXZhaVedaVg^oVX^‹chZbVc^[Zhi‹
ZcaV\jZggVZcaVfjZ]ZgbVcdhYZhVc\gZ
eZaZVWVc ZcigZ h†! aV fjZ cd Zh! Y^X]dhV"
bZciZ!aVh^ijVX^‹cVfj†#
8
=ZgZYZgdYZ7da†kVg#;DID/8A6G>C8DCI:C>9DH
8dchi^ijX^‹c Æcd cVXZ YZa hj[gV\^d c^ YZ
ZaZXX^‹c Va\jcV! h^cd YZ aV XdcY^X^‹c YZ
adh \gjedh ]jbVcdh dg\Vc^oVYdh Xdbd
WVhZYZedWaVX^‹cÇ#
EZgdaVeZgaVYZaVhgZ[dgbVhZhaVediZh"
iVY fjZ 8]{kZo iZcYg{ YZ gZZaZ\^ghZ Xdc"
i^cjVbZciZZcaVegZh^YZcX^V!h^cc^c\c
a†b^iZ#B^ZcigVhiVcid!hjEVgi^YdHdX^Va^h"
iVJc^YdYZKZcZojZaV!VXijVg{XdbdÆjcV
\gVc bVfj^cVg^V fjZ kVnV b{h Vaa{ YZ aV
bZX{c^XV ZaZXidgVa! eVgV fjZ YZhZbeZŠZ
[jcX^dcZheda†i^XVh!dg\Vc^oVi^kVh!^YZda‹"
\^XVh###Ç!hZ\cZaegde^d8]{kZo#
6jcfjZaVh[^gbVhZcXjZhiVYdgVh!ZcigZ
ZaaVh >ciZgaVXZh! bjZhigVc fjZ Za gZ[Zg‚c"
YjbVfjZaVhgZ[dgbVhYZWZchZghdbZ"
i^YVh hZg†V VYkZghd V 8]{kZo! bjn edXdh
XgZZc Zc KZcZojZaV fjZ kVnV V eZgYZgad#
I^ZcZZaXdcigdaVWhdajidYZa‹g\VcdZaZX"
idgVa!Xdbdi^ZcZZaXdcigdaYZadhYZb{h
edYZgZh YZa :hiVYd! n adh †cY^XZh YZ VWh"
iZcX^‹c]VckZc^YdXgZX^ZcYd#JcVb^\d
fjZk^V_VXdcb^\dVKVaZcX^VeVgVaV;Zg^V
YZaA^Wgd!bZY^XZfjZaVVeVi†V]ViZgb^"
cVYdedghZciVghjhgZVaZh[gZciZVaV^YZV
YZ aV ^bedh^W^a^YVY YZ hVa^g YZ 8]{kZo!
fjZ i^ZcZ idYd Zc jc ejŠd0 eZgd ‚a b^h"
bdgZ[aZm^dcVnbZY^XZfjZcdidYd!Zc
kZgYVY#
:c jc egdcjcX^Vb^Zcid gZX^ZciZ Zc
XdcigV YZ aVh gZ[dgbVh Xdchi^ijX^dcVaZh!
aV 8dc[ZgZcX^V :e^hXdeVa ZmegZhV fjZ ÆaV
gZ[dgbV kjacZgV adh YZgZX]dh [jcYVbZc"
iVaZhYZah^hiZbVYZbdXg{i^XdnYZaVeZg"
hdcV!edc^ZcYdZceZa^\gdaVa^WZgiVYnaV
Xdck^kZcX^VhdX^Va!naVXdch^YZgVbdhbd"
gVabZciZ^cVXZeiVWaZÇ#AdhdW^hedhXVi‹a^"
XdhcjcXVhZ]VcZciZcY^YdXdc8]{kZo!V
fj^ZcVXjhVcYZÆhZXjZhigVgZaaZc\jV_ZYZ
9^dhÇ! n ‚a! V hj kZo! adh VXjhV YZ iZcZg Va
Y^VWadYZWV_dYZaVhdiVcV#
9ZadigdaVYdZhi{ciVbW^‚cadhZbegZ"
hVg^dh! VhdX^VYdh Zc ;ZYZX{bVgVh! Zci^"
YVY fjZ gZheVaY‹ VW^ZgiVbZciZ Za \daeZ
YZ:hiVYdXdcigV8]{kZoZc'%%'!nZhi{c
adh bZY^dh YZ Xdbjc^XVX^‹c igVY^X^dcV"
aZh! VjcfjZ 8]{kZo hZ ]V Xj^YVYd YZ kZ"
c^g XgZVcYd jcV ZmiZchV gZY VaiZgcVi^kV
YZ gVY^dh n iZaZk^hdgVh XdbjcVaZh# IgVh
Za Ze^hdY^d YZ aV XVcXZaVX^‹c YZ aV hZŠVa
YZaVG8IKZhiZVŠd!aVhgZ[dgbVhXdchi^"
ijX^dcVaZh ZhiVWaZXZc fjZ Zc i^Zbedh YZ
hjheZch^‹cYZ\VgVci†VhZa:hiVYdi^ZcZaV
[VXjaiVY YZ XZchjgVg V adh bZY^dh! hdWgZ
adhfjZeZhVcnVaVAZnYZGZhedchVW^a^YVY
HdX^VanaVhgZ[dgbVhVa8‹Y^\dEZcVafjZ
adh ]VXZc hda^YVg^dh Xdc Za YZa^id YZ Y^"
[VbVX^‹c# N Zhi{c aVh jc^kZgh^YVYZh n adh
ZhijY^VciZh fjZ ]Vc hVa^Yd V aVh XVaaZh V
egdiZhiVgXdcigVaVhgZ[dgbVh#
AVdedh^X^‹cV8]{kZoh^\jZh^ZcYd!hdWgZ
idYd!jcVhjcidYZaVXaVhZbZY^Vh^aZcX^d"
hV!fjZcdi^ZcZZmegZh^‹cZceVgi^Ydhed"
a†i^Xdh[jZgiZh#AdheVgi^YdhigVY^X^dcVaZh!
6XX^‹c 9ZbdXg{i^XV hdX^VaYZb‹XgViV n
8DE:> hdX^VaXg^hi^Vcd! fjZ ijk^Zgdc Za
bdcdeda^d XdbeVgi^Yd YZa edYZg YZhYZ
&.*-! igVh aV XV†YV YZa Y^XiVYdg BVgXdh
E‚gZo?^b‚cZo![jZgdcY^cVb^iVYdhedgZa
[Zc‹bZcd YZa X]Vk^hbd n cd ]Vn [jZgoVh
ZbZg\ZciZhXVeVXZhYZeZcZigVgZcadhZh"
igVidhedejaVgZh#
EZgdaVhdX^ZYVYkZcZodaVcVh^\jZedaV"
g^oVYVYZVgg^WVVWV_d#IdYdhVfjZaadhXdc
adhfjZbZidX‹]VWaVgZhiVkZo!jc^kZgh^iV"
g^dh! ZhijY^VciZh! ^ciZaZXijVaZh! eZg^dY^h"
]{kZo ]VhiV Zc aV hdeV# JcV
hZbVcV Zc KZcZojZaV! bZi^Yd
Zc XdckZghVX^dcZh Y^Vg^Vh fjZ
h^ZbegZ kVc V YVg Va iZbV YZ
8]{kZo!bZ]VVnjYVYdVY^ajX^YVgcded"
XdhiZbVh#EZgdZahjhiZcidbZad]VYVYd
=j\d 8]{kZo h^c jc^[dgbZ! Za a^Wgd ZhXg^id
edg 8g^hi^cV BVgXVcd n 6aWZgid 7VggZgV!
XdcZafjZ]ZkjZaidVZcXdcigVgbZ!eVgV
b^kZciV_V#
:cZaVZgdejZgidYZBVgVXV^Wd]ZXdb"
egVYd jc Z_ZbeaVg YZ aV ZY^X^‹c kZcZod"
aVcV fjZ aaZkV nV kZcY^Ydh &* %%% Z_Zb"
eaVgZh!jcVX^[gVcdiVWaZeVgVadhX{cdcZh
adXVaZh!nbZ]ZegdejZhidfjZhjgZaZXijgV
VXdbeVŠZb^k^h^iV!jcVbVcZgV^YZVaYZ
]VXZg XdbeVgVX^dcZh n XdbegdWVX^dcZh
ZcWVhZVjca^WgdfjZbZhZYj_dXjVcYd
adaZ†edgeg^bZgVkZoZc'%%*!VŠdZcfjZ
iVbW^‚c ijkZ aV dedgijc^YVY YZ XdcdXZg
VhjhVjidgZhXdcbdi^kdYZa=Vn;Zhi^kVa
XZaZWgVYdZc8VgiV\ZcVYZ>cY^Vh#
:a a^Wgd kV hdWgZ Ydh kZgi^ZciZh fjZ hZ
VaiZgcVcYZbVcZgVVigVXi^kVZcZagZaVid#
:c jcV hZ XjZciV aV ]^hidg^V eda†i^XV YZ
8]{kZonaVhX^gXjchiVcX^Vh]^hi‹g^XVhfjZ
]VcgdYZVYdhjVhXZchdnhjeZgbVcZcX^V
ZcZaedYZg!ZcbZY^dYZY^kZghdhVkViVgZh!
k^c^ZcYdXdbdk^ZcZYZjc\daeZYZ:hiV"
Yd fjZ dgfjZhi‹ Zc &..' XdcigV Za egZh^"
YZciZ8Vgadh6cYg‚hE‚gZo!nfjZ[gVXVh‹!
n]VW^ZcYdhdWgZk^k^YdVdigd\daeZYZ:h"
iVYd Zc '%%'! Y^Zo VŠdh YZhej‚h! edgfjZ
iVbW^‚cZhiZ[gVXVh‹#
6adaVg\dYZZhVY‚XVYV!ZcigZYdh\da"
eZh YZ :hiVYd! aV ]^hidg^V bdYZgcV YZ
KZcZojZaV hj[g^‹ egd[jcYVh bdY^[^XVX^d"
cZhYZaVbVcdYZ8]{kZo!aVhfjZZaa^Wgd
ZmeadgV Zc hjh Y^kZghVh [VXZiVh! n ZmeadgV
iVbW^‚caVhXdchZXjZcX^VhYZa[gVXVhdYZa
\daeZ XdcigV 8]{kZo! Vc k^\ZciZh# EZgd
Vjc XjVcYd Zc hjh e{\^cVh ]VaaVbdh gZ"
[ZgZcX^VhfjZk^ZcZcVhZg^begZhX^cY^WaZh
eVgVbdkZghZedgadhbZVcYgdhYZaVgZV"
a^YVY kZcZodaVcV! aV h^ijVX^‹c Zh h^ZbegZ
YZ eZgbVcZciZh XVbW^dh! n aV Y^c{b^"
XV YZ adh VXdciZX^b^Zcidh VggVhV Xdc aVh
egZk^h^dcZhnaVhegZY^XX^dcZh!XdcadfjZ
XjVafj^Zg gZaVid ]^hi‹g^Xd! edg VXjX^dhd n
W^ZcYdXjbZciVYdfjZhZV!hZkjZakZegd"
k^h^dcVa#
=dn! aVh gZ[dgbVh Xdchi^ijX^dcVaZh ]Vc
kZc^YdVXdggZ\^gYZbVcZgVYgVb{i^XVZa
eVcdgVbV YZhXg^id edg Za a^Wgd! edg bj"
X]dfjZZchjhe{\^cVhejZYV^cij^ghZfjZ
8]{kZoVejciVWVYZhYZZaeg^cX^e^d]VX^V
jcV ZhXVaVYV Zc aV fjZ! kVa^‚cYdhZ YZ aVh
^chi^ijX^dcZh!hZY^hedcZVWjhXVgh^ZbegZ
b{hedYZg!nVVhZ\jgVgZheVX^dhXdcXZW^"
YdhXdbd^ggZkZgh^WaZheVgVhjegdnZXidYZ
hdX^Va^hbdYZah^\adMM>#AdhVc{a^h^hhdc
idYdZai^ZbedXdggZXidh!eZgdcZXZhVg^V"
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
bZciZ^chj[^X^ZciZh#Jca^WgdYZZhiVcVij"
gVaZoVi^ZcZjch^\j^ZciZXVe†ijadh^ZbegZ
VW^Zgid#
9dcYZZaa^Wgdcdi^ZcZegdk^h^dcVa^YVY
ZhVaZhiVWaZXZgadhZaZbZcidhfjZXdc[dg"
bVcaVXdbeaZ_VeZghdcVa^YVYYZ8]{kZo!
VeVgi^gYZagVhigZdYZhjk^YV!nVaZcigVg
Zchj^ci^b^YVYVigVk‚hYZbjnY^kZghdh
iZhi^bdc^dhfjZkVciZ_^‚cYdhZeVgVXdb"
edcZg jcV W^d\gV[†V XdciVYV V Ydh kdXZh
XVciVciZh! eZgd fjZ aaZkV Zc Za [dcYd jc
XdgdYZhjhiZcid#Nh^Za8]{kZoYZ[^c^i^kd
ejZYZhZg^cYZhX^[gVWaZ!nadfjZhZVWgZc
hdc b{h egZ\jciVh VciZh aVh gZhejZhiVh
dWiZc^YVh! aV gjiV fjZ adh VjidgZh h^\jZc
Zh[VhX^cVciZ!njcdiZgb^cVedg]VaaVgad
fjZ WjhXV! Va VgfjZi^ed YZa XVjY^aad aVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcdYZidYdhadhi^ZbedhfjZ]V
VhXZcY^YdYZhYZadhZhigVidhb{h]jb^aYZh
n!ajX]VcYdXdcYZkdX^‹cbZh^{c^XV![^_VaV
bZciZ Zc aV ^YZV YZ edYZg! ad\gV VaoVghZ
edg[^cXdcZaegZb^dbVndg#
E
VgVWjhXVgVa8]{kZokZgYVYZgd!
Va[^cnVaXVWdh^ZbegZZhXjgg^"
Y^od!]VnfjZeZaVgidYVhaVhXV"
eVhYZaVXZWdaaV!Xdbdad]VXZc
adhVjidgZhYZaa^Wgd!jcV^ckZhi^\VX^‹cYZ
bai^eaZh[jZciZhniZhi^bdc^dhYZVb^\dh
nZcZb^\dh!b{hYZ+%ZcigZk^hiVh#9ZhYZ
ajZ\d fjZ Zc aV egde^V eZghdcVa^YVY YZ
8]{kZo cd XVWZc aVh i^W^ZoVh Zc aVh gZaV"
X^dcZh eZghdcVaZh! h^cd aVh Vb^hiVYZh d
aVhZcZb^hiVYZhVbjZgiZ!aVigV^X^‹cdaV
dWZY^ZcX^V#
:a]VaaVo\dYZaa^WgdfjZb{hhZYjXZZh
Za YZa 8]{kZo fjZ hZ ^ckZciV V h† b^hbd
]VX^V Vig{h! gZXdchigjn‚cYdhZ Xdbd eZg"
hdcV_Z ]^hi‹g^Xd YZ VXjZgYd Xdc hjh egd"
e^VhcZXZh^YVYZh!idYdjcVaVgYZYZ^ckZc"
X^‹cfjZeZcZigVhjegde^VW^d\gV[†VnaV
bdaYZVnbdYjaVXdbdad]Vg†VjccdkZ"
a^hiVfjZidbVkZciV_VYZhjhgZXjZgYdhn
YZhjhk^kZcX^Vh!h^cgZheZiVgaVkZgVX^YVY#
8]{kZo]V^ckZciVYdhjegde^db^idÄYZ
c^Šd Zc Za ]jb^aYZ edWaVYd YZ HVWVcZ"
iV!YdcYZcVX^‹!cdfjZg†VhZgHjeZgb{c!
h^cd7da†kVg#6YZb{h!Y^XZ7VggZgVZcjcV
gZX^ZciZZcigZk^hiVVahjeaZbZcid9db^c"
\d YZa Y^Vg^d ÆAV EgZchVÇ YZ BVcV\jV!
8]{kZoZhVjidggZ[ZgZcX^Va#IdYdZai^Zb"
ed]VWaVYZh†b^hbd!ÆnhZkVXdchigjnZc"
YdXdbdZaeZghdcV_ZYZjcVhV\V]Zgd^XV#
:hcVijgVafjZgZk^hZhj^c[VcX^VnaVfj^Z"
gVgZXjeZgVgYZdigVbVcZgVÇ#AVbVcZgV
fjZXdck^ZcZVhjeZgbVcZciZejZhiVZc
ZhXZcV#
:h 8]{kZo ^ckZciVYd edg 8]{kZo! Za ]‚"
gdZYZjcXjaZWg‹ceda†i^Xd!ZafjZfjZYV
ZmejZhid Zc =j\d 8]{kZo h^c jc^[dgbZ# N
‚ab^hbd!V[^gbV7VggZgVZcaVZcigZk^hiV
X^iVYV! Zh Za Y^gZXidg YZ aV iZaZcdkZaV0 hZ
Y^g^\ZVh†b^hbd[gZciZVaVhX{bVgVh#N
ejZYZXdckZgi^ghjh[gVXVhdhZck^Xidg^Vh!
\gVX^Vh V hj edYZg bZY^{i^Xd! Va\d YZ ad
fjZZhXdchX^ZciZ!nigVWV_VhdWgZZhZa^WgZ"
id#ÆHVWZYZiZXiVgg{e^YVbZciZaVgZVa^YVY
YZjcVhZg^ZYZXdhVhngZZaVWdgVgaVh!gZ^c"
iZgegZiVgaVh n YZkdak‚ghZaVh V aV \ZciZ YZ
digVbVcZgVÇ#
Æ8]{kZo fjZ Zh jcV ZbdX^‹c! jcV Zbd"
X^‹cbZY^{i^XV!igVchb^iZkZgYVYÇ!V\gZ\V
7VggZgV!ÆiZb^gVVadhd_dhedgaVX{bVgVn
VYZb{hcdi^ZcZejYdgZc]VXZgiZjcVXVb"
eVŠVnYZX^giZÈiZVbdÉ!ÈVbdgXdcVbdghZ
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
eV\VÉ#´8j{cYdaVXjgh^aZg†V^ckVY^‹aVed"
a†i^XVYZiVabVcZgV4CjcXVÇ#:hZa8]{kZo
Xjgh^d^chdaZciZ!bZadYgVb{i^XddV^gVYd!
egdkdXVYdg d ZciZgcZX^Yd! Za fjZ XVciV V
XVeZaaVdZcY^a\VjcVeVggV[VYVgZi‹g^XV#
:hZaa†YZghjegZbdigVY^X^dcVafjZWjh"
XV VXdbdYVg idYd V hj egde^d egdnZXid
c^XdnhZkVaZVciZhfjZcVYVYZaVigVXi^kd
YZhjeZghdcVa^YVY#IdXVadhgZ\^higdhXaV"
kZhYZaVabVedejaVg!hZ^YZci^[^XVXdcadh
YZ VWV_d Xdbd jcd b{h YZ Zaadh! hZ ]VXZ
XVg\d YZ hjh Vhe^gVX^dcZh n Vch^ZYVYZh! n
iVbW^‚c YZ hjh [dW^Vh n hjh gZhZci^b^Zc"
idh!bZi^‚cYdhZYZXVWZoVZchjhVXi^ijYZh
nXgZZcX^Vh!adb^hbdfjZZchjaZc\jV_Z!
VafjZhVWZXde^VgZchjhbVi^XZh!Vjcadh
YZa ^ggZheZid n aV \gdhZg†V# N hZ kVaZ! Xdc
^\jVa kZciV_V! YZ aVh YZW^a^YVYZh YZ hjh
VYkZghVg^dhnYZaVhjWZhi^bVX^‹cYZfjZ!
YZhYZZaeg^cX^e^d!ad]^X^ZgdcdW_Zid!XgZ"
nZcYdfjZedYg†VcbVc^ejaVgad#:c=j\d
8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZiZcZbdhjcZhijeZcYd
gZigVid]VWaVYd#
EVgZXZg{Xjgh^ZcadhZhigVidh^ciZaZXijV"
aZh XjVcYd XVciV _dgdedh Xdc kdo YZhV[^"
cVYV [gZciZ V aVh X{bVgVh YZ iZaZk^h^‹c! d
EGA&&
YZhegZX^VWaZ XjVcYd ^chjaiV Xdc aZc\jV_Z
hdZo!eZgd[gZciZVahZci^b^ZcidedejaVgZh
Za]‚gdZYZiZaZcdkZaVfjZYZedWgZeVh‹V
edYZgdhd!cd^bedgiVfjZV]dgVjhZigV_Zh
XdgiVYdh V aV bZY^YV n gZad_Zh 8Vgi^Zg# Jc
Y†VidYdhhZg{cXdbd‚a!XdbdaVZbeaZVYV
Ydb‚hi^XVfjZZcaVhiZaZcdkZaVhhZXVhVg{
XdcZaeVig‹cb^aadcVg^dnk^k^g{[Za^o#Jc
VhjcidYZZheZgVcoVhVk^kVYVhedgaVbVcd
YVY^kdhVfjZgZ\VaVYZidYd!WZXVh!hjWh^"
Y^dh! bZY^XVbZcidh! bViZg^VaZh YZ Xdch"
igjXX^‹c# :a iVjbVijg\d fjZ YZkjZakZ aV
k^hiVVigVk‚hYZaVÆDeZgVX^‹cB^aV\gdÇ#
Two novels by José Sarney
Translated by Gregory Rabassa
When gold was discovered in the legendary
Calçoene River basin at the end of the nineteenth
century, prospectors, swindlers, heroes and
drifters rushed to the region. That vacant
wilderness was a bloody frontier of violence and
passion where territory, wealth and women were
fought over. In this world lived Saraminda, who
became an unquenchable desire for the men who
encountered her.
“How I loved this beautiful novel...Sarney revives
the gold prospectors of Amapá with a sharp
sensibility for ethnographic realism permeated by
a powerful lyricism.”
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Cristório spends his life sailing among islands
off the Brazilian coast, searching for his
beloved dragged off long ago by the ocean
and its monsters. He encounters ghost ships and
mysterious sea creatures, shipwrecked sailors
and abandoned islands. From his baptism at
sea in a hurricane to his end fleeing the jaws of
a shark, this story mixes legend and reality with
a haunting beauty.
“A powerful, magnificent novel. Sarney has
come to join Brazil’s finest writers.”
Jorge Amado
[email protected] • phone & fax 612-379-7639
w w w. a l i f o r m g r oup.c om
EGA
HjhXg†WVhZV]dgVngZX^WVEGA
YZhYZY^X^ZbWgZnXVYVYdhbZhZh
32717Ï<7;>@3A/
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
CA @Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA &
>@:=<:7<3
CA#
32717Ï<7;>@3A/>@:=<:7<3
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
CA '
@Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA!$
AacaQ`PO\[SOEGA(
3RWQW„\W[^`SaO
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
@Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA CA &
>@:=<:7<3
CA#
3RWQW„\W[^`SaO>@:=<:7<3
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
CA '
@Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA!$
/RXc\b]QVS_cSO\][P`SRS;WR]3RWb]`Sa
1O`UO`O[WbO`XSbORSQ`{RWb](
DWaO;OabS`QO`R/[S`WQO\3f^`Saa2WaQ]dS`
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
<‰[S`]RS1cS\bO
MMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3f^W`O
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
4W`[O
<][P`SMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
2W`SQQW„\MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
1WcROR MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3abOR]MMMMMMH7>MMMMMMMBSZ{T]\]MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3[OWZMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3\dWO`T]`[cZO`W]O;WR]3RWb]`Sa"%"1S\b`OZ>O`YESab<SeG]`Y<G #BO[PW{\
^cSRSS\dWO`Z]^]`TOf]ZZO[O`OZ &$"" &]acaQ`WPW`aSS\\cSab`]eSPaWbS(eee
`SdWabO^`ZQ][
&'EGA
:h aV bV\^V YZa edeja^hbd WZcZ[VXidg!
YZafjZ[jZbVZhigV:kVEZg‹c!fj^ZcVigV"
k‚hYZaV[jcYVX^‹cfjZaaZkVWVhjcdbWgZ
Y^dVaVXVg^YVYjcgVc\dYZ:hiVYd!gZeVg"
i^ZcYdYZhYZbjŠZXVhZcCVk^YVYZheVgV
aVhc^ŠVh]^_VhYZadhÆXVWZX^iVhcZ\gVhÇ!V
k^k^ZcYVh edejaVgZh! XVbVh! Zhij[Vh! b{"
fj^cVhYZXdhZg!h^aaVhYZgjZYVh!‹gYZcZh
YZ ViZcX^‹c b‚Y^XV Zc adh ]dhe^iVaZh e"
Wa^Xdh! n ad b^hbd WZXVh YZ ZhijY^d! cd
^bedgiVWVfjZk^hi^ZgVYZe^ZaZhnhZVYdg"
cVgVXdc_dnVhYZI^[Vccn#
:hZk†cXjadZcigZZaXVjY^aadnadhedWgZh
fjZ gZX^WZc Y{Y^kVh n fjZ kZc Zc ‚a jcV
ZmegZh^‹c YZ aV Y^k^c^YVY hZ kjZakZ b{h
YjgVYZgdngZh^hiZciZYZadfjZhjhVYkZg"
hVg^dheda†i^Xdhfj^ZgZcVXZeiVg!cdZcWVa"
YZaVh^b{\ZcZhYZadhXVjY^aadhiZgb^cVc
Zc[adgVYVh n VajbWgVYVh edg kZaVh! ^\jVa
fjZaVhYZadhhVcidh#:aeZgdc^hbd!bjZg"
id ]VXZ VŠdh Za \ZcZgVa EZg‹c! n bjZgiV
VcVciZh:kVEZg‹c!h^\jZh^ZcYdjc[VX"
idg YZX^h^kd YZ edYZg Zc 6g\Zci^cV# B{h
YZbZY^dh^\adYZhej‚hYZfjZ:k^iVÆZcig‹
ZcaV^cbdgiVa^YVYÇ!8g^hi^cVYZ@^gX]cZg!
aV cjZkV egZh^YZciV! VggVhigV V aVh bVhVh
Zbja{cYdaV#
IdYdZhidh^gkZeVgVXdcXaj^gfjZZaX]V"
k^hbdcdZhjc[Zc‹bZcdX^gXjchiVcX^Va!
h^cdfjZgZhjai‹YZjcVXg^h^hiZgb^cVaYZa
h^hiZbVeda†i^XdkZcZodaVcd!XjWg^‹kVX†dh
nVegdkZX]‹dedgijc^YVYZh!aVb{h^bedg"
iVciZYZZaaVhaVgZXjggZcX^Vk^X^dhVYZaVh
hdX^ZYVYZhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVhVaVh[^\jgVh
bZh^{c^XVh fjZ cd iVgYVc Zc Zg^\^ghZ Zc
XVjY^aadh![gjid!Xdbdhdc!YZaVheZgh^hiZc"
iZhXdcY^X^dcZhgjgVaZhYZZhVhhdX^ZYVYZh!
edgbjX]dfjZhZY^h[gVXZcYZbdYZgcVh#
N ad gjgVa Zh hdWgZ idYd jcV XjaijgV fjZ
]VW^iVedg^\jVaZcaVh]VX^ZcYVhgZbdiVh
nZcadhgVhXVX^Zadh#
:hiV[^\jgVYZacjZkdXVjY^aadYZhjhigV"
idgjgVaYZaVedhbdYZgc^YVYaVi^cdVbZ"
g^XVcVfjZBVgXVcdn7VggZgVeZcZigVcn
YZhXg^WZcXdcZhbZgd!VkVcoVV]dgV]VX^V
jcVcjZkVZiVeVYZhjegdnZXidYZedYZg!
b{h Vaa{ YZ aVh XdckZcX^dcZh igVY^X^dcV"
aZhYZah^hiZbVYZbdXg{i^Xd!YjZŠdYZjc
eaVcbjnbZY^iVYd!edgbjnZmigVkV\Vc"
iZhfjZhjY^hXjghdnhjhVXX^dcZhejZYVc
eVgZXZg#6hjY^hedh^X^‹cjcV[dgijcV^c"
XdcbZchjgVWaZ!ejZYZXdbedgiVghZXdbd
cjZkdg^Xd!Va\dfjZXVaoVZcaVXjaijgVYZ
bVhVh YZcigd YZa Zhe†g^ij YZ ZheZgVcoVh
fjZ YZhe^ZgiVc aVh iZaZcdkZaVh# Jc cjZkd
g^Xdeg‹Y^\d#
Hjh ZmigVkV\VcX^Vh! fjZ Zbe^ZoVc edg
hjVjidegdXaVbVYdeVeZaYZ]ZgZYZgdYZ
7da†kVg! VaXVcoVc Za eaVcd eda†i^Xd ^ciZg"
cVX^dcVa!XdbdhjVWgjeiVYZXaVgVX^‹cYZ
^ciZgkZc^g b^a^iVgbZciZ Zc 7da^k^V/ ÆH^ aV
da^\Vgfj†V Wda^k^VcV ad\gVgV YZggdXVg V
:kd! adh kZcZodaVcdh cd kVbdh V fjZYVg"
cdh Xdc adh WgVodh XgjoVYdh### kVc V YZh"
eZgiVgjcK^ZicVbYZVbZigVaaVYdgVh###Ç#
AVYZkdX^‹cV8jWVnaVVYb^gVX^‹c]VX^V
;^YZa8VhigdVeVgZXZcYdXjbZciVYVhZcZa
a^Wgd!eZgdaV^ci^b^YVYYZZhVhgZaVX^dcZh
]V kZc^Yd VaXVcoVcYd V]dgV hj Xa†bVm#
6 hj ^ciZcX^‹c YZXaVgVYV YZ jc^g 8jWV n
KZcZojZaV WV_d jcV hdaV hdWZgVc†V! Va\d
fjZedYZbdh[^_VgZcaVY^hiVcX^Vgdb{c"
i^XV! egZXZYZ jc XjVci^dhd egd\gVbV YZ
Vednd [^cVcX^Zgd! eZigdaZgd n ZXdc‹b^Xd!
fjZeVhVb{hgZX^ZciZbZciZedgaVXdchi^"
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
ijX^‹cYZjcVXdbeVŠ†Vb^miVfjZ^chiV"
aVg{jcXVWaZhjWbVg^cdZcigZAV<jV^gVn
H^WdcZn!eVgVbVcZ_VgZaig{[^XdYZYVidh
nkdoYZ>ciZgcZiXdcVjidcdb†VYZaVgZY
Xdci^cZciVafjZXdckZg\ZZcB^Vb^#
>cYZeZcYZcX^V YZ :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh Zc
XjVcid Va bVcZ_d YZ gZYZh iZXcda‹\^XVh
YZ Xdbjc^XVX^‹c# JcV iZaZk^hdgV bjc"
Y^Va Xdbd 8CC! iVa Xdbd ^ciZciV YZhYZ
IZaZhjg# Jc WVcXd fjZ hjhi^ijnV Va 7>9 n
Va 7VcXd BjcY^Va! eVgV ad fjZ Zhi{ egd"
bdk^ZcYd aV XgZVX^‹c YZa 7VcXd YZa Hjg#
JcV6a^VcoV7da^kVg^VcV!Za6A76!Zcaj"
\VgYZadhIgViVYdhYZA^WgZ8dbZgX^dXdc
:hiVYdh Jc^Ydh# Adh XdbedcZciZh YZ jc
VbW^X^dhdegd\gVbVYZVaiZgcVi^kVhhdWZ"
gVcVhbdk^YVhedgjcVkdajciVYbZh^{c^"
XV! n edg Za eZig‹aZd# IdYd Zhid! iVbW^‚c!
Zhi{ZmejZhidZc=j\d8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZ!
eZgd adh iZadcZh h^\jZc bdk^‚cYdhZ eVgV
]VXZg b{h cjig^Yd Za eV^hV_Z# N ZcigZ adh
VXdciZX^b^Zcidh cjZkdh hZ ]VnV iVbW^‚c
ZafjZ8]{kZoVgbZVKZcZojZaVXdbdjcV
hjeZgediZcX^Vab^a^iVg#
BjX]dh Vj\jgVc jcV KZcZojZaV Xdbd
8jWV!Va\dfjZZcigVZcaVY^hXjh^‹cYZid"
YdhadhY†Vh#8]{kZohZg{Xdbd;^YZa8Vhigd!
jcV hdaV XVWZoV Vjidg^iVg^V fjZ hZ gZZa^\Z
^cXZhVciZbZciZ]VhiVaVkZ_Zoni^ZcZZaXdc"
igdaYZadhedYZgZhYZa:hiVYdZcjcVhdaV
bVcd n Za Xdcigda YZ jc eVgi^Yd! eg^bZgd
]Z\Zb‹c^Xd n ajZ\d c^Xd! Xdc ad fjZ aV
ZXdcdb†VYZbZgXVYdnZaeajgVa^hbded"
a†i^XdaaZ\Vg†VcVYZhVeVgZXZg0n!XdbdXdc"
hZXjZcX^V!XZgdidaZgVcX^Vn!edgiVcid!XZgd
a^WZgiVYYZZmegZh^‹c#:hadfjZjcdZhXj"
X]VYZX^gVXVYVgVid#NaVhgZ[dgbVhXdchi^"
ijX^dcVaZhYVce^ZVZhidhegZhV\^dh#
NZc=j\d8]{kZoh^cjc^[dgbZjcdejZYZ
kZgZa]^adXdcYjXidgYZjcegdnZXidhZbZ"
_VciZ!bZi^YdZcaVXVWZoVYZ8]{kZoYZhYZ
hjhi^ZbedhYZVegZcY^oegZXdoYZiZdg†Vh
eda†i^XVh! eg^bZgd Zc hj gjgVa 7Vg^cVh n
ajZ\d Xdbd XVYZiZ YZ aV :hXjZaV B^a^iVg#
7VggZgVZmea^XVZcaVZcigZk^hiVfjZ]ZX^"
iVYd/Æ8dbdZhiVbdh]VWaVcYdYZbVgXdh
aZ\VaZh! h^ZbegZ ejZYZh d cd Z_ZXjiVgadh!
eZgd nV i^ZcZh ZhV edh^W^a^YVY/ idYd Za
edYZgeVgV8]{kZo#AdfjZbZeVgZXZegZ"
dXjeVciZZhfjZcdZhÈZa:hiVYdhdnndÉ!Zc
adhi‚gb^cdhYZaVWhdaji^hbd0ZhÈZaejZWad
hdnndÉ#6fj†aVhdWZgVc†VcdgZh^YZZcaVh
^chi^ijX^dcZhh^cdZc8]{kZo!aVgZegZhZc"
iVX^‹cYZaejZWadaVi^ZcZjcVhdaVeZghdcV
nZh8]{kZoÇ#
EZgd Va VcYVg edg aVh XVaaZh! ZcigVg Zc
adh WVgZh n adh gZhiVjgVciZh! aVh i^ZcYVh n
adh bZgXVYdh! Va ZhXjX]Vg aVh XdckZghV"
X^dcZhZcVaiVkdo!Y^hXjh^dcZhVb^hidhVh!
fjZ ^\jVa fjZ Zc C^XVgV\jV eVgZXZc V
kZXZheaZ^idhVbjZgiZ!VakZgaVa^WZgiVYn
Za YZheVgeV_d Xdc fjZ idYd Za bjcYd hZ
XdcYjXZ! Va aZZg adh Y^Vg^dh YdcYZ XVb"
eZVaVk^iVa^YVYYZaVhde^c^dcZh0[gZciZV
aVVk^YZoedgZaXdchjbdnZaW^ZcZhiVg!n
[gZciZ V aVh b^hbVh ^ajh^dcZh fjZ 8]{kZo
]VYZheZgiVYdXdchjiZaZcdkZaVZcadhfjZ
bZcdh i^ZcZc! edgfjZ Va [^c n Va XVWd ad
fjZegdbZiZhdc]^hidg^Vh^cY^k^YjVaZhYZ
[Za^X^YVY! b{h fjZ jc egdnZXid XdaZXi^kd!
jcd hZ egZ\jciV h^ ZhV KZcZojZaV fjZ cd
edXdh iZbZc! ZcXjVYgVYV Zc jc Zhig^Xid
g‚\^bZcYdcYZZa:hiVYdVhjbVjceVeZa
YZX^h^kdZcaVk^YVYZaV\ZciZ!ejZYVhZg
YZkZgYVYedh^WaZ#
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
EGA&(
µK^YVh[VhX^cVciZh
###cVggVX^dcZhiZY^dhVh
KVc^VBVg`Vg^Vc
EgV^hZY7ZDjgAdgYh/I]Z6jid"
W^d\gVe]n
YZG‚\^h9ZWgVn
KZghdEgZhh!'%%,!)&+ee#!
JH'&!*%
BnA^[ZVhV8dadbW^VcGZkdaj"
i^dcVgn/GZÓZXi^dchd[V;dgbZg
<jZgg^aaZgV
YZBVg†V:j\Zc^VK{ofjZoEZgYdbd
IZbeaZJc^kZgh^inEgZhh!'%%)!
(&'ee#!JH'(!.*
C
d WVhiV Xdc ]VWZg iZc^Yd jcV
k^YV ^ciZgZhVciZ eVgV ZhXg^W^g
jcVWjZcVVjidW^d\gV[†V#C^WVh"
iVXdchVWZgZhXg^W^g#GZjc^gZhiVh
Ydh k^gijYZh iVbedXd \VgVci^oV jcV WjZcV
aZXijgV# Adh iZmidh VjidW^d\g{[^Xdh YZ G‚\^h
9ZWgVn n BVg†V :j\Zc^V K{ofjZo EZgYdbd
YVc[ZXdcXgZXZhYZZhiVhV[^gbVX^dcZh#
Cd ]Vn YjYV YZ fjZ aVh eZg^eZX^Vh YZ
VbWdh Xdci^ZcZc bViZg^Va hj[^X^ZciZ eVgV
kVg^dhgZaVidh[VhX^cVciZh#AdhYdhk^k^Zgdc
XdceVgi^XjaVg^ciZch^YVYaVhZ\jcYVb^iVY
YZa h^\ad MM Zc 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV# Adh Ydh
XgZnZgdcfjZaVajX]VVgbVYVZgVZaXVb^cd
]VX^VaVa^WZgVX^‹cYZaXdci^cZciZnhZVWgV"
oVgdcVaVXVjhVYZaV^ofj^ZgYV\jZgg^aaZgV
fjZiVcidhVYZeidh\Vc‹ZcaVhY‚XVYVhYZ
&.+%n&.,%ZcY^[ZgZciZheVgiZhYZabjc"
Yd#:hijk^ZgdcY^hejZhidhVbViVgnbdg^g
edgZhVXVjhVnhjeVh^‹chZ\jgVbZciZadh
VnjY‹ V hdedgiVg aV X{gXZa! aV idgijgV n Za
dY^d YZ bjX]dh# IVbW^‚c [jZgdc VYb^gV"
Ydhn]VhiVgZkZgZcX^VYdhedghjVggd_dnhj
Xdbegdb^hd# 8dbeVgiZc! VYZb{h! aV bZ"
cdhXdbcZmeZg^ZcX^VYZ]VWZghdWgZk^k^"
YdeVgVXdciVgad#8dcZaeVhVgYZadhVŠdh!
iVcid9ZWgVnXdbdK{ofjZoEZgYdbdhZid"
bVgdcZai^ZbedeVgVgZ[aZm^dcVghdWgZZhZ
eVhVYd!eVgVXjZhi^dcVgadnY^hiVcX^VghZYZ
fj^ZcZh]VW†VcZaZ\^YdhZgZchj_jkZcijY#
NZcadhYdhXVhdhZhiVgZ[aZm^‹ciZgb^c‹Zc
hZcYdha^Wgdh!ejWa^XVYdhZchj^Y^dbVdg^"
\^cVaV[^cZhYZab^aZc^dnigVYjX^YdhVa^c"
\a‚hjcdhedXdhVŠdhb{hiVgYZ#7V_dZhiVh
h^b^a^ijYZh hZ ZhXdcYZc adh Y^[ZgZciZh YZ"
ggdiZgdhYZZhidhiZhi^\dhkdajciVg^dhYZaV
ÆeVh^‹cgZkdajX^dcVg^VÇZc6b‚g^XVAVi^cV#
E
dgjcaVYdZhi{Za_dkZc^ciZaZXijVa
[gVcX‚h! Vajbcd YZ 6ai]jhhZg!
fjZZc&.+*!XjVcYdiZc†VkZ^ci^"
X^cXdVŠdh![jZ^ck^iVYdedg8]Z
<jZkVgVn;^YZa8VhigdVXdaVWdgVgXdcaV
GZkdajX^‹c 8jWVcV# >c^X^‹ ZcidcXZh jc
k^V_ZfjZadaaZk‹YZaV^haVV7da^k^V!Ydc"
YZZhijkdegZhdigZhVŠdh0V8]^aZ!YdcYZ
ejYdXdckZghVgaVg\VbZciZXdc6aaZcYZ0
n YZ cjZkd V 8jWV! YdcYZ iZgb^c‹ YZ
YZhZcXVciVghZ YZ aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V gZkdaj"
X^dcVg^V# EVgV ZhZ ZcidcXZh! 9ZWgVn ZgV
XdcdX^Yd edg idYV aV ^ofj^ZgYV aVi^cdV"
bZg^XVcV!ZaVjidgYZjc[VbdhdbVcjVa
fjZigVch[dgb‹ZaXVb^cdXjWVcdZcjcV
gZXZiVeVgVadhbdk^b^Zcidh\jZgg^aaZgdh
YZaIZgXZgBjcYd#6adhigZ^ciVVŠdh]V"
W†Vk^k^Ydadb{hZbdX^dcVciZYZhjk^YV#
NV cd XgZ†V Zc aV k^daZcX^V gZkdajX^dcV"
g^V n ZbeZoVWV V XgZZg fjZ aV ^YZci^YVY
cVX^dcVaZgVb{h[jZgiZfjZaV^YZdad\†V#
:hiVWVegdcideVgVkZghjXVhVZc:jgdeV!
kdakZgV;gVcX^Vnjc^ghZVaa†YZghdX^Va^hiV
;gVcd^h B^iiZggVcY# 8jVcYd ZhiZ \Vc‹
aVh ZaZXX^dcZh YZ &.-&! ad XdckdX‹ Xdbd
VhZhdgeVgVVhjcidh^ciZgcVX^dcVaZh#JcV
Y‚XVYVb{hiVgYZ!9ZWgVnhj[g^‹jccjZ"
kdYZhZc\VŠd!ZhiVkZoXdcaVWjgdXgVX^V
ZhiViVanaVgZcjZcX^VYZa\dW^ZgcdhdX^V"
a^hiV V bVgXVg jc fj^ZWgZ Zc aV eda†i^XV
[gVcXZhV#Kdak^‹ZcidcXZhVaVjc^kZgh^YVY!
ZhXg^W^‹jcViZh^hYZYdXidgVYdhdWgZiZ"
bVhgZa^\^dhdhnhZVWdX‹VXdchigj^gjcV
XVggZgVVXVY‚b^XV#EZgdcdVWVcYdc‹hj
kdajciVYYZ^ciZgkZcX^‹ceda†i^XVVigVk‚h
YZZchVndhhdWgZadhbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XV"
X^‹c!iZmidhYZidcdeZghdcVanVgi†Xjadh
eZg^dY†hi^XdhkVg^dh#6jcfjZadhaZXidgZh
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcdhhZ\jgVbZciZadgZXjZg"
YZchdadXdbdZa[j\VoiZ‹g^XdYZaVGZ"
kdajX^‹c8jWVcV!Zc;gVcX^Vh^\jZh^ZcYd
jcV [^\jgV bZY^VcVbZciZ ^c[ajnZciZ Zc
adhVbW^ZciZh^ciZaZXijVaZhYZ^ofj^ZgYV#
wa hZ egZdXjeV edg hVXVgaZ ajhigZ V ZhV
^bV\Zc# EVgV egjZWV! WVhiV b^gVg hj h^"
i^d/ ]iie/$$lll#gZ\^hYZWgVn#Xdb# D aZZg
hja^WgdAdVYdhhZVccjZhigdhhZŠdgZh/jcV
ZYjXVX^‹c eda†i^XV! hZ\c Za i†ijad YZ aV
ZY^X^‹cdg^\^cVaZc[gVcX‚hejWa^XVYVedg
<Vaa^bVgYZc'%%%#
HZ igViV YZa hZ\jcYd idbd YZ jcV ig^"
ad\†V VjidW^d\g{[^XV fjZ ^c^X^‹ Zc &..'
XdcAVhb{hXVgVh/jcVZYjXVX^‹cVbdgdhVn
Xjab^c‹Zc'%%%XdcEdgVbdgVaVgiZ/jcV
ZYjXVX^‹c ^ciZaZXijVa# B{h Vaa{ YZa dWk^d
]dbZcV_ZV;aVjWZgi!aVY^k^h^‹cig^eVgi^iV
hj\^ZgZ Za ^ciZcid YZ gZeVhVg! edg eVgiZh!
aV ^ciZ\g^YVY YZ jcV k^YV X^ZgiVbZciZ
XdbeaZ_VZcVei^ijYZhngZVa^oVX^dcZh#AV
igVYjXX^‹cVa^c\a‚hYZZhiZhZ\jcYdidbd
hjhi^ijnZVahjWi†ijaddg^\^cVaedgÆAVVj"
idW^d\gV[†VÇ! ^cY^XVcYd fjZ cd hZ ejWa^"
XVg{ZagZhidYZaVdWgV!fj^o{hedgfjZZa
^ciZg‚hYZ9ZWgVndadfjZhjhediZcX^V"
aZh aZXidgZh fj^ZgZc hVWZg Zhi{ a^b^iVYd
VaiZggZcdYZaVeda†i^XV#EjZYZhZgX^Zgid!
eZgdVa\dWg^aaVedghjVjhZcX^VZcZhiZkd"
ajbZcnaaZkVVXjZhi^dcVgaVkdajciVYYZ
V^haVgjcVheZXidYZaVk^YV!Xdbdh^aVed"
a†i^XVedXddcVYVijk^ZgVfjZkZgXdcadh
V[ZXidheg^kVYdhnaVVXi^k^YVY^ciZaZXijVa#
NZhY^[†X^afjZZhidhZhjWhVcZXdcdigdh
Ydh a^Wgdh! V hj kZo YZY^XVYdh ZmXajh^kV"
bZciZVjchdadVheZXid#
6h†!:a^hVWZi]7jg\dh!fjZ[jZhjbj_Zg
nhZ]^od[VbdhVedghjeda‚b^XVZcigZk^h"
iVVG^\dWZgiVBZcX]!cdVeVgZXZcjcXV
bZcX^dcVYVedghjcdbWgZXdbeaZid!fj^"
o{hedgfjZhjgZaVX^‹ceZgiZcZXZVaeg^bZg
idbd#9ZaVb^hbV[dgbV!6ai]jhhZgbZ"
gZXZhdadjcVhedXVha†cZVh!edh^WaZbZciZ
edgfjZhj^c[ajZcX^VhZYZhXg^WZZcaVa"
i^bVZcigZ\VYZaVig^ad\†V#AdhZ_ZhYZaVh
aVg\VhnbjX]VhkZXZh[VggV\dhVhe{\^cVh
YZakdajbZchdWgZaVÆZYjXVX^‹ceda†i^XVÇ
YZa Vjidg hdc aVh [^\jgVh YZ ;^YZa 8Vhigd
n ;gVcd^h B^iiZggVcY# NV ad Vj\jgVWV Za
i†ijad/adVYdhhZVcZhidheVYgZhhjhi^ijidh
fjZ Vh† Xdbd Y^Zgdc hZci^Yd V aV k^YV YZ
9ZWgVn Va XddeiVgad eVgV hjh \gVcY^dhdh
egdnZXidh! aV YZ_Vgdc h^c cdgiZ XjVcYd
ZhiZ YZX^Y^‹ fjZ ZgV ]dgV YZ XdgiVg VbV"
ggVh# :a ‚c[Vh^h Zc ZhiVh eZghdcVa^YVYZh
nVa\jcVhdigVhXdbd:gcZhid<jZkVgVn
HVakVYdg6aaZcYZcdVnjYVVZciZcYZgaV
^bedgiVciZ edgX^‹c YZ aV ]^hidg^V YZa h^"
\adMMfjZZhiZa^Wgdi^ZcZeVgVXdciVgn
]VhiVdhXjgZXZaVhgVodcZhYZhjcVggVYdg
eVgVidbVgYZX^h^dcZhiVcgVY^XVaZhXdbd
ZcigZcVghZeVgVXdbWVi^gZcaVhZakVWda^"
k^VcVdXdckZgi^ghZZcjc[jcX^dcVg^dYZa
EVaVX^dYZa:a^hZd#EVgV9ZWgVncdZhjcV
gZkZaVX^‹c kZg\dcoVciZ fjZ hj YZhi^cd
]VnV ZhiVYd gZ\^Yd edg aVh YZX^h^dcZh YZ
Zhidh\gVcYZheZghdcV_Zh/
6XZei‚aV^ck^iVX^‹cYZ;^YZanedXd
YZhej‚h ‚a bZ Zck^‹ V ]VXZg igVWV_d
YZ XVbed eVgV aV aaZ\VYV YZa 8]Z V
7da^k^V# ;jZ Xdbd jc Zm XdbeVŠZ"
gdYZ<jZkVgVfjZHVakVYdg6aaZcYZ
bZgZX^W^‹XjVcYdhVa†YZaVeg^h^‹c
Zc&.,&#;jZXdbdZaedgiVYdgYZjc
bZchV_ZYZ6aaZcYZVB^iiZggVcYfjZ
XdcdX† V ZhiZ ai^bd! XZgXV YZ EVj!
Zc&.,'#N[jZXdbdZmeZgidejiVi^"
kd Zc Za IZgXZg BjcYd fjZ Za gZX^‚c
ZaZXid egZh^YZciZ bZ aaZk‹ Va :a^hZd
Zc&.-&#
:cXdchZXjZcX^V!aVheVgiZhb{h^ciZgZ"
hVciZhYZaa^WgdhdcZagZaVidYZhjXV†YV
ZcaVhgZYZhYZZcXVcidYZZhiVh[^\jgVh#
6h† iVbW^‚c! hjh YZhZc\VŠdh hjXZh^kdh
hZ XjZciVc YZhYZ aV eZgheZXi^kV YZ jc
VbVciZ fjZ YZhXjWgZ aZciVbZciZ fjZ Za
dW_Zid YZ hj YZkdX^‹c Zhi{ aZ_dh YZ hZg
eZg[ZXid# ;^YZa ZgV bZ\Va‹bVcd n eVgV"
cd^Xd! B^iiZggVcY c^]^a^hiV n XVaXjaVYdg#
AVhZmea^XVX^dcZhYZ9ZWgVnZmVaiVcZaXV"
g^hbVYZhjhadVYdhhZŠdgZh!aVhZYjXX^‹c
fjZZ_ZgX^ZgdciVcidhdWgZ‚aXdbdhdWgZ
ZaXdc_jcidijbjaijdhdYZVXdciZX^b^Zc"
idh fjZ adh gdYZVWVc# :hid gZYjcYV Zc
[gZXjZciZh YZhXg^eX^dcZh VbZcVh YZ Ze^"
hdY^dhneZghdcVh!Vai^ZbedfjZYZ_VZc
jcdaVVbVg\V^begZh^‹cYZZhiVg[gZciZ
VjciZhi^\dX†c^XdYZ]ZX]dh^bedgiVc"
iZh!Va\j^ZcfjZegZ[^ZgZgZ\dYZVghZZchj
YZhZcXVcidfjZVnjYVgcdhVZciZcYZgadh
bdbZcidhfjZaZidX‹k^k^g#´Edgfj‚]V"
Wg†VYZ]VXZgad49Zhej‚hYZidYdhZigViV
YZ jc gZaVid VjidW^d\g{[^Xd n cd YZ jc
ZchVnd ]^hi‹g^Xd# 9Z ]ZX]d! adh bZ_dgZh
eVhV_Zh hdc VfjZaadh Zc fjZ hZ Xdck^ZgiZ
ZcaX^YdZ^che^gVYdVcVa^hiVhdadYZhjh
hZci^b^Zcidh/
:c 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV cjZhigVh VgbVh
ZgVc eVi‚i^XVh! cjZhigdh eaVcZh YZh"
fj^X^VYdh!cjZhigdh\gVcYZhZh[jZgodh
h^cYZbVh^VYdhZ[ZXidh!eZgdXjVcYd
aZh Ydn kjZaiVh! Zhdh VŠdh Zb^iZc jc
VjgVYZhZg^ZYVY!Va\dVji‚ci^Xdnaj"
b^cdhd# N ]jWd gZVabZciZ bdbZc"
idh gVY^VciZh! i^Zbedh Zc Za fjZ Za
W^ZcZhiVg[†h^XdWdgYZVWVad^ggZVa0aVh
hZchVX^dcZhb{\^XVhfjZgZXjZgYdYZ
jcVZmeadgVX^‹chda^iVg^VVe^ZZcaVh
bdciVŠdhVhhZakVhYZ7da^k^VZc&.++!
jcdhbZhZhVciZhYZjc^gbZV<jZkV"
gV# 9Z b^ eVhV_Z ZcigZ adh Æ]dbWgZh
edYZgdhdhÇZc;gVcX^V!jcVh^ijVX^‹c
ÆhZg^VÇZcjceV†hgZejiVYdfjZXjZc"
iV Zc Za bjcYd! cd gZiZc\d Äfj^o{h
edgfjZZaXjZgediZc†ViVcedXdfjZ
kZg Zc aV igVchVXX^‹cÄ c^c\jcV bZ"
bdg^VYZ[Za^X^YVYejgVdXdbeaZiV#
E{ggV[dhXdbdZhiZZX]VcajohdWgZaVh
^ciZchVh ZmeZg^ZcX^Vh hjW_Zi^kVh fjZ ]^"
X^Zgdcedh^WaZfjZ\gVcYZhhZXidgZhYZaV
_jkZcijY bjcY^Va Zc aV Y‚XVYV YZ &.+%
hZ ZbWVgXVgVc Zc egdnZXidh gZkdajX^d"
cVg^dhedgaVk†VVgbVYV#:hidhZg†Vhj[^"
X^ZciZeVgVY^h[gjiVgYZjcVaZXijgV\gViV
Z ^chigjXi^kV# EZgd Za a^Wgd i^ZcZ egZiZc"
h^dcZheZYV\‹\^XVhZmea†X^iVhfjZad\gVc
VcjaVgZaeaVXZgYZZhidhe{ggV[dh^che^gV"
Ydh# :a XVe†ijad i^ijaVYd Æ8dchZ_dh eVgV
aVh cjZkVh \ZcZgVX^dcZhÇ! edg Z_Zbead!
VWjcYVZcaj\VgZhXdbjcZhZ^gdc†VhkV"
XjVh/ÆAdhhZci^b^Zcidh[jZgiZhiZ]VXZc
WV_VgaV\jVgY^V!edcZgiZ[{X^abZciZcZg"
k^dhd!VigVZgaVhWjgaVh!XVZgZcigVbeVhÇ!
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
&)EGA
ÆAVgZVa^YVYhdcadhbZY^dhnadh]ZX]dh
hdc^b{\ZcZhYZ]ZX]dhÇ!ÆDXjaiVijhdW"
_Zi^kdh n ijh Xdck^XX^dcZh! h^ aVh i^ZcZhÇ!
edg X^iVg jcVh edXVh bjZhigVh# BjX]dh
n iZY^dhdh eVhV_Zh YZa a^Wgd Zhi{c YZY^"
XVYdh V ZhVh gZ[aZm^dcZh ^cdXjVh! [VahV"
bZciZ hZhjYVh Z ^c[aVYVh YZ gZ[ZgZcX^Vh
ZgjY^iVh hdWgZ ÆaV eda†i^XVÇ! ÆZa edYZgÇ n
ÆaVb^a^iVcX^VÇ#
9Zhej‚hYZaZZghjhb{hYZXjVigdX^Zc"
iVh e{\^cVh fjZYV aV ^begZh^‹c YZ fjZ
9ZWgVn[jZjc_dkZc^ciZa^\ZciZ!YZedXdh
ZhXgejadh n {c^bd VkZcijgZgd fjZ! ajZ"
\d YZ kVg^dh gZkdaXdcZh Xdc Va\jcVh YZ
aVh[^\jgVhb{hXdcdX^YVhYZaV^ofj^ZgYV
Zc:jgdeVn6b‚g^XVAVi^cV!hZXdck^gi^‹
Zc jc VcVa^hiV eda†i^Xd X^ZgiVbZciZ ^c"
[dgbVYd n WVhiVciZ aX^Yd! eZgd XVgZciZ
edg XdbeaZid YZ hZci^Yd YZa ]jbdg! YZ
kZgYVYZgV^gdc†V#9ZWgVnhZcdhegZhZciV
XdbdVa\j^ZcfjZnVcdhZhdgegZcYZVciZ
cVYVc^cVY^Z!fjZb^gVXdchj[^X^ZcX^VZa
bjcYd fjZ ad gdYZV n Zh XVeVo YZ ZcXd"
\ZghZYZ]dbWgdhVciZaVhbZofj^cYVYZh
egde^VhnV_ZcVh#=VnVa\d^beY^XdZcZa
YZheVgeV_d Xdc fjZ cVggV jcV ZmXjgh^‹c
eVgVXVoVg\VXZaVhfjZXdbeVgi^‹Xdcjc
ÆY‚hediV cZ\gd V[g^XVcdÇ Xdbd eVgiZ YZ
jcVhkVXVX^dcZh\gVi^hfjZaZXdch^\j^ZgV
jcXdaZ\VYZa:a^hZd#8aVgdfjZ9ZWgVnZh
YZbVh^VYd hV\Vo eVgV eVhVgad edg Vaid n
hZXdc[^ZhVbZgZXZYdgYZaVhY^Vig^WVhfjZ
egdkdX‹ Za Ze^hdY^d# :c \ZcZgVa! Za a^Wgd
i^ZcZaVgVgVk^gijYYZZmedcZgh^ce^ZYVY!
eZgdXdcidYdhadhVgi^aj\^dhgZi‹g^XdhYZ
jcXdchjbVYdZchVn^hiV!aVhb^hZg^VhYZ
hj Vjidg/ ÆJc [^a‹hd[d Zh Va\j^Zc fjZ cd
fj^ZgZZc\VŠVghZVh†b^hbd#:aegdWaZbV
XdbdhZejZYZkZgZcZhiZb^hbdiZmid
ZhfjZcVY^Z]VXZ=^hidg^Vh^c]VXZgadZc
VWjcYVcX^VnVeZX]dÇ#
A
Z†YVZch^bjai{cZdXdcZaa^WgdYZ
9ZWgVn!aVVjidW^d\gV[†VYZBVg†V
:j\Zc^VK{ofjZoEZgYdbdgZhjaiV
X^ZgiVbZciZbZcdhYZhajbWgVciZ!
XVh^YZhed_VYVnX{cY^YVZchjZhXg^ijgV#
EZgdaV]^hidg^VfjZXjZciVZhW^ZcgZegZ"
hZciVi^kV YZ jcV \ZcZgVX^‹c YZ _‹kZcZh
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh YZ XaVhZ bZY^V fjZ
gdbe^ZgdcXdchjZcidgcdb{h^cbZY^Vid
nYZX^Y^ZgdcfjZaVb^a^iVcX^VhZg†VZaZ_Z
YZhjhk^YVh#
K{ofjZo EZgYdbd cVX^‹ Zc &.*) Zc
8Va^!8dadbW^V!nhZVXZgX‹VaV^ofj^ZgYV
gZkdajX^dcVg^VZchjh‚edXVhYZZhijY^Vc"
iZZcaVJc^kZgh^YVYCVX^dcVaYZ7d\di{!
b{hYZjcajhigdYZhej‚hYZaVaaZ\VYVYZ
9ZWgVn V 8jWV# >ciZgk^cd Zc Za egdXZhd
YZXgZVX^‹cYZa B"&.Bdk^b^Zcid&.YZ
6Wg^a!jcdYZadh\gjedh\jZgg^aaZgdhb{h
^bedgiVciZh YZ 8dadbW^V Zc aVh Y‚XVYVh
YZ&.,%n&.-%![jZeVgiZYZhjY^gZXX^‹cn
eVgi^X^e‹YZVa\jcVhYZhjhVXX^dcZhb{h
Vgg^Zh\VYVhnXdcdX^YVh!XdbdaVidbVYZ
aVZbWV_VYVYZGZeWa^XV9db^c^XVcVZc
&.-%#AjZ\dhZZcigZc‹Zc8jWVnhZjc^‹
V aVh [jZgoVh fjZ ^c\gZhVgdc V 8dadbW^V
eVgV gZ^c^X^Vg aV ajX]V \jZgg^aaZgV0 XVn‹
egZhV_jcidVhjhXdbeVŠZgdhZcjcVZb"
WdhXVYVYZaZ_‚gX^id!hVa^‹V[^cZhYZ&.-'
bZY^VciZjcVaZnYZVbc^hi†VneVgi^X^e‹
YZhjXZh^kVhcZ\dX^VX^dcZheVgVigViVgYZ
iZgb^cVgXdcaV\jZggVX^k^aZchjeV†h#:c
&.-,k^V_‹VA^W^VZcjcVb^h^‹c^ciZgcV"
X^dcVa YZ ^chigjXX^‹c Zc b‚idYdh ^chjg"
\ZciZh#6akdakZgV8dadbW^V!XdckZcX^YV
YZ fjZ Za Z_ZgX^X^d YZ aV eda†i^XV V igVk‚h
YZ aVh VgbVh hZ ]VW†V V\diVYd! YZX^Y^‹
VWVcYdcVg Za bdk^b^Zcid Va fjZ ]VW†V
YZY^XVYd hj k^YV n gZidbVg hjh ZhijY^dh
YZ Vcigdedad\†V Zc aV jc^kZgh^YVY# :c aV
Y‚XVYV YZ &..% XdbZco‹ V igVWV_Vg eVgV
dg\Vc^oVX^dcZhcd\jWZgcVbZciVaZhYZY^"
XVYVhVigViVgXdcbj_ZgZhV[ZXiVYVhedgaV
\jZggV#:c&..-\Vc‹ZaegZb^dVcjVaYZa
B^c^hiZg^dYZ8jaijgVYZ8dadbW^Vedghj
VjidW^d\gV[†V!ejWa^XVYVZcZheVŠdaWV_d
Zai†ijad:hXg^ideVgVcdbdg^g/W^i{XdgVYZ
jcVb^a^iVcX^V7d\di{/B^c^hiZg^dYZ8ja"
ijgV!'%%%#
:aa^WgdYZK{ofjZoEZgYdbdhZ^chZgiV
YZ[dgbVXdchX^ZciZZcZa\‚cZgdiZhi^bd"
c^VafjZiVcidhXjaidgZh\Vc‹Zc6b‚g^XV
AVi^cVZcaVY‚XVYVYZ&.-%!ZheZX^VabZc"
iZZcigZbj_ZgZhfjZ]VW†Vck^k^YdZe^hd"
Y^dh YZ k^daZcX^V eda†i^XV! n fjZ XdckdX‹
iVcidh ^cbZY^Vidh VYb^gVYdgZh Zc adh
X†gXjadh VXVY‚b^Xdh YZ :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh#
KVg^dh ZhijY^dhdh YZ ZhiZ [Zc‹bZcd ]Vc
^ch^hi^YdhdWgZaV[jZgoVeda†i^XVYZZhidh
iZmidhZcjcV‚edXVZcfjZadh\gVcYZhgZ"
aVidh^YZda‹\^XdheZgY†VcedYZgYZXdckd"
XVidg^V#6h†!aVhbZbdg^VhYZK{ofjZoEZg"
YdbdejZYZckZghZ!ZcZaeaVcdeZghdcVa!
XdbdjcVY^‹hVhjk^YVYZ\jZgg^aaZgVn!
YZ[dgbVb{hXdaZXi^kV!XdbdjcVVejZhiV
VdigVh[dgbVhYZXdck^kZcX^VZcjceV†h
YdcYZaVk^daZcX^Vh^\jZh^ZcYdjcbdYd
eg^k^aZ\^VYd YZ VgW^igVg adh Xdc[a^Xidh
hdX^VaZhneda†i^Xdh#:cZaeg^bZghZci^Yd!
ZhiZa^WgdeZgb^iZVhjVjidgVYZ_VgVig{h
jc eZg†dYd YZ [jZgiZ ZcigZ\V V jc ^YZVa
eda†i^XdeVgV]VW^iVgjcbjcYdZcZafjZ
hjhkVadgZhnZ_ZhYZXdcYjXiVeZgY†Vcg{"
e^YVbZciZ hZci^Yd# :a i†ijad Zc ZheVŠda
gZ[jZgoVZhiV^YZV/aVZhXg^ijgVZhaViVWaV
YZ hVakVX^‹c! aV c^XV [dgbV YZ ZkVY^g aV
bjZgiZ# GdbeZg Xdc Za eVhVYd cd WVhiV0
ZhegZX^hdgZXjeZgVgadeVgVYVghZci^YdVa
[jijgdfjZhZfj^ZgZk^k^g#HZigViVYZjcV
ZbegZhVkVa^ZciZnhZ\jgVbZciZYdadgdhV!
b{hVcXjVcYdK{ofjZoEZgYdbdeVgZXZ
cdfjZgZgdXjaiVgcVYVYZadfjZ]^odhj
dg\Vc^oVX^‹c n YZ hjh egde^Vh YZX^h^dcZh
ZcZhZXdciZmid#
H^c ZbWVg\d! ZhiV egZiZch^‹c YZ h^cXZ"
g^YVY!XZcigVaZcaVYZ[^c^X^‹cYZa\‚cZgd
iZhi^bdc^Va!fjZYVjcedXdYZhajX^YVedg
aVZmXZh^kVcVijgVa^YVYXdcaVfjZhZXjZc"
iVcVa\jcdhZe^hdY^dhigVjb{i^Xdh/
9Zhej‚h fjZ cdh bjYVbdh YZ aV
XVhV! b^ [Vb^a^V hZ ]VW†V Y^hjZaid#
9Z_‚Vb^]^_dnVhj\VidZcadYZaeV"
YgZ#B^bVb{hZfjZY‹XdcZaeZggd
ZcaVXVhVYZjcVYZhjhhdWg^cVh#Nd
XdbZcX‚ b^ k^YV YZ \^iVcV! bjY{c"
YdbZYZaVXVhVYZjcVb^\dVaVYZ
digd! cd Yjgb^ZcYd cjcXV b{h YZ
YdhcdX]ZhZcjcaj\Vg#
EdYg†V hZg jc Xa{h^Xd gZaVid YZ aV k^YV
YZ jcV b^a^iVciZ XaVcYZhi^cV# >cXajhd aV
kdajciVYYZbViVgnbdg^gedghjh^YZVh!
kVg^Vh kZXZh egdXaVbVYV Zc Za a^Wgd! cd
VhdbWgV YZbVh^VYd Zc Va\j^Zc fjZ hZ
hjb‹XdchX^ZciZbZciZVjcV\jZggVX^k^a
ZcXjghd#:aB"&.cdY^heVg‹aVheg^bZgVh
WVaVhYZaV]^hidg^VgZX^ZciZYZ8dadbW^V
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
nhjhbjZgidhcd[jZgdciVbedXdadheg^"
bZgdhXV†YdhZcXdbWViZXdcigVZaZ_‚gX^"
idcVX^dcVa#
BVndg XdcbdX^‹c XVjhV Za gdhVg^d YZ
YZX^h^dcZheZghdcVaZhfjZVXdbeVŠVgdc
ZhZeVhdigVhXZcYZciZ/aVgZcjcX^VVaeV"
eZa igVY^X^dcVa YZ VbV YZ XVhV idYVk†V
Vh^\cVYdVaVhXdZi{cZVhYZaVVjidgVYZ
ZhiVh bZbdg^Vh! jcV k^YV hZmjVa n Vbd"
gdhViVcVbZcVXdbdVeVh^dcVYV!aVkd"
ajciVg^Vhjb^h^‹cYZaV^cY^k^YjVa^YVYV
aVh YZX^h^dcZh YZa XdaZXi^kd d V hjh a†YZ"
gZh!ZaYZhegZcY^b^ZcidYZadhVb^\dh!aV
[Vb^a^Vn]VhiVadh]^_dhZc[jcX^‹cYZaVh
b^h^dcZh b^a^iVciZh# IdYd Zhid Zhi{ Xdc"
iVYd Xdc jcV h^cXZg^YVY n jcV h^beaZoV
fjZVkZXZhgZhjaiVcgZ[gZhXVciZhndigVh
iVciVhegdkdXVcZhijedgn]VhiVgZX]Vod#
:hXaVgdfjZaVYZX^h^‹cYZK{ofjZoEZg"
YdbdYZgZ^ckZciVghZYZhYZjcVV[^gbV"
X^‹c YZ \‚cZgd gZfj^ZgZ X^ZgiV XVcY^YZo
eVgV ]VWaVg YZ hj VciZg^dg VjYVX^V eVgV
gdbeZgXdcadhgdaZh[ZbZc^cdhigVY^X^d"
cVaZh#6bWdhbdk^b^ZcidhhdceVgVY^\"
b{i^XdhYZaVhY‚XVYVhfjZaZidX‹k^k^g#
Fj^o{hedgZhdZagZaVidi^ZcZVkZXZhjc
V^gZYZXa^X]‚/
NdZgVjchdaYVYd#:a]ZX]dYZfjZ
ZgV jcV bj_Zg edg YZ[^c^X^‹c W^da‹"
\^XVcdbZbdaZhiVWV!eZgdiVbedXd
ZgV bjn XdchX^ZciZ YZ ad fjZ h^\c^"
[^XVWVZcjcbjcYdfjZcdh]VX†VV
idYdh ^\jVaZh Zc aV ^YZdad\†V# ###:c"
iZcYZgbZ Xdbd bj_Zg bZ VnjY‹ V
ZciZcYZgadhXVbW^dhfjZfjZg†VeVgV
b† b^hbV# EVgVY‹_^XVbZciZ! Vh† Zh
Xdbd[j^XVeVoYZgZXdcX^a^VgbZXdc
aV ^cXdbdY^YVY fjZ hZci†V hdWgZ hZg
jci^edY^[ZgZciZYZbVYgZ#NZciZcY†
fjZaVegZh^‹chdX^VafjZhZci†VeVgV
gZXjeZgVg V b^ ]^_d bZ hjbZg\†V Zc
jcV [VahV XdcigVY^XX^‹c# ###CdhdigVh!
aVh XdbeVŠZgVh! aVh \jZgg^aaZgVh! eV"
\Vbdh jc egZX^d Vaid edg ^ccdkVg n
igVch\gZY^g aVh cdgbVh YZa bVig^"
bdc^d!ZaV[ZXidnZahZmd####H^fjZg†V
gZidbVg Za Xdcigda YZ b^ k^YV X^k^a!
cd edY†V WjhXVg jc cjZkd XdbeV"
ŠZgd ^cbZY^ViVbZciZ# ###6bVg V jc
]dbWgZZcZhZbdbZcid]jW^ZgVh^Yd
cZ\VgbZYZcjZkd!nV]dgVndZhiVWV
igViVcYdYZZcXdcigVgbZ#
IVbW^‚cZhX^ZgidfjZZaXa^X]‚ejZYZhZg
jcVWjZcV[dgbVYZZajY^gjcVVXi^ijYX†"
c^XVfjZcdVnjYVYZbVh^VYdVXdbegZc"
YZg Za eVhVYd# EVaVWgVh h^beaZh eVgV YVg
XjZciV YZ hZci^b^Zcidh jc^kZghVaZh/ jcV
[dgbVegjYZciZnVa\dVcdY^cVYZa^Y^Vg
XdcZmeZg^ZcX^VhXdbeaZ_Vh#=VndigVhgZ"
XZiVh#9ZWgVnegZ[^ZgZjhVg[gVhZhedbed"
hVhnVgi^aj\^dhgZi‹g^XdheVgVegZhZciVghZ
XdbdjciZhi^\dYZbVh^VYdaX^YdYZaVh
igVhi^ZcYVhYZaedYZg#
EdgZhd!adYZaeg^cX^e^d/iVcidK{ofjZo
EZgYdbd Xdbd 9ZWgVn i^ZcZc Va\d eVgV
XdciVgnaVXVeVX^YVYYZ]VXZgad!eZgdhj
ZbegZhV VjidW^d\g{[^XV [gVXVhV! hZV edg
XVgZcX^VdZmXZhdYZVheVk^ZcidhnigjXdh#
7^ZcY^XZcfjZ]VnaZXidgZheVgVidYdhadh
a^Wgdh# EZghdcVabZciZ! edg gVodcZh XVh^
dejZhiVh! VbWdh bZ eVgZX^Zgdc iZY^dhVh
cVggVX^dcZh YZ k^YVh V idYVh ajXZh [VhX^"
cVciZh#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
EGA&*
=dWhWVlbZcXVgV
ZaiZgXZgb^aZc^d
8Vgadh6\j^ggZ
<jZggVneVoZcZah^\adMM>
YZ:g^X=dWhWVlb
7VgXZadcV/8g†i^XV!'%%,!&,.ee#!
JH'+!((
:
g^X?#=dWhWVlb6aZ_VcYg†V!&.&,
Zh jcd YZ adh ]^hidg^VYdgZh b{h
^c[ajnZciZh! aZ†Ydh! VYb^gVYdh n
Y^hXji^Ydh YZa bjcYd# Hj egZhZc"
X^V Zc adh YZWViZh ^ciZaZXijVaZh n eda†i^Xdh
VadaVg\dYZkVg^VhY‚XVYVh_jhi^[^X‹aVg\V"
bZciZhj^cXajh^‹cZcaVeda‚b^XVhZaZXX^‹c
fjZ]^X^ZgdcZc'%%*aVhgZk^hiVhEgdheZXin
;dgZ^\c Eda^Xn YZ adh &%% ^ciZaZXijVaZh b{h
^c[ajnZciZhYZa\adWd#Eda†\adiV]VWaVX^c"
Xd^Y^dbVhnejZYZaZZgZckVg^dhb{h!k^V"
_Zgd^cXVchVWaZ!ZgjY^idnYjZŠdYZjcVYZ
aVh bZ_dgZh eajbVh ZcigZ adh ]^hidg^VYdgZh
XdciZbedg{cZdh! =dWhWVlb \ZcZgV VY"
b^gVX^‹cVjcZcigZfj^ZcZhY^hXgZeVcXdc
‚a#:cjcV‚edXVZcfjZedXdhhZYZ[^c^g†Vc
XdbdÆbVgm^hiVhÇ!=dWhWVlbcddXjaiVhj
[^a^VX^‹c ^YZda‹\^XV n gZXaVbV eVgV BVgm
jcVk^\ZcX^VfjZbjX]dh]VXZi^Zbed]Vc
gZXjhVYd# >ofj^ZgY^hiV YZ aV k^Z_V \jVgY^V!
hZ ]V eVhVYd Va bZcdh hZiZciV VŠdh YZ hj
k^YV YZ[ZcY^ZcYd aV edh^W^a^YVY n aV cZ"
XZh^YVYYZXdchigj^ghdX^ZYVYZh]jbVcVh
b{h _jhiVh n hda^YVg^Vh# 8g†i^Xd V\jYd YZa
XVe^iVa^hbd n Za ^beZg^Va^hbd! =dWhWVlb
Zh cd hdad jc ]^hidg^VYdg! h^cd VciZ idYd
jc ^ciZaZXijVa eWa^Xd# 6eVgiZ YZ hZg jc
VXVY‚b^Xd hZg^d n g^\jgdhd! Vhjb^‹ YZhYZ
_dkZc jc Xdbegdb^hd ‚i^Xd n eda†i^Xd Xdc
adhZh[jZgodhYZigVch[dgbVX^‹chdX^VanYZ
hda^YVg^YVYXdcfj^ZcZheVYZXZcadhZ[ZXidh
YZ aVh YZh^\jVaYVYZh fjZ \ZcZgV Za XVe^iV"
a^hbd# Hj VeVh^dcVciZ a^Wgd YZ bZbdg^Vh!
6Šdh^ciZgZhVciZh!&iZgb^cVXdcjcaaVbVYd
VhZ\j^gYZcjcX^VcYdnXdbWVi^ZcYdaV^c"
_jhi^X^VhdX^VaÄÆYZhej‚hYZidYdZabjcYd
cd XVbW^Vg{ edg h† b^hbdÇ# 6 adh cdkZciV
VŠdhh^\jZiVcVXi^kdXdbdh^ZbegZ!k^V_Vc"
Yd! d[gZX^ZcYd Xdc[ZgZcX^Vh n ZcigZk^hiVh!
n ZhXg^W^ZcYd ZchVndh n a^Wgdh# H^ YZ Va\d
edYZbdh ZhiVg hZ\jgdh Zh fjZ =dWhWVlb
_Vb{hXdcdXZg{ZaYZhXVchddaV_jW^aVX^‹c#
EgjZWVYZZaadZhZaa^WgdfjZVeVgZX^‹ZhiZ
VŠd h^bjai{cZVbZciZ Zc kVg^dh ^Y^dbVh!
<jZggVneVoZcZah^\adMM>!nfjZXdci^ZcZ
aVhgZ[aZm^dcZhYZjc]^hidg^VYdgcdhdWgZZa
eVhVYd!h^cdb{hW^ZchdWgZZaegZhZciZnZa
[jijgdYZaVhhdX^ZYVYZh]jbVcVh#
HjW^d\gV[†VXdci^ZcZhj[^X^ZciZhZaZbZc"
&
:g^X =dWhWVlb! 6Šdh ^ciZgZhVciZh# JcV
k^YV Zc Za h^\ad MM 7VgXZadcV/ 8g†i^XV!
'%%'#
idheVgVXdch^YZgVgadjciZhi^\dZmXZeX^dcVa
YZah^\adMM/cVX^‹Zc:\^eid!YZeVYgZh_j"
Y†dhWg^i{c^Xdh0eVh‹hj^c[VcX^VZcK^ZcVn
hj VYdaZhXZcX^V Zc 7Zga†c! YdcYZ Vh^hi^‹ Va
XdaVehdYZaVGZeWa^XVYZLZ^bVgnVahjg"
\^b^ZcidYZacVo^hbd0eZgY^‹VhjheVYgZh
ViZbegVcVZYVYnhZigVhaVY‹V>c\aViZggV#
HjegZXdoiVaZcidad]^odbZgZXZYdgYZjcV
WZXV eVgV ZhijY^Vg Zc aV Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ
8VbWg^Y\Z#EVgi^X^e‹YZaVgZh^hiZcX^VVci^
[VhX^hiV!ZhijkdZcEVg†hZcaV‚edXVYZa;gZc"
iZEdejaVg!nVh^hi^‹VaXdc\gZhdYZ^ciZaZX"
ijVaZh Zc YZ[ZchV YZ aV gZeWa^XV ZheVŠdaV
VbZcVoVYVedgZacVX^dcVa^hbd[VhX^hid^YZ
YZ ;gVcXd# NV eVgV ZcidcXZh ZgV b^ZbWgd
YZaEVgi^Yd8dbjc^hiV7g^i{c^Xd!VafjZcd
gZcjcX^Vg†Vc^VjcZc&.*+XjVcYd!ajZ\dYZ
aVhÆgZkZaVX^dcZhÇhdWgZadhXg†bZcZhYZHiV"
a^c!bjX]dhYZhjhXVbVgVYVhÄ^cXajnZcYd
kVg^dhYZadh]^hidg^VYdgZhfjZ[dgbVWVcZa
\gjedYZ]^hidg^VYZaE8Wg^i{c^XdÄadVWVc"
YdcVgdc#:hijkdZc8jWVkVg^VhkZXZhYZhYZ
Xdb^ZcodhYZaVY‚XVYVYZ&.+%ncVijgVa"
bZciZXdcdX^‹V;^YZa8Vhigdn8]Z<jZkVgV
ÄYZZaadh!h^cZbWVg\d!cdZhXg^WZXdcbj"
X]d Zcijh^Vhbd c^ eVgZXZ \jVgYVg gZXjZg"
YdheZghdcVaZhYZbVh^VYd^ciZchdh#:hijkd
ZcHVc;gVcX^hXdn7Zg`ZaZnZcaVijgWjaZciV
Y‚XVYVYZ&.+%n[jZiZhi^\dYZaVh[VbdhVh
gZkjZaiVhYZZhijY^VciZhZcEVg†hZcBVndYZa
+-#K^h^i‹8]^aZYjgVciZadhXg†i^XdhVŠdhYZa
ZmeZg^bZcidhdX^Va^hiVYZ6aaZcYZnZaEZg
YjgVciZ Za gZ[dgb^hbd b^a^iVg YZ KZaVhXd
6akVgVYd#=Vk^k^Ydadhj[^X^ZciZeVgVkZgZa
cVX^b^ZcidnZa[^cVaYZag‚\^bZchdk^‚i^Xd!
ZaVj\ZnXV†YVYZacVo^"[VhX^hbd!aVHZ\jcYV
<jZggVBjcY^Va!aV<jZggV;g†VYZeg^cX^e^d
V[^c!aVXg^h^hYZahdX^Va^hbdgZVabZciZZm^h"
iZciZ!adhViZciVYdhXdcigVaVhIdggZh<ZbZ"
aVh!nZaaVcoVb^ZcidYZaV\jZggVXdcigVZa
iZggdg^hbd#Æ:cZaXjghdYZb^k^YVÄZhXg^WZ
Zchj<jZggVneVoZcZah^\adMM>Ä]Zk^hid
Za[^cVaYZidYdhadh^beZg^dhXdadc^VaZh!Za
[^cVaYZaaaVbVYdGZ^X]YZB^a6ŠdhVaZb{c!
fjZYjg‹hdadYdXZ!nZa[^cVaYZahjZŠdhdk^‚"
i^XdYZaVgZkdajX^‹cbjcY^VaÇ#=dWhWVlb!
^g‹c^XVbZciZ!]Vk^k^Ydb{hi^ZbedYZafjZ
‚ab^hbdaZVig^Wjn‹VaÆXdgidÇh^\adMM!fjZ
hZ\c ‚a ZbeZo‹ Zc &.&) Xdc aV Eg^bZgV
<jZggV BjcY^Va n iZgb^c‹ Zc &..& Xdc aV
XV†YVYZaWadfjZhdX^Va^hiV#
Wg^i{c^XdhXdbd:#E#I]dbehdc!8]g^hide]Zg
=^aa!GVnbdcYL^aa^VbhnGVe]VZaHVbjZa!
VgZcdkVgZabVgm^hbdnYZhed_VgadYZVa\j"
cVhYZhjhVg^hiVhb{hg†\^YVhnYd\b{i^XVhÄ
eZgd]Vh^YdiVbW^‚cdgidYdmdVhjbVcZgV0
_Vb{hgZcjcX^‹VVa\jcdhYZadheg^cX^e^dh
W{h^XdhYZabViZg^Va^hbd]^hi‹g^Xd/aVk^h^‹c
YZaVhhdX^ZYVYZh]jbVcVhXdbdgZVa^YVYZh
ZhigjXijgVYVhedggZaVX^dcZhnXdc[a^XidhYZ
XaVhZ!ZaXVg{XiZgXZcigVaYZadhegdXZhdhZXd"
c‹b^Xdh Zc Za YZhVggdaad YZ aVh hdX^ZYVYZh
]jbVcVhnaVXZgi^YjbWgZZcaVedh^W^a^YVY
YZYZhZcigVŠVgadhbZXVc^hbdhfjZZmea^XVc
Za[jcX^dcVb^ZcidYZaVhhdX^ZYVYZhVigVk‚h
YZaVc{a^h^h]^hi‹g^XdnhdX^da‹\^Xd#
EdgaVkVg^ZYVYnkVhiZYVYYZhjdWgV!nedg
hjXdchiVciZegZdXjeVX^‹cedgadhiZbVhYZa
egZhZciZ!=dWhWVlbZhgZVabZciZjc]^hid"
g^VYdg edXd XdckZcX^dcVa# Hj egdYjXX^‹c
ZhXg^iV VWVgXV! \Zd\g{[^XVbZciZ! aV bVndg
eVgiZYZa\adWd!niZb{i^XVbZciZ!jcVaVg\V
a^hiV YZ egZdXjeVX^dcZh! YZhYZ Za _Voo n aV
XjaijgVedejaVg]VhiVZaZhijY^dYZacVX^d"
cVa^hbdnZa^beZg^Va^hbd#9ZWZ]VWZgbjn
edXdh ^ciZaZXijVaZh Zc Za bjcYd Äk^kdh d
bjZgidhÄXjnVdWgVhZXdbeVgZVaVhjnVZc
YZch^YVY!dg^\^cVa^YVYng^\dg#B^aadcZhYZ
aZXidgZh Zc YZXZcVh YZ ^Y^dbVh gZXdcdXZc
hjcdbWgZn\ZcZgVX^dcZhZciZgVhYZ]^hid"
g^VYdgZhfj^o{h]dnbZcdhfjZZcaVhY‚XV"
YVhYZ&.+%n&.,%hZ]VcZYjXVYdaZnZcYd
hjha^WgdhnVh^b^aVcYddVgVidh!^b^iVcYd
hjhb‚idYdh!Zhi^adniZb{i^XVh#HZg†V^bed"
h^WaZ]VXZg_jhi^X^VZcjcVhXjVciVha†cZVhV
aVVbea^ijYnkVg^ZYVYYZhjhXdcig^WjX^d"
cZhVaXdcdX^b^Zcid]^hi‹g^Xd!eZgdVa\jcVh
e^hiVhgZhjaiVc^begZhX^cY^WaZh#
=dhWVlbZhVjidgYZjcVhZg^ZYZigVWV"
_dhe^dcZgdhhdWgZaV]^hidg^VYZadhhZXidgZh
bVg\^cVaZh n ZmeadiVYdh n hjh [dgbVh YZ
egdiZhiV hdX^Va fjZ VnjYVgdc V Xdchda^YVg
jcV eZgheZXi^kV ]^hidg^d\g{[^XV XdcdX^YV
Xdbd Æ]^hidg^V YZhYZ VWV_dÇ# A^Wgdh Xdbd
7VcY^Ydh! GZWZaYZh eg^b^i^kdh! IgVWV_VYdgZh!
n GZkdajX^‹c ^cYjhig^Va n gZkjZaiV V\gVg^V# :a
8Ve^i{c Hl^c\! ZhXg^id ZhiZ ai^bd Zc XdaV"
WdgVX^‹cXdc<Zdg\ZGjY‚!hdc]dnXaVh^Xdh
YZ aV ]^hidg^d\gV[†V bdYZgcV# 6jcfjZ hjh
^ciZgegZiVX^dcZhYZVa\jcdhYZZhidhbdk^"
b^ZcidhgZhjaiVc]dnXjZhi^dcVWaZhÄhjiZh^h
hdWgZZaXVg{XiZgÆegZeda†i^XdÇYZX^Zgidhbd"
k^b^Zcidh hdX^VaZh! edg Z_ZbeadÄ Zhidh igV"
dWhWVlb VWgVo‹ YZhYZ iZb" WV_dh [jZgdc ^cbZchVbZciZ [‚gi^aZh n YZ_V"
egVcV ZYVY Za bViZg^Va^hbd gdcjcV]jZaaVegd[jcYVZcaV]^hidg^VhdX^Va
]^hi‹g^Xd Xdbd bZidYdad\†V n iVaXdbdhZegVXi^XVWVZcY^hi^ciVheVgiZhYZa
gZ[ZgZciZ iZ‹g^Xd Zc hj igVWV_d bjcYd#EdgdigdaVYd!=dWhWVlbegdYj_d
Xdbd ]^hidg^VYdg! eZgd cd hZ Xdck^gi^‹ Zc iVbW^‚cZhijY^dhfjZVejciVWVc!cdVgZhXV"
jcgZ]‚cYZaVhkZgh^dcZhb{hYd\b{i^XVhYZ iVgYZadak^YdVadhhZXidgZhdeg^b^Ydh!h^cdV
aV^YZdad\†VbVgm^hiV#B{hW^ZcXdcig^Wjn‹! YZhZcigVŠVgaVcVijgVaZoVYZaVhZhigjXijgVh
_jcidXdcdigdh]^hidg^VYdgZhnVXVY‚b^Xdh eda†i^XVh! ZXdc‹b^XVh n hdX^VaZh YZ >c\aViZ"
=
ggVn:jgdeVVeVgi^gYZaVGZkdajX^‹c>cYjh"
ig^Va#A^WgdhXdbd:cidgcdVadhdg†\ZcZhYZ
aV gZkdajX^‹c ^cYjhig^Va Z >cYjhig^V Z ^beZg^d#
JcV]^hidg^VZXdc‹b^XVYZ<gVc7gZiVŠVYZhYZ
&,*% VWg^Zgdc cjZkVh e^hiVh eVgV ZciZcYZg
aVhhdX^ZYVYZhXVe^iVa^hiVhbdYZgcVh#
8dcjcVaXVcXZbjX]db{hVbW^X^dhd!
gZkZaVYdgYZhj^cbZchVZgjY^X^‹cnXVeV"
X^YVYYZh†ciZh^h!ZhXg^W^‹VadaVg\dYZXVh^
igZhY‚XVYVhjcV]^hidg^VYZabjcYdbd"
YZgcdZcXjVigdidbdh/AVZgVYZaVgZkdaj"
X^‹c&,-."&-)-!AVZgVYZaXVe^iVa&-)-"
&-,*!AVZgVYZa^beZg^d&-,*"&.&)nAV
ZgVYZadhZmigZbdh#JcV]^hidg^VYZabjcYd!
&.&)"&..&ÄZhiVai^bVigVYjX^YVVaZheV"
Šda Xdc Za bjX]d b{h egdhV^Xd i†ijad YZ
=^hidg^V YZa h^\ad MM# :hidh a^Wgdh XdbW^"
cVcVYb^gVWaZbZciZadbVXgdZhigjXijgVa
XdcVc‚XYdiVhdedgijcVhnYZiVaaZh^ajb^"
cVYdgZh!nVcVa^oVcadheVigdcZhYZYZhV"
ggdaadZXdc‹b^Xdneda†i^Xdh^cYZhXj^YVg
adh XVbW^dh XjaijgVaZh n aV ZkdajX^‹c YZ
aVhVgiZhnaVa^iZgVijgV#:hXg^W^‹iVbW^‚c
jc ^ajb^cVYdg ZhijY^d hdWgZ CVX^dcZh n
cVX^dcVa^hbdYZhYZ&,-.!ZcZafjZhZVY"
]Zg†VVaV^YZVYZfjZaVhcVX^dcZhhdcZc"
i^YVYZh ZhZcX^VabZciZ bdYZgcVh Z ^ch^h"
i†VZcaVegdejZhiVYZfjZZacVX^dcVa^hbd
VciZXZYZ V aVh cVX^dcZh# ;jZ XdZY^idg YZ
jc^c[ajnZciZkdajbZchdWgZAV^ckZcX^‹c
YZ aV igVY^X^‹c Zc Za fjZ! _jcid Xdc digdh
]^hidg^VYdgZh n Vcigde‹ad\dh! aaVb‹ aV
ViZcX^‹chdWgZaV[dgbVZcfjZbjX]VhYZ
aVhÆigVY^X^dcZhÇhjejZhiVbZciZVci^\jVh
Ä^cXajnZcYd VfjZaaVh fjZ YVc hjhiZcid
V [dgbVh YZ ^YZci^YVY cVX^dcVa^hiVÄ cd
hdad hdc WVhiVciZ gZX^ZciZh! h^cd VYZb{h
Æ^ckZciVYVhÇng^ijVa^oVYVhXdbdeVgiZYZ
Y^kZghdhegdnZXidheda†i^XdhnXjaijgVaZh#
=dWhWVlb ]V ZhXg^id! VYZb{h! cjbZ"
gdhdhigVWV_dhhdWgZaViZdg†VnaV]^hidg^V
bVgm^hiV n hdX^Va^hiV! ^cXajnZcYd ;dgbV"
X^dcZh ZXdc‹b^XVh egZ"XVe^iVa^hiVh! =^hidg^V
YZabVgm^hbd!:XdhYZaVbVghZaaZhVnEda†i^XV
eVgV jcV ^ofj^ZgYV gVX^dcVa! n ]V gZjc^Yd
hjhgZ[aZm^dcZhhdWgZiZdg†VnbZidYdad\†V
YZaV]^hidg^VZcadhkdabZcZhBVgm^hbd
Z ]^hidg^V hdX^Va n HdWgZ aV ]^hidg^V# Hj eV"
h^‹cedgZa_VooadaaZk‹VZhXg^W^gYjgVciZ
VŠdh Xg‹c^XVh WV_d hZjY‹c^bd fjZ ajZ\d
gZjc^‹ZcZakdajbZc<ZciZedXdXdgg^ZciZ#
>cXVchVWaZb{fj^cVYZeZchVgnZhXg^W^g!
=dWhWVlb]VZhiVYdegZhZciZZcXVh^id"
YdhadhYZWViZh^ciZaZXijVaZhYZhjh^\ad#
8
^jYVYVcd YZa bjcYd edg ZaZX"
X^‹c b{h fjZ edg VXX^YZciZ!
=dWhWVlb ]V iZc^Yd jcV gZaV"
X^‹cXZgXVcVXdc6b‚g^XVAVi^cV
YZhYZ!VabZcdh!adhVŠdhVjgdgVaZhYZaVGZ"
&+EGA
MEXICAN MESSIAH
ANDRES MANUEL LOPEZ OBRADOR
George W. Grayson
“No scholar has followed Mexican electoral
politics more closely than George Grayson, who
capitalizes on that extensive knowledge to
provide a readable, provocative, critical, extensively researched biography that sheds light on
Mexico’s most controversial politician. Grayson’s
challenging interpretations and revelations allow
readers to more fully understand López Obrador’s
personal and political motivations, his dramatic
rise to national prominence, and his place in the
recent wave of populist, left-of-center national
political figures in Latin America.”
—Roderic Ai Camp,
Claremont McKenna College
360 pages | 1 map | $35.00 cloth
New in Paperback
POWER FROM EXPERIENCE
URBAN POPULAR MOVEMENTS IN LATE
TWENTIETH-CENTURY MEXICO
Paul Lawrence Haber
“Power from Experience is a tour de force. Haber
provides a compelling and highly significant
analysis of the contribution of social movements
among the urban poor in Mexico to that country’s
transition to democracy. . . . Experts, students, as
well as general readers will have much to learn
from reading this book.”
—Vivienne Bennett,
California State University, San Marcos
296 pages | $25.00 paper
New in Paperback
DOWNSIZING THE STATE
PRIVATIZATION AND THE LIMITS OF
NEOLIBERAL REFORM IN MEXICO
Dag MacLeod
“Dag MacLeod has produced an excellent
book. . . . He has managed to capture the sentiments of many ordinary Mexicans during the past
decade. . . . MacLeod has carefully turned the
very difficult theme of private-public sector linkages, and its contradictions, into a readable and
well crafted series of case studies.”
—Lorenzo Covarrubias,
Contemporary Sociology
320 pages | $29.00 paper
penn state press
AVAILABLE IN BOOKSTORES
OR ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-326-9180
WWW.PSUPRESS.ORG
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
kdajX^‹c8jWVcV#8dbdbjX]dhdigdh^ciZ"
aZXijVaZhYZhji^ZbedhZ^ciZgZh‹edgZaYZh"
i^cdYZaV^haVn!VjcfjZcdZhXg^W^‹bjX]d
hdWgZZaaV!h†hZh^ci^‹VigV†Yd]VX^V6b‚g^"
XVAVi^cVXdbdgZhjaiVYdYZaVZcigVYVZc
aV ZhXZcV bjcY^Va YZa hdX^Va^hbd XjWVcd#
CjcXV hZ Xdch^YZg‹ jc ÆaVi^cdVbZg^XVc^h"
iVÇ! eZgd Y^XZ ]VWZg VYfj^g^Yd jc ZheZX^Va
V[ZXidedgZhiVgZ\^‹cnhj\ZciZ!n]Vk^h^"
iVYdidYdhadheV†hZhYZ6b‚g^XVAVi^cVXdc
ZmXZeX^‹cYZKZcZojZaVnaVh<jnVcVh#K^V_‹
bjX]VhkZXZhV8jWVYjgVciZaVY‚XVYVYZ
&.+%0Zc&.+'eVh‹Va\jcdhbZhZhZc7gVh^a!
6g\Zci^cV!EZg!8]^aZ!7da^k^Vn8dadbW^V!
eV†hZhZcadhfjZ[jZiZhi^\dYZcjbZgdhdh
bdk^b^Zcidh hdX^VaZh n gZkdajX^dcVg^dh V
adh fjZ! Xdbd jc Æ^ciZgb^iZciZ k^h^iVciZ
bVgm^hiVÇ! b^gVWV Xdc h^beVi†V# :gV aV Y‚"
XVYVYZaVZheZgVcoVnYZadhhjZŠdhYZ_jh"
i^X^VhdX^Va!neVgV=dWhWVlbaVgZkdajX^‹c
hdX^Va^hiV ZgV iVc cZXZhVg^V Xdbd edh^WaZ#
:c hj k^h^iV V 8dadbW^V XdcdX^‹ V 8Vb^ad
IdggZh n Y^hXji^‹ Xdc ‚a hjh ^YZVh hdWgZ aV
VXX^‹c\jZgg^aaZgV#6jcfjZh^beVi^oVWVXdc
Za Zh[jZgod edg igVch[dgbVg gVY^XVabZciZ
aVh ZhigjXijgVh hdX^deda†i^XVh YZ aV gZ\^‹c!
cdkVX^a‹ZcXdch^YZgVgÆhj^X^YVÇZaegdnZXid
\jZgg^aaZgd\jZkVg^hiVfjZ^ciZciVWVaaZkVg
VYZaVciZjcVgZkdajX^‹chdWgZaVWVhZYZaVh
VXX^dcZhYZeZfjZŠdh\gjedhfjZVXijVWVc
Zc odcVh gZbdiVh YZ adh XZcigdh YZ edYZg#
6 Xdb^Zcodh YZ aV Y‚XVYV YZ &.,% k^h^i‹
B‚m^Xd!EZgn8]^aZ#K^dXdch^beVi†VeZgd
iVbW^‚c Xdc ZhXZei^X^hbd Za gZ[dgb^hbd
b^a^iVgYZKZaVhXd6akVgVYdZcZaEZgnZm"
egZh‹hjhYjYVhhdWgZZaegdnZXidhdX^Va^hiV
X]^aZcdÄcdiVcidhdWgZaVcZXZh^YVYYZaVh
gZ[dgbVh gVY^XVaZh YZ 6aaZcYZ gZ\^higV Zc
hjhbZbdg^VhhjÆVeVh^dcVYdYZhZdÇYZfjZ
ijk^ZgVc‚m^id!h^cdhdWgZaVhedh^W^a^YVYZh
gZVaZhfjZiZc†VYZhjeZgVgadhÆ]VcY^XVehÇn
YZhV[†dhfjZZc[gZciVWV#
EZgd ad fjZ b{h aZ aaVb‹ aV ViZcX^‹c Zc
6b‚g^XVAVi^cVcd[jZaVYZh^\jVaYVYZmigZ"
bVÄfjZZgVnZhX^ZgiVbZciZk^h^WaZÄ!h^cdZa
VW^hbdfjZeZgX^W^‹ZcigZaVh‚a^iZhhdX^VaZh
Z^ciZaZXijVaZhnaV\ZciZXdbcnXdgg^ZciZ#
KZ†VVadh^ciZaZXijVaZh!^cXajnZcYdcVijgVa"
bZciZVadhYZ^ofj^ZgYV!XdbdYZbVh^VYd
ZjgdeZ^oVYdh n Xdhbdeda^iVh n bjn edXd
XdcZXiVYdh Xdc aVh \ZciZh dgY^cVg^Vh ÄaVh
bVhVh YZ YZhedhZ†Ydh n bVg\^cVYdh fjZ
bjX]dh YZ VfjZaadh YZX†Vc gZegZhZciVg#
Fj^o{hjcVYZaVhedXVhZmXZeX^dcZhVZhZ
YZhZcXjZcigd ZcigZ ^ciZaZXijVaZh n ejZWad
[jZ Za ZhXg^idg n Vcigde‹ad\d eZgjVcd ?dh‚
BVg†V6g\jZYVhfj^Zc!=dWhWVlbgZXjZg"
YVZchja^WgdYZbZbdg^Vh!adVXdbeVŠ‹jc
Ydb^c\dYZ&.+'edgaVbVŠVcVVZhXjX]Vg
jc XdcX^Zgid YZ bh^XV VcY^cV Zc A^bV!
YdcYZ adh b^\gVciZh egdk^cX^Vcdh ÄidYV"
k†V gZaVi^kVbZciZ ZhXVhdh Zc cbZgdÄ hZ
gZjc†VcVabVg\ZcYZaVhdX^ZYVYÆa^bZŠVÇ
V ZhXjX]Vg aVh XVcX^dcZh YZ hj i^ZggV# :hiV
^YZci^[^XVX^‹c fjZ =dWhWVlb hZci†V Xdc
adh \gjedh bVg\^cVYdh YZ aVh hdX^ZYVYZh
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcVh VeVgZXZ cjZkVbZciZ Zc
jcdYZadhbdbZcidhb{hZkdXVi^kdhYZhjh
bZbdg^Vh/ZagZaVidYZhjk^h^iVVBVX]jE^X"
X]j! Zc XjnVh aVYZgVh! Y^XZ! aZn‹ Za [Vbdhd
edZbVYZCZgjYV!Æ6aijgVhYZBVX]jE^X"
X]jÇ#8jVcYde^ZchVZc6b‚g^XVAVi^cV!Zh
aV\ZciZdgY^cVg^VaVfjZaZk^ZcZVaVbZciZ!
VfjZaaVYZaVfjZ[dgbVceVgiZadh^cY†\Z"
cVh YZ adh 6cYZh V fj^ZcZh CZgjYV g^cYZ
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
]dbZcV_ZZchjedZbV!nXdcfj^ZcZh!Xdc"
XajnZ =dWhWVlb! adh ]^hidg^VYdgZh i^ZcZc
idYVk†VjcVYZjYVeZcY^ZciZ#
hZ Zfj^kdX‹0 digdh! Xdbd EZggn 6cYZghdc!
hdc b{h WZcZkdaZciZh# 6jcfjZ iVbW^‚c
XjZhi^dcVaVbVcZgVXdbd=dWhWVlbigViV
ZhiZVhjcid!6cYZghdccdYZ_VYZZmegZhVg
^]VnjcVheZXidYZaVigVnZXidg^V hj VYb^gVX^‹c edg aV ÆY^\c^YVY n eVh^‹cÇ
YZ =dWhWVlb fjZ ]V \ZcZgVYd XdcfjZVfjZaYZ[^ZcYZhjhdeX^dcZh#=dn!
XdcigdkZgh^V!ZhZZhh^cYjYVhjaVg" XjVcYdXdcdXZbdhadhYZhVhigZhfjZZahd"
\Vb^a^iVcX^VXdbjc^hiVnhjiZgXV X^Va^hbdgZVabZciZZm^hiZciZegdYj_d!XjZh"
gZh^hiZcX^V V bdhigVg Za bZcdg h^\cd YZ iVZciZcYZgaVhgVodcZhedgaVhfjZVa\j^Zc
VggZeZci^b^ZcidedgZaad#AV[dgbVZcfjZ Xdbd=dWhWVlbhZbVcijkd[^ZaVZhV^YZd"
hZ]VgZ[Zg^YdVaVZmeZg^ZcX^VYZahdX^Va^h" ad\†VYjgVciZiVcidi^Zbedn]dnhZgZh^hiZ
bdgZVa!^cXajnZcYdedghjejZhidaVJc^dc VXdcYZcVgh^cbVi^XZhZabdYZadhdk^‚i^Xd#
Hdk^‚i^XV!]VYZheZgiVYdYjg†h^bVhXg†i^XVh AVgZhejZhiVYZ=dWhWVlbZhfjZhjb^a^"
^cXajhdYZeVgiZYZbjX]dhYZhjhegde^dh iVcX^VXdbjc^hiVcdZhiVWVXdcZXiVYVVaVh
VYb^gVYdgZh#Æ:ahjZŠdYZaVgZkdajX^‹cYZ gZVa^YVYZhYZaVJc^‹cHdk^‚i^XV#:aaVcVX†V
dXijWgZÇ!ZhXg^WZZchjhbZbdg^Vh!ÆidYVk†V iVcidYZhjVY]Zh^‹cVjcegdnZXidji‹e^Xd
Zhi{ZcVa\caVYdYZcigdYZb†Ç!nV\gZ\V ÄjcVhdX^ZYVY_jhiVZ^\jVa^iVg^VÄ!XdbdYZ
ajZ\d fjZ ÆV eZhVg YZ hjh YZW^a^YVYZh! hj aVXdchiViVX^‹cYZa[gVXVhdYZaXVe^iVa^hbd#
egde^V Zm^hiZcX^V PYZ aV Jc^‹c Hdk^‚i^XVR
egdW‹fjZZahdX^Va^hbdZgVVa\db{hfjZ
a b{h gZX^ZciZ a^Wgd YZ =dWh"
hdaVbZciZ jc hjZŠdÇ# N VjcfjZ cd dXjaiV
WVlb! <jZggV n eVo Zc Za h^\ad
´X‹bd edYg†V ]VXZgad4 adh Xg†bZcZh YZ
MM>!gZcZjcXdc_jcidYZiZmidh
HiVa^c ÄV[^gbV fjZ cjcXV [jZ hiVa^c^hiV n
fjZ! Zc Xdc_jcid! gZegZhZciVc
h^ZcYdb^ZbWgdYZaE87g^i{c^XdZhXg^W^‹ ÆZa Zh[jZgod YZ jc ]^hidg^VYdg edg YZha^c"
Zc XdcigV YZ aV ^ciZgkZcX^‹c hdk^‚i^XV Zc YVg!VcVa^oVgnXdbegZcYZgaVh^ijVX^‹cYZa
=jc\g†VÄ!hZgZh^hiZVZchVnVgjcVXdcYZcV bjcYdZcZaVggVcfjZYZaiZgXZgb^aZc^dÇ#
[gdciVa!h^cbVi^XZh!YZaegdnZXidnaVhZmeZ" :aidcdYZZhidhZchVndhZhhdWg^deZgdiVb"
g^ZcX^VhXdbjc^hiVhYZah^\adMM#EgZ\jc" W^‚ceda‚b^XdnhdbWg†dÄjcXdbZciVg^hiV
iVYd]VXZjci^ZbedhdWgZhjb^a^iVcX^Vn ^c\a‚hfj^hdYZhXVa^[^XVgadY^X^ZcYdfjZhZ
h^hZVggZeZci†VYZ]VWZgh^Ydb^ZbWgdYZa igViV YZ jc a^Wgd YZ Æde^c^‹c eda†i^XVÇ0 Zh
EVgi^Yd8dbjc^hiV!XdciZhi‹Zc[{i^XVbZciZ XVh^ hZ\jgd fjZ =dWhWVlb hZ ]V hZci^Yd
fjZcd#:cjcVXdc[ZgZcX^Vd[gZX^YVZc7Vg" ]VaV\VYdedgZhVYZhXg^eX^‹cYZhja^Wgd#
XZadcV ]VXZ VeZcVh hZbVcVh! =dWhWVlb
:a a^Wgd VcVa^oV Xdc V\jYZoV Va\jcVh YZ
^ch^hi^‹ZcfjZÆZaedYZgYZabVgm^hbdh^" aVhXdcigVY^XX^dcZhb{hk^h^WaZhYZabjcYd
\jZ^ciVXidÇ!eZgdÆcdVh†bjX]Vh^YZVhed" XdciZbedg{cZd/hZaVcoVc\jZggVhZccdb"
a†i^XVhYZBVgmfjZdWZYZX†Vc!b{hfjZVa WgZYZaVeVo0hZXZaZWgVaV\adWVa^oVX^‹c!eZgd
Vc{a^h^h!VhjZŠdhYZ^\jVaYVYÇ#
hZZhXdcYZZa]ZX]dbVX^odYZfjZcdhdad
´8‹bd Zmea^XV =dWhWVlb hj Xdci^cjV egdYjXZYZh^\jVaYVY!h^cdfjZZhiVZhXVh^hj
b^a^iVcX^VZcjceVgi^YdfjZgZegZhZciVWV! XdcY^X^‹ccZXZhVg^VZ^cZk^iVWaZ0nhZZchVa"
Va bZcdh eVgX^VabZciZ! jc bdYZad YZ hd" oVaVYZbdXgVX^VeZgdcdhZfj^ZgZVYb^i^g
X^ZYVYfjZZhiVWVegd[jcYVbZciZYZhVXgZ" fjZcdhdadcdgZhjZakZadhegdWaZbVhYZaVh
Y^iVYdÄZheZX^VabZciZYZhej‚hYZ&.*+Än bVndg†Vh!h^cdfjZZhiVhXVh^cjcXVhdcXdc"
XjndhXg†bZcZh]dggdg^oVWVc^cXajhdVadh hjaiVYVhhdWgZaVheda†i^XVhfjZYZX^YZchjh
b{h [^ZaZh4 AV gZhejZhiV Zhi{ Zc aV eZXj" YZhi^cdh#IdYdZhid!VYZb{h!dXjggZVa^ciZ"
a^Vg XdcY^X^‹c YZa Æb^a^iVciZ Xdbjc^hiVÇ g^dgYZjcVhZg^ZYZegdXZhdh]^hi‹g^XdhXjnV
d!b{hegZX^hVbZciZ!YZaÆhZgXdbjc^hiVÇ VXZaZgVX^‹cÆVbZcVoVZa[jijgdYZaVgVoV]j"
fjZ!hZ\chj^ciZegZiVX^‹c!XdcaaZkVWVjc bVcVnYZabZY^dcVijgVaÇ#AV\adWVa^oVX^‹c
Xdbegdb^hd eZghdcVa! XVh^ gZa^\^dhd! Xdc cZd"a^WZgVanhjhYZh^\jVaYVYZhgZegdYjXZc!
jcVXVjhVhjeZg^dg#ÆEVgVVfjZaadhYZcdhd" cdhjeg^bZc!ÆidYdi^edYZ^cZhiVW^a^YVYZhn
igdhfjZcdh]^X^bdhXdbjc^hiVhVciZhYZ V\gVk^dhÇ!iVcidZcadheV†hZhedWgZhYZahjg
aV\jZggV!nZheZX^VabZciZVciZhYZ&.(*!aV fjZhdcadhfjZb{hhj[gZcaVhXdchZXjZc"
XVjhVYZaXdbjc^hbdZgVVa\dVadfjZeZc" X^VhYZaV\adWVa^oVX^‹cnadhfjZbZcdhY^h"
h{WVbdhYZY^XVgcjZhigVhk^YVh!nVa\jcdh [gjiVchjhkZciV_VhXdbdZcadheV†hZhg^Xdh
Vh†ad]^X^ZgdcÇ#:aEVgi^Ydh^ZbegZXdcbV" YZacdgiZ!YdcYZaVaaZ\VYVbVh^kVYZcjZkdh
nhXjaVheVgV=dWhWVlbiZc†Vh^ZbegZaV b^\gVciZhegdYjXZgZVXX^dcZhk^daZciVbZc"
eg^bZgV!db{hegde^VbZciZaVc^XV!eVaV" iZ mZc‹[dWVh/ jcV XdbW^cVX^‹c gZVabZciZ
WgVZcaVhk^YVhYZhjhb^a^iVciZh#Æ6XZei{" ÆZmeadh^kVÇfjZVbZcVoVVjcb{hadhZfj^a^"
WVbdhÇ!Y^XZ!ÆhjY^hX^ea^cVnhj_ZgVgfj†VÇ# WgdhhdX^VaZhhdWgZadhfjZYZWZg†V[jcYVghZ
AdfjZdgYZcVWVZaeVgi^YdYZW†VhZgdWZ" aVXdZm^hiZcX^V]jbVcV#
YZX^Yd# ´9‹cYZ gVY^XVWV aV Vjidg^YVY YZa
6idYdZhdhZV\gZ\V!YZbVcZgVXgjX^Va!
eVgi^Yd4 Æ6a bZcdh Zc iZdg†V! Zc Za edYZg aV [VaiV YZ jc h^hiZbV \adWVa YZ WVaVcXZ
YZ XdckZcX^b^Zcid YZ aV gVo‹c n Za ÈhdX^V" \Zdeda†i^Xd!jcVgZVa^YVYZcaVfjZ:hiVYdh
a^hbdX^Zci†[^XdÉÇ#:hiVÆbdgVaYZjcVhZXiVÇ! Jc^Ydh fjZYV Xdbd c^XV hjeZgediZcX^V
Xdbd‚ab^hbdaVaaVbV!aZWg^cYVWVVadh VjcfjZ XaVgVbZciZ Zc YZXVYZcX^V# :a ]Z"
b^a^iVciZhjcVXVeVX^YVYnjcedYZgeVgV X]dYZfjZhjXdcYjXX^‹cZhi‚ZcbVcdhYZ
XdckZgi^ghZ Zc V\ZciZh YZ XVbW^d eda†i^Xd jcdh Y^g^\ZciZh fjZ edcZc Zc eg{Xi^XV jc
fjZZhiVWVcedgZcX^bV!bjX]VhkZXZh!YZ V\gZh^kd egdnZXid YZ YZcjcX^V YZ igViVYdh
adfjZhjZhXVhdcbZgdedYg†V^cY^XVg#
^ciZgcVX^dcVaZhnYZk^daVX^‹cYZidYdi^ed
=dWhWVlb cd WjhXV XdcYZcVg c^ Xdc" YZaZ\Va^YVYZhnYZgZX]dheVgV^bedcZghj
YdcVg hj deX^‹c/ WjhXV Zmea^XVgaV# EVgV ]Z\Zbdc†VbjcY^Va!]VXZfjZaVheZgheZX"
bjX]dh! Vfj† gVY^XV Za iVa‹c YZ 6fj^aZh i^kVh YZ Xdck^kZcX^V eVX†[^XV Zc Za bjcYd
YZa ^ciZaZXijVa fjZ hZ gZh^hiZ V gZcZ\Vg YZ YZah^\adMM>aZeVgZoXVcV=dWhWVlbYZ"
hj eVhVYd# 6a\jcdh ÄIdcn ?jYi! edg Z_Zb" bVh^VYdZcYZWaZh#AVZmeZXiVi^kVYZfjZZa
eadÄ eg{Xi^XVbZciZ ad YZhXVa^[^XVc bdgVa" Ydb^c^d\adWVacdgiZVbZg^XVcdWVhVYdZc
bZciZedghj^cXVeVX^YVYeVgVVYb^i^gfjZ hj hjeZg^dg^YVY b^a^iVg ejZYV bVciZcZg
H
:
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
=Vgid^YZVa^hbd!]VgideZh^b^hbd#;DID/8A6G>C8DCI:C>9DH
n Xdchda^YVg jc cjZkd dgYZc bjcY^Va Zh
hdadjcV^ajh^‹c/aVÆeda†i^XVbZ\Va‹bVcVÇ
YZadh:hiVYdhJc^YdhYZhej‚hYZadhViZc"
iVYdh XdcigV aVh IdggZh <ZbZaVh! Y^g^\^YV
edg Æjc \gjed YZ adXdh eda†i^XdhÇ! ^ch^hiZ
=dWhWVlb!Æ]VhdXVkVYd!Zc\gVcbZY^YV!
adhe^aVgZheda†i^XdhZ^YZda‹\^XdhYZhjVci^"
\jV^c[ajZcX^V]Z\Zb‹c^XV!YZ_VcYdVaeV†h
h^c b{h ^chigjbZcidh fjZ jcV [jZgoV b^"
a^iVg gZVabZciZ ViZggVYdgV eVgV Xdchda^YVg
aV]ZgZcX^VYZaeZg†dYdedhiZg^dgVaV<jZ"
ggV ;g†VÇ# =dWhWVlb d[gZXZ jc egdc‹hi^Xd
YZhXVgcVYd/Æ:abVndgeZa^\gdYZaV\jZggV
cVXZ YZ aVh VbW^X^dcZh \adWVaZh YZ jc \d"
W^ZgcdZcLVh]^c\idcfjZZh^cXdcigdaVWaZ
nVeVgZciZbZciZ^ggVX^dcVaÇ#
6abZcdhgZi‹g^XVbZciZ!aVV\gZh^kVed"
a†i^XVcdgiZVbZg^XVcVhZ^ciZciV_jhi^[^XVg
edg Za Zh[jZgod fjZ ZaaV gZegZhZciVg†V YZ
Xdchigj^g hdX^ZYVYZh YZbdXg{i^XVh Vaa†
YdcYZcdZm^hiZc# EZgd!´fj‚eVeZa_jZ\V
YZcigd YZ ZhiZ ZhfjZbV YZ \adWVa^oVX^‹c
n ]Z\Zbdc†V b^a^iVg cdgiZVbZg^XVcV Za
^YZVaYZaVYZbdXgVX^VXdbdbdYZadbjc"
Y^VaYZXdck^kZcX^VnXdbdVhe^gVX^‹ceVgV
Xdchigj^ghdX^ZYVYZhb{h_jhiVh4
AV YZbdXgVX^V! hj\^ZgZ =dWhWVlb Xdc
ejcoVciZ^gdc†V!ZhÆjcVYZaVhkVXVhb{h
hV\gVYVhYZaVkja\ViVY^hXjgh^kVeda†i^XV
YZDXX^YZciZÇ!jcVfjZÆegdYjXZZcgZVa^"
YVYbZcdhaZX]ZYZadfjZhjZaZhjedcZg"
hZÇ#Æ:aW^ZcZhiVgYZadheV†hZhcdYZeZcYZ
YZ aV egZhZcX^V d VjhZcX^V YZ jc c^Xd
i^edYZdgYZc^chi^ijX^dcVa!edgbjngZXd"
bZcYVWaZfjZhZVYZhYZZaejcidYZk^hiV
bdgVaÇ# AV [VbdhV [gVhZ YZ 8]jgX]^aa ÆaV
YZbdXgVX^VZhaVeZdgYZidYVhaVh[dgbVh
YZ\dW^Zgcd!VZmXZeX^‹cYZidYVhaVhYZ"
b{hÇcd[jZiVcidjcVg\jbZcidV[Vkdg
YZ aV YZbdXgVX^V h^cd ÆjcV ZmegZh^‹c YZ
egd[jcYd ZhXZei^X^hbdÇ# JcV VXi^ijY fjZ
iZcYg†V fjZ VXZcijVghZ YjgVciZ aV ‚edXV
VXijVa Zc aV fjZ Za ÆYZhVggdaad XVe^iVa^hiV
\adWVa^oVYdÇZhi{YZ]ZX]dhdXVkVcYd!cd
Xdchda^YVcYd! aV YZbdXgVX^V a^WZgVa iVa
XdbdaVXdcdXZbdh#
=dWhWVlbedhijaV!edgdigdaVYd!jcVgZ"
aVX^‹cidiVabZciZ^ckZghVVaVYZabZgXVYd
XdbdXdbeaZbZcid^YZVaYZaVYZbdXgVX^V/
Æ:a^YZVaYZaVhdWZgVc†VYZabZgXVYdcdZh
jcXdbeaZbZcidYZaVYZbdXgVX^Va^WZgVa!
h^cdjcVVaiZgcVi^kVVZhiZh^hiZbVÇ#
:c ZhiZ bdYZad! ÆaV eVgi^X^eVX^‹c Zc Za
bZgXVYd hjhi^ijnZ V aV eVgi^X^eVX^‹c Zc aV
eda†i^XV# :a Xdchjb^Ydg dXjeV Za aj\Vg YZa
X^jYVYVcdÇ#NXdcZaad!aVgZaVX^‹cZcigZadh
X^jYVYVcdhnhjhVjidg^YVYZhhZViZcV!hd"
XVkVcYdZcadh]ZX]dhjcdYZadhhjejZhidh
YZaVYZbdXgVX^V/VfjZafjZ]VXZgZedhVgaV
hdWZgVc†VZcZaejZWad#:abZgXVYdYZ^b{"
\ZcZhnhedihejWa^X^iVg^dhhjhi^ijnZVa^ciZg"
XVbW^dYZ^YZVh#AVhXVbeVŠVhZaZXidgVaZh!
XdbdedYZbdhXdchiViVgh^cbjX]dZh[jZg"
od!hZXdck^ZgiZcZc[Zg^VhXdbZgX^VaZh!Ydc"
YZadb{h^bedgiVciZcdZhgZXd\ZgadfjZaV
\ZciZhdWgZidYdadhb{hedWgZhVc]ZaVc!
h^cd kZcYZgaZh a^iZgVabZciZ jcV ^bV\Zc!
jc Zhad\Vc d Za cdbWgZ YZ jc XVcY^YVid#
N jcV kZo Zc Za \dW^Zgcd! aV egZdXjeVX^‹c
XZcigVa YZ ZhVh Vjidg^YVYZh hjejZhiVbZciZ
YZbdXg{i^XVhZhÆbVciZcZgZabVndgcbZ"
gdYZYZX^h^dcZhedh^WaZhVabVg\ZcYZaVej"
Wa^X^YVYnYZaVeda†i^XVÇ#AVYZX^h^‹cYZ^gV
aV\jZggVZc>gVf!edgZ_Zbead!hZidb‹ÆZc
eg^kVYdnZcZahZcdYZeZfjZŠVhXVbVg^aaVh!
YZjcbdYdcdbjnY^hi^cidVadfjZhjZaZ
hZgeg{Xi^XVXdbcZceV†hZhcdYZbdXg{i^"
XdhÇ#AVYZbdXgVX^VÆgZVabZciZZm^hiZciZÇcd
\VgVci^oVfjZZah^\adMM>gZhjaiZhZgbZcdh
k^daZcidZ^c_jhidfjZZaiZgg^WaZh^\adMM#
´Fj‚cdhYZeVgVZa[jijgd4=dWhWVlb
VYb^iZfjZcdZm^hiZjcbdYZadVaiZgcV"
i^kdVaYZaVYZbdXgVX^Va^WZgVaÄVabZcdh
edgV]dgV#ÆHVakdedgaViZdXgVX^V^haVb^h"
iV!cdZm^hiZcnV!Zceg^cX^e^d!bdk^b^Zc"
idh eda†i^Xdh ej_VciZh fjZ g^kVa^XZc Xdc
ZhiV[dgbVYZ\dW^Zgcd!ncdZhegdWVWaZ
fjZhjg_Vc^c\jcdZcZa^cbZY^Vid[jij"
EGA&,
YZX^g!eVgV\dWZgcVgedgZab^ZYd#:akZgYV"
YZgdeZa^\gd!^ch^hiZ=dWhWVlb!cdgVY^XV
Zc \gjedh eZfjZŠdh! VjcfjZ Z[ZXi^kdh! YZ
[Vc{i^Xdh k^daZci^hiVh! h^cd ÆZc Za b^ZYd
^ggVX^dcVa fjZ hjh VXi^k^YVYZh egdkdXVc! n
fjZ iVcid adh bZY^dh Xdbd adh \dW^Zgcdh
^begjYZciZh ZhedaZVc Äedc^ZcYd Xdc Zaad
Zcg^Zh\dZaÈbdYdYZk^YVÉfjZhZhjedcZ]V
YZegdiZ\ZghZÇ#AdhZ[ZXidhYZZhiVh^ijVX^‹c
YZhXg^iVedg=dWhWVlbadhkZbdhidYdhadh
Y†Vh/ jc YZiZg^dgd YZ aVh a^WZgiVYZh YZbd"
Xg{i^XVh! jc hdXVkVb^Zcid YZa ^beZg^d YZ
aVaZnnaVegdiZXX^‹cVadhX^jYVYVcdh!jcV
eZa^\gdh†h^bV ZhXVaVYV YZ aV ^bejc^YVY
Xdc fjZ hZ XdbZiZc VgW^igVg^ZYVYZh! n aV
bjcY^Va^oVX^‹cYZaVWjhdnaVegZediZcX^V
XdcigVadhb{hY‚W^aZh#:chjbV!aVYdadgd"
hV^bedh^X^‹cYZjcZhi^adYZ\dWZgcVgfjZ
Zhi{ZcaVhVci†edYVhYZaVYZbdXgVX^VnfjZ
Zc cVYV Xdcig^WjnZ V Xdchigj^g jcV hdX^Z"
YVY]jbVcVb{h_jhiVnZfj^iVi^kV#
:aegdc‹hi^XdYZ=dWhWVlb!XdbdZhdW"
k^d!ZhWVhiVciZeZh^b^hiV!n]VngVodcZhhj"
[^X^ZciZheVgVZhiVgYZVXjZgYdXdc‚a!hdWgZ
idYdh^Y^g^\^bdhaVb^gVYVVaVhXdchZXjZc"
X^Vhb{hYZhigjXi^kVhYZaV\adWVa^oVX^‹cZc
bVgX]V/cdhdadZbeZdgVcaVhXdcY^X^dcZh
YZk^YVYZadhhZXidgZhb{hedWgZhYZa\adWd!
h^cdfjZVYZb{hVbZcVoVcaVXdci^cj^YVY
b^hbVYZaVZheZX^Z]jbVcV#AVajX^YZoYZ
=dWhWVlbZhigZbZXZedghjgZVa^hbd!eZgd
gdÇ# AV YZbdXgVX^V a^WZgVa eVgZXZ iZcZg h^Va\dedYZbdhgZXaVbVgaZZhcdegZhiVghj"
VhZ\jgVYV hj hjegZbVX†V Xdbd bdYZad [^X^ZciZViZcX^‹c!VabZcdhZcZhiZa^Wgd!VaVh
]Z\Zb‹c^Xd# EZgd cd YZWZbdh hdhaVnVg edh^W^a^YVYZh YZ gZh^hiZcX^V n igVch[dgbV"
Za]ZX]d!hjWgVnV=dWhWVlb!YZfjZZaaV X^‹cfjZidYVk†VZm^hiZcZcVbea^VhgZ\^d"
igVZXdch^\dÆjcXdc_jcidYZbZXVc^hbdh cZhYZaeaVcZiV!h^W^ZcVcYZhVgi^XjaVYVh!
eda†i^XdhgVY^XVabZciZ^cVYZXjVYdhÇeVgV ZbWg^dcVg^VhnVkZXZhYZbVh^VYdkda{i^aZh#
Zc[gZciVg adh YZhV[†dh YZ aV ]jbVc^YVY CjZkdh hj_Zidh hdX^VaZh WjhXVc V[VcdhV"
ZcZah^\adMM>#7VhiVgZXdgYVgfjZZaeV†h bZciZXdcfj^hiVgXjdiVhYZgZegZhZciVX^‹c
ÆYZbdXg{i^XdÇ edg VcidcdbVh^V! :hiVYdh eda†i^XVZ^ckZciVgcjZkdhZhXZcVg^dhYZhYZ
Jc^Ydh! Xjndh Y^g^\ZciZh egZ[^ZgZc kZghZ YdcYZ Z_ZgXZgaV0 adh b^\gVciZh k†Xi^bVh YZ
Vh†b^hbdhXdbdadha†YZgZhYZjcVXVb" mZcd[dW^V n gVX^hbd hZ bdk^a^oVc eVgV YZ"
eVŠVeVgVY^hZb^cVgaVYZbdXgVX^VZcZa [ZcYZghjYZgZX]dVjcVk^YVb{h_jhiVnY^\"
gZhidYZabjcYd!ZhZafjZb{hhZg^VbZciZ cV0ncjZkdhegdnZXidheda†i^XdhVWVcYdcVc
VbZcVoV aV ZhiVW^a^YVY n aV eVo ^ciZgcV" adh eVg{bZigdh YZa cZda^WZgVa^hbd n aV YZ"
X^dcVa#ÆAVXVbeVŠVeVgVY^[jcY^gaVYZ" bdXgVX^VgZhig^c\^YVZcWjhXVYZegdbdkZg
bdXgVX^V cd hdad VbZcVoV aV ^ciZ\g^YVY [dgbVhVaiZgcVi^kVhYZ\dW^ZgcdnhdWZgVc†V#
YZ adh kVadgZh jc^kZghVaZh! h^cd fjZ cd :cZhiZbZgXVYd\adWVa^oVYdYZ^YZVh!^b{"
VaXVcoVg{ Za ‚m^idÇ! hZciZcX^V! eZh^b^hiV" \ZcZhnbVgXVh!YZ^ajh^dcZh[VahVhnhjZŠdh
bZciZ!=dWhWVlb#
YZhigdoVYdh!nYZjcVXgZX^ZciZY^hXgZeVcX^V
ZcigZaVhedh^W^a^YVYZhYZXdbWVi^gn]VhiV
aXVhdYZaVaaVbVYVÆ\jZggVXdc" Za^b^cVg aV edWgZoV n aV kdajciVY eda†i^XV
igVZaiZggdg^hbdÇZhaVYZbdhigV" eVgVXdchZ\j^gad!]VnidYVk†VZheVX^deVgV
X^‹c b{h XaVgV YZ fjZ! aVbZciV" ^bV\^cVgdigVhdX^ZYVY!fj^o{hcdaVb^hbV
WaZbZciZ! =dWhWVlb VX^ZgiV Zc fjZ^YZVgdcadhgZkdajX^dcVg^dhYZdXijWgZ
hj Y^V\c‹hi^Xd# B{h fjZ jcV \jZggV YZ aV dadhb^a^iVciZhXdbjc^hiVhYZaV\ZcZgVX^‹c
YZbdXgVX^Va^WZgVaXdcigVZaÆiZggdgÇ!nb{h YZ=dWhWVlb!eZgdh†jcVfjZcdha^WgZYZ
fjZjcVYZ[ZchVYZÆcjZhigV[dgbVYZk^YVÇ! adhZ[ZXidhYZh]jbVc^oVYdgZhYZaV\adWVa^"
hZ igViV YZ ÆjcV gZi‹g^XV XdcXZW^YV### eVgV oVX^‹ccZda^WZgVanYZaiZggdg[Vc{i^XdYZadh
edcZgaVe^ZaYZ\Vaa^cVVadhX^jYVYVcdhÇ!Zh [jcYVbZciVa^hiVhYZjcdndigdaVYd#
:
“¡Esta revista habrá que leerla!”
Carla Cordua en El Mercurio de Santiago
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
&-EGA
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
BVcjVaYZaeZg[ZXidViZd
?dg\ZKdae^
I]Z<dY9Zajh^dc
YZG^X]VgY9Vl`^ch
=dj\]idcB^[a^c!'%%+igVY#Zhe#!
:heVhV!'%%,!)('ee#!JH&,!-%
7gZV`^c\i]ZHeZaa#GZa^\^dcVhV
CVijgVaE]ZcdbZcdc
YZ9Vc^Za9ZccZii
K^`^c\EZc\j^c!'%%+igVY#Zhe#
@Vio!'%%,!))-ee#!JH'*!.*
<dY^hCdi<gZVi
YZ8]g^hide]Zg=^iX]Zch
9V8VedEgZhh!'%%+!(%,ee#!
JH')!.*
I]ZEdgiVWaZ6i]Z^hi
YZ8]g^hide]Zg=^iX]Zch!ZY#
9V8VedEgZhh!'%%,!)..ee#!
JH&,!*%
Dc<dY#6cJcXdbbdc8dckZg"
hVi^dc
YZCdgbVcBV^aZgXdcB^X]VZaAZc"
cdc
GVcYdb=djhZ!'%%,!'&*ee#!
JH'+!.*
AVejiVYZ7VW^adc^V
YZ;ZgcVcYdKVaaZ_d
EaVcZiV!'%%,!('%ee#!JH&,!'*
6
EVgVC8<
bZY^VYdhYZah^\adeVhVYd!6c"
Yg‚ BVagVjm V[^gb‹/ Æ:a h^\ad
MM hZg{ gZa^\^dhd d cd hZg{Ç#
9db^cVYd edg aV [Zgdo dedh^"
X^‹c ZcigZ XVe^iVa^hbd n Xdbjc^hbd! Za
bjcYd hj[g†V ZcidcXZh aVh iZch^dcZh YZ
aV <jZggV ;g†V n cVYV eVgZX†V kVi^X^cVg
jc gZeZci^cd Vj\Z Zhe^g^ijVa# =jWd fjZ
ZheZgVg V aV XV†YV YZa Bjgd YZ 7Zga†c n
aV Y^hdajX^‹c YZ aV Jc^‹c Hdk^‚i^XV eVgV
fjZZaVcjcX^VYdgZhjg\^b^ZcidYZaVgZ"
a^\^‹cÄnYZhj\ZbZadeZgkZghd!ZacVX^d"
cVa^hbdÄhZXdck^gi^ZhZZcjcVVbZcVoV
gZVa#8dbdjck^gjhaViZciZ!Za[VcVi^hbd
dXje‹Zaaj\VgYZaVh^YZdad\†VhnXdbZc"
o‹ V bjai^ea^XVghZ ]VhiV egdkdXVg jcV
Vji‚ci^XV eVcYZb^V# 6jcfjZ Za cjZkd
egdiV\dc^hbd YZ aV gZa^\^‹c ejZYZ VY"
kZgi^ghZ Zc idYVh eVgiZh ÄYZa gZcdkVYd
edYZgYZaV>\aZh^VDgidYdmVZcGjh^VVa
ZmigZb^hbd ]^cYj^hiV d aV bjai^ea^XV"
X^‹cYZaVhhZXiVhZkVc\‚a^XVhZc8dgZVn
6b‚g^XVAVi^cVÄ!ZaeVeZaXZcigVafjZ]V
VYfj^g^YdiVcidZc:hiVYdhJc^YdhXdbd
ZcZabjcYd^ha{b^Xd]ViZgb^cVYdedg
XdckZgi^ghZZcZabVndgYZhV[†dYZcjZh"
igV‚edXV#
9ZhYZ aV Y‚XVYV YZ &.-%! aV ÆYZgZX]V
Xg^hi^VcVÇdXjeVjcVedh^X^‹cYdb^cVciZ
ZcaVhdX^ZYVYZhiVYdjc^YZchZnhjhXdc"
h^\cVh YZiZgb^cVc Zc WjZcV bZY^YV Za
Y^hXjghdeWa^XdZcZhiZeV†h#:aaV^X^hbd
hZ bVci^ZcZ YZ [dgbV ^chi^ijX^dcVa! eZgd
c^c\c eda†i^Xd ejZYZ eZgb^i^ghZ Za aj_d
YZ^\cdgVgVZhZcXaZdgZa^\^dhdfjZXdc"
i^cV XgZnZcYd fjZ :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh Zhi{
YZhi^cVYd V Xjbea^g jcV b^h^‹c Y^k^cV
dfjZZaVWdgidnadhbVig^bdc^dh]dbd"
hZmjVaZhhdcVWdggZX^WaZhneZXVb^cdhdh#
Ad fjZ dXjggZ Zc Za {bW^id ^ha{b^Xd Zh
Vjcb{h\gVkZ/ZcXjVcidaVhegZh^dcZhYZ
aV <jZggV ;g†V XdbZcoVgdc V YZhkVcZXZg"
hZ! hZ bjai^ea^XVgdc adh \gjedh gVY^XVaZh
fjZ!VbeVgVYdhZcjcVaZXijgVa^iZgVaYZa
8dg{cnZcaVhXdci^cjVhkZ_VX^dcZhXdbZ"
i^YVhedg>hgVZaXdcigVZaejZWadeVaZhi^cd!
]Vc hdXVkVYd Za aV^X^hbd fjZ egZkVaZX†V
ZcbjX]dhYZhjh\dW^ZgcdhÄedgZ_Zbead
H^g^V!:\^eidnZaegde^d>gVfÄnhZ]VcZb"
WVgXVYd Zc jcV \jZggV [gdciVa XdcigV adh
Æ^c[^ZaZhÇ!XjnVb{m^bVZmegZh^‹c]Vh^Yd!
edghjejZhid!6a"FVZYV#
?jhidXjVcYdZabjcYdXZaZWgVWVZa^c^"
X^dYZjcb^aZc^dbVgXVYdedgaVY^hiZc"
h^‹cnaVidaZgVcX^VÄn!]VnfjZYZX^gad!Za
ig^jc[d ^cZajXiVWaZ YZa XVe^iVa^hbd n Za
a^WgZbZgXVYdÄ!aVXV†YVYZaVhIdggZh<Z"
bZaVh ^cVj\jg‹ jcV cjZkd i^ed YZ <jZ"
ggV ;g†V# 7V_d aV egZh^YZcX^V YZa hZ\jcYd
<Zdg\Z7jh]!:hiVYdhJc^YdhgZea^X‹Vadh
ViZciVYdhXdcaVh^ckVh^dcZhYZ6[\Vc^hi{c
Z >gVf! bdi^kVYd edg jc Zhe†g^ij YZ kZc"
\VcoV Xdc i^ciZh gZa^\^dhdh n cd edg jcV
VYZXjVYVZhigViZ\^V\Zdeda†i^XV#9ZhYZZhZ
bdbZcid! Za eaVcZiV hZ ]VaaV hjb^Yd Zc
jccjZkd‹gYV\d!ZhZÆX]dfjZYZX^k^a^oV"
X^dcZhÇ egZXdc^oVYd edg =jci^c\idc fjZ
Zh!b{hW^Zc!jcZc[gZciVb^ZcidZcigZYdh
kVg^ZYVYZhYZ[VcVi^hbd#
8jVcYd jcd k^V_V V BZY^d Dg^ZciZ! Va
cdgiZYZÛ[g^XVdVaBZY^dDZhiZZhiVYd"
jc^YZchZ cd ejZYZ Zk^iVg aV b^hbV hZc"
hVX^‹cYZV\dW^dVciZZaegZYdb^c^dfjZ
aV gZa^\^‹c Z_ZgXZ Zc Za ZheVX^d eWa^Xd#
>cXajhd Zc eV†hZh YZ h‹a^YV igVY^X^‹c aV^"
XV! Xdbd :jgdeV DXX^YZciVa d b^ egde^d
eV†h! B‚m^Xd ÄYdcYZ aV hZeVgVX^‹c ZcigZ
aV>\aZh^VnZa:hiVYdhZgZbdciVVbZY^V"
Ydh YZa h^\ad M>MÄ! aV gZVeVg^X^‹c YZa ^c"
iZ\g^hbdZhZk^YZciZ!hdWgZidYd[gZciZV
iZbVh Xdbd Za VWdgid! Za Xdcigda cViVa d
adh bVig^bdc^dh ]dbdhZmjVaZh# AZ_dh Zh"
iVbdhYZaVhXdcfj^hiVhYZaV >ajhigVX^‹c
dYZaVXdc[^VcoVfjZaVZgVk^Xidg^VcVaZ
gZhZgkVWVVaVX^ZcX^VnVaVgVo‹c#6ciZaV
egZhZcX^V ^cXdciZc^WaZ fjZ Y^dh kjZakZ V
iZcZgZccjZhigdi^Zbed!cdZhXVhjVafjZ
]VnVcVeVgZX^YdiVcidha^WgdhfjZ!YZhYZ
‹ei^XVh bjn Y^hi^ciVh! WjhXVc Zmea^XVg d
YZ eaVcd XdbWVi^g aV cjZkV gZa^\^dh^YVY
fjZcdhgdYZV#
8
dbdYZbjZhigVZa[^a‹hd[d[gVc"
X‚h B^X]Za Dc[gVn Zc hj IgV^i‚
YÉVi]‚dad\^Z! Za od‹ad\d Wg^i{c^"
XdG^X]VgY9Vl`^chZcI]Z<dY
9Zajh^dcdZaXg†i^XdWg^i{c^Xd!cVX^dcVa^oV"
Yd ZhiVYdjc^YZchZ! 8]g^hide]Zg =^iX]Zch
Zc <dY ^h Cdi <gZVi! Za ViZ†hbd Vc \doV
YZ bVaV [VbV Zc cjZhigd i^Zbed! Xdbd h^
aVVeg^kVi^kVYZacdbWgZXdck^gi^ZgVVhjh
VYZeidhZcZmXZeX^dcZh[gZciZVaViZcYZc"
X^V\ZcZgVaÄncVijgVaÄViZcZgjcY^dh#&HZg
ViZdZc:hiVYdhJc^YdhgZegZhZciVjchZg^d
^cXdckZc^ZciZhdad).YZaVedWaVX^‹ckd"
iVg†Vedgjceda†i^XdViZd![gZciZV,.edgjc
]dbdhZmjVad.)edgjcXVi‹a^Xd!nVW_jgVg
YZY^dhZceV†hZhgZ\^YdhedgaVh]Vg^V^ha{"
b^XVejZYZXdcYjX^gVaVbjZgiZ#EZgd!^c"
h^hid!VcZceV†hZhYZigVY^X^‹chZXjaVgdVa
bZcdhXdcjcVgZa^\^dh^YVYÆhjVkZÇ!Xdbd
aV bVndg eVgiZ YZ :jgdeV Xdc aV gj^YdhV
ZmXZeX^‹c YZ Edadc^V d 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV!
YZXaVgVghZÆViZdÇbjZkZVaYZhegZX^d!ZagZ"
X]VoddYZeaVcdaVXZchjgV#
DWhZh^dcVYdh Xdc dWiZcZg X^ZgiV gZh"
eZiVW^a^YVY! cjbZgdhdh ViZdh egZ[^ZgZc
YZXaVgVghZÆV\c‹hi^XdhÇÄjci‚gb^cdb{h
dhXjgd n bZcdh VaVgbVciZÄ! Æcd XgZnZc"
iZhÇ!Æa^WgZeZchVYdgZhÇd!iVaXdbdXjZciV
Za[^a‹hd[dZhiVYdjc^YZchZ9Vc^Za9ZccZii
Zc7gZV`^c\i]ZHeZaa!^cXajhdhZ]VcVegd"
e^VYd YZ jc i‚gb^cd fjZ dg^\^cVabZciZ
WjhXVWV YZc^\gVgadh! ÆWg^\]ihÇ! h^\j^ZcYd
ZaZ_ZbeadYZadh\Vnh#
HZ\cB^X]ZaDc[gVn/
PCRd Zm^hiZ c^c\c i‚gb^cd eVgV
XVa^[^XVg YZ bdYd edh^i^kd Va fjZ cd
g^cYZeaZ^iZh†VVaVhfj^bZgVh[jZgVYZ
ZhiVXdchigjXX^‹ca^c\“†hi^XVfjZZmV"
XZgWVaVVbejiVX^‹c/V"iZd!ejZh!eZgd
iVbW^‚c^c"[^Za!V"\c‹hi^Xd!YZh"XgZ†Yd!
^g"gZa^\^dhd!^c"Xg‚Yjad!V"gZa^\^dhd!^b"
e†d µZa Y^dh YZa VjhZciZ n idYVh aVh
eVaVWgVh fjZ YZg^kVc YZ ZhiVh/ ^g"gZa^"
\^‹c!^c"XgZYja^YVY!^b"e^ZYVY!ZiX#Cd
]Vnc^c\jcVeVgVh^\c^[^XVgZaVheZXid
hdaVg!V[^gbVi^kd!edh^i^kd!a^WgZn[jZg"
iZ YZa ^cY^k^Yjd jW^XVYd b{h Vaa{ YZa
eZchVb^Zcidb{\^XdnYZaVh[{WjaVh#
B{h Vaa{ YZa cdbWgZ! VX^ZgiV Dc[gVn Va
hZŠVaVg fjZ aV igVY^X^‹c ViZV ]V h^Yd h^h"
iZb{i^XVbZciZ dhXjgZX^YV YZ aV ]^hidg^V
^ciZaZXijVaedgadhedYZgZhgZa^\^dhdhfjZ
]Vc \dWZgcVYd Än Vc \dW^ZgcVcÄ Za
bjcYd# IVcid Zc aV <gZX^V Xa{h^XV Xdbd
&
Adh ViZdh b^a^iVciZh! Xdbd =^iX]Zch! hZ
ZbeZŠVcZcZhXg^W^gÆY^dhÇXdcb^chXjaV!
b^ZcigVhfjZdigdh!b{hidaZgVciZh!XdchZg"
kVcaV\gV[†VigVY^X^dcVa#BZYZXaVgdeVgi^"
YVg^dYZadheg^bZgdh!Vh†fjZhdadXdchZgkV"
g‚aVbVnhXjaVZcaVhX^iVhiZmijVaZh#
Zc aV :YVY BZY^V cd ZcXdcigVbdh ViZdh
ZchZci^YdZhig^Xid!h^cd[^a‹hd[dhdeZchV"
YdgZhfjZcdhZhdbZi^ZgdcVadhY^dhZhYZ
hji^Zbed!fjZhZZc[gZciVgdcViZdad\†Vh
^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVYVh d fjZ ZcVgWdaVgdc
X^Zgidh\gVYdhYZiZ†hbddeVciZ†hbd!edg
b{hfjZaVhY^hi^ciVhdgidYdm^Vhadh]VnVc
VXjhVYdYZVedhiVh†V!]ZgZ_†Vd!ZcZaeZdg
YZadhXVhdh!YZÆViZ†hbdÇ#:cI]ZEdgiVWaZ
6i]Z^hi! hj hZh\VYV gZXde^aVX^‹c YZa eZc"
hVb^Zcid ViZd! 8]g^hide]Zg =^iX]Zch cd
YjYV Zc ^cXaj^g ZcigZ adh [jcYVYdgZh YZa
ViZ†hbd V eZghdcV_Zh iVc XdcigVhiVciZh
XdbdAjXgZX^d!DbVg?VnnVbdHe^cdoV#
Dc[gVn! Zc XVbW^d! hdhi^ZcZ fjZ Za eg^"
bZg ViZd Vji‚ci^Xd ]VWg†V h^Yd ?ZVc BZh"
a^Zg!XjgVYZ :ig‚e^\cn&++)"&,'.!Vjidg
YZjcIZhiVbZcidZcZafjZVggZbZiZXdc"
igV idYdh adh edYZgZh YZ hj i^Zbed! Vjc"
fjZ Zh Zc hj BZbdg^V YZ eZchVb^Zcidh n
hZci^b^ZcidhYZ?ZVcBZha^ZgYdcYZedgeg^"
bZgVkZoZcaV]^hidg^VjceZchVYdgegd"
[ZhV! YZbjZhigV n Vg\jbZciV hj ViZ†hbd
=^iX]Zchcdad^cXdgedgVZchjc‹b^cV!
eZgd Xdc i†e^Xd X]Vjk^c^hbd Vc\adhV_‹c
iVbedXd^cXajnZVaegde^dDc[gVn#
IgVh Za XjgV YZ :ig‚e^\cn! aV igVY^X^‹c
^ciZaZXijVa ViZV Xdci^cV Xdc AV BZiig^Z!
=ZakZi^jh! HnakV^c BVg‚X]Va n! hdWgZ idYd!
XdcZa7Vg‹cYÉ=daWVX]!XdciZbedg{cZdYZ
KdaiV^gZnGdjhhZVjnh^ZbegZdak^YVYdedg
[^a‹hd[dh Z ]^hidg^VYdgZh n! YZ cjZkd! edg
=^iX]Zch#=VWg{fjZZheZgVgVaiZggZbdid
YZhViVYd edg aV Æig†VYV ^c[ZgcVaÇ YZa h^\ad
M>M! 9Vgl^c! BVgm n C^ZiohX]Z! eVgV fjZ
ZaViZ†hbdgZXjeZgZjcaj\VgegZedcYZgVc"
iZZcZaeZchVb^ZciddXX^YZciVa#EZhZVhj
^bedgiVcX^V^cY^hXji^WaZ!=^iX]ZchiVbed"
Xd^cXajnZVa[^a‹hd[dVaZb{cZcI]ZEdgiVWaZ
6i]Z^hi!VXVhdedgfjZhj[VbVe‹hijbV^c"
XdbdYVYZbVh^VYdVhjÆa^WZgVa^hbdÇ#
9Z adh igZh! fj^o{h hZV 9Vgl^c fj^Zc aZ
]VnVXdc[Zg^YdbVndgaZ\^i^b^YVYVaeZchV"
b^ZcidViZd#Eg^bZgdYZ[dgbVi†b^YVnXj^"
YVYdhV!nZchjkZ_ZoYZbdYdYZX^Y^Yd!hj
ajX]VedgYZhiZggVghjhXdck^XX^dcZhgZa^\^d"
hVhV[VkdgYZjcVk^h^‹cX^Zci†[^XVYZabjc"
Yd Zh jcd YZ adh \gVcYZh ]^idh YZ cjZhigV
ajX]VXdcigVY^dh#:cjcX‚aZWgZeVhV_ZYZhj
VjidW^d\gV[†V!X^iVYdedg=^iX]Zch!9Vgl^c
cVggVhjÆXVb^cdYZ9VbVhXdÇ^ckZghd/
;dgbZgan>lVhaZYWn[ZZa^c\hhjX]Vh
i]dhZ_jhigZ[ZggZYidVai]dj\]>Ydcdi
i]^c`i]Vii]ZgZa^\^djhhZci^bZcilVh
ZkZghigdc\anYZkZadeZY^cbZ!idi]Z
[^gbXdck^Xi^dcd[i]ZZm^hiZcXZd[<dY!
VcYd[i]Z^bbdgiVa^ind[i]Zhdja#>c
bn?djgcVa>lgdiZi]Vil]^ahihiVcY^c\
^ci]Zb^Yhid[i]Z\gVcYZjgd[V7gV"
o^a^Vc[dgZhi!Æ^i^hcdiedhh^WaZid\^kZ
VcVYZfjViZ^YZVd[i]Z]^\]Zg[ZZa^c\h
d[ ldcYZg! VYb^gVi^dc! VcY YZkdi^dc!
l]^X][^aaVcYZaZkViZbnb^cYÇ#>lZaa
gZbZbWZg bn Xdck^Xi^dc i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h
bdgZ^cbVci]Vci]ZbZgZWgZVi]d[
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
]^hWdYn#7jicdli]Z\gVcYZhihXZcZh
ldjaY cdi XVjhZ Vcn hjX] Xdck^Xi^dc
VcY[ZZa^c\hidg^hZ^cbnb^cY####I]Z
hiViZd[b^cYl]^X]\gVcYhXZcZh[dg"
bZgan ZmX^iZY ^c bZ! VcY l]^X] lVh
^ci^bViZan XdccZXiZY l^i] V WZa^Z[ ^c
<dY! Y^Y cdi ZhhZci^Vaan Y^[[Zg [gdb
i]Vil]^X]^hd[iZcXVaaZYi]ZhZchZd[
hjWa^b^in0VcY]dlZkZgY^[[^Xjai^ibVn
WZidZmeaV^ci]Z\ZcZh^hd[i]^hhZchZ!^i
XVc]VgYanWZVYkVcXZYVhVcVg\jbZci
[dgi]ZZm^hiZcXZd[<dY###
8dbd ZhXg^WZ 9ZccZii Zc digV dWgV ^b"
egZhX^cY^WaZ! 9Vgl^cÉh 9Vc\Zgdjh >YZV
&..*!ZacVijgVa^hiVWg^i{c^XdXdcX^W^‹jcV
YZaVh^YZVhb{hedYZgdhVh_Vb{hYZhVggd"
aaVYVhedgjcVbZciZ]jbVcV/aVZkdajX^‹c#
8dbdjc{X^YdfjZidYdadXdggdZ!aVZkd"
ajX^‹c Zh XVeVo YZ Zmea^XVg idYV hjZgiZ YZ
[Zc‹bZcdhcVijgVaZh!YZhYZaVXgZVX^‹cYZa
jc^kZghd]VhiVaVbZciZ]jbVcV!h^ccZXZ"
h^YVYYZgZXjgg^gV^ciZgkZcX^dcZhY^k^cVhd
V jc ÆY^hZŠVYdg ^ciZa^\ZciZÇ ZcXVg\VYd YZ
edcZgZcbVgX]VaVgZad_Zg†VYZaXdhbdh#I]Z
<dY9Zajh^dc!Zaeda‚b^XdiZmidYZ9Vl`^ch!
ji^a^oV aV ZkdajX^‹c YVgl^c^VcV eVgV Xdc"
Xaj^gfjZ!ÆXVh^XdcXZgiZoV!Y^dhcdZm^hiZÇ#
Edgb{hfjZgZX]VoVgVZa_jYV†hbddgid"
YdmdYZhjhVcXZhigdh!BVgmcdiZc†VZcigZ
hjh bZiVh eg^cX^eVaZh Zc[gZciVghZ Xdc aV
^YZVYZY^dh!h^cdXdcaVhgZa^\^dcZh^chi^ij"
X^dcVa^oVYVh0cddWhiVciZ!hjbVa^ciZgegZ"
iVYVX^iVhdWgZaVgZa^\^‹cXdbdde^dYZadh
ejZWadh]VhZgk^YdXdbdVX^XViZVX^Zcidh
YZ eZchVYdgZh Vci^XaZg^XVaZh VjcfjZ cd
cZXZhVg^VbZciZ ViZdh# Edg Zaad! Zc gZVa^"
YVYYZWZbdhVC^ZiohX]ZZabVndghVaidZc
ZaeZchVb^ZcidViZd!\gVX^VhVhjgZX]Vod
[gdciVaVaVigVY^X^‹c_jYZdXg^hi^VcV#8dbd
V[^gbVDc[gVn!hjXg†i^XVYZhe^VYVYVYZaV
gZa^\^‹ccdaaZk‹VXVWdidYVaViVgZVViZd"
a‹\^XV!eZgdaV]^odVa[^cedh^WaZ#
6eVgi^gYZVfj†!aVajX]VXdcigVY^dhhZ
bjai^ea^XV n XdciVb^cV V X^Zcidh YZ Zh"
e†g^ijh ^cfj^Zidh# =^iX]Zch gZXd\Z Zc hj
c‹b^cV V bjX]dh YZ Zaadh! Zc hj bVndg
eVgiZX^Zci†[^Xdh/;gZjY!:^chiZ^c!GjhhZaa!
BVgi^c<VgYcZg!8VgaHV\Vc!HiZkZcLZ^c"
WZg\nadhegde^dh9Vl`^chn9ZccZii!Va
aVYdYZZhXg^idgZhneda†i^XdhXdbdHVabVc
Gjh]Y^Z! >Vc BX:lVc n 6nVVc =^gh^ 6a^!
fj^ZcX^ZggVZaa^WgdXdcZhiVheVaVWgVhfjZ
edYg†VchZgjcWjZcXdgdaVg^dYZaeZchV"
b^ZcidViZdYZcjZhigdi^Zbed/
[VbV! n Zc XVhdh ZmigZbdh aV k^YV! eVgV
XdbWVi^g ZhV Æ[jZciZ YZ idYdh adh bVaZhÇ
XdbdaVYZcdb^cV9Vl`^ch#
:cjcV‚edXVZcaVfjZ!Xdbd^ch^hiZDc"
[gVn!ZaXVY{kZgYZY^dhhdad]Vh^Ydk^hidedg
C^ZiohX]ZnaVgZa^\^dh^YVY\doVYZiVcWjZc
ZhiVYdYZhVajY!´X‹bdgZhedcYZgYZhYZjcV
‹ei^XVaV^XVVaXdc[a^XidfjZZc[gZciVVa_j"
YZdXg^hi^Vc^hbdnVa>haVb4´8‹bdXdcX^a^Vg
aVidaZgVcX^VnVaVkZo^beZY^gfjZb^aadcZh
YZ c^Šdh hZVc ZYjXVYdh edg hjh eVYgZh Zc
ZhV[dgbVgVY^XVaYZ^\cdgVcX^VfjZZhaV[Z4
´8‹bdhZgViZdVeg^cX^e^dhYZah^\adMM>4
8
dbZcXZbdhXdcZaejcidYZk^h"
iV YZ Ydh X^Zci†[^Xdh! 9Vl`^ch n
9ZccZii! eVgV dWhZgkVg Ydh bV"
cZgVh Y^hi^ciVh n Zc dXVh^dcZh
Yg{hi^XVbZciZ Zc[gZciVYVh YZ Zmea^XVg Za
ViZ†hbd n Vg\jbZciVg XdcigV aV Zm^hiZcX^V
YZ Y^dh# B^ZcigVh 9Vl`^ch hZ ZbeZŠV Zc
YZbdhigVg fjZ Y^dh n aV gZa^\^‹c ]Vc h^Yd
ZhZcX^VabZciZcZ\Vi^kdheVgVaV]jbVc^YVY
nhZY^g^\Z!edgiVcid!VjceWa^XdViZdfjZ
Zc \ZcZgVa Xd^cX^YZ Xdc hjh ^YZVh! 9ZccZii
egZ[^ZgZZhijY^VgaVgZa^\^‹cXdbdÆ[Zc‹bZ"
cdcVijgVaÇnXdbeVgi^ghjXdck^XX^‹cWg^\]i
XdcaZXidgZhgZa^\^dhdhfjZ!igVhhZ\j^ghjb^"
cjX^dhdZmVbZc!ejZYVcXd^cX^Y^gXdc‚a#
9Vl`^chji^a^oVaVX^ZcX^VXdbdVgbVYZ
XdbWViZXdcigVaV[ZnVadaVg\dYZhja^Wgd
YZhbdciVaVhXdck^XX^dcZhgZa^\^dhVhXdbd
h^fj^h^ZgVYZhigj^gjcZY^[^X^dhjhigVn‚cYd"
aZedXdVedXdhjhX^b^Zcidh#HjiVgZVZhVaV
kZobdcjbZciVan!]VnfjZYZX^gad!jciVcid
kVcV#JcViZdb^a^iVciZXdbdndcdedYg†V
Y^h[gjiVgb{hXdchjh^hiZb{i^XVnaX^YVYZ"
bda^X^‹cYZaÆZheZ_^hbdYZY^dhÇnhjXZgiZgV
Zmedh^X^‹cYZaVhXdcigVY^XX^dcZh!ZggdgZhn
[VaaVhYZXjVafj^Zgh^hiZbVgZa^\^dhd!eZgdVa
[^cVaaVXd^cX^YZcX^VVWhdajiVXdchjheaVc"
iZVb^Zcidh egdkdXV X^ZgiV ^chVi^h[VXX^‹c! n
hjedc\d fjZ Zc Za XVhd YZ adh aZXidgZh gZ"
a^\^dhdh hdad \ZcZgVg{ jc Zc[VYd XgZX^ZciZ
Va\dh^b^aVgVadfjZdXjggZXdc=^iX]Zch#
9ZccZiideZgVZchZci^YdXdcigVg^d/Zmea^"
XVeVhdVeVhdZahjg\^b^ZcidYZaVgZa^\^‹c
Xdbd [Zc‹bZcd cVijgVa ÄZbeaZVcYd aVh
^YZVhhdWgZaVgZea^XVX^‹cYZadhbZbZhZaV"
WdgVYVhedgZaegde^d9Vl`^chZcI]ZHZa[^h]
<ZcZ&.,+ÄnegZ[^ZgZY^g^\^ghZVZhdhaZX"
idgZh fjZ edYg†Vc iZgb^cVg VW_jgVcYd YZ
hj[Z#E{\^cVVe{\^cV9ZccZiiadh^ck^iVV
YZhbZcjoVghjhVg\jbZcidh!_Vb{hYZhegZ"
X^VdViVXVhjhXdck^XX^dcZhnedghjejZhid
cdXdch^YZgVVY^dhXdbdaVgV†oYZidYdhadh
I]Zdcanedh^i^dci]ViaZVkZhbZl^i] bVaZh#8dcjcZhi^ad{\^anY^gZXidbjZhigV
cdXd\c^i^kZY^hhdcVcXZ^hVi]Z^hb#>i^h X‹bdejYdhjg\^gaV^YZVYZY^dh!X‹bdZhiV
cdiVXgZZY#9ZVi]^hXZgiV^c!gZeaVX^c\ ZkdajX^dc‹XdcZai^ZbednX‹bd!\gVX^VhV
Wdi]i]Zh^gZchdc\d[EVgVY^hZVYi]Z hjZcdgbZXVeVX^YVYeVgVVYVeiVghZÄnVadh
YgZVYd[=Zaa#A^[Zdci]^hZVgi]!l^i] WZcZ[^X^dhXdcXgZidhfjZgZegZhZci‹eVgVaVh
Vaa^ihbnhiZgnVcYWZVjinVcYeV^c!^h hdX^ZYVYZhYZaeVhVYdÄiZgb^c‹edgXdckZg"
i]ZcidWZa^kZY[VgbdgZ^ciZchZan/lZ i^ghZ Zc Za bZbZ b{h XdciV\^dhd _Vb{h ^c"
hijbWaZVcY\Zije!lZVgZhVY!Xdc[^" kZciVYdedgcjZhigVZheZX^Z#6eVgi^gYZVaa†!
YZci!^chZXjgZ![ZZaadcZa^cZhhVcY_dn ZmedcZ eVX^ZciZbZciZ X‹bd hZ ejZYZ hZg
VcYadkZ#I]ZgZ^hcdi]^c\bdgZ0Wji> ViZdh^cYZ_VgYZiZcZgXdck^XX^dcZh‚i^XVhZ
lVcicdi]^c\bdgZ#
^cXajhdh^cYZ_VgYZhZgÆgZa^\^dhdÇ#
9Vl`^ch eZgiZcZXZ! ejZh! V aV igVY^X^‹c
:aegdWaZbVXdcaVhZaZXX^‹cYZ=^iX]Zch YZaX^Zci†[^Xd^ajhigVYdfjZVggZbZiZXdcigV
ZhfjZeVgZXZYZbVh^VYdbVgXVYVedghj hjhVYkZghVg^dhgZa^\^dhdh!Y^hejZhidV\VcVg
egde^V V\ZcYV ^YZda‹\^XV# :c XjVafj^Zg XjVafj^ZgWViVaaV\gVX^VhVhjhVg\jbZcidh
XVhd!cdXVWZYjYVYZfjZ!eZhZVaVbVaV WVhVYdh Zc aV gVo‹c# 9ZccZii! Zc XVbW^d!
[VbVfjZaZh^\jZVXdbeVŠVcYd!ZaViZ†h" deZgV Xdbd jc ÆZkVc\Za^hiVÇ YZa ViZ†hbd/
bdXjZciVZccjZhigdhY†VhXdcYZ[ZchdgZh cdVhe^gVVYZkVhiVgaVhXdck^XX^dcZhYZhjh
YZeg^bZgVa†cZV!Y^hejZhidhVVgg^Zh\Vghj VYkZghVg^dh! h^cd V XdckZgi^gadh eVjaVi^cV"
EGA&.
bZciZVhjXVjhV#6bWVhZhigViZ\^VhgZhja"
iVceVgVY‹_^XVh/ZhXVh^^bedh^WaZXdckZcXZg
VVa\j^ZcfjZZceg^cX^e^dgZc^Z\VYZaVgV"
o‹cnhZVbeVgVZcaV[ZZhdfjZadhViZdh
aaVbVbdh Æh^cgVo‹cÇ eVgV fjZ VWVcYdcZ
hjh hZci^b^Zcidh gZa^\^dhdh V eVgi^g YZ Vg"
\jbZcidh ejgVbZciZ gVX^dcVaZh# ;gZciZ V
iVaZhXjZhi^dcVb^Zcidh!ZaXgZnZciZh^ZbegZ
gZhedcYZg{/aV[ZZmea^XVadfjZaVgVo‹ccd
ejZYZ!dXdhVhedgZaZhi^ad!nhZbVciZcYg{
^be{k^Yd VciZ aVh iZh^h fjZ egjZWVc fjZ!
ÆXVh^XdcXZgiZoV!Y^dhcdZm^hiZÇ#
6jcVh†!9Vl`^chcdYZ_Vi†iZgZXdcXVWZ"
oVnZheZgVhVXjY^g!d^cXajhdk^daZciVg!Vhj
aZXidgeVgVgZbdkZgadnVaVedhigZa^WZgVgad
YZaVi^gVc†VYZY^dh#B{hXdgi‚h!9ZccZii
hZ Zh[jZgoV edg hZYjX^g V hjh aZXidgZh/ cd
egZiZcYZ ZhigZbZXZgadh! h^cd XdcYjX^gadh
eVjaVi^cVbZciZ ]VX^V aV YjYV! aV bVYgZ
YZ idYd ViZ†hbd# ´8j{a YZ adh Ydh dWiZc"
Yg{bZ_dgZhgZhjaiVYdh46jcfjZh^beVi^od
b{hXdcaVedhijgVX^k^a^oVYVYZ9ZccZii!
hdadejZYdgZXdgYVgb^ZmeZg^ZcX^VeZghd"
cVa/egdkZc^ZciZYZjcZcidgcdXVi‹a^Xd!bZ
]^XZViZd\gVX^VhVadYVgYdhZckZcZcVYdh
YZC^ZiohX]Z!cdbZY^VciZaV_j^X^dhVVg\j"
bZciVX^‹cYZeZchVYdgZhb{hhZgZcdh#
V aV egdkdXVX^‹c# Cd ]Vn hji^aZoV Zc hjh
eaVciZVb^Zcidh fjZ XjVafj^Zg ViZd Xdb"
eVgiZYZVciZbVcd/hjiZmidZhjc_j^X^d
hjbVg^d! V kZXZh k^daZcid! digVh hjeZg[^"
X^Va! hdad YZ kZo Zc XjVcid V\jYd! YZ aVh
bZci^gVh!Zc\VŠdhnVigdX^YVYZhfjZ]Vc
XdbZi^YdaVhgZa^\^dcZhÄeVgi^XjaVgbZciZ
Za_jYV†hbd!ZaXg^hi^Vc^hbdn!XdbdZgVYZ
ZheZgVghZ!Za>haVbÄVadaVg\dYZai^Zbed#
GZhjaiVY^[†X^aZhiVgZcYZhVXjZgYdXdchj
^gg^iVciZZmedh^X^‹c/ZcZ[ZXid!aVgZa^\^‹c
cVXZVciZaV[VaiVYZgVo‹c!hjhegVXi^XVc"
iZh_Vb{h]Vch^YdbZ_dgZhYZhYZjcejc"
idYZk^hiVbdgVafjZadhViZdh!Va\jcVhYZ
aVhbVndgZhXVi{higd[ZhYZaV=^hidg^V]Vc
h^YdegdYjXidYZaVhajX]VhZciVWaVYVhZc
hjcdbWgZnZac^kZaYZ]^edXgZh†VYZhjh
hVXZgYdiZh!eVhidgZh!^bVcZhngVW^cdhYZ_V
Vi‹c^idVXjVafj^ZgV#
IgVhaVV\diVYdgVaZXijgVYZhja^Wgd!jc
ViZdcdejZYZh^cdXd^cX^Y^gZcfjZY^dh
cdhdadcdZh\gVcYZ!h^cdfjZ]V\ZcZgV"
Ydb{heZg_j^X^dhfjZWZcZ[^X^dhn]Vh^Yd
jcV[jZciZYZdegZh^‹c!jcVWVggZgVeVgV
ZaYZhVggdaad!njcZ[^XVoh^hiZbVeVgVgZ"
eg^b^gaVhZmjVa^YVYnaVa^WZgiVY#:aegd"
WaZbV!^ch^hid!gVY^XVZcZaXVg{XiZgVjid"
XZaZWgVidg^dYZaViZ†hbdYZ=^iX]ZchnZc
dY^hCdi<gZVi!YZ8]g^hide]Zg hjcZXZh^YVYYZbdhigVghZXdbdZaeg^cX^"
=^iX]Zch! cd ji^a^oV aV X^Zc" eVaVYVa^YYZhjXVjhV#Cd]VnZchja^Wgd
X^V eVgV YZhXVa^[^XVg V Y^dh n jcVji‚ci^XdVc{a^h^hYZadg^\ZcYZaV^YZV
V aVh gZa^\^dcZh! h^cd aV gZi‹g^" YZY^dhdYZaVji^a^YVYfjZZhiVijkdeVgV
XV# 8dbd hjZaZ ]VXZg Zc WjZcV eVgiZ YZ cjZhigdhVciZXZhdgZh!XdbdZc9ZccZii!n
hjhiZmidh!hjidcdVhe^gVVaVeda‚b^XVn c^ h^fj^ZgV jc [jcYVbZcid X^Zci†[^Xd YZ
<
New from
Stanford University Press
A Turbulent Decade Remembered
Scenes from the Latin American Sixties
DIANA SORENSEN
“The Sixties marked a turning point in politics, literature, and artistic
expression in general throughout Latin America. They constitute a foundational moment that went far beyond the avant-garde movements of the early
twentieth century in fostering continental commonality and transcontinental
cultural awareness. Sorensen’s book is ambitious in scope, and she engages in
a more complex reflection on the intersection of aesthetics and politics in
times of change than have some of her predecessors. An extremely engaging,
highly intelligent, and most exciting study.”
—Sylvia Molloy,
New York University
Cultural Memory in the Present
$24.95 paper $65.00 cloth
The Technical Imagination
Argentine Culture’s Modern Dreams
BEATRIZ SARLO, Translated by XAVIER CALLAHAN
In what Beatriz Sarlo calls six “episodes,” ranging from the proto-science fiction of Horacio Quiroga and the apocalyptic urban surrealism of Roberto
Arlt through the development of mass media, tales of inventors and inventions, and an entertaining tour of “weird science” and medical quackery, The
Technical Imagination examines how technology entered the popular imagination in 1920s and 1930s Argentina.
$60.00 cloth
NOW IN PAPERBACK
A Pueblo Divided
Business, Property, and Community in Papantla, Mexico
EMILIO KOURÍ
“Terrific—wonderfully researched, thoroughly original, and beautifully
written. It may be the best book ever written on agrarian protest in Mexico;
it will certainly transform the field.”
—John Coatsworth,
Columbia University
$24.95 paper $65.00 cloth
800.621.2736
www.sup.org
Stanford
University Press
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
'%EGA
hjZmedh^X^‹c!h^cdaVXdck^XX^‹cYZfjZaV
gZa^\^‹c[jZhdadZaegdYjXidYZaV^\cdgVc"
X^V!Xdbdh^ZaXdcdX^b^ZcidX^Zci†[^Xdcd
]jW^ZhZ h^Yd aV XdchZXjZcX^V ZmigZbV YZ
ZhZb^hbdeZchVb^ZcidgZa^\^dhd#8dcZhV
Vggd\VcX^VfjZcdad\gVZk^iVgc^h^fj^ZgV
Zc hjh bdbZcidh b{h aX^Ydh! =^iX]Zch
hdhi^ZcZfjZaVgZa^\^‹cgZhedcYZZhZcX^Va"
bZciZ V cjZhigV Zhije^YZo ^ccViV# 8dbd
Y^XZZcZaeg‹ad\dVI]ZEdgiVWaZ6i]Z^hi/
###i]ZgZ^hVgZVhdcl]ngZa^\^dch^c"
h^hihdbjX]dchigVc\ZZkZcih^ci]Z
h`n! Vh lZaa Vh aZhh fjVci^[^VWaZ e]Z"
cdbZcV hjX] Vh YgZVbh VcY k^h^dch#
6aad[i]^hi]^c\hXViZg^cdjg^cWdgc
hije^Y^in! VcY djg l^aa^c\cZhh id WZ
eZghjVYZY V\V^chi Vaa i]Z Zk^YZcXZ
i]Vi lZ VgZ ^cYZZY i]Z XZciZg d[ i]Z
jc^kZghZVcYi]ViZkZgni]^c\^hVggVc"
\ZYl^i]jh^cb^cY#
=^iX]Zch _Vb{h WjhXV ZciZcYZg X‹bd Zh
edh^WaZ fjZ eZghdcVh gVodcVWaZh YZa h^\ad
MM>! ZYjXVYVh n Xdc jcV Vbea^V XjaijgV!
hZVcXVeVXZhYZcZ\VgidYVhaVhZk^YZcX^Vh!
eVgV hZ\j^g Xdch^YZg{cYdhZ XgZnZciZh# Hj
a^Wgd ViVXV V aV gZa^\^‹c YZhYZ idYdh hjh
[aVcXdh´eZgdZckZgYVYgZhjaiVi^aVZhiVh
VaijgVhYZhbZcjoVgaVhXdcigVY^XX^dcZhYZ
adh:kVc\Za^dhdZcjbZgVgaVhVigdX^YVYZh
YZa 8dg{c4! XdckZcX^Yd YZ fjZ aV VWgj"
bVYdgV Zmedh^X^‹c YZ hjh [VaaVh WVhiVg{
eVgV Y^hb^cj^g hj edYZg# HZ igViV! h†! YZ
jcV XjZhi^‹c ^cfj^ZiVciZ! fjZ ]VWaV YZa
XVg{XiZgcdeVgi^XjaVgbZciZgVX^dcVaYZaV
ZheZX^Z]jbVcV!eZgdaV[ZcdejZYZhZgZm"
ea^XVYVhdadXdbdjcegdYjXidYZcjZhigV
iZcYZcX^VVÆXgZZgfjZhdbdhZaXZcigdYZa
jc^kZghdÇ#
AVXdcXajh^‹c[^cVaYZ<dY^hCdi<gZVi
gZhjbZW^ZcaVedh^X^‹cYZ=^iX]Zch#=Vn
fjZ XdcdXZg adh ZcigZh^_dh YZ aV gZa^\^‹c
ÄcjZhigd ZcZb^\dÄ eVgV edYZgaV XdbWV"
i^g]VhiVaVbjZgiZ/
6WdkZ Vaa! lZ VgZ ^c cZZY d[ V gZ"
cZlZY :ca^\]iZcbZci! l]^X] l^aa
WVhZ ^ihZa[ dc i]Z egdedh^i^dc i]Vi
i]ZegdeZghijYnd[bVc`^cY^hbVc!
VcYldbVc####=dlZkZg!dcani]Zbdhi
cV‰kZjide^VcXVcWZa^ZkZi]Vii]^hcZl
]jbVc X^k^a^oVi^dc l^aa YZkZade! a^`Z
hdbZYgZVbd[Æegd\gZhhÇ!^cVhigV^\"
]ia^cZ#LZ]VkZ[^ghiidigVchXZcYdjg
egZ]^hidgn! VcY ZhXVeZ i]Z \cVgaZY
]VcYhl]^X]gZVX]djiidYgV\jhWVX`
id i]Z XViVXdbWh VcY i]Z gZZ`^c\ Va"
iVghVcYi]Z\j^aineaZVhjgZhd[hjW_ZX"
i^dc VcY VW_ZXi^dc# Æ@cdl ndjghZa[Ç!
hV^Yi]Z<gZZ`h!\Zcianhj\\Zhi^c\i]Z
XdchdaVi^dch d[ e]^adhde]n# Id XaZVg
i]Zb^cY[dgi]^hegd_ZXi!^i]VhWZXd"
bZcZXZhhVgnid`cdli]ZZcZbn!VcY
idegZeVgZid[^\]i^i#
H^Zaa^WgdYZ=^iX]Zch[VaaVZhedgfjZcd
VhjbZedgXdbeaZidhjXdcY^X^‹ceVc[aZ"
iVg^V Äjc \‚cZgd a^iZgVg^d iVc gZheZiVWaZ
Xdbd XjVafj^Zg digdÄ! V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZ ad
fjZ dXjggZ Xdc AV ejiV YZ 7VW^adc^V! YZa
ZhXg^idg XdadbW^Vcd ;ZgcVcYd KVaaZ_d#
Más de
40 años
en el ojo
del lector
Ave. Ponce de León 1002
Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00925
787-765-1148
[email protected]
Calle Recinto Sur 305
Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901
787-724-8200
[email protected]
www.tertulia.com <http://www.tertulia.com>
Cdh ]VaaVbdh Vfj† [gZciZ V jc iZmid fjZ
cdegZiZcYZXdckZcXZgVadhXgZnZciZh!c^
bdhigVg Vg\jbZcidh eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ h‹"
a^Ydh! h^cd fjZ ZbeaZV Za aZc\jV_Z Äg^Xd!
kZgWdhd! V\jY†h^bdÄ Xdbd jcV YZhXVg\V
YZ Vgi^aaZg†V XdcigV hj WaVcXd [Vkdg^id/ aV
>\aZh^V 8Vi‹a^XV# :a ^c^X^d YZa a^Wgd bVgXV
nV![ZWg^abZciZ!hjidcd\ZcZgVa/
AVejiV!aV\gVcejiV!aV\gVcY†h^bV
ejiV!aVhVcijggdcV!aVh^bdc†VXV!aV^c"
fj^h^YdgV!aV[Vah^[^XVYdgV!aVVhZh^cV!aV
[ZV!aVadXV!aVbVaV0aVYZaHVcidD[^X^d
nZaÞcY^XZYZA^WgdhEgd]^W^Ydh0aVYZ
aVh8gjoVYVhnaVcdX]ZYZHVc7Vgid"
adb‚0aVfjZhVfjZ‹8dchiVci^cdeaVn
WVŠ‹ YZ hVc\gZ ?ZgjhVa‚c0 aV fjZ Zm"
iZgb^c‹VVaW^\ZchZhnVadhkZ^ciZb^a
]VW^iVciZhYZ7Zo^Zgh0aVfjZVggVh‹Xdc
aVh XjaijgVh ^cY†\ZcVh YZ 6b‚g^XV0 aV
fjZfjZb‹VHZ\VgZaa^ZcEVgbV!V?jVc
=jhZc8dchiVcoVnV<^dgYVcd7gjcd
ZcGdbV0aVYZigVXidgVYZaVX^ZcX^V!aV
ZcZb^\VYZaVkZgYVY!aVVYjaiZgVYdgV
YZ aV =^hidg^V0 aV eZghZ\j^YdgV YZ _j"
Y†dh! aV ZcXZcYZYdgV YZ ]d\jZgVh! aV
fjZbVYdgVYZ]ZgZ_ZhnWgj_Vh###
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
aV]Zgd†cVVigVk‚hYZjcVh]ZaaXdgedgV"
i^dcdXdbeVŠ†VYZZkVh^‹c[^hXVanaV"
kVYdYZY^cZgd!aVBVWjh^#KVnVVhVWZg
9^dhedgfj‚ZhidhZchdiVcVYdhYZ]dn
Zc Y†V ]Vc WV_VYd iVcid aV iVg^[V# AVh
[^cVcoVhYZaVEjiVhdcdhXjgVhnhZXgZ"
iVhXdbdaVhYZ8jWV#´Dedgfj‚XgZZc
fjZhZZciZcY^‹iVcW^Zc?jVcEVWad>>
Xdc8Vhigd4IVaeVgVXjVa#IVciZcZWgd"
hdZajcdXdbdZadigdnadhYdhb{h[Va"
hdhfjZ?jYVh!fjZc^Zm^hi^‹#
6a[^cVa!YZ_VcYdYZaVYdedgjcbdbZcid
hjh^begZXVX^dcZh!WjgaVhnY^Vig^WVhXdcigV
aV>\aZh^V8Vi‹a^XV!KVaaZ_diZgb^cVaaZkVcYd
V\jV V hj bda^cd Xdc jcV VeVh^dcVYV YZ"
[ZchVYZadhYZgZX]dhYZadhVc^bVaZh!jcV
YZhjhdWhZh^dcZhYZh^ZbegZfjZXdbeVg"
iZ!ZcigZdigdh!XdcZahjYV[g^XVcd8dZioZZ#
Cd YZ_V YZ hZg Xd]ZgZciZ fjZ jc ZhXg^idg
fjZVggZbZiZXdciVciVk^daZcX^VXdcigVhjh
Xdc\‚cZgZhiZgb^cZgZ[j\^{cYdhZZcaVZb"
eVi†VXdcadhYZb{hhZgZhk^kdh#Fj^o{ZhiV
kjZaiV V HVc ;gVcX^hXd hZV jcV YZ aVh ai^"
bVhedh^W^a^YVYZhfjZaZfjZYVVaVZhe^g^"
ijVa^YVYZcadhVaWdgZhYZah^\adMM>#
;
gZciZViVcidhgZaVidhYZViZdh!YZh"
XgZ†Ydh d Vci^XaZg^XVaZh! Dc <dY#
6c JcXdbbdc 8dckZghVi^dc! YZ
CdgbVc BV^aZg! Zh fj^o{h Za iZm"
idb{heZghdcVa!Y^heVgViVYdnZmX‚cig^Xd
YZ XjVcidh ]Vc VeVgZX^Yd hdWgZ Y^dh Zc
[ZX]Vh gZX^ZciZh# :c ZhiVh XdckZghVX^dcZh
XdchjVaWVXZVa^iZgVg^d!B^X]VZaAZccdc!Za
cdkZa^hiVZhiVYdjc^YZchZXdc[^ZhVfjZ[jZ
ViZdYjgVciZhj_jkZcijYeZgdfjZZcX^Zg"
idbdbZcidXdbegZcY^‹fjZaVegZhZcX^V
YZ 9^dh ÄeVgV ‚a Vh†! Xdc bVnhXjaVhÄ Zc
Za bjcYd ZgV ^cXjZhi^dcVWaZ# Hdad fjZ hj
hZg hjegZbd Zh eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ ZmigVŠd/
BV^aZgadXdcX^WZXdbdjcVgi^hiVÄjcYZ"
b^jg\d Zc i‚gb^cdh Vci^\jdhÄ fjZ cd Zh
idYdedYZgdhdnfjZhZZc[gZciVY†VXdcY†V
BV]dbV X*,%"+(' Zh jcd YZ adh XdcigVZabVaVigVk‚hYZhjhXg^VijgVh/
hZgZh b{h YVŠ^cdh n k^aZh fjZ ]VnV
eVg^YdaVi^ZggV#JcVb{fj^cVYZ^c[V"
L]Zi]Zgbnbdi^kZ^hejgZdg^bej"
b^VhfjZc^YZaVgZegdYjXX^‹chZeg^"
gZ!>YdWZa^ZkZ^c<dYi]Z6gi^hi!i]Z
k‹/ijkdhZ^h]^_dhXdc?VY^nV!aVk^jYV
8gZVidg#I]VibV`Zhi]ZbdhihZchZid
g^XVXdcfjZhZXVh‹eVgVfjZYVghZXdc
bZ#L]Zi]Zg>]VkZVeg^kViZV\ZcYV!dg
hj ]ZgZcX^V! n digd Xdc hj XdcXjW^cV
l]Zi]Zg>VbWZ^c\VcdW_ZXi^kZe]^ad"
BVg†VaVXdeiV#9Zadh'*Vadh)*VŠdh
hde]Zgidi]ZZmiZcidcZXVcegdedhZ
ZhiZbZgXVYZgiV^bVYdfjZ]VWg†VYZ
i]ZZm^hiZcXZd[l]VibVnWZVcdmn"
[jcYVg aV gZa^\^‹c bV]dbZiVcV jcV
bdgdcÄdW_ZXi^kZe]^adhde]ZgÄhdWZ
eaV\VeZdgfjZZah^YVnaVbVaVg^V#
^i# L]Zi]Zg \j^ain dg ^ccdXZci! i]^h
l^aa WZ i]Z Vg\jbZci > VYkVcXZ/ <dY
CVYV]VnYZaaZc\jV_Zeda†i^XVbZciZXd"
^hVcVgi^hi#6cYa^`ZVgi^hih!<dY]Vh
ggZXidYZhjheVgZhVc\adhV_dcZhhZg†V^c"
hjXXZhhZh!<dY]Vh[V^ajgZh#
iZgZhVciZhVWZgX‹bdhZg†VgZX^W^YdZhiZa^"
WgdZc:hiVYdhJc^Ydh#KVaaZ_dcdhZb^YZ
:aY^dhYZBV^aZghZXdbedgiVXdbdjc
V aV ]dgV YZ XdciVg X^Zcidh YZ Vc‚XYdiVh cdkZa^hiV fj^o{h cd YZbVh^VYd iVaZcidhd#
hdWgZaVk^aZoVYZadhhVcidhdYZZcjbZgVg EVgV Zmea^XVg aV egZhZcX^V YZa bVa Zc Za
aVhZhiV[VhZXdc‹b^XVhYZaV>\aZh^V/
bjcYd! iVc VWhigjhV eVgV aVh iZdad\†Vh
igVY^X^dcVaZh!BV^aZghdhi^ZcZfjZY^dhi^Z"
NVhVWZc!dkZ_Vh!VY‹cYZkVcVYVgaVh cZjcedYZga^b^iVYd#AdhhZgZh]jbVcdh
a^bdhcVhfjZbVcYVcVaKVi^XVcd#6aV hZg†VbdhhjbZ_dgdWgV!eZgdZhdcdh^\c^"
_jZg\VYZadhb^aadcZhYZaVEjiV#:cadh [^XVfjZhZVbdheZg[ZXidhc^fjZYZ_Zbdh
VŠdh cdkZciV Za 7VcXd KVi^XVcd iZc†V YZ ZhiVg hdbZi^Ydh V aVh iZciVX^dcZh YZa
^ckZgh^dcZhedgb{hYZY^Zob^ab^aad" Y^VWad! hj [Zgdo VciV\dc^hiV# AZccdc cd
cZhYZY‹aVgZhnedgaVkVYdYZY^cZgd YjYV Zc egZ\jciVgaZ Y^gZXiVbZciZ hdWgZ
XdWgVWVZaX^cXdedgX^Zcid!adXjVaZgV ZhiZnBV^aZggZhedcYZ/
jcV W^XdXV h^ iZcZbdh egZhZciZ fjZ
H^cYdcVaZXdWgVWVVaV[Vb^a^VbV[^dhV
L]ViZkZgi]Z[dgb^iiV`Zh!bnjc"
YZadh<VbW^cdZaX^cXjZciVedgX^Zcid
YZghiVcY^c\^hi]Vi<dYVcYi]Z9Zk^a
edgaVkVgaZhhjY^cZg^idegdkZc^ZciZYZ
VgZd[iZcegZhZci^cdjgVXi^dch#6h>ÉkZ
H^ch^fj^ZgVY^k^Y^ghZZcXVe†ijadh!egZh"
X^cY^ZcYdYZdgYZcnXgdcdad\†V!Vgi^XjaV"
Yd hdad Xdbd jcV edYZgdh†h^bV Y^Vig^WV!
AV ejiV YZ 7VW^adc^V cd XZhV YZ ^cXgZeVg V
aV>\aZh^V!V8g^hid!VadheVeVhÄZcZheZX^Va
V Ld_inaV Æn hj gdhVg^d YZ WZaaVfjZg†VhÇ n
Vfj^Zc‚aaaVbVÆ7ZcZY^XiVÇÄ!nVadhb^h"
bdh XgZnZciZh V igVk‚h YZ jcV Zmedh^X^‹c
iVcXV‹i^XVXdbdXVi{gi^XV#KVaaZ_dcdZhjc
[^a‹hd[dc^jcX^Zci†[^Xd!h^cdjcZchVn^hiV
a^iZgVg^dfjZ!VeZaVcYdVaVb{hejgVigVY^"
X^‹c_VXdW^cVYZ6b‚g^XVAVi^cV!Xdck^ZgiZ
Va^chjaidZcjcVYZaVhWZaaVhVgiZh#HjhaVc"
oVYVh!h^cZbWVg\d!cdhdadhZY^g^\ZcVadh
Xg^hi^Vcdh/
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
hV^Y bVn i^bZh dkZg i]Z nZVgh! l]Zc
lZldg`l^i]\gZViZcZg\n^iÉhWZXVjhZ
djgWZhibdi^kZidYddjgldghibdi^"
kZÄdgeji^i^cVcdi]ZglVn!<dYVcY
i]Z9Zk^aÄVgZZfjVaanZc\V\ZY^ci]Z
djiXdbZVcYhd![dgVeZg^dY!ldg`^c\
l^i]^cjh#
:cde^c^‹cYZBV^aZg!adhhZgZh]jbVcdh
hdbdh Za XVbed YZ WViVaaV YZ Y^dh XdcigV
Za Y^VWad! iVa Xdbd ad ZciZcY†Vc adh bVc^"
fjZdh!h^cfjZYZVciZbVcdhZeVbdhfj^‚c
hZg{ZakZcXZYdgYZaV\gVcWViVaaVX‹hb^XV#
9ZhYZajZ\dXVWZegZ\jciVghZh^ZckZgYVY
ZacdkZa^hiVXgZZZcZhiVhV[^gbVX^dcZhdh^hZ
igViVhdadYZjcejcidYZk^hiVbZiV[‹g^Xd#
wab^hbdgZXdcdXZZaXVg{XiZgjciVcid[Vc"
iVh^dhdYZhjhiZdg†Vh!eZgdaVhhdhi^ZcZ]Vh"
iVZa[^cVaÄ_jhidadfjZYZWZ]VXZgXjVafj^Zg
cdkZa^hiVfjZVhe^gZVaVkZgdh^b^a^ijY#
AVh gVgZoVh iZda‹\^XVh YZ BV^aZg cd ]V"
XZcb{hfjZbjai^ea^XVghZXdc[dgbZVkVc"
oVbdh Zc hj XdckZghVX^‹c Xdc AZccdc/
cdXgZZZcaVZm^hiZcX^Vc^YZaX^Zadc^YZa
^c[^Zgcd!VjcfjZajZ\dhZXdcigVY^XZnhZ
YZ_V hZYjX^g edg aV ^YZV YZa ejg\Vidg^d0
XdcX^WZ jc egdXZhd YZ gZZcXVgcVX^‹c Y^"
g^\^Yd edg Y^dh! VjcfjZ Zc X^Zgidh XVhdh
jcVabVfjZXdch^YZgVjcgZ\VadYZaXgZV"
YdgejZYZh^beaZbZciZV\diVghjX^Xadn
YZhVeVgZXZgeVgVh^ZbegZ0e^ZchVfjZY^dh
n Za Y^VWad Zc dXVh^dcZh ejZYZc VXijVg V
igVk‚hYZhZgZh]jbVcdheVgi^XjaVgbZciZ
edYZgdhdh!Xdbd=^iaZgdCVedaZ‹c0VkZc"
ijgVfjZXVYVjcdYZcdhdigdh\jVgYVZc
hj^ciZg^dgjcVbZoXaVeVgi^XjaVgYZY^dh
nZaY^VWad###EZgd!XjVcYdAZccdcaZegZ"
\jciVY^gZXiVbZciZh^hZXdcX^WZXdbdjc
\c‹hi^Xd!BV^aZggZhedcYZXdcX^Zgid[Vhi^"
Y^d/ÆI]Vi]VhcdbZVc^c\[dgbZZ^i]ZgÇ#
IgVh aV [VhX^cVciZ n YZhXdcXZgiVciZ aZX"
ijgVYZDc<dY!jcdcdejZYZZk^iVgegZ"
\jciVghZ]VhiVfj‚ejcidBV^aZghZWjgaV
h^c igZ\jV YZa X{cY^Yd AZccdc ÄZa XjVa
eVgZXZZcXVciVYdXdcgZegZhZciVgZaeVeZa
YZ Y^hX†ejad VbVYd YZa egd[ZiV YZa bV^"
aZg^hbdÄ d]VhiV Y‹cYZ Za cdkZa^hiV ZhiV"
Ydjc^YZchZZhk†Xi^bVYZYZbZcX^VhZc^a#
:cigZadhYdhZmigZbdhXVWg†Vhj\Zg^gjcV
edh^W^a^YVY ^ciZgbZY^V/ VjcfjZ AZccdc
cd hZ Y‚ XjZciV! BV^aZg Zhi{ ZhXg^W^ZcYd
Vfj†jcdYZhjhb{hVjYVXZhgZaVidhYZkZ"
_Zo!jcV[^XX^‹ciVcVbW^X^dhV!bdgYVo!_j"
\jZidcVnZ\dX‚cig^XVXdbdAdhYZhcjYdhn
adhbjZgidh!AVXVcX^‹cYZakZgYj\dd:a[Vc"
iVhbVYZ=Vgadi!aVVhe^gVX^‹chjegZbVYZ
XjVafj^ZgZhXg^idgYZ[^XX^‹c/aV^ckZcX^‹c
YZjcViZdY^XZV!aVXgZVX^‹cYZjch^hiZbV
iVc k{a^Yd n dgYZcVYd Äd iVc VWhjgYd n
XVeg^X]dhdÄXdbdZaYZXjVafj^ZgdigV[Z
hjg\^YVVadaVg\dYZaV=^hidg^V#6jcfjZ
hj dW_Zi^kd eVgZX^ZgV Xdch^hi^g Zc jcV
YZ[ZchV YZ Y^dh [gZciZ Va ViZ†hbd YZ Vj"
idgZh Xdbd =^iX]Zch! 9ZccZi d9Vl`^ch!
XdcZhiZa^WgdBV^aZgfj^o{hYZhVXgZY^iVV
aVhgZa^\^dcZhYZbVcZgVb{hgVY^XVafjZ
Zaadh#:ckZoYZji^a^oVgVg\jbZcidhgVX^d"
cVaZh! YZ ZmedcZg aVh VigdX^YVYZh XdbZ"
i^YVh Zc cdbWgZ YZ Y^dh dYZ Y^cVb^iVg
aVhXdcigVY^XX^dcZhYZaVh^\aZh^Vh!BV^aZg
Zm]^WZZaegdXZY^b^ZcidbZY^VciZZaXjVa
XjVafj^Zg^cY^k^YjdYdiVYdXdcjcV\gVc
XVeVX^YVY YZ [VWjaVX^‹c ÄBd^h‚h! 8g^hid!
BV]dbV!BV^aZgÄejZYZ^ckZciVgjcVgZ"
a^\^‹cVhjbZY^YV#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
EGA'&
EGA
hZejWa^XVhZ^hkZXZhVaVŠd#
8VYVZY^X^‹ceVhVgZk^hiV
Vadb{hZhi^bjaVciZ
ndg^\^cVaYZad
gZX^ZciZbZciZejWa^XVYd
Zca^iZgVijgV!W^d\gV[†V!
bZbdg^V!]^hidg^V!
eda†i^XV![^adhd[†V!X^ZcX^V#
6egdkZX]ZcjZhigVhiVg^[Vh
^cigdYjXidg^Vh#HjhXg†WVhZ
V]dgVngZX^WVEGAYZhYZ
Y^X^ZbWgZnXVYVYdh
bZhZh#
:9>8>âC>BEG:H6
::#JJ#!8VcVY{!6b‚g^XVAVi^cV # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH'&
GZhidYZabjcYd# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #JH'EGADCA>C:# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH&*
:9>8>âC>BEG:H6 EGADCA>C:
::#JJ#!8VcVY{!6b‚g^XVAVi^cV# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #JH'.
GZhidYZabjcYd# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #JH(+
DWiZc\VXVYVZY^X^‹cYZEGAZcjcE9;XdcY^hZŠdegde^d#AVhjhXg^eX^‹cVcjVadidg\VVXXZhdVidYVhaVh
ZY^X^dcZhYZEGA#
EVgVegZ\jciVhhdWgZhjhjhXg^eX^‹cdeVgVdgYZcVgjcVedgiZa‚[dcdedg[VkdgXdci{XiZcdhaaVbVcYdVa
'&'#-+)#)'-%dk^h^iVcYdlll#gZk^hiVega#Xdb#IVbW^‚cejZYZhjhXg^W^ghZZck^VcYdjcX]ZfjZdbdcZn
dgYZgV/B^Yd:Y^idgZh!),)8ZcigVaEVg`LZhi!CZlNdg`!CN&%%'*#
''EGA
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
@VciYVaV]dgV
GdWZgidIdggZii^
>bbVcjZa@Vci/k^\ZcX^VYZaV
Òadhd[†VXg†i^XV
YZ;Za^eZ8VhiVŠZYV!K^XZciZ9jg{c
nAj^h:YjVgYd=dndh!ZYh#
7d\di{!H^\adYZa=dbWgZ!'%%,!
+*)ee#!JH)I]Z8VbWg^Y\Z8dbeVc^dcid
@VciVcYBdYZgcE]^adhde]n
YZEVja<jnZgZY#
8VbWg^Y\ZJc^kZgh^inEgZhh!,''
ee#!JH'.!..
:hXg^idh`Vci^Vcdh/ZcidgcdV
@Vci!hjdWgVZ^cÓjZcX^V
YZ9Vk^YHdWgZk^aaV
A^bV!Jc^kZgh^YVYG^XVgYdEVabV!
'%%+!(%-ee#!EgZX^dcdY^hedc^WaZ
8g†i^XVYZaVgVo‹ceg{Xi^XV
YZ>bbVcjZa@Vci
:Y^X^‹cW^a^c\“ZVaZb{c"ZheVŠda#
IgVYjXX^‹c!ZhijY^degZa^b^cVg!
cdiVhZ†cY^XZVcVa†i^XdYZ9jaXZ
BVg†V<gVc_V8Vhigd#
B‚m^Xd!;8:!JC6B!J6B!'%%*!
*%)ee#!JH('!*%
DWhZgkVX^dcZhhdWgZZahZci^"
b^ZcidYZadWZaadnadhjWa^bZ
YZ>bbVcjZa@Vci
:Y^X^‹cW^a^c\“ZVaZb{c"ZheVŠda#
IgVYjXX^‹c!ZhijY^d^cigdYjXidg^d!
cdiVhZ†cY^XZVcVa†i^XdYZ9jaXZ
BVg†V<gVc_V8Vhigd#
B‚m^Xd!;8:!JC6B!J6B!'%%)!
'+)ee#!JH'*
6
jcfjZ cd Zm^hiZ Zc c^c\c h^"
i^djcVWdahVYZkVadgZh[^adh‹"
[^Xdh!ZhidhWV_VcnhjWZcXdbd
XjVafj^ZgdigdkVadg#:cadha"
i^bdhYdhh^\adh!Za`Vci^hbd]VdhX^aVYd
[jZgiZbZciZZcaVZhi^bVX^‹ceWa^XViVa
XdbdZaVg^hidiZa^hbdZcadhYdhb^aZc^dh
egZXZYZciZh!eZgdXdcbVndg[gZXjZcX^V#
AV[^adhd[†VYZ@VcieVh‹edgYdhgZXZh^d"
cZhhZg^Vh!Zc&-)%"&-+%najZ\dVeVgi^g
YZ&.'%#:cigZVbWVhijkdjc\gVcVj\Z!
fjZ Xd^cX^YZ Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ Xdc aV
YjgVX^‹c YZa HZ\jcYd >beZg^d 6aZb{c
&-,%"&.&-#6]dgVb^hbdeVhVedgdigd!
fjZZbeZo‹XdcaVWVcXVggdiVYZaZbe^"
g^hbda‹\^Xd]VX^V&.+%nhZ]V^YdVXZc"
ijVcYd ai^bVbZciZ! V bZY^YV fjZ cdh
kVc VWjgg^ZcYd adh ÆXdchigjXi^k^hbdhÇ n
ÆYZXdchigjXX^dc^hbdhÇfjZ]^X^ZgdchZc"
hVX^‹cZcZaai^bdiZgX^dYZah^\adeVhV"
Yd!ngZk^kZZa^ciZg‚hedgaVXaVg^YVYnaV
egZX^h^‹c igVY^X^dcVabZciZ XVgVXiZg†hi^"
XVhYZaV[^adhd[†V#
IZhi^bdc^d ZadXjZciZ YZ ZhiZ gZcVX^"
b^Zcid`Vci^VcdhdcadhYdh\gVcYZhkda"
bZcZhZY^iVYdh]VXZedXdedg8VhiVŠZYV!
9jg{cn=dndhZcZheVŠdanedg<jnZgZc
^c\a‚h!XdcaVXdaVWdgVX^‹cYZjcVea‚nVYZ
bjai^cVX^dcVa YZ ZheZX^Va^hiVh# :hiZ Zh Za
hZ\jcYd8dbeVc^dcfjZaVZY^idg^VaXVc"
iVWg^\ZchZ YZY^XV Va [^a‹hd[d Zc igZh ajh"
igdh#6fjZaegdXaVbVYZhZbWdoVYVbZciZ
Zc Za hjWi†ijad aV k^\ZcX^V YZ hj [^adhd[†V
Xg†i^XV# :c XdcigVhiZ Xdc adh cZd`Vci^V"
cdh YZ &.%%! adh VjidgZh Vfj† egZhZciZh
cd ^ciZciVc XdckZcXZg Va aZXidg YZ fjZ
aV [^adhd[†V YZ @Vci! gZ^ciZgegZiVYV n Zc"
bZcYVYVedgZaadh!YVZmVXiVbZciZZcZa
XaVkdYZaVkZgYVY#AV^YZVb^hbVYZfjZ
jch^hiZbV[^adh‹[^XdedYg†VhZgkZgYVYZgd
d[VahdXdbdadZhjcZhiVYdYZXjZciVd
jcbVcjVaYZajhjVg^dcd]VhdWgZk^k^Yd
VaVhgZ[aZm^dcZhYZAjYl^\L^ii\ZchiZ^c
&--."&.*&# Adh )* ZchVndh gZjc^Ydh Zc
Zhidha^WgdhhZVea^XVcb{hW^ZcVZajX^YVg!
VaVajoYZadhiZmidhYZ@Vci!VheZXidhd
hZ\bZcidhYZhj[^adhd[†VXg†i^XVXjndegZ"
X^hdhZci^Yd]Vh^YdbViZg^VYZY^hejiVn
fjZ!W^ZcZciZcY^Ydh!edYg†VcZcg^fjZXZg
ZaeZchVb^ZcidVXijVa#
AVdWgVZY^iVYVedg8VhiVŠZYVZiVa#Zhi{
XdckZc^ZciZbZciZY^k^Y^YVZcigZheVgiZh#
9dhYZZaaVhÄi^ijaVYVhÆKZgYVY!gZVa^YVY
n hjW_Zi^k^YVYÇ n ÆDWa^\VX^‹c! a^WZgiVY n
YZgZX]dÇÄV\gjeVcidYdadgZ[ZgZciZVaV
[^adhd[†ViZ‹g^XVnaV[^adhd[†Veg{Xi^XV!aVh
Ydh {gZVh Xa{h^XVh V fjZ @Vci YZY^X‹ hjh
Ydh 8g†i^XVh YZ aV gVo‹c ÆejgVÇ n Æeg{Xi^"
XVÇ#:cXVbW^d!Wg^aaVedghjVjhZcX^VaV
8g†i^XVYZaV[VXjaiVYYZ_jo\Vg!fjZedgh^"
\adnbZY^dYZhXdcXZgi‹Vadh^ci‚gegZiZh!
eZgd fjZ ai^bVbZciZ Zhi{ h^ZcYd XVYV
kZobZ_dgVegZX^VYVXdbd[jZciZYZ^che^"
gVX^‹cedgadh[^a‹hd[dhYZaVhX^ZcX^Vh#AV
iZgXZgVeVgiZYZaVdWgVfjZXdbZciVbdh
ÄÆ:hi‚i^XV! ]^hidg^V Z >ajhigVX^‹cÇÄ idXV
dWa^XjVbZciZjcdYZadhiZbVhYZaViZg"
XZgV Xg†i^XV! Zc jc ^ciZgZhVciZ ZchVnd YZ
8ViVa^cV <dco{aZo hdWgZ aV Xdcig^WjX^‹c
YZadhgZi‹g^Xdh]jbVc^hiVh!YZhYZAdc\^"
cd!VaigViVb^ZcidYZadhjWa^bZedg@Vci0
eZgdhZdXjeVeg^cX^eVabZciZYZaVh^YZVh
YZ @Vci hdWgZ aV ]^hidg^V! aV Xdbjc^YVY
^ciZgcVX^dcVanaV>ajhigVX^‹c!fjZhdc!edg
X^Zgid!YZZcdgbZVXijVa^YVY#IVbW^‚cZa
8VbWg^Y\Z 8dbeVc^dc id @Vci! fjZ XjWgZ
hjXZh^kVbZciZ b{h d bZcdh aVh b^hbVh
{gZVh! YZY^XV V aV iZgXZgV Xg†i^XV hdad jc
ZhijY^d!ZhXg^idedgZaegde^dZY^idg<jnZg
ee#*(-"*-,0eZgdZhZab{haVg\dYZid"
YdhnhZgZ[^ZgZcVYVbZcdhfjZVaVhÆVb"
W^X^dcZhYZ@VciÇZcZhVdWgV#
6ciZhYZVWdgYVgVa\jcdhYZadhigVWV"
_dh^cXaj^YdhZcZhidha^Wgdh!XgZddedgij"
cdZcjcX^VgaVfjZe^ZchdfjZZh!ZcXVYV
jcV YZ aVh igZh {gZVh hZŠVaVYVh! aV ZchZ"
ŠVcoV`Vci^VcVYZbVndgkVadgeVgVcdhd"
igdh#:caV[^adhd[†ViZ‹g^XV^bedgiVhdWgZ
idYd aV V[^gbVX^‹c YZ fjZ Za dW_Zid YZa
XdcdX^b^ZcidZhXdchigj^YdedgZaZciZc"
Y^b^Zcid]jbVcd!ZaXjVaVgi^XjaV!hZ\c
hjhegde^VhgZ\aVhYZXdbedh^X^‹cÆh†ciZ"
h^hÇ!Za[aj_dXdci^cjdYZaVh^begZh^dcZh
hZchdg^VaZh#HZ\cZhid!cd]VnjcbjcYd
dW_Zi^kd ]ZX]d n YZgZX]d! fjZ V\jVgYZ!
eg„i"|"edgiZg! fjZ ad YZhXjWgVc/ aV dW_Zi^"
k^YVYcdhZgZX^WZYZgZ\Vad!h^cdfjZhZ
egdYjXZXdciZh‹c#:caV[^adhd[†Veg{Xi^XV
Vccd]ZbdhVXVWVYdYZVh^b^aVgaViZh^h
hZŠZgVYZfjZadc^Xd^cXdcY^X^dcVabZc"
iZWjZcdfjZejZYZZm^hi^gZhjcVWjZcV
kdajciVY!aVXjVa!h^ZhZ_ZgX^YVedgjchj"
_Zid[^c^idnbZcZhiZgdhdXdbdcdhdigdh!
hZg{kdajciVYYZVXijVg!Zc[dgbVVWhdaj"
iVbZciZYZh^ciZgZhVYV!Xdc[dgbZVjcVgZ"
\aVYZaVXjVaZhZhj_ZidejZYVfjZgZgfjZ
h^gkVYZeg^cX^e^dVjcVaZnjc^kZghVa#:c
ZaiZggZcdb{hdbZcdhVW^\VggVYdYZaV
Zhi‚i^XV!aV]^hidg^VnaV>ajhigVX^‹cXVWg†V
bZcX^dcVgkVg^Vh^YZVhdg^\^cVaZhYZ@Vci
YZ aVh fjZ idYVk†V iZcZbdh bjX]d fjZ
VegZcYZg/ hdWgZ Za \Zc^d Vgi†hi^Xd! hdWgZ
aV Æ^chdX^VWaZ hdX^VW^a^YVYÇ ]jbVcV! ZiX#
EZgdc^c\jcVbZeVgZXZiVcgZaZkVciZZc
=^heVcdVb‚g^XV]dnXdbdhjgZhejZhiVV
aVegZ\jciV/´Fj‚ZhaV>ajhigVX^‹c48dc"
h^hiZZhiVZc oV[VghZYZaVb^cdg†VYZZYVY
ZcfjZeZghdcVhVYjaiVhhZbVci^ZcZcedghj
egde^V XjaeV0 YdcYZ aV [gVhZ Æb^cdg†V YZ
ZYVYÇYZh^\cVaV^cXVeVX^YVYYZZbeaZVg
aVegde^V^ciZa^\ZcX^Vh^chZgaaZkVYdYZaV
bVcdedgdigd#
G
ZhZŠVg a^Wgdh XdaZXi^kdh i^ZcZ
YZ^c\gVidfjZ!h^hZbZcX^dcVc
idYVhaVhXdaVWdgVX^dcZh!aVgZ"
XZch^‹c VXVWV hdcVcYd Xdbd
jc XVi{ad\d YZ a^WgZg†V# EVgV Zk^iVgad cd
]VndigdgZbZY^dfjZidbVgjcVbjZhigV!
b{hdbZcdhVaZVidg^V!nXdc[^VgZcfjZhZV
gZegZhZciVi^kV#BZgZ[Zg^g‚!edgiVcid!hdad
VX^cXdYZadhkZ^ci^h^ZiZZchVndhZY^iVYdh
edg8VhiVŠZYVZiVa#nVigZhYZadhY^ZX^d"
X]dZY^iVYdhedg<jnZg#EZgdc^VjcWV_d
ZhiV gZhig^XX^‹c bZ hZg{ edh^WaZ Zmea^XVg
XVWVabZciZ ad fjZ XVYV ZchVnd egdedcZ!
XdbdZhXdhijbWgZ]VXZgXjVcYdhZgZhZ"
ŠVjca^Wgdjc^iVg^d#AVhXdaVWdgVX^dcZhV
ZhiZ\‚cZgdYZa^WgdhnVZhi{chj_ZiVhVZh"
ig^XiVha^b^iVX^dcZhYZZheVX^dnhdc!edg
Zhd! WVhiVciZ XdcX^hVh! n cd Zh cVYV [{X^a
XdcYZchVgaVhb{hh^cfjZZaegdYjXidgZ"
hjaiZ^c^ciZa^\^WaZeVgVfj^ZccdedhZVjc
XdcdX^b^ZcidegZk^dYZaVhjcid#EdgZhd!
]ZgZhjZaidZc[dXVgZcXVYVXVhdjcV^YZV
fjZbZ]VaaVbVYdaVViZcX^‹c!VjcfjZcd
hZV aV eg^cX^eVa YZa ZchVnd c^ cZXZhVg^V"
bZciZVggd_ZajohdWgZidYVhaVhdigVhfjZ
ZhiZZmedcZ#E^ZchdfjZ!h^aVh^YZVhYZhiV"
XVYVhiVbW^‚caZeVgZXZch^\c^[^XVi^kVhVa
aZXidg!adVaZciVg{cVXdcdXZgZagZhid#
:c jc ZhijY^d aX^Yd n cdkZYdhd hd"
WgZ Æ:a XVb^cd YZ @Vci ]VX^V Za ZhfjZ"
bVi^hbdÇ8VhiVŠZYVZiVa#!ee#&&&"&')!
Za cdiVWaZ [^a‹hd[d kZcZodaVcd 6aWZgid
GdhVaZh ZhijY^V aVh ZiVeVh egZeVgVidg^Vh
YZ ZhiV YdXig^cV XZcigVa YZ aV 8g†i^XV YZ
aV gVo‹c ejgV fjZ iVcid YZhXdcX^ZgiV ÄZ
^cXajhdgZeZaZÄVadh^ci‚gegZiZhh^bea^h"
iVhZ^ggZ[aZm^kdh#&Æ:hfjZbVi^hbdÇaaVbV
@VciVaegdXZY^b^Zcidhj_ZidVgZ\aVhYZ
aV^bV\^cVX^‹cXgZVYdgVfjZgZXd\ZngZ"
cZ [gV\bZcidh d VheZXidh YZa YZkZc^g
hZch^WaZnadhhjWdgY^cVVXdcXZeidh#Gd"
hVaZhZcXjZcigVaVheg^bZgVh^cY^XVX^dcZh
YZZhiV^YZVZcaVXdcXZeX^‹cYZaXdcdX^"
b^ZcidbViZb{i^XdZhWdoVYVZczWZgY^Z
9Zjia^X]`Z^i### &,+)# ' @Vci YZhiVXV Vaa†
ÆZa eVeZa YZ aV h†ciZh^h ZcigZ Za XdcXZeid
n aVh h^c\jaVg^YVYZh ^cij^i^kVh! edg jc
aVYd! Xdbd dg^\Zc YZa XdcXZeid! Zhid Zh!
YZhjYZ[^c^X^‹c!nedgZadigdXdbddg^\Zc
YZadhXVhdhh^c\jaVgZhYZaXdcXZeid!ZhYZX^g!
YZhjhdW_ZidhÇÄedgZ_Zbead!adhcbZgdh
cVijgVaZh e# &&*0 ‚c[Vh^h b†d0 eZgd Æad
gZhig^c\Z Va eZchVg bViZb{i^XdÇ n YZ_V
[jZgV adh XdcXZeidh Zbe†g^Xdh# 8jVcYd
@VciÆgZYZhXjWgZÇZc&,+-aVY^hXdci^cj^"
YVYZcigZ^cij^gneZchVgnÆXVgVXiZg^oVV
aV ^cij^X^‹c Xdbd eVh^kVÇ! cd ejZYZ nV
Vh^\cVgVaVhZch^W^a^YVYaVVXi^k^YVYfjZ
egdYjXZadhh^c\jaVgZhhZch^WaZhn!Zchj
Y^hZgiVX^‹c^cVj\jgVaYZ&,,%!aVVig^Wj"
nZVaV^bV\^cVX^‹ce#&&+#:cZhiVdWgV!
Y^XZGdhVaZh!adhfjZ@VciajZ\daaVbVg{
ÆZhfjZbVhÇZhi{cegZhZciZhWV_dZacdb"
WgZ YZ ÆXdcY^X^dcZh hZch^WaZhÇ# NV ÆZa ˜&
Y^hi^c\jZ ZcigZ eZchVg aV Xdbedh^X^‹c
YZjcVbjai^ea^X^YVYVigVk‚hYZjcXdc"
XZeid n! edg digd aVYd! Z_ZXjiVg ZhV Xdb"
edh^X^‹cVigVk‚hYZjcVVY^X^‹chjXZh^kV
YZ bai^eaZh Zc Za i^ZbedÇ! jc bdYd YZ
]VWaVgfjZÆhZVegdm^bVVaV[jijgVYZiZg"
b^cVX^‹c Xg†i^XV YZa ZhfjZbV Xdbd jc
b‚idYdeVgVegdedgX^dcVgVjcXdcXZeid
hj ^bV\ZcÇ e# &&.# GdhVaZh eZgh^\jZ aV
ZkdajX^‹cYZZhiVh^YZVhVigVk‚hYZkVg^dh
&
K‚VchZ! V ZhiZ egde‹h^id! Zc Æ:a ZhfjZ"
bVi^hbd igVhXZcYZciVaÇ! YZ BV\YVaZcV
=da\j†c 8VhiVŠZYV Zi Va#! ee# &'*"&(*!
hjhbjn_jhidhhZŠVaVb^ZcidhVXZgXVYZaV
de^c^‹cYZ?dcVi]Vc7ZccZii#
'
>bbVcjZa @Vci! HdWgZ aV c^i^YZo YZ adh
eg^cX^e^dh YZ aV iZdad\†V cVijgVa n YZ aV
bdgVa#IgVYjXX^‹cncdiVhYZGdWZgidId"
ggZii^#9^{ad\dh!',/*,"-,&.,)#Dg^\^cVa
VaZb{c Zc @Vci! <ZhVbbZaiZ HX]g^[iZc!
6`VYZb^Z"Vjh\VWZ Zc VYZaVciZ! 6`!
'/',*"(%&#
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
ZhXg^idhe‹hijbdhYZaVY‚XVYVh^\j^ZciZ!
]VhiVXjab^cVgZcZah^\j^ZciZeVhV_ZXdc"
iZc^YdZcjcXjghdYZbZiV[†h^XVfjZ@Vci
Y^Xi‹jcddYdhVŠdhVciZhYZiZgb^cVgaV
8g†i^XV YZ aV gVo‹c ejgV/ Æ9Z adh dW_Zidh
YZ aV ^cij^X^‹c iZcZbdh XdcdX^b^Zcidh
\gVX^Vh V aV ^bV\^cVX^‹c! ^ciZgbZY^Vg^V
ZcigZ Za ZciZcY^b^Zcid n aV hZch^W^a^YVY#
8dch^YZgVYV Zc VWhigVXid! ZhiV ^bV\^cV"
X^‹cZhZaZciZcY^b^Zcid#AVhXdcY^X^dcZh
ndeZgVX^dcZhYZaV^bV\^cVX^‹cidbVYVh
ZcVWhigVXidhdcadhXdcXZeidhejgdhnXV"
iZ\dg†VhYZaZciZcY^b^ZcidÇ6`!'-/'(.#
:
[gV†c AVodh ZhXg^WZ hdWgZ Æ:a nd
igVhXZcYZciVa`Vci^VcdÇee#.&"
&%.# 6ciZh YZ Zmea^XVg ÆaV iZh^h
YZ aV VWhigVXX^‹cÇ fjZ AVodh [V"
kdgZXZ Zc ZhiV bViZg^V! Zhi^bd dedgijcd
gZXdgYVg fjZ Zc idYVh aVh dWgVh fjZ ej"
Wa^X‹Zck^YVnZcadhbVcjhXg^idhe‹hij"
bdhYZhjejŠdnaZigV!@Vcicdji^a^oVc^
jcV hdaV kZo aV [gVhZ YVh igVchoZcYZciVaZ
>X]! Xjnd Zfj^kVaZciZ XVhiZaaVcd h^gkZ YZ
i†ijadVZhiZigVWV_d#:aaVhZ]VY^[jcY^Yd
ZcaVa^iZgVijgVedhiZg^dgXdbdjcbZY^d
X‹bdYdeVgVgZ[Zg^ghZÄn!YZeVhd!^beZg"
i^cZciZbZciZ hjhiVci^kVgÄ Va hj_Zid YZ aV
dgVX^‹cÆe^ZchdÇ>X]YZc`ZYZaVfjZ@Vci
]V Y^X]d fjZ Æi^ZcZ fjZ edYZg VXdbeV"
ŠVg V idYVh b^h gZegZhZciVX^dcZhÇ# 8dbd
@Vcihdhi^ZcZ]VWZgYZbdhigVYdfjZXVYV
eZghdcVhZXdcdXZhdadXdbdhjXZh^‹c[Z"
cdb‚c^XVncdXdbdXdhVZch†b^hbV!aV
Xdh^[^XVX^‹c YZa hjhdY^X]d hj_Zid Zc\Zc"
Yg‹aVÆiZh^hYZaVZmXajh^‹cÇ!hZ\caVXjVa
ZhiZYZcdiVÆjcVZheZX^ZYZZci^YVYhjeZg"
aVi^kV###!Zhea‚cY^YVbZciZV^haVYVYZidYd
adZbe†g^XdÇe#..!fjZÆcdeZgiZcZXZVa
bdW^a^Vg^dYZabjcYdÇ!c^ÆejZYZ^YZci^"
[^XVghZXdcjc^cY^k^Yjd!ZcigZdigdhÇe#
.(#HdeZcVYZXdcXaj^gfjZÆaVheZghdcVh
cdhdchj_ZidheZchVciZh!iVaiZh^hYZWZhZg
gZX]VoVYVÇe#.)#AVodhaZdedcZaVÆiZh^h
YZaVVWhigVXX^‹cÇ!hZ\caVXjVa/
###ZaÆNde^ZchdfjZi^ZcZfjZedYZg
VXdbeVŠVg½Ç Zh jcV gZegZhZciV"
X^‹c### V aV fjZ hZ Vgg^WV### ]VX^ZcYd
VWhigVXX^‹c YZa XdciZc^Yd YZ eZchV"
b^Zcid YZ XjVafj^Zg XdcX^ZcX^V ]j"
bVcV# ###:c ZhiZ XdciZmid! YZX^g fjZ
Za hj_Zid YZ eZchVb^Zcid cd ejZYZ
^YZci^[^XVghZ Xdc c^c\c hj_Zid Zb"
e†g^Xd! hZ Xdck^ZgiZ Zc aV aaVcZoV YZ
fjZ aVh VWhigVXX^dcZh cd eZgiZcZXZc
VabjcYd#e#.)
FjZZhiVe^ZoVXaVkZYZaViVfjZYZ@Vci
XdcigVZaZbe^g^hbd^c\a‚hcd[jZhZb{h
fjZ jcV ^YZV VWhigVXiV Zc Za hZci^Yd YZ
AdX`Z hZg†V! h^c YjYV! jcV ^gdc†V VeVWj"
aaVciZnVaZXX^dcVYdgV#8dcidYd!ZaY^aZ"
bVZcigZZmXajh^‹cnVWhigVXX^‹cfjZAV"
odhcdheaVciZVhjedcZYZhXdcdXZgfjZZa
kZgWde^Zchd!ZcZaeVhV_ZX^iVYd!ZmegZhV!
hZ\cZab^hbd@Vci!ZaVXidYZafjZ!_jh"
iVbZciZ!hjg\ZVfj†nV]dgVZaaj\VgYZaV
kZgYVY!YdcYZhZXdchi^ijnZcadhdW_Zidh0n
fjZaVYZh^cZcX^VYZeg^bZgVeZghdcVh^c"
\jaVg Xdc fjZ ZhZ kZgWd ^cZk^iVWaZbZciZ
hZ Xdc_j\V cd ^bea^XV fjZ ZhZ VXid hZV
XVjhVYdedgjcVXdhVXdbdXVWg†V^c[Zg^g
h^aVYZh^cZcX^V[jZhZYZiZgXZgVeZghdcV#
6[dgijcVYVbZciZ! Za Vgi†Xjad YZ AVodh
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
k^ZcZegZXZY^YdedgÆ@VcinZandÇee#,."
-.!YZaegd[ZhdgVaZb{cEZiZg7VjbVcc!
fjZ]VaZ†YdV@VciXdcb{hhV\VX^YVYn
eVX^ZcX^VfjZadhVjidgZh^c\aZhZhfjZX^iV
AVodh#EVgV‚aÆZhYZYZX^h^kV^bedgiVcX^V
fjZ jcd cd hZ gZegZhZciZ Za nd `Vci^Vcd
XdbdVa\dYVYdc^fjZZci^ZcYVaVVjid"
XdcX^ZcX^V Xdbd jcV gZ[aZm^‹c hdWgZ ZhZ
nd Zm^hiZciZ Xdc ^cYZeZcYZcX^V YZ ZhV
gZ[aZm^‹cÇ e# -+# :a ZcjcX^VYd Æe^ZchdÇ
fjZÆi^ZcZfjZedYZgVXdbeVŠVgVidYVh
b^h gZegZhZciVX^dcZhÇ cd gZb^iZ V jc
ZciZ fjZ hjWh^hiV ^cYZeZcY^ZciZbZciZ
YZ‚a!c^VjcV^YZVXdcXgZiVc^VWhigVXiV0
h^cdfjZZmegZhVZaVXidYZgZjc^gZcjcV
XdcX^ZcX^V Za YZkZc^g hZch^WaZ# ÆEdg Zhd
ÄedgfjZcd]VncVYVfjZhVWZghdWgZZhZ
ndÄ ###@Vci i^ZcYZ ###V cd aaVbVg Va nd c^
h^fj^ZgVÈndÉÇe#--!h^cdb{hW^ZcÆZaadÇ!
XdbdA^X]iZcWZg\HjYZaWjX]@,+#H^]j"
W^ZgV ZhXg^id Zc aVi†c d Zc XVhiZaaVcd ]V"
Wg†Vdb^i^YdZaegdcdbWgZXdc[jcY^Ydg0
dedYg†V]VWZgY^X]dXd\^iVijg!ÈhZe^ZchVÉ!
Xdbdhda^‹]VXZgAZ^Wc^oVjcfjZcdYZg^"
k‹YZZaadaVXdcXajh^‹cVci^hjhiVcX^Va^hiV
fjZhZ^bedcZ#
AVhZXX^‹cYZ[^adhd[†Veg{Xi^XVXdci^ZcZ
dcXZZchVndhn]VndigdhXjVigdZcaViZg"
XZgVhZXX^‹cfjZiVbW^‚cedYg†VcedcZghZ
WV_d ZhV YZcdb^cVX^‹c# =VWaVg‚ YZ Ydh#
:c ÆAV VXijVa^YVY YZa eZchVb^Zcid bd"
gVaYZ@VciÇee#&*."&-'!K^XZciZ9jg{c
8VhVhZhXg^WZejaXgVbZciZhdWgZZaVhjcid
fjZVfj†cdhdXjeV/
:a eZchVb^Zcid YZ jc [^a‹hd[d Zh
VXijVa Zc aV bZY^YV Zc fjZ eZghdcVh
XjaiVhadaZVcnVa\dVegZcYVcYZ‚a###
ZcjcV[dgbVhZbZ_VciZVXdbdVegZc"
YZbdh YZ cdhdigdh b^hbdh XjVcYd
cdhb^gVbdhgZ[aZ_VYdhZcjcZheZ_d#
###AV VXijVa^YVY YZ jc eZchVb^Zcid
[^adh‹[^Xd cd egdXZYZ! edg iVcid! YZ
_j^X^dhVh ZhiVY†hi^XVh XdbZgX^VaZh d
eZg^dY†hi^XVh!h^cdYZjcVXidfjZbZ
VigZkd V aaVbVg V aV kZo Zhe^g^ijVa Z
^ciZa^\ZciZ! Zc Za fjZ jc hj_Zid! fjZ
i^ZcZ egdWaZbVh! egZ\jciVh d ^cfj^Z"
ijYZh YZ dgYZc Xd\c^i^kd! eg{Xi^Xd d
YZ hZci^Yd! XdadXVYd Zc XdciVXid Xdc
aV dWgV YZ digd hj_Zid! ZcXjZcigV Zc
ZhiZ jcV dg^ZciVX^‹c! jc h^\c^[^XVYd!
jc^bejahdZcjcVX^ZgiVY^gZXX^‹cd
jcVgZhejZhiVfjZbdY^[^XVdgZdg^Zc"
iVhjegde^deaVciZVb^Zcid^c^X^VaYZa
Vhjcid#ee#&+%"&+&
i‹a^XdhÄZcXdcigVhiZXdcX^ZgidhejZWadh
eV\Vcdh YZ aV 6ci^\“ZYVYÄ igViVc Xdbd
WVhjgV# 8dcigV ZhiV bZi{WVh^h Z^h Vaad \‚"
cdh!@VcihZegdcjcX^‹XdcYZX^h^‹c/
EGA'(
YZaXdbedgiVb^ZcidYZaVh;jZgoVh6gbV"
YVhZcZa8dcdHjgZcigZ&.,(n&..%#:c
XVbW^d!aVhegZY^XX^dcZhYZadhVajbcdhn
egd[ZhdgZhYZNVaZ!fjZXdcdX†VcW^ZcnÄV
egde‹h^idYZZhiZb^hbdZmeZg^bZcidÄiZ"
:a YZWZg hZg ZmegZhV jcV [dgbV YZ c†Vc bjn egZhZciZ aV ]^hidg^V YZ :jgdeV
cZXZh^YVYnYZZcaVXZXdcgVodcZh!fjZ 8ZcigVa ZcigZ &.(( n &.)*! hdad ejZYZc
cjcXV hZ egZhZciV Zc aV cVijgVaZoV# Zmea^XVghZ edg jcV XdbW^cVX^‹c ZheZajo"
9ZZhiV!ZaZciZcY^b^ZcidhdadejZYZ cVciZYZ^c\Zcj^YVYnegZ_j^X^d‚ic^Xd#
XdcdXZgadfjZVaa†Zhd]Vh^YddhZg{#
B^ZcigVhfjZZaeZchVb^Zcid‚i^Xdn_j"
:h^bedh^WaZfjZVa\dYZWVhZgZcZaaV g†Y^XdYZ@VciXdc\gZ\VVb{hYZaVb^iVY
YZdigdbdYdfjZXdbdZhYZ]ZX]dZc YZadhZchVndhYZaa^WgdYZ8VhiVŠZYVZiVa#!
idYVh ZhiVh gZaVX^dcZh iZbedgVaZh# :h cd]VnZc‚ac^c\jcdfjZZhXgjiZhjeZc"
b{h!ZaYZWZgcdi^ZcZVWhdajiVbZciZ hVb^Zcid VXZgXV YZ aVh X^ZcX^Vh ZmVXiVh n
c^c\chZci^YdeVgVfj^ZchdadegZh" cVijgVaZh#H^cZbWVg\d!ZhiVZhaVdigV\gVc
iVViZcX^‹cVaXjghdYZaVcVijgVaZoV# kZgi^ZciZYZa^ciZg‚hVXijVaZchj[^adhd[†V!
8g†i^XVYZaVgVo‹cejgV!7*,*
nZcZhiZb^hbdVŠd'%%,!aV8dc[ZgZcX^V
6cjVa YZa GdnVa >chi^ijiZ d[ E]^adhde]n
a Xdb^Zcod YZ hj Vgi†Xjad YZ AdcYgZh Zhijkd YZY^XVYV V Æ@Vci n aV
Æ@Vci! Za bVa gVY^XVa n aV bd" [^adhd[†VYZaVX^ZcX^V]dnÇ#EVgVXdbeZc"
YZgc^YVYÇee#).,"*'&!YdcYZ hVgVa\daVjc^aViZgVa^YVYYZaeg^bZga^Wgd
Y^hXjggZ hdWgZ aV V[^gbVX^‹c XdbZciVYd! ^cXajnd Zc b^ bjZhigV YZa
`Vci^VcV YZ fjZ ÆZa hZg ]jbVcd Zh bVad hZ\jcYdadhZchVndhYZA^cYVH]dWZa!ÆAV
edg cVijgVaZoVÇ 6` +/('! L^ahdc =ZggZ" [^adhd[†VYZaVhbViZb{i^XVhYZ@VciÇee#
gV ZkdXV adh ZmeZg^bZcidh YZ B^a\gVb .)"&'-nYZB^X]VZa;g^ZYbVc!Æ;^adhd[†V
hdWgZaVdWZY^ZcX^V#(:hiZeh^X‹ad\dYZaV YZaVX^ZcX^VcVijgVaÇee#(%("()&#
Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ NVaZ gZXaji‹ Zc CZl =V"
6jcfjZaVgZkdajX^‹cfjZXVbW^Vg†VgV"
kZcnhjhVagZYZYdgZhV)%hj_ZidhYZhZmd Y^XVabZciZ Za gdhigd YZ aVh bViZb{i^XVh
bVhXja^cdYZZcigZ'%n*%VŠdhYZZYVY ZcZah^\adM>MhZegZeVgVWVnVZck^YVYZ
ÄcjZkZegd[Zh^dcVaZh!Y^ZX^h‚^hZbeaZVYdh @Vci!aVgVgV^cY^XVX^‹cfjZcdhYVYZfjZ
YZÆXjZaadWaVcXdÇnfj^cXZdWgZgdhÄ!eVgV adWVggjciVWVVejciVb{hW^ZcVjcVVX"
fjZXdaVWdgVhZcXdc‚aZcjcZmeZg^bZc" i^ijY hjnV XdcigVggZkdajX^dcVg^V Zc ZhiZ
id[^c\^YdhdWgZadhZ[ZXidhYZaXVhi^\dZc gZheZXidX[#6`'/)%)h#HZVYZZaadadfjZ
Za VegZcY^oV_Z# 8VYV hj_Zid YZW†V ]VXZg [jZgZ! @Vci cjcXV YZhZX]‹ aV YZ[^c^X^‹c
egZ\jciVh V jc ^cY^k^Yjd X‹bea^XZ YZa bZY^ZkVaYZaVhbViZb{i^XVhXdbdX^ZcX^V
ZmeZg^bZciVYdgniZc†V^chigjXX^dcZhYZ YZaVXVci^YVY!XdbejZhiVYZYdhgVbVh!aV
Vea^XVgaZ \daeZh Za‚Xig^Xdh YZ Y^kZghV ^c" Vg^ib‚i^XV!fjZZhijY^VXVci^YVYZhY^hXgZ"
iZch^YVY ÄfjZ Za ZmeZg^bZciVYdg ^g†V hZ" iVh!naV\ZdbZig†V!fjZZhijY^VXVci^YVYZh
ŠVaVcYdÄXVYVkZofjZY^ZgVjcVgZhejZhiV Xdci^cjVh# 6bWVh cdh gZ\VaVc! hZ\c ‚a!
Zgg‹cZV# EVgVZaadY^hedc†VYZjc^chigj" XdcVhZkZgVX^dcZhfjZhdcVaVkZoVeg^dg^!
bZcidÄedgX^Zgid^cdeZgVciZÄ\gVYjVYd ZhidZh!cdWVhVYVhZcc^c\jcVZmeZg^Zc"
Zc(%c^kZaZhYZ^ciZch^YVY!YZhYZfj^cXZ X^V!nh^ci‚i^XVh!ZhidZh!cdYZYjX^WaZhYZa
YZhXg^id Xdbd Æ\daeZ hjVkZÇ ]VhiV )*% h^\c^[^XVYdYZadhi‚gb^cdhfjZaVhXdb"
kdai^dhÆEZa^\gd/\daeZhZkZgdÇ#EVgVYVgaZ edcZc# Jc h^\ad YZhej‚h YZ hj bjZgiZ!
jcV^YZVYZaYdadgfjZZhiZedYg†VXVjhVg! ZhiVYdXig^cVZhiVWVXdbeaZiVbZciZYZh"
hZaZVea^XVWVVXVYVhj_Zidjc\daeZZa‚X" VXgZY^iVYV# HZ\c aV de^c^‹c Ydb^cVciZ
ig^XdgZVaYZ)*kdai^dh#AV^ciZch^YVYYZa V eg^cX^e^dh YZa h^\ad MM! b^ZcigVh fjZ
\daeZegZhXg^idedgZaZmeZg^bZciVYdg^WV aV \ZdbZig†V ZjXa^Y^VcV! aV c^XV gZXd"
ZcVjbZcidVbZY^YVfjZhZVXjbjaVWVc cdX^YV edg @Vci! Zh h^ci‚i^XV! eZgd cd V
adhZggdgZh#6ciZhYZZbeZoVg!hZVYk^gi^‹ eg^dg^! ejZh ]Vn bjX]dh digdh h^hiZbVh
Vadhhj_ZidhfjZgZX^W^g†VcidYVaVgZbj" YZ\ZdbZig†ViVcaZ\†i^bdhXdbdZaaV!aV
cZgVX^‹c XdckZc^YV VjcfjZ VWVcYdcV" Vg^ib‚i^XV Zh V eg^dg^! eZgd cd h^ci‚i^XV!
gVcZaZmeZg^bZcidVciZhYZXdbeaZiVgad# ejZhhZaVedYg†VYZg^kVg†ciZ\gVYZYZ[^"
8VidgXZZhijY^VciZhYZeh^Xdad\†VYZNVaZ c^X^dcZh!Xdc[dgbZVaVhaZnZhYZaVa‹\^XV#
[jZgdc ^ck^iVYdh V egZYZX^g Za XdbedgiV" Jch^\adb{hiVgYZ!hdadjcVeZfjZŠ†h^bV
b^Zcid fjZ jcV bjZhigV YZ X^jYVYVcdh b^cdg†VYZZhijY^dhdhbZgdYZVZcidgcd
VbZg^XVcdh Xdbd aV YZhXg^iV Zm]^W^g†V VZhiVai^bVedh^X^‹c!nXgZXZZacbZgd
:cigZadhkVg^dh^c\gZY^ZciZhYZaV[^adhd" Zc jcV h^ijVX^‹c Vh†# Adh b{h eZh^b^hiVh YZfj^ZcZhe^ZchVcfjZjcVYdh^hYZ`Vc"
[†VbdgVa`Vci^VcVXjnVVXijVa^YVY9jg{c de^cVgdcfjZ]VWg†VVadhjbdjc(Y^h" i^hbdedYg†VidYVk†V[Zgi^a^oVgaV[^adhd[†V
8VhVhhjWgVnV!]VnjcVhZgidYZeVgi^XjaVg ejZhid V Vea^XVg jc \daeZ YZ )*% kdai^dh0 XdciZbedg{cZV YZ aVh bViZb{i^XVh# :a
gZaZkVcX^V eVgV adh YZWViZh W^d‚i^Xdh YZ Za egdbZY^d Zhi^b‹ fjZ V ZhiZ ZmigZbd Vgi†Xjad YZ H]dWZa Zh ZhZcX^VabZciZ jcV
]dn/ Æ9Z _j^X^dh X^Zci†[^Xdh cd Zh edh^WaZ aaZ\Vg†V jc &!'# H^c ZbWVg\d! Zhd [jZ ad Zmedh^X^‹cY^Y{Xi^XVfjZZmea^XVXdc\gVc
dWiZcZg_j^X^dhbdgVaZhÇ#=ZZhXjX]VYdV fjZ]^X^Zgdc'+hj_Zidh!ZhidZh!jc+*YZ egZX^h^‹cnZhijeZcYdYdb^c^dYZabViZ"
^ciZaZXijVaZhXVi‹a^XdhhdhiZcZgfjZZaYZh" aVbjZhigV#Nfj^ZcZhVWVcYdcVgdcZaZm" g^VaZcfj‚Xdch^hiZZaXVg{XiZgh^ci‚i^Xdn
XjWg^b^ZcidYZa9C6edg8g^X`nLVihdc eZg^bZcid VciZh YZ VaXVcoVg ZhZ c^kZa YZ Veg^dg^YZaVhbViZb{i^XVhhZ\c@Vci!Vh†
ZhiVWaZX^‹ YZ[^c^i^kVbZciZ fjZ XVYV Zb" ^ciZch^YVYhjeZgVgdcidYdhZac^kZaYZ(%% XdbdZaeVeZaXaVkZfjZZhiVYdXig^cVhjnV
Wg^‹c]jbVcdÄ^beaVciVYddcdÄZhjcV kdai^dhÆ\daeZbjn[jZgiZÇ!fjZadhXdaZ" _jZ\VZcaVXdchi^ijX^‹cYZhj[^adhd[†VXg†"
eZghdcV! hj_Zid YZ YZgZX]dh n VXgZZYdgV \Vh YZ B^a\gVb _jo\VWVc kZgdh†b^a fjZ i^XV# 6jcfjZ gZXdb^ZcYd XVajgdhVbZc"
YZ dWa^\VX^dcZh! ejZhid fjZ XVYV X‚ajaV hdadedfj†h^bdhVaXVcoVgVc#
iZ hj aZXijgV! YZWd Xdc[ZhVg fjZ V gVidh
hjnVXdci^ZcZ†ciZ\gVaV^YZci^YVY\Zc‚i^"
:hidhgZhjaiVYdhcdidbVg{cYZhdgegZ" ]ZZX]VYdYZbZcdhZc‚ajcedfj^idYZ
XVYZaX^jYVYVcdfjZ!ZcXdcY^X^dcZhegd" hV Va ]^heVcdVbZg^XVcd YZ ]dn! fjZ hVWZ Y^hiVcX^V Xg†i^XV gZheZXid YZ X^ZgiVh V[^g"
e^X^Vh!ZhZZbWg^‹caaZ\Vg†VVhZg#6aeVgZ"
bVX^dcZh YZ @Vci# 6h†! V egde‹h^id YZ aV
XZgdak^YVcfjZY^X]V^YZci^YVY\Zc‚i^XV ( HiVcaZn B^a\gVb! Æ7Z]Vk^dgVa HijYn d[ egjZWVZjXa^Y^VcVYZfjZadhigZh{c\jadh
Zhi{ XdciZc^YV iVbW^‚c Zc aVh X‚ajaVh YZ DWZY^ZcXZÇ!?djgcVad[6WcdgbVaVcYHdX^Va ^ciZgcdhYZjcig^{c\jadeaVcdXjVafj^Z"
aV eVgiZ [ZiVa YZ aV eaVXZciV! fjZ adh XV" EhnX]dad\n!+(/(,&"(,-&.+(#
gVhjbVcYdhgZXidhaVb^hbVfjZVchZ
6
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
')EGA
ZchZŠVZcaVhZhXjZaVhYZidYdZabjcYd!
Y^XZH]dWZa/
jcejcidZcXdbc!jcVWjhdYZXdc[^VcoV
fjZaZ[jZgZegdX]VYdZcZah^\adM>M#
:c Za bjcYd YZ ]VWaV ^c\aZhV cVY^Z ]V
@VciZciZcY^‹fjZaV[^\jgVXdchigj^" Xdcig^Wj^YdiVcidXdbd;g^ZYbVcVgZVk^"
YV Zc aV egjZWV YZ :jXa^YZh cd Zh jc kVgZa^ciZg‚hedg@VciZcigZadh[^a‹hd[dhYZ
Vjm^a^Vg]Zjg†hi^XdYZaZciZcY^b^Zcid! aVX^ZcX^V#6jidgXjVcYdbjn_dkZcYZjcd
h^cdb{hW^ZcjcXdbedcZciZZhZcX^Va YZ adh bZ_dgZh a^Wgdh [^adh‹[^Xdh hdWgZ aVh
Z ^cZa^b^cVWaZ YZa gVodcVb^Zcid fjZ iZdg†Vh YZ aV gZaVi^k^YVY YZ :^chiZ^c!* Zb"
XdcYjXZVa\Z‹bZigV!YZhYZadh{c\j" egZcYZb{hiVgYZjcVhZg^ZYZVXjX^dhdhZh"
adh^ciZg^dgZhYZjcig^{c\jad!ÆVigVk‚h ijY^dhhdWgZaV[^adhd[†V`Vci^VcVYZaV\Zd"
YZjcVXVYZcVYZ^c[ZgZcX^VhfjZZhi{ bZig†VnYZaVbZX{c^XVfjZ!_jcidXdcjcV
h^ZbegZ \j^VYV edg aV ^cij^X^‹cÇ! V aV ZmiZchVbdcd\gV[†VhdWgZZaY^[†X^anedXd
hjbV YZ Ydh {c\jadh gZXidh# e# &%,0 aZ†Yd Dejh edhijbjb YZ @Vci! ejWa^XV Zc
‚c[Vh^hb†d
Za ^bedcZciZ kdajbZc @Vci VcY i]Z :mVXi
HX^ZcXZh8VbWg^Y\ZB6/=VgkVgYJc^kZg"
Nd]VWg†VegZ[Zg^YdfjZY^_ZgV/Æ@VciXgZ" h^inEgZhh!&..'#GZXdcdX^YdZmeZgidZcaV
n‹ZciZcYZgÇ#)EjZhZk^YZciZbZciZc^c\jcV [^adhd[†VYZaZbe^g^hbda‹\^XdnhjhhZXjZ"
^cij^X^‹cgZheVaYVZahjejZhid!ji^a^oVYdZc aVh!;g^ZYbVc\doVWVYZidYdZaXg‚Y^idcZ"
aVegjZWV!YZfjZedgjcejcid[jZgVYZjcV XZhVg^deVgVZX]VgVVcYVgjcgZcVX^b^Zcid
gZXiVhZejZYZigVoVgjcVnhdadjcVeVgVaZaV `Vci^Vcd#HjXdcig^WjX^‹cVa8dbeVc^dcYZ
V ZhV gZXiV# NV :jXa^YZh ad hVW†V n edg Zhd <jnZgZmea^XVXaVgVnXdcX^hVbZciZaVhegZ"
_jo\‹ dedgijcd edhijaVg jcV VhZkZgVX^‹c dXjeVX^dcZhX^Zci†[^Xd"[^adh‹[^XVhYZa_dkZc
Zfj^kVaZciZVaVfjZVXVWdYZedcZgZcXjg" @Vci! V[Vcdhd YZ gZXdcX^a^Vg aV bZX{c^XV
h^kVh#:jXa^YZhcdhZbdaZhiVWVZcbZcX^d" YZCZlidcXdcaVbZiV[†h^XVYZAZ^Wc^o!n
cVgadfjZiZc†Vedg^cij^i^kVbZciZZk^YZc" hjbZiVbdg[dh^h!VaVbeVgdYZaV[^adhd[†V
iZ! XjVcYd cZXZh^iVWV gZXjgg^g V Zaad# Edg Xg†i^XV!Zcadh;jcYVbZcidhbZiV[†h^XdhYZaV
Z_Zbead!Zc>!&!YVi{X^iVbZciZedgYZhXdc" X^ZcX^V cVijgVa &,-+# :a h^hiZbV YZ [†h^XV
iVYd fjZ Ydh XjgkVh fjZ hZ XdgiVc i^ZcZc ejgV YZhVggdaaVYd Vfj† Zh jcV gZVa^oVX^‹c
d Z_Zbea^[^XVX^‹c YZ aV [^adhd[†V igVhXZc"
)
Fj^o{hH]dWZahdadfj^hdYZX^gÆ@VciZc"
iZcY†VfjZ½Ç#:aegZi‚g^id^c\a‚hjcYZghid" *B^X]VZa;g^ZYbVcc!;djcYVi^dchd[HeV"
dYZbeaZVYdedgZaaVVYb^iZaVhYdh^ciZg" XZ"I^bZ I]Zdg^Zh# Eg^cXZidc C?/ Eg^cXZidc
egZiVX^dcZh#
Jc^kZgh^inEgZhh!&.-(#
AacaQ`PO\[SOEGA(
3RWQW„\W[^`SaO
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
@Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA CA &
>@:=<:7<3
CA#
3RWQW„\W[^`SaO>@:=<:7<3
33CC1O\ORt/[{`WQO:ObW\O
CA '
@Sab]RSZ[c\R]
CA!$
/RXc\b]QVS_cSO\][P`SRS;WR]3RWb]`Sa
1O`UO`O[WbO`XSbORSQ`{RWb](
DWaO;OabS`QO`R/[S`WQO\3f^`Saa2WaQ]dS`
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
<‰[S`]RS1cS\bO
MMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3f^W`O
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
4W`[O
<][P`SMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
2W`SQQW„\MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
1WcROR MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3abOR]MMMMMMH7>MMMMMMMBSZ{T]\]MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3[OWZMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
3\dWO`T]`[cZO`W]O;WR]3RWb]`Sa"%"1S\b`OZ>O`YESab<SeG]`Y<G #BO[PW{\
^cSRSS\dWO`Z]^]`TOf]ZZO[O`OZ &$"" &]acaQ`WPW`aSS\\cSab`]eSPaWbS(eee
`SdWabO^`ZQ][
YZciVa ZmejZhiV Zc aV 8g†i^XV YZ aV gVo‹c
ejgVe#(&-#´8j{cZhZcX^VaZhZaaVeVgVZa
h^hiZbV`Vci^VcdZchjXdc_jcid46a\jcdh
VjidgZh! eVgi^XjaVgbZciZ <ZgY 7jX]YV]a!
]VchdhiZc^YdfjZcdadZh!Y^hi^c\j^ZcYd
ÆZcigZ aV ZmeZg^ZcX^V X^Zci†[^XV egZX^hV n
bViZb{i^XV!XjnVedh^W^a^YVYhZZmea^XVZc
adh;jcYVbZcidhbZiV[†h^Xdh!naVb{hgZaV_V"
YVnbZcdhZm^\ZciZZmeZg^ZcX^VdgY^cVg^V
dZmeZg^ZcX^VZc\ZcZgVa!XjnVedh^W^a^YVY
hZ Zmea^XV Zc aV eg^bZgV 8g†i^XVÇ e# ('%#
;g^ZYbVcVg\jbZciVÄVb^ZciZcYZg!Xdc
idYVgVo‹cÄfjZZhiVedh^X^‹cZh^chdhiZc^"
WaZnfjZaVZmea^XVX^‹c\ZcZgVaYZaVedh^"
W^a^YVYYZaXdcdX^b^Zcidh^ci‚i^XdVeg^dg^
d[gZX^YVedg@VciYZeZcYZZcZ[ZXidYZadh
Z_Zbeadh bViZb{i^Xdh ZheZX†[^Xdh YZ iVa
XdcdX^b^ZcidXdbegZcY^YdhZcZhdfjZ‚a
aaVbV Æ[†h^XV ejgVÇ# Edg Zhid! eVgV hVakVg V
aVXg†i^XVYZ@VciYZacVj[gV\^dYZaV[†h^XV
cZlidc^VcV V fjZ hZ V_jhiV hj [†h^XV ejgV!
YZcVYVkVaZgZYjX^gaVVac^kZaeZYZhigZYZ
jcV[^adhd[†VYZaVk^YVXdi^Y^VcV#=VnfjZ
XVaVg b{h ]dcYd n! hdWgZ idYd! iZcZg b{h
^c^X^Vi^kV#:hadfjZ]V]ZX]d;g^ZYbVccZc
digdh igVWV_dh hjndh gZX^ZciZh V adh XjVaZh
ZhiZgZb^iZniVbW^‚c!V]dgVai^bd!ZcaV
edcZcX^VhdWgZÆ:^chiZ^c!@Vci!nZaVeg^dg^
gZaVi^k^oVYdÇfjZaZn‹Za'YZ_ja^dYZ'%%,
Zc aV X^iVYV 8dc[ZgZcX^V 6cjVa YZa GdnVa
>chi^ijiZd[E]^adhde]n#
:
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
cVcX^VfjZZaiZmidX^iVYdZhXVeVoYZegd"
kdXVg Vjc Zc jc aZXidg ZcXVaaZX^Yd# 9^g†V
fjZ ZhiZ iZmid gZ[aZ_V hj ZmeZg^ZcX^V YZ
hdaiZg‹c! fjZ Va\jcV kZo ]VWg{ Vafj^aVYd
adhhZgk^X^dhYZjcVegdhi^ijiV!eZgdcjcXV
ijkdjcVbj_ZgZchjk^YV#9ZV]†fjZXdc"
X^WVaVgZaVX^‹chZmjVaZcigZX‹cnj\Zhcd
XdbdgZVa^ci^b^YVYYZYdheZghdcVh!h^cd
XdbdjcVZheZX^ZYZbjijVbVhijgWVX^‹c
Vh^hi^YV!ZcaVfjZXVYVXjVaji^a^oVVadigd
XdbdjcVXdhV#6jcfjZh‹gY^Yd!ZaVhjcid
bZgZXZbZcX^‹c!hdWgZidYdZc=^heVcd"
Vb‚g^XV! YdcYZ idYVk†V edci^[^XVc hdWgZ
hZmdnYZgZX]dbVig^bdc^VaeZghdcVhXdc
jcV ZmeZg^ZcX^V edh^WaZbZciZ Vjc b{h
bZofj^cVfjZaVYZ@Vci#
IVbW^‚c XZgi^[^XV [Z]VX^ZciZbZciZ aV
VXijVa^YVYYZ@VciZc=^heVcdVb‚g^XVaV
gZX^ZciZ ejWa^XVX^‹c YZ adh :hXg^idh `Vc"
i^Vcdh! YZa Zb^cZciZ eZchVYdg eZgjVcd
9Vk^Y HdWgZk^aaV# Hdc Y^Zo ZchVndh! igZh
YZ adh XjVaZh eZgbVcZX†Vc ^c‚Y^idh ]VhiV
V]dgV#8^cXdkZghVchdWgZÆ@VcinhjdWgVÇ!
ZheZX†[^XVbZciZhdWgZhjZhi‚i^XVnhj[^ad"
hd[†VYZaYZgZX]d#AdhdigdhX^cXd!hdWgZÆaV
^c[ajZcX^V`Vci^VcVÇ!igViVcYZacZd`Vci^h"
bd!aVdcidad\†VYZDgiZ\Vn<VhhZiXdbd
jcVgZZaVWdgVX^‹cYZaeaVciZVb^Zcid`Vc"
i^VcdhdWgZZahZg!aVgZXZeX^‹cYZ@VciZc
ZaEZg!aVegZhZcX^VZ^c[ajZcX^VYZ@Vci
Zc aV [^adhd[†V XdciZbedg{cZV n ÄaVhi Wji
cdiaZVhiÄaViZh^hYZ6W^bVZa<job{chd"
WgZaViZdg†V`Vci^VcVYZaZheVX^d#:hiZa"
i^bdegZhZciVjceVgi^XjaVgVigVXi^kdeVgV
b†!ejZh!VjcfjZhVW†VfjZZa[jcYVYdgYZ
HZcYZgd Ajb^cdhd iZc†V aV b^hbV egd[Z"
h^‹cfjZnd!gZX^‚cVfj†bZ]ZZciZgVYdYZ
fjZhZ]VW†V^ciZgZhVYdVXi^kVbZciZedgaV
[^adhd[†VYZaV\ZdbZig†VkVg^dhVŠdhVciZh
YZfjZ!Va\jcdh`^a‹bZigdhb{hVahjg!bZ
ejh^ZgV V ZhijY^VgaV# HdWgZk^aaV Xg^i^XV hj
a^WgdXZgiZgVbZciZ!VjcfjZbZeVgZXZfjZ!
igVi{cYdhZ YZ jcV iZh^h YZ WVX]^aaZgVid!
fj^o{hZhYZbVh^VYdhZkZgdXdc<job{c#
Fj^‚chVWZfj‚ajXZhcdh]VWg†VVedgiVYd
hjiVaZcidh^]jW^ZgVeZgh^hi^YdZcZaXVb^"
cdYZaV[^adhd[†V!ZckZoYZZmigVk^VghZZc
aV_jc\aVYZaVeda†i^XV#+
;^cVabZciZ! YZWd bZcX^dcVg Za VbW^"
X^dhdegdnZXidYZaV7^Wa^diZXV>bbVcjZa
@Vci!fjZhZejWa^XVZcB‚m^Xd!WV_daVY^"
gZXX^‹cYZ9jaXZBVg†V<gVc_V8Vhigd!Xdc
adhVjhe^X^dhYZaVJc^kZgh^YVY6ji‹cdbV
BZigdeda^iVcV n aV Jc^kZgh^YVY CVX^dcVa
6ji‹cdbV# HZ egdedcZ ZY^iVg idYVh aVh
dWgVh YZ @Vci Zc kZgh^‹c XVhiZaaVcV! Xdc
Zadg^\^cVaVaZb{cVa[gZciZ#9^Vgg^WVaVh
[^X]VhYZadhYdhkdabZcZhnVejWa^XVYdh#
>begZhdh ZaZ\VciZbZciZ Zc WjZc eVeZa
Xdc Vbea^dh b{g\ZcZh n ZmXZaZciZ ^ciZg"
a^cZVYd! XVYV jcd Xdci^ZcZ! VYZb{h YZa
iZmidnaVigVYjXX^‹cYZaVdWgVeZgi^cZc"
iZ! jc ZhijY^d egZa^b^cVg edg aV ZY^idgV!
cdiVhVaVigVYjXX^‹c!jcViVWaVYZXdggZh"
edcYZcX^VeVgVaVigVYjXX^‹cYZi‚gb^cdh!
jcV iVWaV Xgdcda‹\^XV! jcV W^Wa^d\gV[†V n
jc ji^a†h^bd †cY^XZ VcVa†i^Xd# Jc bdYZ"
adV^b^iVgedgidYVZY^X^‹c]^he{c^XVYZ
Xa{h^Xdh[^adh‹[^XdhfjZejZYVZcZa[jijgd
egZhZciVghZXdbdk{a^YV#
a iZgXZg n ai^bd Z_Zbead fjZ
idbd YZa 8dbeVc^dc ZY^iVYd edg
<jnZg!Æ@VcihdWgZZahZmdnZaYZ"
gZX]dbVig^bdc^VaÇedg?VcZ@cZ"
aaZgee#)),"),+!ZhjcVgi†Xjadb{hW^Zc
Vedad\‚i^Xd# @Vci cd ]VWg†V h^Yd! Zc ZhiV
bViZg^V!ZabVX]^hiVigd\adY^iVfjZVa\j"
cdhXdbZciVg^hiVh]VcXgZ†YdkZg#6jcfjZ
cdaaZ\‹VeVigdX^cVgaVZbVcX^eVX^‹cYZ
aVh bj_ZgZh Ähj ^c\gZhd V aV jc^kZgh^YVY!
edgZ_ZbeadÄ!hda^‹YZhiVXVgX^ZgidhgVh\dh
YZ XVg{XiZg Zc fjZ VkZciV_Vc V adh kVgd"
cZh#9Z_VYVhVhj^cXa^cVX^‹ccVijgVa!hdc
ÆbjX]d b{h Vgi†hi^XVh! [^cVh n gZ\jaVgZhÇ
fjZ Zhidh! Æn edhZZc VYZb{h Za Zhe†g^ij
gZfjZg^Yd eVgV bdYZaVg ZhV ^cXa^cVX^‹c
edgaVgVo‹cÇadXjVaZmea^XVfjZÆaVbj_Zg
cZXZh^iZbjX]dbZcdhY^hX^ea^cVnZYjXV"
X^‹c fjZ Za kVg‹c! n iVbW^‚c bZcdh ^ch"
igjXX^‹cÇ 6` &*/*,(# Edg Zhd! Xdc_ZijgV
Za [^a‹hd[d! aV Zm^hiZcX^V YZ bj_ZgZh i^ZcZ
jc YdWaZ [^c cVijgVa/ Æ&# aV XdchZgkVX^‹c
YZaVZheZX^ZÇnÆ'#ZaXjai^kdYZaVhdX^ZYVY
n hj gZ[^cVb^Zcid edg aV [Zb^c^YVYÇ 6`
,/(%*h#!adXjVahj\^ZgZYZeVhdfjZeVgV
@Vci aV bj_Zg! V Y^[ZgZcX^V YZa ]dbWgZ!
cdZhjc[^cZch†b^hbV#:cjcVhZXX^‹c
YZY^XVYVVÆaVbZiV[†h^XVYZabVig^bdc^dÇ!
@cZaaZg YZ[^ZcYZ V @Vci XdcigV Za gZegd"
X]ZYZYjVa^hbdVfjZeVgZXZYVgaj\Vghj
Zmea^XVX^‹cYZaVÆXdbjc^YVYhZmjVaÇÄaZ"
\Va^oVYVZcZabVig^bdc^dÄXdbdZaÆjhd
gZX†egdXdfjZjchZg]jbVcd]VXZYZadh
‹g\Vcdhn[VXjaiVYZhhZmjVaZhYZdigdÇnhj
YZhXg^eX^‹cYZaXd^idXdbdjcVXidZcfjZ
ÆjchZg]jbVcdhZXdck^ZgiZVh†b^hbdZc
jcVXdhV!XdcigVg^VcYdVaYZgZX]dYZaV]j"
bVc^YVYZchjegde^VeZghdcVÇ6`+/',,!
',-#CdZhY^[†X^abdhigVgfjZ@Vci!Zchj
eZg†dYdXg†i^Xd!]VhjeZgVYdVbea^VbZciZ +HdWgZZhiVVaiZgcVi^kV]^heVcdVbZg^XV"
ZaVc^b^hbdYZ9ZhXVgiZh#8dcidYd!@cZ" cV n jc^kZghVa! k‚VhZ :YjVgYd 8VggVhXd!
aaZgXVaaVaVaVXgVfjZk^X^VZaeZchVb^Zcid Æ;^adhd[†V n eda†i^XVÇ! GZk^hiV YZ ;^adhd[†V
YZ@VciZcZhiVbViZg^Vnbdi^kVaVgZej\" Jc^kZgh^YVYYZ8]^aZ!+(/."()'%%,#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
EGA'*
K^V_VgeVgVXdciVgad
?jVcEVWadBZcZhZh
;VahV8VabV#JcgZXdgg^Ydedg
adhejZWadh[VciVhbVhYZAV
EViV\dc^V
YZBVg^VHdc^V8g^hid[[
7jZcdh6^gZh!HZ^m7VggVa!'%%*!
'')ee#!JH.!'*
I6B7>wC/
Larga distancia, La guerra
moderna, de Martín Caparrós.
Equipaje de mano, del autor
C
d ]Vn igVY^X^‹c# 9Z idYd Za
gZhid!h†]Vn#IZcZbdhZhXg^id"
gZh! Xgdc^hiVh! a^Wgdh! aj\VgZh
nÄXdcVa\dYZZh[jZgodÄjcV
b^gVYV egde^V YZa k^V_Z# H^c ZbWVg\d! ad
fjZ[VaaV!adfjZ[VaiV!adfjZcdiZgb^cV
YZXdcXgZiVghZZhjcVigVY^X^‹cYZaVXg‹"
c^XVYZk^V_ZhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcV#Cd^bedg"
iVfjZZc&--%?dh‚BVgi†nVejWa^XVgVgZ"
aVidhk^V_Zgdh!c^fjZZhiVhZVaVgZ\^‹cYZa
bjcYdXdcZabVndgcbZgdYZYZheaVoV"
Ydh# HZ\j^bdh XgZnZcYd b{h Zc aV EViV"
\dc^VYZa^c\a‚h7gjXZ8]Vil^cfjZZcaV
ZhXg^iVedg;gVcX^hXd8dadVcZ!jcX]^aZcd
cVX^Yd XZgXV YZa 8VWd YZ =dgcdh n aZ†Yd
edg b^cdg†Vh# AZh YVbdh b{h Vjidg^YVY
V adh gZaVidh hdWgZ idgdh YZ =Zb^c\lVn!
fjZ V adh YZ XjVafj^Zg Xgdc^hiV bZm^XV"
cddXdadbW^Vcd!adhYdheV†hZhXdcb{h
igVY^X^‹ciVjg^cVYZ6b‚g^XVAVi^cV#NZc
ZhidZhi{eVgiZ^bedgiVciZYZaegdWaZbV/
Zca^iZgVijgV!bjX]VhkZXZh!aVigVY^X^‹cZh
WVhiVciZb{h^bedgiVciZfjZaVhbjhVh#
EdgZhidhY†VhZhidnZcZa9;bZm^XVcd
egZhZciVcYd:fj^eV_ZYZbVcd!jca^WgdYZ
Xg‹c^XVhYZk^V_ZfjZdXjggZcZcY^hi^ciVh
eVgiZh YZa bjcYd# B{h YZ jcV kZo Äb{h
YZXjVigd!b{hYZdX]dÄbZ]VcegZ\jc"
iVYd Æ´Edg fj‚ ZhXg^WZh Xg‹c^XVh YZ k^V"
_Zh4Ç!Xdcjcidcdh^b^aVgVaYZaV\ZciZYZ
VYjVcVfjZegZ\jciVÆ´6fj‚k^ZcZVZhiZ
eV†h4Ç# Adh eZg^dY^hiVh YZ a^Wgdh bZm^XV"
cdh! Xdbd ÄnV bZ dXjgg^‹ VciZhÄ adh YZ
EZg n 6g\Zci^cV n 8]^aZ! hjZaZc kZg Va
Xgdc^hiV YZ k^V_Zh YZ aV gZ\^‹c Xdbd jc
hZg hdheZX]dhd# D bZ_dg Y^X]d! Xdbd jc
VaZWg^_Z! ZhVh ZmigVŠVh VgiZhVc†Vh bZm^XV"
cVh]ZX]VhZceVeZabVX]‚ne^ciVYVhYZ
XdadgZhaaVbVi^kdh#
:hidh Y†Vh bZm^XVcdh bZ ]Z ZcXVg\VYd
YZgZXdgYVgaZhadfjZaaVbdÆZaXVhdK^Zi"
cVbÇ#=VXZjci^Zbedk^V_‚]VhiV=d8]^
B^c]8^ineVgVZhXg^W^ghdWgZadh(%VŠdh
YZ aV [VbdhV \jZggV YdcYZ :hiVYdh Jc^"
Ydh iZgb^c‹ VWVcYdcVcYd Za XVbed YZ
WViVaaV# GZXjZgYd fjZ Zc b^h eg^bZgdh
Y†Vh Zc Za eV†h YZa I†d =d hZci† aV [Vb^"
a^Vg^YVYYZZhiVgZcjch^i^dYZafjZ]VW†V
aZ†Yd YZbVh^VYd# N V]† hVaiVWVc! [gZhXdh
Zc aV bZciZ! a^Wgdh Xdbd L]n 6gZ LZ ^c
K^ZicVb4!YZCdgbVcBV^aZg!dI]ZFj^Zi
6bZg^XVc!YZ<gV]Vb<gZZcZ#:hdhjbVYd
VaVhbVgVi‹c^XVh]dgVhYZeZa†XjaVhZhiV"
Ydjc^YZchZhhdWgZaV\jZggVnadhX^Zcidh
YZa^WgdhZY^iVYdhZc:hiVYdhJc^YdhXdc
]^hidg^Vh YZhYZ Za XVbed YZ WViVaaV# H^c
ZbWVg\d! hdad ZhiVcYd V]†! Zc aVh XVaaZh
YZjceV†hfjZ[jZ[jb^\VYdXdcWdbWVh
YZ\VhbdhiVoV!XdbegdW‚fjZeVgiZYZaV
[Vb^a^Vg^YVY iZc†V fjZ kZg Xdc aV [jZgiZ
XVg\VaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVYZY^X]V\jZggV#H^
W^ZcadhXgdc^hiVhYZ:hiVYdhJc^YdhnYZ
K^ZicVb cd ad YZX†Vc edg c^c\jcV eVg"
iZ!Y^X]V\jZggVijkdbjX]dfjZkZgXdc
aV ]^hidg^V YZ cjZhigdh eV†hZh/ [jZ YdcYZ
edg eg^bZgV kZo :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh d[gZX^‹
eVeZaZh YZ X^jYVYVc†V V adh aVi^cdVbZg^"
XVcdhfjZajX]VgVcZcZaXVbedYZWViV"
aaV![jZaVeg^bZgV\jZggVXdbeaZiVbZciZ
iZaZk^hVYV6b‚g^XVAVi^cVZhZaaj\VgYZa
bjcYd YdcYZ hZ kZ b{h iZaZk^h^‹c! n Za
ai^bd hdaYVYd VbZg^XVcd Zc VWVcYd"
cVgaVZbWV_VYVYZ:hiVYdhJc^YdhiZc†V
jccdbWgZ[Vb^a^Vg/?jVcKVaYZo#EZgdZa
VhjcidcdiZgb^cVV]†#<gVceVgiZYZaVh
ghi^XVh]ZggVb^ZciVhXdcfjZadhk^ZicV"
b^iVhZc[gZciVWVcVadhhdaYVYdhZhiVYd"
jc^YZchZh ]VW†Vc h^Yd VYVeiVYVh Zc aV
AVi^cdVb‚g^XV YZ aV Y‚XVYV YZ &.,% edg
fj^ZcZh ajX]VWVc XdcigV aVh Y^XiVYjgVh
b^a^iVgZh YZ aV gZ\^‹c/ XaVkdh YdWaVYdh
eVgVe^cX]VgaaVciVhYZXVb^dcZh!WVadcZh
YZ \Vh eVgV ZhXdcYZg [jh^aZh! WdbWVh XV"
hZgVheVgVhZbWgVgZae{c^Xd!njcZhe†g^ij
YZ\jZgg^aaVfjZZc6b‚g^XVAVi^cVegZc"
Y^‹[jZgiZnfjZijkdVK^ZicVbXdbdZa
\gVccdgiZVhZ\j^g#CVYVYZZhd!fjZejZ"
YZgZhjaiVgcdhiVc[Vb^a^VgncdhVnjYVV
kZgaV]^hidg^VYZdigVbVcZgV!cdh]VW†Vc
XdciVYd adh Xgdc^hiVh YZ digVh eVgiZh YZa
bjcYd#
H
^W^ZccdZm^hiZjcVigVY^X^‹c[dg"
bVaYZaVXg‹c^XVYZk^V_ZhZcAV"
i^cdVb‚g^XV!]VnZaZbZcidhhdWgZ
adhfjZhZedYg†VXdchigj^gaV##Jc
e^dcZgdYZaeZg^dY^hbdcVggVi^kdZhXg^id
YZhYZY^[ZgZciZheVgiZhYZabjcYdZh?dh‚
BVgi†!fj^ZcV[^cZhYZ&-%%hVXVZaZbZc"
idhYZadhY^Vg^dhÆEja^ioZgÇnÆI]ZHjcÇYZ
CjZkVNdg`eVgVVgbVghjhgZaVidh#BVgi†!
XdchX^ZciZYZfjZhjhgZaVidhhdcXVeVXZh
YZ YZheZgiVg ^ciZg‚h Zc Y^hi^ciVh eVgiZh
YZa Xdci^cZciZ! ejWa^XV hjh iZmidh Zc ÆAV
De^c^‹c CVX^dcVaÇ YZ 8VgVXVh n ÆAV CV"
X^‹cÇYZ7jZcdh6^gZh!h^bjai{cZVbZciZ#
IZmidhZhXg^idhedgjcXjWVcd!YZhYZY^h"
i^ciVh X^jYVYZh YZ :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh! fjZ
&'%VŠdhb{hiVgYZejZYZcXdch^YZgVghZ
hZŠZgdh! ^cVj\jgVaZh YZ jcV igVY^X^‹c
gZ\^dcVa#BjX]dh YZ Zhidh igVWV_dh hZ Zc"
XjZcigVcZchja^Wgd8g‹c^XVhcdgiZVbZg^"
XVcVh!ZcZafjZVeVgZXZhj[VbdhdgZaVid
hdWgZaVXdchigjXX^‹cYZaejZciZYZ7gd"
d`anc!YdcYZBVgi†hZidbVZaigVWV_dYZ
XdciVgXj{cidhidgc^aadhnXj{cidhbZigdh
YZXVWaZnYZVaVbWgZ!]VnZcZaejZciZ#
DigdhcdbWgZhhZejZYZchjbVgVVfjZ"
aaV eg^bZgV ‚edXV# GjW‚c 9Vg†d d 6aZ_d
8VgeZci^ZgZhXg^WZcXg‹c^XVhYZhjhk^V_Zh
naVhejWa^XVcZcY^[ZgZciZhbZY^dhYZAV"
i^cdVb‚g^XVVeg^cX^e^dhYZah^\adMM#
:c aV Y‚XVYV YZ &.+%! \gVX^Vh V aV GZ"
kdajX^‹c 8jWVcV! AVi^cdVb‚g^XV k^kZ hj
bdbZcid YZ bVndg ^bedgiVcX^V V c^"
kZa bjcY^Va# ;jZ Zc ZhV ‚edXV! Zc eaZcV
<jZggV ;g†V! YjgVciZ jcV [Zgdo XVggZgV
ZheVX^VaZcigZ:hiVYdhJc^YdhnaVJc^‹c
Hdk^‚i^XV! fjZ Idb{h :adn BVgi†cZo kda‹
VGjh^VeVgVZhXg^W^ghjk^V_ZVaVWVhZZh"
eVX^Vahdk^‚i^XV#BVgi†cZo!cdkZa^hiVnXgd"
c^hiVVg\Zci^cd!]VWa‹ZcY^X]dk^V_ZXdc
<V\Vg^c!XdcI^idk!n]VhiVVeVgZX^‹ZcaV
iZaZk^h^‹c gjhV Xdc adh XdhbdcVjiVh# ;jZ
Zaeg^bZgeZg^dY^hiVdXX^YZciVafjZZcig‹
VaV8^jYVYYZaVh:higZaaVh!XdbdaaVbV"
WVcVaVeaVciVYZYZheZ\jZYZadhXd]ZiZh
ZheVX^VaZh#:aegde^dIdb{h:adnBVgi†cZo
adY^XZ/ÆAdhgjhdh^WVc\VcVcYdaVXVggZ"
gVZheVX^Va!aZ_dh#NWjZcd!VaZhXg^W^gZhV
Xg‹c^XV! aV b^gVYV aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV ZgV
XZcigVa# :c ZhV ‚edXV! V eVgi^g YZ aV GZ"
kdajX^‹c 8jWVcV! ]VW†V jcV ZheZX^Z YZ
XdcX^ZcX^V aVi^cdVbZg^XVcV bjn [jZgiZ
n bjn Vbea^V ZcigZ adh Y^hi^cidh eV†hZh#
=VW†VjcV^YZVYZiZcZgjcVb^gVYVaVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcVÇ#
6jcfjZ!VkZXZh!Y^X]V[VaiVYZigVY^X^‹c
ejZYZ_j\VgV[Vkdg#:aZhXg^idgVg\Zci^cd
BVgi†c 8VeVgg‹h! Vjidg YZ adh a^Wgdh YZ
Xg‹c^XVhYZk^V_ZAVg\VY^hiVcX^VnAV\jZ"
ggVbdYZgcV!hjZaZYZX^gfjZZchjhk^V_Zh
hZh^ZciZb{ha^k^VcdfjZadhZhXg^idgZhYZ
eV†hZhXdcaVg\VigVY^X^‹cYZXgdc^hiVhZc
hjh ZheVaYVh/ ÆH^ZbegZ bZ Xdch^YZg‚ jc
V[dgijcVYd edgfjZ XgZd fjZ cd ]Vn jcV
b^gVYVaVi^cdVbZg^XVcVXdbd]VWg†VjcV
b^gVYV [gVcXZhV! ^c\aZhV! cdgiZVbZg^XV"
cV0edgZhdhjejhZfjZedYg†Vb^gVgXdc
bjX]dh bZcdh egZ_j^X^dh! bZcdh [^aigdh#
8dbdh^b^gVgVb{hVX{db{hVaa{YZaVh
^bedh^X^dcZhYZjcVXjaijgV[jZgiZÇ#
H
^ ]Vn Va\c aj\Vg YZa bjcYd
YdcYZ Xdc[ajnZc aVh b^gVYVh
k^V_ZgVh YZa eg^bZg bjcYd n
AVi^cdVb‚g^XV! ZhV Zh aV EViV\d"
c^V#B{hfjZjcVodcV\Zd\g{[^XV!Za[^c
YZa bjcYd h^\jZ gZegZhZciVcYd jcd YZ
adh b^idh k^V_Zgdh b{h jc^kZghVaZh# JcV
[jZciZ^cVXVWVWaZYZ]^hidg^Vh!a^WgdhnaZ"
nZcYVh#:hi{cadhgZaVidhZhXg^idhVeVgi^g
YZ aVh ZmeZY^X^dcZh YZ adh eg^bZgdh k^V"
_ZgdhfjZk^h^iVgdcaVgZ\^‹c/BV\VaaVcZh!
9gV`Z! HVgb^Zcid YZ <VbWdV! 7dj\V^c"
k^aaZ!<Zdg\Z6chdc!9Vgl^c#9ZVfjZaadh
i^ZbedhZhE^\V[ZiiV!ZaXgdc^hiVYZaVZm"
eZY^X^‹cYZBV\VaaVcZh!fjZ]VWaVYZadh
]dbWgZhYZegdedgX^dcZh\^\VciZhXVhfjZ
ZcXjZcigVZcaVhXdhiVhVia{ci^XVhÄVeVg"
i^gYZVaa†hZ^chiVaVZab^idYZadh\^\VciZh
eViV\‹c^Xdh! iVc gZXjggZciZ Zc k^V_Zgdh
edhiZg^dgZh# EZgd [jZ b{h iVgYZ! V eVgi^g
YZ ZmeZY^X^dcZh Xdbd aVh YZ H^b‹c YZ
6aXVoVWVdaVYZHVgb^ZcidYZ<VbWdV!
fjZ^ciZciVgdcXgjoVgZ^cXajhdedWaVgZa
:higZX]d YZ BV\VaaVcZh! fjZ Zc Za b^id
Y^X]V X^jYVY hZ [jZ Xdgg^ZcYd ]VX^V Za
Hjg!]VX^VaVEViV\dc^V!nhZ[jZedWaVcYd
Xdcadhc{j[gV\dhYZZhiVhZmeZY^X^dcZh#
H^cZbWVg\d!ZcaVXdchigjXX^‹cYZab^id
[jZXaVkZZhZe{ggV[dfjZ9Vgl^cZhXg^WZ
ZchjÆK^V_ZYZjccVijgVa^hiVVagZYZYdg
YZabjcYdÇ!YdcYZ!XdbdjcZcVbdgVYd
ZhijeZ[VXid!hZegZ\jciVedgfj‚jcVgZ"
\^‹ciVchVakV_Z!fjZhdadejZYZYZ[^c^ghZ
edg hjh XVgZcX^Vh n edg hjh gZhdcVcX^Vh
bdgi†[ZgVh! ]V idbVYd edhZh^‹c YZ hj
bZciZYZZhVbVcZgV#
:cigZ adh ai^bdh a^Wgdh YZY^XVYdh V
Y^X]V odcV YZhiVXV Za YZ jcV ZhXg^idgV
Vg\Zci^cV!BVg†VHdc^V8g^hid[[#:c;VahV
XVabV!ZY^iVYdZc'%%*!8g^hid[[cdhVXZg"
XVVaVEViV\dc^VYZhjegde^VZmeZg^ZcX^V
YZk^YV#
HjVWjZadZgVXVbeZh^cdZc7ja\Vg^Vn
h^\j^‹h^ZcYdXVbeZh^cdVX{#9Zhej‚hYZ
jc WgZkZ eVhd edg 8dbdYdgd G^kVYVk^V!
YdcYZidYdhhjhXdbeVig^diVhhZ^chiVaV"
WVcVigVWV_VgZcZaeZig‹aZd!ZaVWjZadhZ
aVhVggZ\a‹eVgVXdbegVghZjcVh]ZXi{gZVh
b{hVacdgiZ!ZcZakVaaZYZag†d8]jWji!n
Vaa†[jcY‹hjegde^V7ja\Vg^V#6a\dYZZhd
]jWd! gZVabZciZ/ nd k^k†V Zc IgZaZl! fjZ
ZhiVWVVjcdhkZ^ciZ`^a‹bZigdhYZhjX]V"
XgV! n gZXjZgYd fjZ XjVcYd ^WV V kZgad n
XgjoVWV aV igVcfjZgV hZci†V fjZ ZcigVWV
Zc iZgg^idg^d ZmigVc_Zgd# ÆB^ VWjZad! b^
VWjZaVnadhVb^\dhfjZkZc†VcVk^h^iVg"
ad]VWaVWVcZcWa\Vgd!^cXajhdb^eVYgZ
XjVcYd aaZ\VWV V]† ]VWaVWV Zc Wa\Vgd0
]VW†V digdh dadgZh! digV bh^XV! digdh
XdadgZh/ aV XVhV ZhiVWV aaZcV YZ bVciVh n
gdeVhfjZiZc†VcZhdhXdadgZhZhig^YZciZh!
iVcYZa:hiZZjgdeZd#B^VWjZadXdhZX]VWV
eZgdcdhVa†V_Vb{hYZV]†!ZgVcdigdhadh
fjZhZZcXVg\VWVcYZfjZhjbZgXVYZg†V
hZkZcY^ZgVZcadhejZWadhnX^jYVYZhkZX^"
cVh!XdcadXjVa!edXdVedXd!ZchjXVWZoV
ZgVXdbdh^cjcXVhZ]jW^ZgV^YdYZ7ja\V"
g^V#8gZdfjZZhdeVh‹edgfjZaVEViV\d"
c^VeZgb^i†VZhVh[VciVh†Vh/cd]VW†V\gVc
YZch^YVY YZ edWaVX^‹c! aV egZhZcX^V YZa
:hiVYdVg\Zci^cdZgVa{W^a!]VW†VZaZbZc"
idhXdbdeVgVhdhiZcZgZhV[^XX^‹cYZfjZ
aV cVijgVaZoV ]VW†V ejZhid adh gZXjghdh
Vaa†eVgVfjZXVYVjcd]^X^ZgVXdcZaadhhj
hjZŠdeg^kVYdÇ!gZXjZgYV#
;VahV XVabV! jc gZXdgg^Yd cdhi{a\^Xd
eZgdaX^YdedgadhejZWadhYZaVEViV\d"
c^V VXijVa! h^gkZ eVgV XdcigVhiVg X^Zgidh
b^idhaZkVciVYdhhdWgZZhiVodcVYZabjc"
Yd#8dbdZaYZaVEViV\dc^VYZ8]Vil^c!
YdcYZZaiZgg^idg^deVgZXZ]VW^iVYdc^XV"
bZciZedgZmigVc_Zgdh!XdhVfjZZcidcXZh!
ZcaVY‚XVYVYZ&.,%!nVcddXjgg†V]VXZ
i^Zbed#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
'+EGA
EdgX^Zgid!8g^hid[[cdZhaVc^XV!nb^Zc"
igVhZagZhidYZabjcYdh^\jZb^gVcYdZa
[^cYZabjcYdedgadhd_dhYZadhXgdc^hiVh
ZjgdeZdh!;VahVXVabVhZjcZVjcVaVg\V
a^hiV YZ WjZcdh gZaVidh hdWgZ ad fjZ dXj"
gg^‹nh^\jZhjXZY^ZcYdZcaVodcV!Xdbd
AV6jhigVa^VVg\Zci^cV!YZGdWZgidEVng‹0
AVEViV\dc^VgZWZaYZ!YZDhkVaYd7VnZg0AV
gdhVZcZak^Zcid!YZHVgV<VaaVgYd0Adhhj^"
X^YVhYZa[^cYZabjcYd!YZAZ^aV<jZgg^Zgd0
IgZaZl! YZ BVgXZad :X`]VgYi# :hid! XaVgd!
hjbVYdVidYVaVdWgVYZVjidgZheViV\‹"
c^Xdh Xdbd 6hZcX^d 6WZ^_‹c n ;gVcX^hXd
8dadVcZ#
:
h edh^WaZ fjZ aV b^gVYV aVi^cdV"
bZg^XVcVYZadhk^V_ZhiZc\VfjZ
kZg Xdc X^ZgiV hZchVX^‹c YZ egZ"
XVg^ZYVY# HZ\jgVbZciZ V eVgi^g
YZ V]† edYZbdh ^YZci^[^XVgcdh W^Zc Xdc
Va\jcdhaj\VgZh#ÆAVhe^ZgcVhYZ@Zc^VÇZh
jcV YZ aVh Xg‹c^XVh YZ :fj^eV_Z YZ bVcd#
Edh^WaZbZciZ aV ]^hidg^V YZ adh bVgVid"
c^hiVhn[dcY^hiVhV[g^XVcdh![VbdhdhZcZa
bjcYdedg\VcVgaVh\gVcYZhXVggZgVhYZa
XVaZcYVg^dVia‚i^XdnZheZX^Va^hiVhZcXdc"
hZ\j^gbZYVaaVhnig^jc[dhZcaVhbVgVid"
cZh YZ aVh \gVcYZh X^jYVYZh YZa bjcYd!
ejZYV hdcVgcdh V ]^hidg^V aZ_VcV! V_ZcV!
kVa^dhV hdad edg hj aVYd Zm‹i^Xd# B{h YZ
Va\jcdVaeZchVgZc@Zc^VY^g{fjZ:gcZhi
=Zb^c\lVnn@VgZc7a^mZcnVZmea^XVgdc
Za eV†h Xdbd cVY^Z# H^c ZbWVg\d! ÆAVh
e^ZgcVhYZ@Zc^VÇb{hfjZaV]^hidg^VYZ
jceV†hV[g^XVcdZhaV]^hidg^VYZaVYZX^"
h^‹c# :c Y^X]V Xg‹c^XV! aV bVndg†V YZ adh
ViaZiVhhZY^k^YZZcYdh#AdhfjZhZYZ_Vc
kZcYZgVXajWZhZjgdeZdhnhZkVcVXdggZg
VaVh\gVcYZhXVe^iVaZhYZaeg^bZgbjcYd#
:ab{h[VbdhdYZZhiZ\gjedZh@^e`ZiZg!
fjZeVh‹YZk^k^gZcCV^gdW^VbVcZ_Vgjc
XdckZgi^WaZZc9^cVbVgXVÄcdk^VYVcZhV!
jc YZeVgiVbZcid YZ XjVigd VbW^ZciZh!
jc hjZaYd b^aadcVg^d n jc V\ZciZ fjZ aZ
XdchZ\j†VY^hi^ciVhXVggZgVh#NZcXdcigV"
eVgi^YVZhi{@^eX]d\Z@Z^cd!ZaViaZiVfjZ
egZ[^g^‹fjZYVghZZcCV^gdW^!XdggZghdad
edgZaeV†hnYZY^XVghZVVnjYVgVadhc^Šdh
YZhjX^jYVY#
6idYdhadhViaZiVhfjZkdnXdcdX^ZcYd
YjgVciZZagZedgiZdYZY^X]VXg‹c^XVaZh
egZ\jcid/ Æ´8j{a YZ adh Ydh iZ \jhiVg†V
hZg4 ´:a ViaZiV YZ @Zc^V fjZ hZ kV V :j"
gdeV V ig^jc[Vg! V \VcVg bZYVaaVh eVgV
adh XajWZh YZ 9^cVbVgXV4 ´D Za fjZ hZ
fjZYV VX{ Zc CV^gdW^ ajX]VcYd edg hj
eV†h! Xdc jcV h^ijVX^‹c ZXdc‹b^XV b{h
egZXVg^V4Ç#
8dbdjcZ_ZgX^X^deVgVZhiZVgi†Xjad!ZhV
b^hbV egZ\jciV Ä^ghZ YZa eV†h edg jcV
bZ_dgk^YVdfjZYVghZeVhZadfjZeVhZÄ!
aV[j^V]VXZgVaO‹XVadYZa9;ZhiVbVŠV"
cV#6a^\jVafjZZc@Zc^V!aVb^iVYbZ]V"
Wa‹YZfjZYVghZZcaVX^jYVY!YZcdhVa^g
eVhZadfjZeVhZ#AdhYZb{h!YZ^ajh^dcZh
YZeVgi^g!YZbZ_dgVgadh^c\gZhdh!hVakVgV
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
aV[Vb^a^V#EVgi^gVa\cY†V#9ZX^h^dcZh#
;^cVabZciZ!aVa^iZgVijgVZhjc]VXZgcdh
egZ\jciVh# N XgZd fjZ ZhV YZWZ hZg iVb"
W^‚c jcV YZ aVh XaVkZh YZ aV Xg‹c^XV aVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcVYZk^V_Zh#JcdYZZhidhX]^Xdh
YZaVXg‹c^XVYZ@Zc^VhZaaVbVWV:Yl^c#
:Yl^cZgVjcdYZadhfjZcdhVW†VXj{aYZ
adhYdhXVb^cdhZaZ\^g#CdhVW†Vh^hZ\j^g
ZaXVb^cdYZ@^e`ZiZgd@^eX]d\Z@Z^cd#
AZ]VWa‚V:Yl^cYZjcVXVggZgV^ciZgcV"
X^dcVa n YZ XdcigVidh b^aadcVg^dh! Xdbd
hjZŠVcbjX]dh#BZYZkdak^‹jcVhdcg^hV
YZYjYV!^cX‹bdYV!nYZhej‚haZkVci‹hjh
]dbWgdh]jZhjYdh!Xdbdh^aZXdhiVgVb{h
fjZ Va gZhid YZX^Y^ghZ# Cd ZhiVWV hZ\jgd
YZ ad fjZ fjZg†V! VjcfjZ Zc Za ViaZi^hbd
adheaVodhhdcXdgidhn:Yl^chVW†VfjZZc
edXdi^ZbedYZWZg{idbVgjcdYZadhYdh
XVb^cdh#
NZcZhiVeVgiZYZabjcYd!ZhZi^edYZYZ"
X^h^dcZheVhVbjX]d!]VhiVeVgVadhfjZcd
XdggZbdh#
BZjXdgVo‹ckV\VWjcYd
EVWad8]VX‹c
IZgg^WaZbZciZ[Za^XZh#CjZkV
cVggVi^kVWgVh^aZŠV
YZ8g^hi^VcYZC{eda^!ZY#
7jZcdh6^gZh!:bZX‚!'%%,!
'-+ee#!JH&%!.%
A
V ^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVX^‹c YZa
BZgXdhjg Zc &.-)! YjgVciZ
adh bVcYVidh YZa egZh^YZciZ
Vg\Zci^cd GVa 6a[dch†c n YZa
WgVh^aZŠd ?dh‚ HVgcZn Xdbd gZegZhZc"
iVciZh YZ eV†hZh hdX^dh YZ jc XdbWd
fjZ iVbW^‚c ^cXajn‹ V EVgV\jVn n V
Jgj\jVn!nfjZXdcZai^ZbedVbea^‹!
WV_ddigdZhiVijid!aVeVgi^X^eVX^‹cYZ
8]^aZ n YZ 7da^k^V! n Za bjn XZgXVcd
^c\gZhdXdbdhdX^deaZcdYZKZcZojZ"
aV! V aV [ZX]V ]V gZhjaiVYd bZcdh jcV
^chi^ijX^dcVa^oVX^‹c n Vgi^XjaVX^‹c YZ
egdnZXidhXdbjcZhZcadhXVbedhed"
a†i^Xd!ZXdc‹b^Xd!ijg†hi^XdnXjaijgVa!
fjZ jcV V\ZcYV YZ cZ\dX^dh Xdbc!
nYZaVXjVacdeVgi^X^eVWVcidYVhaVh
eVgiZhZc^\jVaZhXdcY^X^dcZh#:hiV^c"
igdYjXX^‹c Zh cZXZhVg^V eVgV Zmea^XVg
aV ^bedgiVcX^V YZ ZhiV Vcidad\†V! aV
eg^bZgVZcigZYdheV†hZhkZX^cdhXjnVh
a^iZgVijgVheg{Xi^XVbZciZhZ^\cdgVc###
VbZcdhfjZVa\cVjidgejWa^fjZZc
:heVŠV#:cidcXZh!hZg{^cbZY^ViVbZc"
iZ^bedgiVYd#:hVVjhZcX^Vh^ZbegZhZ
Zmea^X‹ edg aV Y^[ZgZcX^V ^Y^db{i^XV!
eZgdaV[VaVX^VhZXVZhdaVh^hZb^gVVa
gZhid YZ adh eV†hZh aVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh/
Zc7jZcdh6^gZhnHVcEVWad!eZgdiVb"
W^‚cZc7d\di{nZa9^hig^id;ZYZgVa!hZ
XdcdXZXdcbVndgXZaZg^YVYnbZ_dg
aVa^iZgVijgV[gVcXZhVdWg^i{c^XVfjZaV
YZa egde^d Xdci^cZciZ# :c XdchZXjZcX^V!
]VWg{fjZYZYjX^gfjZ!VciZhfjZjcegd"
WaZbV^Y^db{i^Xd!ZaYZhXdcdX^b^ZcidZh
jc egdWaZbV eda†i^Xd# AV Vcidad\†V egZ"
eVgVYV edg 8g^hi^Vc YZ C{eda^! ZhXg^idg!
^ckZhi^\VYdgnigVYjXidg!k^ZcZVh^ijVgaV
XjZhi^‹c!cdVgZhdakZgaV!nVbdhigVgfj‚
hZZhi{ZhXg^W^ZcYdZcZa7gVh^aXdciZbed"
g{cZd!nYZeVhdYZgg^WVgY^kZghdhi‹e^Xdh
naj\VgZhXdbjcZh#
6
a\gVcd/9ZC{eda^hZjW^XVZc
jcbVeVXdcjcVY^V\dcVafjZ
ad XgjoV YZhYZ &.)& V &.,*#
HZg\^dHVciÉ6ccVZhjcXVg^dXV
cVX^YdZc&.)&!n?dd;^a]d!jcWV]^Vcd
YZ &.,*# :a VgXd YZ VjidgZh! fj^cXZ! Ydh
gZaVidh XVYV jcd! cd V\diV cdbWgZh c^
Zhi^adh eZgd YV jcV ^YZV YZ aV k^iVa^YVY
YZadfjZhZZhXg^WZZcZhZedgij\j‚hhjY"
VbZg^XVcd! jc ]†Wg^Yd YZ egdhV egda^_V!
ZmVXiV! XgjoVYV YZ Vg\dih Z ^Y^daZXidh
XVaaZ_ZgdhedXdhZhXg^idgZhiVcXVaaZ_Zgdh
XdbdadhWgVh^aZŠdhfjZnViZc†VX^Zgidh
VYZaVciVYdh! igVYjX^Ydh V bZY^Vh d bZ"
cdh# AZ_dh! n iVbW^‚c XZgXV YZ adh Xa{h^"
Xdh XZaZWgVYdh edg 7dg\Zh BVX]VYd YZ
6hh^h!?dd<j^bVgZhGdhV!nb{hXZgXV!
DhlVaYYZ6cYgVYZ!BVcjZaYZ6abZ^YV!
6cV BVg†V 8‚hVg n hdWgZ idYd! GjWZb
;dchZXV n 8aVg^XZ A^heZXidg ÄYZ fj^Zc
iVbW^‚c hZ VXVWV YZ ejWa^XVg jcV Xdb"
eaZi†h^bVW^d\gV[†VZcaVZY^idg^Va6Yg^V"
cV=^YVa\d!aVb^hbVXVhVfjZZhidhVŠdh
hZVc^b‹VigVYjX^gV?dd<^aWZgidCdaa!
Xdbd>ciZgodcV]^odXdc9Vc^Za<VaZgV#
:agZhid[VaiVWV!idYddXVh^idYd#JcYZ"
h^Zgid fjZ XgZX†V! VeZcVh YZbdgVYd edg
aVhgZXjggZciZh\^gVhYZadhbh^XdhWgV"
h^aZŠdh8VZiVcdKZadhd!8]^Xd7jVgfjZ!
?dd<^aWZgid!BVg†V7Zi]Vc^V!ZiX#!fjZ
VXVhdh^cfjZgZgad!YZbdhigVWVcfjZZc
ZhZeV†h!]VW^iVYdedgb{hYZ&+%b^aad"
cZh YZ VabVh! eVhVWVc XdhVh! XVci^YVY
YZXdhVhfjZZabZgXVYd!h^cZmea^XVX^‹c
VjcfjZ Va\jcV YZWZ ]VWZg! ZhiVWV YZ"
_VcYdeVhVg#
:a Vci‹ad\d XdcdXZ 7gVh^a! hj ^Y^dbV n
hj igVY^X^‹c a^iZgVg^V! n iVbW^‚c aVh gZh"
ig^XX^dcZh fjZ i^ZcZ jcV Vcidad\†V! Vh†
Xdbd aVh kZciV_Vh/ VWg^g Za XVbed! h^ijVg
Zhi‚i^XVh!Æ\ZcZgVX^dcZhÇn\jhidh#:aa^Wgd
Zbe^ZoV YZhYZ adh b{h _‹kZcZh ]VhiV adh
b{h\gVcYZh!idYdhZcVXi^k^YVY!nadeg^"
bZgdfjZ]VXZZhYZhVgbVg!ZcZaeg‹ad\d!
ZhV[VciVh†VYZiZggV^cXd\c^iVfjZZaeV†h
YZAjaV!hjhhZakVh!hj[adgV!hjh^ciZhi^cdh!
hjhg†dh!hjhig^WjheZgY^YVh!hjhgZa^\^dcZh
n Zic^Vh Xdcig^WjnZgdc V [dg_Vg! idYVk†V
YZ jcV bVcZgV b{h eZhVYV fjZ ZagZVa^h"
bdb{\^XdhZhZci^hiVfjZZhXg^idgZhXdbd
?jVc8VgadhDcZii^!C‚hidgH{cX]Zod?jVc
?dh‚HVZghZZcXVg\VWVch^hiZb{i^XVbZciZ
YZig^ijgVg#DbZ_dg!hZZcXVg\VWVcYZYZ"
X^gZhXg^W^ZcYdfjZcdidYdZagZVa^hbd
b{\^XdZgVa^iZgVijgV!nfjZZcigZadhegd"
YjXidh[dgZmedgiiVbW^‚cZm^hi†VdZm^hiZ
ZagZVa^hbdb{\^Xd#
:hViZggV^cXd\c^iV!a^\VYV!h^hZfj^ZgZ!V
X^ZgiVh ^c[aZm^dcZh YZ XdciZc^Yd fjZ XV"
gVXiZg^oVcVaVdWgVYZ=dgVX^dFj^gd\V!
digd]VW^iVciZYZaVhZakV!cddXjggZcegZ"
X^hVbZciZ Zc aV hZakV n ZcigZ X]VbVcZh!
h^cdZcaVjgWZnb{h/hjhXdcY^X^dcZhYZ
edh^W^a^YVY hdad edYg†Vc YZheaZ\VghZ Zc
jcVbZ\Va‹eda^h#
:hXg^WZ9ZC{eda^/ÆGdWZgid7daVŠd!EZ"
Ygd AZbZWZa! GdYg^\d GZn GdhV n :[gV†c
BZY^cVGZnZh!hdcVa\jcdhYZadhiVcidh
ZhXg^idgZh aVi^cdVbZg^XVcdh XdciZbedg{"
cZdhfjZZaaZXidgVXijVa!ZchjeVhZdedg
a^WgZg†VhYZig{hYZaVcdkZYVYdZahVaYd!V
bZcjYdZcXjZcigVZcZY^X^dcZhaZ\Va"
bZciZ Vji‹XidcVh# Cd dXjggZ ad b^h"
bd Xdc hjh eVgZh WgVh^aZŠdh! Zh YZX^g!
adh ZhXg^idgZh fjZ ]dn i^ZcZc igZ^ciV!
X^cXjZciVdhZhZciVVŠdhYZZYVY!fjZ
nVVXjbjaVcZad\^dhZ^chjaidhZcZaZ_Z
G†d"HVc EVWad d Zhi{c Zc Zaad! n fjZ
Y^ZgdcVXdcdXZghjhdWgVhjcVkZofjZ
aVWdhhVcdkVnaVVgfj^iZXijgV[jijg^h"
iV n Za VXde^d YZ bjcY^VaZh YZ [iWda
]VW†VeVhVYdVhZg!VYZb{hYZjchZaad
cVi^kd! jc VjgV ]ZgZYVYV fjZ nV cd
cZXZh^iV!XdbdZcVa\cbdbZcid!c^
ZaVhdbWgdYZaVgi^hiVc^aVegdbdX^‹c
YZa^ciZaZXijVaÇ#
H
^hZYZheZ_VZhV]d_VgVhXVfjZ"
YVc adh XjZcidh/ aV a^be^ZoV
YZbdaZYdgV YZ B^\jZa HVc"
X]Zh CZid0 aV Y^hZXX^‹c hdX^Va
eZgdVabdYdYZjcHVbjZa7ZX`Zii
bjn igVche^gVYd fjZ egVXi^XV! Xdc
XgjZaYVYXVaXjaVYV!ZaVjidgYZaVhcd"
kZaVhAdgYn7VcYdaZgdh!?dd<^aWZgid
Cdaa Zc Æ6a\d! jg\ZciZÇ0 adh bjcYdh
h‹gY^YdhnVaZ\gZhYZacVgXdnZa^cXZh"
id fjZ gZigViV HZg\^d HVciÉ6ccV0 adh
ZhXVad[g†dh! ÆiZgg^WaZbZciZ [Za^XZhÇ!
fjZ YZhe^ZgiV ;^a]d Zc ÆHVi^h[ZX]d
Xdbd jc k^Z_d cVo^Ç! fjZ cd hZ eg^kV
YZZcjbZgVgXVYVjcVnidYVhaVhXV"
aVb^YVYZhYZacdgYZhiZZcZafjZegd"
a^[ZgVc bjiVciZh Va^bZciVYdh V WVhZ
YZgZhidheVida‹\^XdhnidYdZajc^kZg"
hd YZ aV [VkZaV eVja^hiV! XVh^ V bdYd
YZ Xg‹c^XV! Zc kVg^dh YZ Zhidh gZaVidh
fjZ eVgZXZc Vji‹cdbdh YZa Vjidg n
fjZ ^cijnZc jcV WVWZa ^c[ZgcVa fjZ
XgZXZVa^ciZg^dgYZabdchigjd^chjaVg
aVi^cdVbZg^XVcd! 7gVh^a! bZj XdgVo‹c
kV\VWjcYd#
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
EGA',
Dg^ZciVa^hbd]^heVc^hiV
igVh^YZci^YVYcdgiZVbZg^XVcV
?dg\Z8VŠ^oVgZh:h\jZggV
KZcXdcb^\dVaV:heVŠVaZ_VcV/
adh^ciZaZXijVaZhcdgiZVbZg^"
XVcdhVciZZabjcYd]^heVcd!
&-'%"&--%
YZ>k{c?V`h^XŸ
;dcYdYZ8jaijgV:Xdc‹b^XV!
'%%,!)-,ee#!JH&.
HeV^c^c6bZg^XV#I]ZDg^\^chd[
=^heVc^hb^ci]ZJc^iZYHiViZh
YZG^X]VgY@V\Vc!ZY#
Jc^kZgh^ind[>aa^cd^hEgZhh!'%%'!
(&'ee#!JH()
8
dbdZaVafj^b^hiVZcZaGZcVX^"
b^Zcid!Za]^heVc^hiV!YjgVciZZa
h^\adM>M!hZci‹gV†XZhZcadhb{h
Y^kZghdh iZgg^idg^dh# :a VaZb{c!
VY]ZgZciZ YZa GdbVci^X^hbd! ZcXdcig‹ Zc
:heVŠV jcV gZhejZhiV V aVh ^YZdad\†Vh YZ
aV>ajhigVX^‹c#:chj^bV\^cVX^‹caVeZc†c"
hjaVhZXdck^gi^‹ZcjcVi^ZggVYZ{gVWZhn
eVaVY^cZhbZY^ZkVaZh!gZVaZhXdbdZa8^Yd
^bV\^cVYdhXdbdZaFj^_diZ#EdghjaVYd!Za
ZheVŠda[adgZX^‹YZhej‚hYZfjZZa^beZg^d
hj[g^ZgVZc&-.-aVb{hXgjYVYZaVhYZggd"
iVhVbVcdhYZadhnVcfj^hnadhXjWVcdh#AV
^YZV ZgV gZXdchigj^g jc ^beZg^d ^c[dgbVa
hdWgZaVhXZc^oVhYZaVci^\jd#:cjcbjcYd
VbZcVoVYdedgZabViZg^Va^hbdnaVkja\Vg
YZbdXgVX^V cdgiZVbZg^XVcV! Za ]^heVc^hiV
eZc^chjaVg d[gZX^‹ V hjh Vci^\jVh Xdadc^Vh
jcVjide†VWVhVYVZcZagZidgcdVaVhgV†XZh
XdbjcZh XdgedgVi^kVh n Vg^hidXg{i^XVh n
XVi‹a^XVh! Zc Za XVhd YZa ]^heVc^hiV XdchZg"
kVYdg YZa ^beZg^d# :a ]^heVc^hiV [gVcX‚h!
]jb^aaVYd edg aVh YZggdiVh VciZ Egjh^V Zc
&-,%"&-,&! hZ aVco‹ V aV WhfjZYV YZ aVh
gV†XZhÆaVi^cVhÇXdbjcZhfjZjc^g†Vc;gVc"
X^VVadhiZgg^idg^dhYZadhVci^\jdh^beZg^dh
Via{ci^Xdh ^W‚g^Xdh# 8dc bjX]†h^bdh b{h
gZXjghdhfjZZaZheVŠdaÄejWa^XVX^dcZh!\^"
gVh!^chi^ijidhÄ!Za]^heVc^hiV[gVcX‚hVedgi‹
^c\ZciZh gZXjghdh ^ciZaZXijVaZh V aV Xdchd"
a^YVX^‹c YZ ZhiZ ^beZg^d ^c[dgbVa# 6 Y^[Z"
gZcX^VYZa]^heVc^hiVZheVŠda!Za[gVcX‚hhZ
XdcXZcig‹ZcZaZhijY^dYZadhdg†\ZcZhYZ
aV YZXVYZcX^V ZheVŠdaV# :a ]^heVc^hiV aVi^"
cdVbZg^XVcdhZ^YZci^[^X‹VhjbVcZgVXdc
Za [gVcX‚h n Za ZheVŠda# AVh VabVh a^WZgVaZh
Xdbd?dh‚:cg^fjZGdY‹ViVXVgdcZa^beZ"
g^Va^hbd n Za edeja^hbd cdgiZVbZg^XVcd!
WaVcY^ZcYdiVcidZaaZc\jV_ZXdgedgVi^k^hiV
nVg^hidXg{i^XdYZa]^heVc^hiVZheVŠda!Xdbd
ZaZhijY^dYZaVYZXVYZcX^VZheVŠdaVYZa]^h"
eVc^hiV[gVcX‚h#AdhXdchZgkVYdgZhXgZVgdc
eVgi^Ydh dWgZgdh XVi‹a^Xdh! cjZkdh Xjaidh
gZa^\^dhdh!eaVoVhYZidgdh!egdnZXidhYZgZh"
iVjgVX^‹cYZadhXVhXdhjgWVcdhXdadc^VaZh!n
Vc^kZghVg^dhYZaVh[jcYVX^dcZhnXdcfj^hiVh
ZheVŠdaVh#EZgdYZidYdh![jZZa]^heVc^hiV
cdgiZVbZg^XVcdaVXg^VijgVb{heZXja^Vg#
9
ZhYZ aV [jcYVX^‹c YZ K^g\^"
c^V n CjZkV >c\aViZggV! b{h
fjZadh^cY^dh!ZgVZa^beZg^d
ZheVŠda Za ZcZb^\d hVi{c^Xd
XdcigV Za fjZ adh Xdadcdh n e^gViVh ^c\aZ"
hZhYVWVcWViVaaV#:caVh‚e^XVhYZY^XVYVh
V ;gVcX^h 9gV`Z Ä^bV\Zc ZheZXjaVg YZ
VfjZaaVhZhXg^iVhZc=^heVcdVb‚g^XVeVgV
]dcgVg V =Zgc{c 8dgiZhÄ! Za e^gViV Zh jc
]^YVa\d Zc WjhXV YZ cdWaZoV n g^fjZoV V
eVgi^gYZaVgVe^ŠV#AdhZcZb^\dhYZaXdc"
fj^hiVYdghdcadhVgVjXVcdhdadhVoiZXVh0
adhYZae^gViV^c\a‚h!;Za^eZ>>nZaEVeV#
´Edgfj‚hjg\^‹Za]^heVc^hbdZcjcVhd"
X^ZYVYXdbdaVcdgiZVbZg^XVcVfjZYZhYZhj
[jcYVX^‹cXdch^YZg‹V:heVŠVXdbdaVeZg"
hdc^[^XVgdcXdaZXi^kVYZaVci^Xg^hid4HZ\c
?VbZh9#;Zgc{cYZo!ZcHeV^c^c6bZg^XV!aV
XdaZXX^‹c YZ ZchVndh ZY^iVYV edg G^X]VgY
@V\Vc!aVgZhejZhiVZhi{ZcaVkdXVX^‹c^b"
eZg^Van]Zb^h[‚g^XVYZaVcjZkVcVX^‹c#:a
]^heVc^hbdcdgiZVbZg^XVcdgZhedcY†VVaV
ÆaZnYZAdc\[ZaadlÇ/Xdc[dgbZXgZX†VaV^b"
edgiVcX^VYZadhiZgg^idg^dhnbZgXVYdh]^h"
eVcdVbZg^XVcdh! bVndg ZgV Za ^ciZg‚h edg
ZhijY^Vg aV EZc†chjaV >W‚g^XV# 8jVcYd Zb"
eZoVgdc V ZhijY^Vg aV ]^hidg^V ÆaVi^cdVbZ"
g^XVcVÇ!adfjZadhZhijY^dhdhcdgiZVbZg^XV"
cdhgZVabZciZiZc†VcZcbZciZZgV:heVŠV
nhjh^chi^ijX^dcZhZc6b‚g^XV#8aVgZcXZ=#
=Vg^c\!AZl^h=Vc`Z!>gk^c\AZdcVgY!?d]c
IViZAVcc^c\!adhb{hYZhiVXVYdh]^hidg^V"
YdgZhcdgiZVbZg^XVcdhYZÆ6b‚g^XVAVi^cVÇ
]VhiVaVeg^bZgVb^iVYYZah^\adMM![jZgdc
ZcgZVa^YVYÆ]^heVc^hiVhÇ#
9Z adh dg†\ZcZh Z ^YZdad\†Vh YZa ]^heV"
c^hbd cdgiZVbZg^XVcd YZa h^\ad M>M hZ
dXjeVc HeV^c ^c 6bZg^XV n KZc Xdcb^\d V
aV:heVŠVaZ_VcV/adh^ciZaZXijVaZhcdgiZVbZ"
g^XVcdh VciZ Za bjcYd ]^heVcd! &-'%"&--%!
YZ>k{c?V`h^XŸ#:ab{h^bedgiVciZYZZhidh
Zh h^c YjYV aV bV\c†[^XV bdcd\gV[†V YZ
?V`h^XŸ!fjZ]VXZedgaV]^hidg^VYZa]^heV"
c^hbd ad fjZ Adj^h BZcVcY ]^od edg aV
]^hidg^VYZaV[^adhd[†VegV\b{i^XVZcI]Z
BZiVe]nh^XVa 8ajW# 8dbd BZcVcY! ?V`h^XŸ
h^\jZ adh eVhdh YZ eZfjZŠVh Xdbjc^YV"
YZh YZ ^ciZaZXijVaZh Zc CjZkV >c\aViZggV
nCjZkVNdg`!nXdc[dgbZgZXdchigjnZhjh
gZYZhYZeVgZciZhXd!Vb^hiVYnXdbjc^XV"
X^‹c!Y^ajX^YVaVh[jZgoVhhdX^VaZhZ^YZda‹"
\^XVhfjZ^che^gVgdchjha^WgdhnigViVYdh#
H^BZcVcY]VXZYZaVZmeZg^ZcX^VYZjcV
hVc\g^ZciV<jZggV8^k^aZaiZa‹cYZ[dcYd X^‹cYZaV>ajhigVX^‹c]^heVcdVbZg^XVcV#
hdWgZZafjZZmea^XVgZadg^\ZcYZaegV\bV"
:c dXVh^dcZh! Xdbd gZXjZgYV GdaZcV
i^hbdaZ\Van[^adh‹[^XdYZDa^kZgLZcYZaa 6YdgcdZcHeV^c^c6bZg^XV!aVkZgYVYZgV
=dabZh! L^aa^Vb ?VbZh! 8]VgaZh HVcYZgh \ZcZVad\†VYZaVhdWgVhYZadh]^heVc^hiVh
EZ^gXZ! VcY ?d]c 9ZlZn! ?V`h^XŸ ]VXZ YZ [jZ YZkZaVYV Va eWa^Xd/ Zc &-)&! HZkZgc
aV \jZggV YZ ZmeVch^‹c iZgg^idg^Va XdcigV IZVX`aZLVaa^h!jc]^heVc^hiVYZ7Vai^bd"
B‚m^XdnYZadhYZWViZhhdWgZaVZhXaVk^ijY gZ! YZcjcX^‹ YZ eaV\^Vg^d V LVh]^c\idc
Zc aVh eaVciVX^dcZh Va\dYdcZgVh YZa Hjg >gk^c\ZcYdhedXdXdcdX^YdhVgi†XjadhZc
adh ZhXZcVg^dh YdcYZ hZ YZhVggdaa‹ Za ]^h" Za Hdji]Zgc A^iZgVgn BZhhVc\Zg# :a 8dajb"
eVc^hbd YZ LVh]^c\idc >gk^c\! <Zdg\Z WjhcdZgVdWgVYZ>gk^c\!Y^g†V/ZaigVWV_d
I^X`cdg!=ZcgnAdc\[Zaadl!BVgnEZVWdYn YdXjbZciVa dg^\^cVa eZgiZcZX†V Va ]^hid"
BVcc!L^aa^Vb=#EgZhXdii#
g^VYdg ZheVŠda BVgi†c ;Zgc{cYZo YZ CV"
:a kdajbZc YZ ?V`h^XŸ Zh cdiVWaZ Zc hj kVggZiZ! fj^Zc YZhej‚h YZ VŠdh YZ VgYjd
ZmVbZc YZ aVh gZYZh YZ Vednd Ze^hidaVg n igVWV_dZcVgX]^kdh]VW†VYVYdVajo!Zcadh
VXVY‚b^Xd Zc :heVŠV n 6b‚g^XV AVi^cV Ydheg^bZgdhkdabZcZhYZaVbdcjbZc"
XdcZafjZXVYVjcdYZadhX^cXd]^heVc^h" iVa8daZXX^‹cYZadhk^V_ZhnYZhXjWg^b^Zcidh
iVh Xdci‹# 8dbd EgZhXdii! YjgVciZ aV gZ" &-'*"&-(,!idYVhnXVYVjcVYZaVhVedg"
YVXX^‹cYZhj]^hidg^VYZadhai^bdhY†Vh iVX^dcZhYZ>gk^c\#
YZ8VgadhKZcNjhiZI]ZA^[Zd[8]VgaZhK
:hiVh gZYZh cd hZ a^b^iVgdc V ad VXVY‚"
6[iZg]^h6WY^XVi^dcÄ&-*+Ä#
b^Xd# =Vn bjX]Vh ]^hidg^Vh edg XdciVg
:aVci^\jdZbeZgVYdgYZaHVXgd>beZg^d hdWgZ Za dg^\Zc YZ \gVcYZh XdaZXX^dcZh
GdbVcd!hZeZchVWV!hZ]VW†V_jW^aVYdZc cdgiZVbZg^XVcVh Xdchigj^YVh V eVgi^g YZ
Zah^aZcX^dYZZcjcbdcVhiZg^dZcNjhiZ!Zc aVXdaVWdgVX^‹c]Zb^h[‚g^XVnigVhVia{ci^"
:migZbVYjgV!:heVŠV!nYZ_VYdaVhg^ZcYVh XVZcigZ]^heVc^hiVh#AVW^Wa^diZXV7Zchdc
YZa:hiVYdVhj]^_d;Za^eZ>>#HZbZ_VciZcV" YZaVJc^kZgh^YVYYZIZmVh!YdcYZigVWV_d!
ggVi^kV! h^c ZbWVg\d! hZ kZg†V VaiZgVYV edg ijkd hjh dg†\ZcZh Zc aVh XdaZXX^dcZh fjZ
gjbdgZhYZfjZZaVgX]^kZgdYZH^bVcXVh! adh]^heVc^hiVhbZm^XVcdh<ZcVgd<VgX†V
Zc 8Vhi^aaV"AZ‹c! Idb{h <dco{aZo! ]VW†V n ?dVfj†c <VgX†V >XVoWVaXZiV bdciVgdc
VXjbjaVYdYdXjbZcidhfjZe^ciVWVcVjc YjgVciZadhVkViVgZhYZaVÆGZ[dgbVÇa^WZ"
8Vgadh K Y^hi^cid/ jc VcX^Vcd BVfj^VkZad gVa#8daZXX^dcZhfjZ!VhjkZo!egdXZY^Zgdc
fjZYZhYZZabdcVhiZg^dZ_ZgX^iVWVaVeda†" Zc \gVc eVgiZ YZa hVfjZd YZ W^Wa^diZXVh
i^XVnXdcigdaVWVZa:hiVYdgdYZVYdYZjc gZa^\^dhVh Xdadc^VaZh Än iVbW^‚c! Zc e^c"
h‚fj^idYZXdchZ_Zgdh#?V`h^XŸgZXdchigjnZZc idgZhXVgZkVcX]VYZaV]^hidg^V!YZaYZhed"
YZiVaaZaVheZg^eZX^VhYZZhidhYdXjbZcidh _dYZVgX]^kdhZcaVÆbVYgZeVig^VÇ#9ZaV
nadhZh[jZgodhYZEgZhXdiiedgdWiZcZgadh# ÆbVYgZ eVig^VÇ hZ cjig^Zgdc ^\jVabZciZ
Eg^bZgd bZY^VciZ jc ]^heVc^hiV VaZb{c W^Wa^diZXVh cdgiZVbZg^XVcVh YZ dg†\ZcZh
gZh^YZciZ Zc :heVŠV! ;g^ZYg^X] L^a]Zab YZX^bdc‹c^Xdh Xdbd aV YZ aV =^heVc^X
AZbW`Z!nb{hiVgYZVigVk‚hYZhjXdggZh" HdX^Zin Zc CjZkV Ndg`# :c HeV^c ^c 6bZ"
edchVa! Za VXVY‚b^Xd ZheVŠda EVhXjVa YZ g^XV!hjVXijVaY^gZXidg!B^iX]Zaa8dYY^c\!
<VnVc\dh# <VnVc\dh k^V_Vg†V [^cVabZciZ V bjZhigV Zc YZiVaaZ Za dg^\Zc YZ ZhiVh Xd"
H^bVcXVhnedghZbVcVh]jg\Vg†VZaVgX]^" aZXX^dcZh/Y^cZgdYZadhgdWWZgWVgdchk^V"
kd!Xde^VcYdadhYdXjbZcidhfjZEgZhXdii _‹ V :heVŠV eVgV VYfj^g^g YdXjbZcidh!
gZfjZg†V!VYZb{hYZbjX]dhcjZkdh#
VgiZ! dW_Zidh n a^Wgdh YZ bVcZgV bVh^kV#
:c Z[ZXid! bjX]d YZ aV dWgV YZ adh ]^h" AVh k^h^dcZh gdb{ci^XVh n dg^ZciVa^hiVh
eVc^hiVh ZjgdeZdh n cdgiZVbZg^XVcdh! h^ YZ 6gX]Zg =jci^c\idc igVch[dgbVgdc hj
cd[jZgdcVegde^VX^dcZhYZadhigVWV_dhYZ =^heVc^XHdX^ZinZcjcgZedh^idg^dYdXj"
ZhijY^dhdhadXVaZh![jZgdcZhXg^iVhVegZhiV" bZciVahdWgZZaBZY^dZkdnaVZgVYZÆZm"
bVcdhXdcZaadh#DWgVhiVc[VbdhVhXdbd eadgVX^‹c n 9ZhXjWg^b^ZcidÇ! jc bjhZd
aV =^hidgn d[ HeVc^h] A^iZgVijgZ &-*% YZ W^Wa^diZXVeVgVXZaZWgVgXVWVaaZgdh!{gVWZh
I^X`cdg n aV 8dcfjZhi d[ BZm^Xd &-)( YZ nYdcXZaaVh#&
EgZhXdii[jZgdc!YZVa\jcVbVcZgV!dWgVh
XdaZXi^kVh! fjZ cd ]jW^ZgVc h^Yd edh^WaZh & AV b^hbV dg^ZciVa^oVX^‹c Vc\ad VbZg^"
h^c Za igVWV_d YZ VgX]^kdh YZ ]^heVc^hiVh XVcV YZ :heVŠV ZcXjZcigV B# :a^oVWZi]
ZheVŠdaZhnbZm^XVcdh/EVhXjVaYZ<VnVc" 7ddcZZcaVhe^cijgVhYZHVbjZa8daZbVc!
\dh I^X`cdg n EgZhXdii n ?dh‚ ;ZgcVcYd I]dbVh:V`^ch!BVgn8VhhVii!n?d]cH^c\Zg
GVb†gZonAjXVh6aVb{cEgZhXdii#Adh[V" HVg\ZciÄK^hiVhYZ:heVŠV/6bZg^XVcK^Zlh
bdhdhkZ^ciZkdabZcZhYZ=jbWdaYihd" d[6giVcYA^[Z^cHeV^cÄ/:heVŠVZhjcVhd"
WgZaV]^hidg^V!ZhiVY†hi^XVhnVci^\“ZYVYZh X^ZYVY^cbjcZVaXVbW^d!aaZcVYZ\^iVcdh
YZ6b‚g^XVcd[jZgdch^cdjcXdbZciVg^d e†XVgdhnbj_ZgZhhZchjVaZh!nVbZgXZYYZ
ZgjY^idYZaVhdWgVhYZdigdh/jcVXdbe^aV" Xa^bVhneV^hV_ZhcdgiZV[g^XVcdh#
'-EGA
8
‹bd aVh k^h^dcZh gdb{ci^XVh!
XVWVaaZgZhXVh n dg^ZciVa^hiVh
YZ :heVŠV hZ VhdX^Vg†Vc V aV
XdchigjXX^‹cYZjcV^YZci^YVY
cVX^dcVacdgiZVbZg^XVcVZhdigV{gZVZmV"
b^cVYVedg?V`h^XŸ!nZhiVbW^‚cegZdXj"
eVX^‹cYZG^X]VgY@V\VcnGdaZcV6Ydg"
cdZcHeV^c^c6bZg^XV#
HZ\c 6Ydgcd! Za 8da‹c YZ >gk^c\ hZ
]VWg†VYZXdckZgi^gZcZabdYZadYZae^d"
cZgdegdidXVe^iVa^hiVYZaVXdadc^oVX^‹c
Vc\adVbZg^XVcV#Ji‹e^XdnhdŠVYdg!eZgd
Y^hX^ea^cVYd n X^Zci†[^Xd/ jcV bZoXaV YZ
bVhXja^c^YVY!e^ZYVY!bdYZgc^YVYZ^c"
Y^k^YjVa^hbdhdWgZadhfjZhZXdchigjn‹
Æ6b‚g^XVÇ Xdbd cVX^‹c# JcV cVggVi^kV
[jcYVX^dcVafjZX^gXja‹bVh^kVbZciZZc
aVh ZhXjZaVh YZa h^\ad M>M ZbeVXVYV Zc
kZgh^dcZh eZYV\‹\^XVh eVgV c^Šdh n fjZ
hdadaVXg^h^hXjaijgVaYZaVY‚XVYVYZ&.+%
nadhYZWViZhVagZYZYdgYZaVXZaZWgVX^‹c
YZafj^cidXZciZcVg^dYZaÆYZhXjWg^b^Zc"
idÇZc&..'ad\gVgdcYZhVad_VgYZaVXdc"
X^ZcX^VeWa^XV#@V\Vc!edghjeVgiZ!XgZZ
fjZ EgZhXdii k^d V :heVŠV Xdbd aV Vci†"
iZh^hYZadh::#JJ#/YjgVciZZaBZY^dZkd!
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
adh kVadgZh YZ ^cY^k^YjVa^hbd n eajgVa^h"
bdgZa^\^dhdeZgb^i^ZgdcVaVeZc†chjaV
hjg\^gnXdchda^YVghZXdbdjcV\gVccV"
X^‹c0 Za YZhXjWg^b^Zcid YZ 6b‚g^XV n aV
XdchigjXX^‹c YZa ^beZg^d aaZkVgdc V fjZ
:heVŠVeZgY^ZgVaVWg_jaV#AVZmejah^‹c
YZ_jY†dhnbdg^hXdhnaV^cidaZgVcX^VgZa^"
\^dhVYZaV>cfj^h^X^‹c!VjcVYdhVaXgZX^"
b^ZcidYZaVWhdaji^hbdbdc{gfj^XdÄeV"
\VYdXdcaVeaViVVbZg^XVcVÄ!^c^X^VgdcaV
YZXVYZcX^V#>cY^k^YjVa^hbdnYZbdXgVX^V
\ZcZgVgdc\gVcYZoV!^cidaZgVcX^VgZa^\^d"
hV n XZcigVa^hbd! YZXVYZcX^V# :c bVcdh
YZ EgZhXdii! :heVŠV [jcX^dcV Xdbd jc
bdYZad fjZ eZgb^iZ cd hdad Zmea^XVg Za
hjg\^b^Zcid n YZXVYZcX^V YZa ^beZg^d!
h^cdiVbW^‚caVegdheZg^YVYnZmeVch^‹c
Vc\adVbZg^XVcV#
?V`h^XŸ!ZcaVa†cZVYZ6Ydgcdn@V\Vc!
XgZZfjZ:heVŠVegdkZn‹Vadhgdb{ci^Xdh
cdgiZVbZg^XVcdhfjZcdZcXdcigVgdcZc
adhb^idh^cY†\ZcVhdWg^i{c^XdhÄedgdW"
k^Vh gVodcZhÄ bViZg^Va Vegde^VYd V eVg"
i^gYZaXjVaXdchigj^g^YZci^YVYZhcVX^d"
cVaZhYZabdYZadfjZZaadhcZXZh^iVWVc/
jcVcVX^‹cfjZYZhej‚hYZZmejahVgVjc
ZcZb^\dZcXVhVZmeVcY^‹hjh[gdciZgVh
nigVch[dgb‹ZabjcYdVa[jcYVgÆ6b‚"
g^XVÇ# 8dadc! Xdbd Zb^hVg^d YZ :heVŠV!
hZXdckZgi^g{ZcZa]‚gdZYZaGdbVci^X^h"
bd cdgiZVbZg^XVcd# EZgd ?V`h^XŸ kV b{h
Vaa{ fjZ 6Ydgcd n @V\Vc# EVgV ?V`h^XŸ!
aV :heVŠV YZa ]^heVc^hiV cd Zh hdad jcV
]ZggVb^ZciV eVgV eZchVg adh eg^cX^e^dh
nYZhi^cdhYZaVcVX^‹c!h^cdiVbW^‚cjc
^chigjbZcid eVgV VcVa^oVg XdnjcijgVh
ZheZX†[^XVhYZhj]^hidg^V#8dbdXjVcYd
BVgn EZVWdYn BVcc! [gZciZ V aV ZmeVc"
h^‹c YZ aV ZhXaVk^ijY Zc Za Hjg! ZkdXV aV
egdb^hXj^YVY bZhi^oV n aV XdggjeX^‹c n
i^gVc†V ]^he{c^XV fjZ ZcXdcig‹ Zc 8jWV
Zc aV Y‚XVYV YZ &-(%! ZkdXVX^dcZh fjZ
YZ_Vg†V eaVhbVYVh Zc aV cdkZaV ?jVc^iV
ejWa^XVYV e‹hijbVbZciZ Zc &--,# D
XjVcYdjhVaV^bV\ZcYZahVakV_Zeg^b^i^"
kdVhdX^VYVVa\VjX]d"XVjY^aadVg\Zci^cd
VegZcY^YVYZhjigVYjXX^‹cYZa;VXjcYd
YZ HVgb^Zcid eVgV e^ciVg jcV ^bV\Zc
YZediZcX^VaYZhdaVX^‹ch^aVGZXdchigjX"
X^‹cZcadh:hiVYdhhjgZŠdh!YZhej‚hYZaV
<jZggV8^k^a!cdegdbdk†Vjch^hiZbVYZ
ZYjXVX^‹c eWa^XV YZa i^ed iVc Vch^VYd
EGA
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
edghjY^[jcidbVg^Yd!=dgVXZBVcc#Ad
b^hbdZcEgZhXdiinhjVch^ZYVY!Vegd"
e‹h^idYZaV\jZggVYZV\gZh^‹cnZmegd"
e^VX^‹cVB‚m^Xd!edgaVYZXVYZcX^V^cb^"
cZciZYZhjVbVYVgZeWa^XV!XdckZgi^YV
V]dgVZc^beZg^d#DÄVjcfjZYZZhidcd
hZdXjeVc?V`h^XŸd@V\VcÄ!VfjZaaVhkV"
g^ZYVYZhYZa]^heVc^hbdcdgiZVbZg^XVcd
fjZ [adgZX^Zgdc Zc IZmVh! CjZkd B‚m^Xd
n8Va^[dgc^V#:cZah^\adM>Mneg^cX^e^dh
YZa MM Zm^hi^Zgdc kVg^ZYVYZh adXVaZh YZ
]^heVc^hbdhVc\adVbZg^XVcdhZcidYdh
adh ZhiVYdh [gdciZg^odh0 jcdh n digdh! Zc
bVndg d bZcdg bZY^YV! hZ YZY^XVWVc V
^cXdgedgVg Za eVhVYd ÆZheVŠdaÇ egZX^hV"
bZciZeVgVedYZgY^hXg^b^cVgadbZm^XV"
cd#=dnZcY†V!adhb^cjiZbVceVigjaaVc
aVh[gdciZgVhcdgiZVbZg^XVcVheVgVZk^iVg
jcV ^ckVh^‹c YZ bZm^XVcdh eg^Zidh! hjh
[jijgdh _VgY^cZgdh! bZhZgdh! VaWVŠ^aZh!
XdX^cZgdh! ZbeaZVYVh n c^ŠZgVh# 6a\j"
cdh b^cjiZbVc [^cVcX^Vc hj bdk^b^Zc"
id kZcY^ZcYd [gVhXdh YZ hVahVh e^XVciZh
bZm^XVcVh YZXdgVYdh Xdc ^b{\ZcZh YZ
eVig^diVh YZ aVh b^a^X^Vh Xdadc^VaZh YZ
CjZkV>c\aViZggV#
hZejWa^XVhZ^hkZXZhVaVŠd#8VYVZY^X^‹ceVhVgZk^hiVVad
b{hZhi^bjaVciZndg^\^cVaYZadgZX^ZciZbZciZejWa^XVYdZc
a^iZgVijgV!W^d\gV[†V!bZbdg^V!]^hidg^V!eda†i^XV![^adhd[†V!X^ZcX^V#
6egdkZX]ZcjZhigVhiVg^[Vh^cigdYjXidg^Vh#HjhXg†WVhZV]dgVn
gZX^WVEGAYZhYZY^X^ZbWgZnXVYVYdhbZhZh#
:9>8>âC>BEG:H6
::#JJ#!8VcVY{!6b‚g^XVAVi^cV # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH'&
GZhidYZabjcYd# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH'EGADCA>C:# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH&*
:9>8>âC>BEG:H6 EGADCA>C:
::#JJ#!8VcVY{!6b‚g^XVAVi^cV# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH'.
GZhidYZabjcYd# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # JH(+
DWiZc\VXVYVZY^X^‹cYZEGAZcjcE9;XdcY^hZŠdegde^d#AVhjhXg^eX^‹cVcjVadidg\VVXXZhdVidYVhaVh
ZY^X^dcZhYZEGA#
EVgVegZ\jciVhhdWgZ
hjhjhXg^eX^‹cdeVgV
dgYZcVgjcVedg
iZa‚[dcdedg[Vkdg
Xdci{XiZcdhaaVbVcYd
Va'&'#-+)#)'-%
dk^h^iVcYdlll#
gZk^hiVega#Xdb#IVbW^‚c
ejZYZhjhXg^W^ghZ
Zck^VcYdjcX]ZfjZd
bdcZndgYZgV/
B^Yd:Y^idgZh!
),)8ZcigVaEVg`LZhi!
CZlNdg`!CN&%%'*#
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
EGA'.
AVhY^hdajX^dcZh^beZg^VaZh
'%%VŠdhYZhej‚h
Eduardo Posada Carbó
HdkZgZ^\cinVcYGZkdaji^dc^c
i]Z>WZg^Vc6iaVci^X
YZ?ZgZbn6YZabVc
Eg^cXZidcJc^kZgh^inEgZhh!'%%+!
)%.ee#!JH(.!.*
GZegZhZciVX^‹cZ^cYZeZcYZcX^V!
&-&%"&-&+
YZ<j^aaZgbdHdhV6WZaaV
>chi^ijid8dadbW^VcdYZ6cigd"
edad\†VZ=^hidg^V$;jcYVX^‹c
8Vgda^cV!'%%+!(&'ee#!JH&,
:aeg^bZga^WZgVa^hbdZheVŠdan
adhegdXZhdhYZZbVcX^eVX^‹cYZ
6b‚g^XV!&-%-"&-')#JcVgZk^"
h^‹c]^hidg^d\g{ÒXVYZaa^WZgVa^h"
bd]^he{c^Xd
YZGdWZgid7gZŠV
El Colegio de México, 2006,
580 pp., US$ 22
6
[^cZh YZ cdk^ZbWgZ YZ &-%,! aVh
[jZgoVh cVedaZ‹c^XVh Va bVcYd
YZa \ZcZgVa ?jcdi dXjeVWVc A^h"
WdV# BZhZh b{h iVgYZ! Zc bVnd
YZ&-%-!ZagZn;ZgcVcYdK>>hZk^d[dgoVYd
VVWY^XVgaVXdgdcVZheVŠdaVZc[VkdgYZ?dh‚
7dcVeVgiZ!]ZgbVcdYZCVedaZ‹c#AV^ckV"
h^‹c[gVcXZhVYZaVEZc†chjaV>W‚g^XVYZhVi‹
hZcYVhXg^h^hZcadh^beZg^dhYZEdgij\Van
:heVŠV!YZZcdgbZhnYjgVYZgVhXdchZXjZc"
X^Vh#IVchdadigZhajhigdhYZhej‚h!ZabVeV
eda†i^XdYZ6b‚g^XVhZk^‹Yg{hi^XVbZciZgZ"
Xdc[^\jgVYdXdcaVZbZg\ZcX^VYZjcWjZc
cbZgdYZ:hiVYdhfjZYVWVc[^cVigZhh^"
\adhYZYdb^c^dXdadc^Va#NV=V^i†hZ]VW†V
^cYZeZcY^oVYdYZ;gVcX^VZc&-%)#
AVZbVcX^eVX^‹caVi^cdVbZg^XVcVYZadh
]VhiV ZcidcXZh edYZgdhdh ^beZg^dh ^W‚g^"
Xdh[jZjcVXdciZX^b^ZcidYZY^bZch^dcZh
ZmigVdgY^cVg^Vh! XjnVh XVjhVh! cVijgVaZoV
Z ^beVXid ]Vc h^Yd dW_Zid YZ gZcdkVYd
^ciZg‚h ]^hidg^d\g{[^Xd WV_d jc bVgXVYd
Zhe†g^ij gZk^h^dc^hiV# :a iZbV h^ZbegZ ]V
gZX^W^YdZheZX^VaViZcX^‹c#EZgdYZhYZ]VXZ
Y‚XVYVh]VYVYdaj\VgVg^XVhXdcigdkZgh^Vh
n hd[^hi^XVYVh ^ciZgegZiVX^dcZh! W^Zc aZ_dh
YZVfjZaaVh‚e^XVh\adg^dhVhYZ]‚gdZhnWV"
iVaaVh fjZ aV ^\cdgVcX^V h^\jZ ^YZci^[^XVc"
YdXdcÆ]^hidg^Vhd[^X^VaZhÇhjejZhiVbZciZ
idYVk†V egZYdb^cVciZh# :c &...! ?d]c
AncX]ÄVjidgYZjciZmidnVÆXa{h^XdÇhdWgZ
aVh ^cYZeZcYZcX^Vh! ejWa^XVYd Zc &.,(! n
8db^ZcoVaVk^YVeVgaVbZciVg^VVbZg^XVcV#;DID/BJH:D=>HIâG>8DBJC>8>E6A9:B69G>9#
YZ jcV W^d\gV[†V gZX^ZciZ YZ H^b‹c 7da†"
kVgÄgZXdcdX†VÆVkVcXZhÇZcXVh^idYdhhjh
VheZXidh/ hdX^VaZh! eda†i^Xdh! ZXdc‹b^Xdh Z
^YZda‹\^Xdh#:a^ciZg‚hhZ]VZmeVcY^YdVjc
b{h YZhYZ ZcidcXZh# Adh a^Wgdh YZ ?ZgZbn
6YZabVc!<j^aaZgbdHdhV6WZaaVnGdWZgid
7gZŠVhdcVh†kVa^dhdhVedgiZh!YZhYZY^[Z"
gZciZheZgheZXi^kVh!ZcjcXVbedYZ\gVc
k^iVa^YVY]^hidg^d\g{[^XV#
6jcfjZ 7gVh^a n aV \gVc bVndg†V YZ adh
:hiVYdh ]^heVcdVbZg^XVcdh ad\gVgdc hj
^cYZeZcYZcX^V Zc aV b^hbV ‚edXV! hZ ]V
iZcY^Yd edg ad \ZcZgVa V ZhijY^Vg VbWdh
egdXZhdh edg hZeVgVYd# 6YZabVc ]VXZ Za
Zh[jZgod ZmXZeX^dcVa YZ VWdgYVg ad hjXZ"
Y^Yd Zc adh ^beZg^dh ^W‚g^Xdh YZhYZ jcV
eZgheZXi^kVXdbeVgVi^kVÄjcdYZadh\gVc"
YZhb‚g^idhYZhjigVWV_dÄ!h^W^ZcZcadfjZ
gZheZXiVVaVhXdadc^VhhjZc[dfjZhZa^b^iV
V HjYVb‚g^XV# AVh gVodcZh eVgV ZmVb^cVg
Vab^hbdi^ZbedVbWdhbjcYdhÄZaZheV"
ŠdanZaedgij\j‚hÄhdcXaVgVh/hZigViVYZ
ÆYdh ^beZg^dh ZcXZggVYdh Zc jcV b^hbV
XdnjcijgV gZkdajX^dcVg^V n Zc[gZciVYdh V
aV Y^[jh^‹c YZ ^YZVh hdWgZ gZegZhZciVX^‹c
n bdYZadh YZ a^WZgiVYZh eZghdcVaZh n ed"
a†i^XVh### dXjeVYdh edg jc b^hbd Z_‚gX^id
ZmigVc_Zgd[gVcX‚hÇ#CdhZaZhejZYZZhij"
Y^VgV^haVYVbZciZ#:heVŠVnEdgij\VaZgVc
iVbW^‚c ^beZg^dh Zc g^kVa^YVY Xdc digVh
ediZcX^VhYZa6i{ci^Xd!n6YZabVcaZdidg"
\V ÆXZcigVa^YVYÇ V ZhV Vbea^V ÆY^bZch^‹c
^beZg^VaÇXdcZa[^cYZZciZcYZgaVhÆgZkd"
ajX^dcZhÇYZaV‚edXV!ZcjceZg†dYdgZaVi^"
kVbZciZZmiZchd/YZhYZbZY^VYdhYZah^\ad
MK>>>]VhiVaVY‚XVYVYZ&-'%#
>cYZeZcYZcX^Vhh^cegZXjghdgZh
AVh gZ[dgbVh ^beZg^VaZh YZa MK>>> ]Vc
hda^YdhZŠVaVghZXdbdXVjhVh^bedgiVciZh
YZ aV ^cYZeZcYZcX^V# 6YZabVc hZ dXjeV
YZ ZaaVh! eZgd cd aZh Vig^WjnZ ZhVh XdcY^"
X^dcZh#:cjcdndigd^beZg^d]jWd^ciZc"
idhYZgZeZchVgaVhgZheZXi^kVhhdWZgVc†Vh
ÆcVX^dcVaZhÇ Ä^cXaj^YVh aVh gZaVX^dcZh Zc"
igZ aVh bZig‹eda^h n aVh Xdadc^VhÄ n! eVgV
^ciZ\gVghjhYdb^c^dh!VbWdhZbegZcY^Z"
gdcegdXZhdhgZ[dgb^hiVhfjZhZ^ciZggjb"
e^Zgdc Xdc aVh Y^hi^ciVh gZWZa^dcZh YZ aV
Y‚XVYVYZ&,-%#IVaZhZh[jZgodhgZ[dgb^h"
iVh ÄXdbd adh ^ciZcidh YZ XZcigVa^oVX^‹c
WjgdXg{i^XVdYZa^b^iVgZaedYZgZXaZh^{h"
i^XdÄ!b^cVgdcegZk^dhVggZ\adhXdadc^VaZh
n egdkdXVgdc bVaZhiVg# HZ\c 6YZabVc!
h^cZbWVg\d!cdVci^X^eVWVcbdk^b^Zcid
ZbVcX^eVYdgVa\jcd#C^adVci^X^eVgdcadh
YZhVggdaadhYZaVZXdcdb†VYZa6ia{ci^Xd!V
eZhVgYZhjhZ[ZXidhZcaVhgZaVX^dcZhZcigZ
aVhbZig‹eda^hnaVhXdadc^Vh!fjZ‚aZmVb^"
cVXdcYZiVaaZ#
EdghjbV\c^ijYnh^\c^[^XVYd!aVZhXaV"
k^ijYgZX^WZVh†ZheZX^VaViZcX^‹c#:gVjcV
^chi^ijX^‹c fjZ eZgbZVWV XVh^ idYdh adh
hZXidgZhhdX^VaZh#:c&-%)!aVbVndg†V]Vh"
iVjcViZgXZgVeVgiZYZadhZhXaVkdhZcaV
XVe^iVc†VYZG†dYZ?VcZ^gdZgVedhZ†YVedg
eZfjZŠdh n bZY^Vcdh egde^ZiVg^dh! Xdc"
Y^X^dcVcYd aV [dgbVX^‹c YZ jc XdbeaZ_d
h^hiZbV aVWdgVa fjZ XdZm^hi†V Xdc digdh
VggZ\adh YZ igVWV_d# 6YZabVc Vg\jbZciV
fjZZaeVeZaYZaVZhXaVk^ijYZc7gVh^a[jZ
h^b^aVgVafjZ_j\‹ZcZaG†dYZaVEaViV#:c
VbWdh XVhdh! Za ig{[^Xd YZ ZhXaVkdh hZ ]V"
Wg†V XdckZgi^Yd Zc aV [jZciZ eg^cX^eVa YZ
g^fjZoV eVgV adh XdbZgX^VciZh Xdadc^VaZh!
fj^ZcZh [jZgdc VYfj^g^ZcYd Vjidcdb†V
ZXdc‹b^XV[gZciZVhjhbZig‹eda^h#HjXgZ"
X^b^ZcidhZVXZaZg‹VeVgi^gYZ&,.%!XjVc"
YdeVh‹VhZgZaÆeg^bZgÈbZgXVYda^WgZÉYZa
h^hiZbVXdbZgX^VaYZa6ia{ci^XdnXdchda^"
Y‹adhXVcVaZhYZ^ciZgXVbW^dZcigZÛ[g^XV
naVh6b‚g^XVhÇ#
AVVeZgijgVnZmeVch^‹cYZaXdbZgX^dYZ
ZhXaVkdhbdY^[^XVgdcZaWVaVcXZYZedYZg
ZXdc‹b^XdgZaVi^kdZcigZbZig‹eda^hnXd"
adc^Vh/ZhiVhYZeZcY^ZgdcXVYVkZobZcdh
YZÆaVhXVe^iVaZh^W‚g^XVhb^ZcigVheVhVWVc
VhZgb{hYZeZcY^ZciZhYZaig{[^XdYZZhXaV"
kdhÇ#6ab^hbdi^Zbed!aVhZXdcdb†VhbZ"
igdeda^iVcVh cZXZh^iVWVc YZ hjh Xdadc^Vh!
hdWgZidYdeVgV[^cVcX^VgaVh\jZggVh^b"
eZg^VaZhedgaVÆhjegZbVX†VYZa6ia{ci^XdÇ#
AVh‚a^iZhXdbZgX^VaZhYZa7gVh^aad\gVgdc
jcV bZ_dg ^ciZ\gVX^‹c Xdc aV bZig‹eda^
fjZaVhhjYVbZg^XVcVh#EZgdjcVhndigVh
WjhXVgdcÆbVm^b^oVghjhgZciVhÇ!VegdkZ"
X]VcYdZaYZW^a^iVb^ZcidYZaVhVjidg^YV"
YZh bdc{gfj^XVh! Xdbd egdYjXid YZ aVh
\jZggVh# :c XjVafj^Zg XVhd! hj XgZX^ZciZ
Vjidcdb†VnhjhZkZcijVaZhXdc[a^XidhXdc
aVbZig‹eda^cdaaZ\VgdcVXdchi^ij^gjcV
ÆXg^h^hÇ edgfjZ! hZ\c 6YZabVc! Æad fjZ
YZWZhjWgVnVghZZhaVgZh^hiZcX^VYZadhk†c"
XjadhYZbjijVYZeZcYZcX^V!Va^bZciVYdh
Zc eVgiZ edg jc iZbdg Xdc_jcid ]VX^V Za
ZheZXigdYZaVgZkdajX^‹cÇ#
6h† Xdbd adh YZhVggdaadh ZXdc‹b^Xdh
cd VejciVWVc ^cZmdgVWaZbZciZ ]VX^V aV
ZbVcX^eVX^‹c!6YZabVciVbedXdZcXjZc"
igVZmegZh^dcZhegZXjghdgVhYZaV^cYZeZc"
YZcX^VZcZaXVbed^YZda‹\^Xd#:aZc[dfjZ
YZhjigVWV_deVgZXZVgVidhYVgaZhb{h‚c"
[Vh^hVadhVheZXidhYZaVZXdcdb†Veda†i^XV
n hjh YZhVggdaadh Zc Za h^hiZbV ^beZg^Va
6ia{ci^Xd#CddWhiVciZ!aZhdidg\ViVbW^‚c
kVadgVaVh^YZVhZcjcVc{a^h^hfjZXdci^Z"
cZÆXdbegdb^hdhÇ^ciZgegZiVi^kdhnÆgZidhÇ
bZidYda‹\^Xdh# Adh eZchVYdgZh ÆXg^daadhÇ
cd]VWg†Vch^Ydc^ÆegdidcVX^dcVa^hiVhÇ!c^
ÆYZ[ZchdgZhYZaVigVY^X^‹cÇ#NVjcfjZaVh
^YZVh YZWZc igViVghZ Xdbd Æ[jZgoVh XVeV"
XZhYZ^c[aj^gaVbVcZgVXdbdadhV\ZciZh
]^hi‹g^XdhkZ†VcZabjcYdZcfjZk^k†VcÇ!
6YZabVc cd aVh YZhk^cXjaV YZa XdcXZeid
YZ ÆXaVhZÇ# ?dh‚ >\cVX^d YZ EdbWd! BV"
cjZa 7Za\gVcd n ?dh‚ ?dVfj†c YZ 6oZgVid
8dji^c]d ]VWg†Vc h^Yd Vh† Æ^ciZaZXijVaZh
dg\{c^XdhÇYZaXVe^iVa^hbdbZgXVci^a#:c"
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
(%EGA
XjZcigVÆedXVhZk^YZcX^VhÇYZfjZZagZej"
Wa^XVc^hbd Vc\adhV_‹c ]jW^ZhZ ^c[ajZc"
X^VYd Za eZchVb^Zcid ^W‚g^Xd n Xdch^YZgV
fjZaVÆXg†i^XVXdadc^VaÇcdYZhZbWdX‹Zc
jcV VW^ZgiV XdcYZcV YZa Æeg^cX^e^d YZ aV
hdWZgVc†V ^beZg^VaÇ ÄZhidh edhijaVYdh
\ZcZgVaZh hZ WVhVc Zc aV aZXijgV YZ jcdh
XjVcidhVjidgZh!fjZedYg†VXdiZ_VghZXdc
iZmidh YZ digVh [^\jgVh XdciZbedg{cZVh!
XdbdEZYgd;Zgb†cYZKVg\Vhd;gVcX^hXd
YZB^gVcYV#
Adh gZhZci^b^Zcidh VbZg^XVcdh cd ]V"
Wg†Vc YVYd aj\Vg V ^YZci^YVYZh Vci^Xdad"
c^VaZh#:cZaXVhdeVgi^XjaVgYZaV6b‚g^XV
ZheVŠdaV! Za Vci^Xdadc^Va^hbd [jZ aV ÆgZh"
ejZhiV V aV [dgbV Xdbd adh gZVa^hiVh bV"
cZ_VgdcaVXg^h^hYZaVhdWZgVc†V^beZg^VaÇ#
6YZabVc Xd^cX^YZ Vfj† Xdc Za XgZX^ZciZ
XdchZchdgZk^h^dc^hiVgZheZXidYZaVhXVj"
hVhYZaV^cYZeZcYZcX^V/b{hZmiZgcVhfjZ
^ciZgcVh! dg^\^cVYVh Zc Za kVX†d YZ edYZg
egdkdXVYdedgaV^ckVh^‹ccVedaZ‹c^XV!n
YZcigd YZ jc bVgXd YZ Xdc[gdciVX^dcZh
W‚a^XVh fjZ kZc†Vc bdY^[^XVcYd Za dgYZc
^ciZgcVX^dcVa#
:aÆi^ZbedXdgidÇYZaVgZkdajX^‹c
Adh hjXZhdh dXjgg^Ydh igVh aV [dgoVYV
VWY^XVX^‹cYZaVXdgdcVZheVŠdaVZc&-%-
VYfj^ZgZc!edgadiVcid!jcegd[jcYdh^\"
c^[^XVYd!VagZkVadgVghZaV^bedgiVcX^VYZ
aV Xg^h^h YZ aZ\^i^b^YVY Xdbd YZidcVciZ
Xg†i^Xd YZa egdXZhd ZbVcX^eVYdg# ;jZgdc
hjXZhdh VigdeZaaVYdh n Xdc[jhdh! Xjndh
YZhZcaVXZhhdadejZYZcZmea^XVghZXdcXj^"
YVYdhVViZcX^‹cVadhZkZcidhnhjhVXidgZh!
VXZeiVcYdZaeVeZaYZaVXdci^c\ZcX^VZc
aV ]^hidg^V# =Vn fjZ VegZX^Vg Za YZhZckda"
k^b^ZcidYZaVZbVcX^eVX^‹cZchjhÆi^Zb"
edh XdgidhÇ ÄYdcYZ adh VŠdh &-%- V &-&%
VYfj^ZgZc ÆZheZX^Va ^bedgiVcX^VÇ! Xdbd
dWhZgkVGdWZgid7gZŠVZchjXaVgVcVggV"
i^kVfjZi^ZcZZab‚g^idVY^X^dcVaYZ]VXZg
jcgZeVhdZmiZchdYZaVa^iZgVijgVh^ca^b^"
iVghZVjcbZgdZ_ZgX^X^dW^Wa^d\g{[^Xd#
AVVjhZcX^VYZagZnVWg^‹YZ^cbZY^VidaV
^ciZggd\VciZfjZYZhVi‹Zabdk^b^Zcid^c"
YZeZcYZci^hiV Zc 6b‚g^XV/ ´6 fj^‚c dWZ"
YZXZg4AVhgZhejZhiVh!kVg^VYVhnXdc[a^Xi^"
kVh!ZhiVWVcidYVhViVYVhZhigZX]VbZciZV
aVXjZhi^‹cYZaVÆgZegZhZciVX^‹cÇ!jciZbV
fjZ]Vbdi^kVYdWjZcVeVgiZYZagZX^ZciZ
^ciZg‚h]^hidg^d\g{[^Xd#8dbdYZhXg^WZ7gZ"
ŠV!aVÆgZhejZhiVeg{Xi^XVÇfjZY^ZgdcZc:h"
eVŠVVaegdWaZbVYZfj^‚cÆgZegZhZciVWVÇ
VahdWZgVcdYZhej‚hYZaV^ckVh^‹ccVedaZ‹"
c^XVZcbVndYZ&-%-[jZaVXgZVX^‹cYZ_jc"
iVhadXVaZh!jcegdXZhdXV‹i^XdfjZhZ^c^X^‹
XdcaVXgZVX^‹cYZaV_jciVYZDk^ZYdnVY"
fj^g^‹bVndg[dgbVXdcZaZhiVWaZX^b^Zcid
YZaV?jciV8ZcigVaZa'*YZhZei^ZbWgZYZ
ZhZVŠd#9ZhYZhjh^c^X^dh!ZhiZbdk^b^Zc"
id _jci^hiV Äbjn egdcid gZea^XVYd Zc aVh
Xdadc^VhÄeaVciZ‹ZaYZWViZhdWgZaV^cXdg"
edgVX^‹cVbZg^XVcVZcadhXjZgedhfjZXd"
bZcoVgdc V Vig^Wj^ghZ aV ÆgZegZhZciVX^‹cÇ
YZahdWZgVcdZcVjhZcX^V#AVXdckdXVidg^V
YZa''YZZcZgdYZ&-%.!fjZ^ck^iVWVVadh
VbZg^XVcdhVZaZ\^gY^ejiVYdheVgVaV?jciV
8ZcigVa!Xdchi^ijn‹jcZkZcidYZZmigVdgY^"
cVg^V^bedgiVcX^V#6aa†hZVXZeiVWVfjZÆadh
kVhidhnegZX^dhdhYdb^c^dhfjZaV:heVŠV
edhZZZcaVh>cY^Vhcdhdcegde^VbZciZXd"
adc^Vhd[VXidg†Vh###h^cdjcVeVgiZZhZcX^Va
Z ^ciZ\gVciZ YZ aV bdcVgfj†V ZheVŠdaVÇ#
:hiV^\jVaYVY!h^cZbWVg\d!cdhZigVYjX†V
Zc egdedgX^dcVa cbZgd YZ gZegZhZciVc"
iZhVbZg^XVcdhZcaV?jciV#6fj†aVgV†oYZ
jcV Æeda‚b^XV [jcYVbZciVaÇ fjZ! Xdbd
;gVcd^h"MVk^Zg<jZggVdWhZgk‹!Æ^g{ZckZ"
cZc{cYdhZ]VhiVXdcYjX^gVaV^cYZeZcYZc"
X^VÇ BdYZgc^YVY Z ^cYZeZcYZcX^Vh! &..'#
7gZŠVcdhZdXjeVYZaegdXZhdZaZXidgVaYZ
&-%.ÄcdZhZadW_ZidYZhja^WgdÄ!eZgdh†aZ
gZXdcdXZÆigVhXZcYZcX^VÇVaVXdckdXVidg^V
nadhYZWViZhfjZhjhX^i‹#
6jcfjZ aVh ZaZXX^dcZh ijk^Zgdc aj\Vg
Zc jc \gVc cbZgd YZ X^jYVYZh ÄXdbd
adbjZhigV<jZggVn!eVgVZaXVhdYZCjZ"
kV:heVŠV!jcZchVnde‹hijbdYZCViVa^Z
AZZ 7ZchdcÄ! Za egdXZhd hZ igjcX‹ Xdc aV
Y^hdajX^‹cYZaV?jciV8ZcigVanZaigVheV"
hdYZhjedYZgVdigdXjZged!aVGZ\ZcX^V!
ZcZcZgdYZ&-&%!XdcadfjZhZegdYj_djc
ÆgZWgdiZ YZa _jci^hbdÇ# Jc YZXgZid YZ aV
GZ\ZcX^V!YZ&)YZ[ZWgZgdYZ&-&%!VeZaV"
WVVadhÆ:heVŠdaZhVbZg^XVcdh###ZaZkVYdh
VaVY^\c^YVYYZ]dbWgZha^WgZhÇ!nadh^c"
k^iVWVVZaZ\^gY^ejiVYdhVaVh8dgiZh!ejZh
hjhYZhi^cdhnVcdYZeZcY†VcÆYZadhB^"
c^higdh!c^YZadhK^ggZnZh###Zhi{cZckjZh"
igVhbVcdhÇ#
“No solo hacía falta una revista
continental sino, sobre todo,
una de actualidad bibliográfica
y crítica”
Julio Ortega
6 ad aVg\d YZ &-&%! Za gZXdgg^Yd YZ aV
^cYZeZcYZcX^V ÄeVgV YZX^gad Zc i‚gb^"
cdh h^beaZhÄ hZ W^[jgXVWV/ Zc iVcid fjZ
Va\jcVh egdk^cX^Vh hZ bVciZc†Vc aZVaZh
VaVVjidg^YVYYZaVbZig‹eda^!digVhegd"
XZY†Vc V XgZVg _jciVh fjZ hZ YZXaVgVWVc
ÆYZedh^iVg^Vh YZa edYZg gZVa### XVji^kd YZ
adh [gVcXZhZhÇ# AVh bdk†V jc b^hbd egd"
e‹h^id/gZhdakZgaV\gVc^ciZggd\VciZYZaV
aZ\^i^b^YVYÄfjZ]VhiVX^Zgidejcid[dgo‹
aV VYdeX^‹c YZ [dgbVh bdYZgcVh YZ \d"
W^Zgcd gZegZhZciVi^kd# BVh aVh gZhejZhiVh
YZjcVhndigVhXdcYjX†VcVhVa^YVhY^hi^c"
iVh#AVh_jciVhVbZg^XVcVhidYVk†VhZ\j†Vc
ji^a^oVcYd Za aZc\jV_Z eVXi^hiV YZ &-%-!
eZgd! Xdbd hZŠVaV 7gZŠV! WV_d eZgheZXi^"
kVhW^ZcY^[ZgZciZh!ejZhZc&-&%ÄYZhej‚h
YZb{hYZYdhVŠdhYZaVdXjeVX^‹ccVed"
aZ‹c^XVÄhZ]VW†VY^[jcY^YdZc6b‚g^XVaV
ÆXdcX^ZcX^VYZfjZaV:heVŠVeZc^chjaVgÇ
k^k†VÆhjhai^bdhbdbZcidhXdbdcVX^‹c
^cYZeZcY^ZciZÇ#AVhVXi^ijYZhYZaVGZ\Zc"
X^V^ciZch^[^XVgdcadhbVaZhiVgZh#:a')YZ
hZei^ZbWgZYZ&-&%!ÆXjVcYdhZgZcZcaVh
8dgiZhYZ8{Y^oedgeg^bZgVkZo###eg{Xi^"
XVbZciZidYVaV6b‚g^XVZheVŠdaVZhiVWV
aZkVciVYVZcXdcigVYZaVbZig‹eda^Ç#
:c Zhdh XVb^cdh W^[jgXVYdh! aVh 8dgiZh
YZ 8{Y^o egdh^\j^Zgdc hj iVgZV b^ZcigVh
Zc6b‚g^XVhZegdYjX†Vcadheg^bZgdhbd"
k^b^Zcidh ZbVcX^eVYdgZh n hZ YZhViVWVc
\jZggVhÆX^k^aZhÇ#HjaVWdgb{hcdiVWaZ[jZ
aVY^hXjh^‹cnVYdeX^‹cYZaV8dchi^ijX^‹c
YZ aV BdcVgfj†V :heVŠdaV YZ &-&'! jc
YdXjbZcid Xjnd h^\c^[^XVYd Zh XVYV kZo
b{h gZXdcdX^Yd edg adh ]^hidg^VYdgZh# :c
ZhVh8dgiZh!hZ\c7gZŠVdWhZgkV!aVeVgi^"
X^eVX^‹cYZadhY^ejiVYdhVbZg^XVcdh[jZ
XgjX^Va#:aegdWaZbVYZaVgZegZhZciVX^‹c
VbZg^XVcVZhijkdZcZaXZcigdYZaYZWViZ!
hZ\j^YdXdc^ciZg‚h]VhiVZcaVhegdk^cX^Vh
fjZ ]VW†Vc YZX^Y^Yd cd hZ\j^g adh Y^Xi{"
bZcZhYZaVGZ\ZcX^V#AV8dchi^ijX^‹cYZ
8{Y^o cd ad ejYd gZhdakZg# :c Z[ZXid! ad
ZmVXZgW‹ Va ZmXaj^g V aVh XVhiVh ÄÆadh dg^"
\^cVg^dh YZa Û[g^XVÇÄ YZ aV X^jYVYVc†V#
Cd dWhiVciZ! aV 8VgiV! ÆZc ad [jcYVbZc"
iVa Za gZhjaiVYd YZ aV aVWdg gZVa^oVYV edg
adh a^WZgVaZh! eZc^chjaVgZh n VbZg^XVcdhÇ!
ZmiZcY^‹ adh YZgZX]dh eda†i^Xdh Xdc jcV
Vbea^ijYXVh^c^XVZchji^Zbed!VeZcVh
hdWgZeVhVYVedgaVhZaZXX^dcZhb{h^cXaj"
nZciZhYZVa\jcVhegdk^cX^Vh^cYZeZcY^Zc"
iZh!Xdbd8VgiV\ZcVZcaVCjZkV<gVcVYV#
:aa^WZgVa^hbdijkdVh†jcaj\VgYZhiVXV"
YdZcigZaVhXdgg^ZciZh^ciZaZXijVaZhZcidc"
XZhZcY^hejiV#EgZhiVgViZcX^‹cVaVh^YZVh
Ä7gZŠV VYk^ZgiZÄ cd h^\c^[^XV Xdc[Zg^gaZh
cVijgVaZoV XVjhVa0 edg Za XdcigVg^d! ÆiVc"
id Zc aV GZkdajX^‹c :heVŠdaV Xdbd Zc aV
ZbVcX^eVX^‹c VbZg^XVcV aVh ^YZVh eVgZ"
XZc^gVgZbdafjZYZadhVXdciZX^b^ZcidhÇ!
Zc jc bdk^b^Zcid h^ZbegZ XdbeaZ_d# AVh
^YZVh]VWg†Vch^YdVYZb{h^chigjbZciVaZh
VbjX]dhYZadhegdiV\dc^hiVhVbZg^XVcdh!
ÆZckjZaidhidYdhZaadhZcaVhajX]Vheda†i^"
XVh n b^a^iVgZh YZa bdbZcid! ad fjZ gZVa"
bZciZaZh^bedgiVZh^cX^Y^g!YZjcVjdigV
bVcZgV!hdWgZZaYZhZcaVXZYZaVhb^hbVhÇ#
CddWhiVciZ!VXZeiVhjÆajX^YZoÇÄZcadhZh"
Xg^idhYZH^b‹c7da†kVgd8Vb^adIdggZhÄn
aZh didg\V ÆkVadg Xdbd iZhi^bdc^dh YZa
eZchVb^Zcideda†i^XdfjZ6b‚g^XVegdYj"
_dYjgVciZhjegdXZhdZbVcX^eVYdgÇ#
6eZhVgYZhjZhXZei^X^hbd[gZciZVa^b"
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
eVXid hdX^Va YZ aVh ^YZVh ÄfjZ Zmi^ZcYZ
iVbW^‚c V aVh ^chi^ijX^dcZhÄ! 7gZŠV gZXd"
cdXZadhZ[ZXidhYZaVg\deaVodfjZijkdaV
8dchi^ijX^‹cYZ8{Y^oZcZaXdci^cZciZ!Vh†
XdbdaVZmeZg^ZcX^VYZaVY^ejiVX^‹cVbZ"
g^XVcVZcaVh8dgiZh/ZaÆdg^\ZcYZaVk^YV
eVgaVbZciVg^V VbZg^XVcVÇ# :h jc aZ\VYd
Xdc[jhd n YZ idYVh bVcZgVh a^b^iVYd!
ejZh!XdbdnVhZhZŠVa‹!XjVcYdaVh8dgiZh
hZgZjc^Zgdcedgeg^bZgVkZohZ\ZcZgVa^"
oVWVaV^chjg\ZcX^VZc6b‚g^XV#EdgZhdZa
a^WgdYZ<j^aaZgbdHdhV6WZaaVZhjcXdb"
eaZbZciddedgijcdVaVhXdgg^ZciZh]^hid"
g^d\g{[^XVhfjZi^ZcYZcVZhijY^VgZaiZbV
YZ aV gZegZhZciVX^‹c VbZg^XVcV V igVk‚h
YZa ZmXajh^kd eg^hbV YZ aV 8dchi^ijX^‹c
YZ8{Y^o#6jcfjZZhiVh†hZVea^X‹ZcHVc"
iVBVgiV!EVcVb{nEVhid!cdad[jZZcaV
\ZcZgVa^YVYYZaiZgg^idg^dYZaVCjZkV<gV"
cVYVXdbdiVbedXdhZVea^X‹Zc8]^aZ!c^
6g\Zci^cV! c^ KZcZojZaV! c^ Zc eVgiZh YZ
CjZkV:heVŠV#:cCjZkV<gVcVYV!ZcigZ
&-&&n&-&*!hZVYdeiVgdcjcVhY^Zo8dch"
i^ijX^dcZh#6a\jcVhYZZaaVhVciZg^dgZhVaV
YZ8{Y^oÄXdbdZc8jcY^cVbVgXV!aVegd"
k^cX^VdW_ZidYZaa^WgdYZHdhV6WZaaV#
:hiZ cdkZYdhd igVWV_d i^ZcZ Za YdWaZ
kVadg YZ egZhiVg ViZcX^‹c V aV ZmeZg^Zc"
X^V cZd\gVcVY^cV Xdc aV 8dchi^ijX^‹c
YZ 8{Y^o ÄZhXVhVbZciZ gZXdcdX^YVÄ n YZ
ZmeadgVg Xdc bVndgZh YZiVaaZh Za h^\c^[^"
XVYdYZadhZh[jZgodhYZ^beaZbZciVg!^c"
YZeZcY^ZciZhYZ8{Y^o!Zaeg^cX^e^dYZaV
hdWZgVc†V edejaVg Zc aV CjZkV <gVcVYV!
Zc VfjZa eZg†dYd YZ hZg^dh Xdc[a^Xidh ^c"
iZgcdhgZWVji^oVYdXdbdZaYZaVÆeg^bZgV
gZeWa^XVÇ ÄXdcdX^Yd VciZh ^c_jhiVbZciZ
XdcZaYZhXVa^[^XVi^kdYZÆeVig^VWdWVÇ#HZ"
g†Vfj^o{b{hVegde^VYd]VWaVgZceajgVa!
YVYVegZX^hVbZciZaV[gV\bZciVX^‹cYZaV
hdWZgVc†V fjZ VXdbeVŠ‹ Va bdk^b^Zcid
^cYZeZcY^hiV YZhYZ &-&%! gZ[aZ_VYV bjn
W^Zc Zc ZhV hjXZh^‹c YZ hZ\gZ\VX^dcZh n
VcZm^dcZh iZgg^idg^VaZh! Vh† Xdbd Zc aVh
Y^hejiVh ZcigZ Za \dW^Zgcd YZ 8jcY^cV"
bVgXVnaVhEgdk^cX^VhJc^YVhZhijY^VYVh
edg HdhV 6WZaaV# Hj a^Wgd hZ ^chXg^WZ Zc
aVhXdgg^ZciZh]^hidg^d\g{[^XVhYZY^XVYVhV
ZmVb^cVgZa^beVXidYZaVhbdYZgcVh[dg"
bVhYZgZegZhZciVX^‹cfjZ^ggjbe^ZgdcZc
ZaeVcdgVbVeda†i^XdYZaV^cYZeZcYZcX^V!
fjZ]VW†Vcbdi^kVYdb{h^ciZg‚h^ciZaZX"
ijVaZcdigdheV†hZhÄ6g\Zci^cV!B‚m^Xdd
EZgÄfjZZc8dadbW^V#
AV XgZVX^‹c YZ jc \dW^Zgcd gZegZhZciV"
i^kdWV_d[jcYVbZcidha^WZgVaZhngZejWa^"
XVcdh! Zc aVh X^gXjchiVcX^Vh YZ aV ‚edXV!
[jZjcgZidYZ\^\VciZhXVhY^bZch^dcZhcd
hj[^X^ZciZbZciZVegZX^VYVh#EdcZgZcbVg"
X]V^chi^ijX^dcZhedXd[Vb^a^VgZhÄ8dchi^"
ijX^dcZh!XjZgedhbdYZgcdhYZgZegZhZc"
iVX^‹cdZaZXX^dcZhÄ!cdZgVjcViVgZV[{X^a!
Xdbd ad bjZhigV HdhV 6WZaaV# 6ciZ idYd!
^bedgiV XdchiViVg Zhdh iZbegVcdh n ]Vh"
iV egZXdXZh Zh[jZgodh# AVh gZYVXX^dcZh YZ
aVh 8dchi^ijX^dcZh [jZgdc hZ\j^YVh YZ hj
ejWa^XVX^‹cnY^hig^WjX^‹cZcadhejZWadh!
YdcYZZgVcÆ_jgVbZciVYVhZcXZgZbdc^Vh
d[^X^VaZhÇ# Adh i†ijadh hdWgZ dg\Vc^oVX^‹c
ZaZXidgVaXjWg^ZgdcWjZcVeVgiZYZaVgi^Xj"
aVYd Xdchi^ijX^dcVa Zc aVh XVgiVh YZ 8jc"
Y^cVbVgXVYZ&-&&n&-&'#CdZhZmigVŠd
fjZZaad[jZhZVh†/ÆAVhZaZXX^dcZhedejaV"
gZh [jZgdc Za ^chigjbZcid edg ZmXZaZcX^V
YZa cjZkd dgYZc### ;jZgdc VXd\^YVh Z ^b"
9>8 '%%,$:C:GD '%%-
eaZbZciVYVhXdc[ZgkdgedgadhY^g^\ZciZh
Xg^daadhfj^ZcZhaVhYdiVgdcYZjchZci^Yd
njcVhXVgVXiZg†hi^XVheVgi^XjaVgZhÇ#=VhiV
ZcadhbdbZcidhXg†i^XdhYZ&-&*!XjVcYd
hZVkZX^cVWVZa[^cYZaVeg^bZgVgZeWa^XV!
hZXdckdX‹VadhX^jYVYVcdheVgVfjZZa^"
\^ZgVc VaXVaYZh# Adh 8daZ\^dh :aZXidgVaZh
Egdk^cX^VaZh! YdcYZ hZ YZ[^c†Vc ÆVhjcidh
XgjX^VaZhÇ!hZgZjc^ZgdcZcHVciV[‚7d\d"
i{Zc&-&&!&-&'!&-&(n&-&*#6jcfjZZa
:_ZXji^kdad\g‹^bedcZgedgad\ZcZgVahj
V\ZcYV!]jWdVgVidhÆXdc[a^XidhnYZWViZhÇ
fjZ bdaYZVgdc hj kdajciVY# AV ^begZciV
Va^bZciVWV aV [dgbVX^‹c YZ aV de^c^‹c
eWa^XV/ aV <VXZiV B^c^hiZg^Va YZ 8jcY^cV"
bVgXV ċg\Vcd \jWZgcVbZciVaÄ! X^gXja‹
^c^ciZggjbe^YVbZciZ YjgVciZ Zhdh VŠdh#
IdYdZhiZegdXZhdÆbdi^k‹jcVeVgi^X^eV"
X^‹ch^cegZXZYZciZhYZaVedWaVX^‹cÇZcaV
eda†i^XV#
GZXdcdXZgZhdhZh[jZgodhcdfj^ZgZYZX^g
fjZYjgVciZZhZeZg†dYdaVCjZkV<gVcVYV
]^X^ZgVZaig{ch^idYZa6ci^\jdG‚\^bZcV
aVbdYZgc^YVY#:aXdc[a^XidZcigZaVheg{X"
i^XVh YZ aV hdX^ZYVY igVY^X^dcVa n aVh [dg"
bVheda†i^XVhbdYZgcVhZh!XaVgdZhi{!jcV
YZ aVh XVgVXiZg†hi^XVh YZ aV ‚edXV! n HdhV
6WZaaVaVh^cXdgedgVZchjVc{a^h^h#:aeZhd
YZadhkVadgZhnXdhijbWgZhXdadc^VaZhXdc"
Y^X^dc‹ZaYZhVggdaadYZadhcjZkdhXjZgedh
gZegZhZciVi^kdh! ÆXddeiVYdhÇ V gVidh edg
adh Ƌg\Vcdh igVY^X^dcVaZhÇ# Cd dWhiVciZ!
Æ[jZgdc [jcYVbZciVaZh Zc aV \ZcZgVX^‹c
YZjcVde^c^‹ceWa^XVbdYZgcV!Zcegd"
e^X^VgaVhXdcY^X^dcZhfjZY^Zgdcaj\VgVa
^c^X^dYZaaVg\degdXZhdYZZheZX^Va^oVX^‹c
YZaVeg{Xi^XVYZaVeda†i^XVnZcaVXgZVX^‹c
YZjcVigVY^X^‹ceVgaVbZciVg^VÇ#AVcVggV"
i^kVYZHdhV6WZaaVVWjcYVb{hZcZmea^"
XVX^dcZh fjZ Zc YZhXg^eX^dcZh Äa{hi^bV
fjZcdYZ_VhZÆ]VWaVgÇb{hVaVhcjbZgd"
hVh [jZciZh fjZ Xdchjai‹# EZgd ad\gV ZmV"
b^cVgVheZXidheda†i^XdhYZaVajX]VedgaV
^cYZeZcYZcX^VZcaVCjZkV<gVcVYV]VhiV
V]dgV bjn edXd ZhijY^VYdh# EVgVY‹_^XV"
bZciZ! Za Æh^\c^[^XVYd ZheZX^VaÇ YZ VfjZa
ÆZmeZg^bZcidÇ ÄfjZ Yjg‹ b{h YZ X^cXd
VŠdhÄhZXdbegdW‹YZbVcZgVig{\^XVXdc
adh VXidh gZegZh^kdh Zc XVhi^\d XdcigV adh
Æa†YZgZh Xg^daadhÇ igVh aV GZXdcfj^hiV YZ
&-&*"&-&+#
>ggjeX^dcZhcVX^dcVaZh
B^ZcigVh aV ^ckVh^‹c cVedaZ‹c^XV YZ
BVYg^Y ]VW†V YZhViVYd jcV Xg^h^h YZ Vj"
idg^YVYfjZegdkdX‹aV[gV\bZciVX^‹cZc
eZYVodhYZaVhdWZgVc†V!bdi^k‹aVVYde"
X^‹c YZ [dgbVh bdYZgcVh YZ gZegZhZciV"
X^‹ceVgVgZhdakZgZaegdWaZbVYZaVaZ\^"
i^b^YVYnY^ddg^\ZcVXdc[a^Xidhk^daZcidh
fjZ YZhZbWdXVgdc Zc kVg^dh :hiVYdh ^c"
YZeZcY^ZciZh! adh ZkZcidh Zc Za ^beZg^d
edgij\j‚h h^\j^Zgdc jc Xjghd Y^hi^cid#
6ci^X^e{cYdhZVaVh[jZgoVhcVedaZ‹c^XVh!
Zc&-%,!9dc?ddÄZagZnYZEdgij\VaÄYZ"
X^Y^‹igVhaVYVghZXdchjXdgiZVa7gVh^aXdc
ZaVedndYZaVVgbVYVWg^i{c^XV#;jZjcV
igVkZh†VZheZXiVXjaVg#AV^chiVaVX^‹cYZaV
XVe^iVa YZa ^beZg^d Zc 6b‚g^XV [jZ iVb"
W^‚cjcgZ[aZ_dYZaVk^Xidg^VYZaV[VXX^‹c
egd Wg^i{c^XV Äa^YZgVYV edg GdYg^\d YZ
HdjoV 8dji^c]dÄ hdWgZ adh egd [gVcXZhZh
ZcZahZcdYZaVbdcVgfj†Vedgij\jZhV#
:aXdcigVhiZXdcaVZmeZg^ZcX^V]^he{c^XV
[jZXVh^VW^hbVa#AVeZgh^hiZcX^VYZaVbd"
EGA(&
cVgfj†V! Zc hj kZgh^‹c ÆVbZg^XVc^oVYVÇ!
ZhiVakZoaVXVgVXiZg†hi^XVYZXdci^cj^YVY
b{hZk^YZciZ#H^cZbWVg\d!XdbdVYk^ZgiZ
?ZgZbn6YZabVc!aVhjeZgk^kZcX^VYZa^b"
eZg^dcdYZWZ^YZci^[^XVghZXdcaVVjhZcX^V
YZÆXVbW^dh^bedgiVciZhÇ#:ab^hbdigVh"
aVYd YZ 9dc ?dd Va 7gVh^a gZegZhZci‹ jc
Æfj^ZWgZÇ Xdc Za eVhVYd/ Za g‚\^bZc bd"
c{gfj^XdhZk^degdcidÆ[dgoVYdVVYVeiVg"
hZVacjZkdbjcYdÇ!VZhiVWaZXZgÆXdciVXidh
b{h†ci^bdhXdcaVh[jZciZhYZaedYZgZXd"
c‹b^XdnhdX^VaZchjhVci^\jVhXdadc^VhÇ#
=jWd[g^XX^dcZh!eZgdh^cdg^\^cVgadhV\j"
YdhXdc[a^Xidhc^aVh\jZggVhk^daZciVhfjZ
hZ YZhVggdaaVWVc Zc Za bjcYd ]^he{c^Xd!
Zc XjnVh Y^hejiVh ÄeVgi^XjaVgbZciZ Zc
aV 7VcYV Dg^ZciVaÄ ^ciZciVgdc iZgX^Vg aVh
[jZgoVhedgij\jZhVh!Xdc[^cZhZmeVch^kdh#
:cXjVafj^ZgXVhd!VeZhVgYZaVhY^[ZgZc"
X^VhXdcadhjXZY^YdZcZa^beZg^dZheVŠda!
7gVh^ahZ^cYZeZcY^o‹YZEdgij\VaZc&-''!
h^W^ZcVcWV_dZaYdb^c^dYZaVY^cVhi†V
YZ7gV\VcoVXdcaVXdgdcVX^‹cZcG†dYZ
?VcZ^gd YZ EZYgd > Xdbd ZbeZgVYdg YZa
cjZkdeV†h#EVgZX†VXdbdh^ZaYZhi^cdYZ
adh ^beZg^dh ^W‚g^Xdh hZ ]jW^ZhZ hZaaVYd
XdcaVh^ckVh^dcZhcVedaZ‹c^XVh#
´DadZhiVWV4AVY^hdajX^‹cYZa^beZg^d
ZheVŠda! hZŠVaV ?ZgZbn 6YZabVc! cd ZgV
^cZk^iVWaZ# Cd ad ZgV XjVcYd ;ZgcVcYd
K>>[jZgZhiVjgVYdZcZaigdcdZc&-&)#:a
Z_‚gX^id YZ gZXdcfj^hiV fjZ aaZ\‹ V KZcZ"
ojZaVZc&-&*!XdbVcYVYdedgZa<ZcZgVa
EVWadBdg^aad!eVgZX†V]VWZggZhiVWaZX^Yd
ZaXdcigdahdWgZaVCjZkV<gVcVYVZc&-&+!
XdbdW^Zcad]VbdhigVYdGZWZXXV:VgaZ#
´8‹bd Zmea^XVg ZcidcXZh fjZ! Y^Zo VŠdh
YZhej‚h! :heVŠV ]jW^ZhZ eZgY^Yd idYdh
hjhYdb^c^dhZc6b‚g^XVXdcaVZmXZeX^‹c
YZ 8jWV n EjZgid G^Xd4 EVgV ZciZcYZg aV
Y^hdajX^‹c YZa ^beZg^d! hZ\c 6YZabVc!
]Vn fjZ Xdch^YZgVg ÆZa [gVXVhd YZ aV gZh"
iVjgVX^‹c!aVhjZgiZYZadhgZVa^hiVhnX‹bd
aVajX]VedgaVVjidcdb†VÆ]dbZgjaZÇhZ
Xdck^gi^‹ Zc gZkdajX^‹c ÄZc Z[ZXid! X‹bd
aVXg^h^hYZa^beZg^dYZ6ci^\jdG‚\^bZc
XdcYj_dVaVgZkdajX^‹cncdVaXdcigVg^dÇ#
HdWgZZhiZb^hbdgVodcVb^Zcid!jcVkZo
egdYjX^YVh aVh ^cYZeZcYZcX^Vh! hjh a†YZ"
gZhiZcYg†VcfjZXgZVgcVX^dcZhÄZhiVhcd
]VW†Vc ÆbVYjgVYdÇ Zc [dgbV Va\jcV Yj"
gVciZZaeZg†dYdXdadc^VaeVgVdedcZghZV
aVZhigjXijgV^beZg^Va#9ZhYZ{c\jadhY^h"
i^cidh! 6YZabVc n 7gZŠV XdcXjZgYVc Zc
hZŠVaVgfjZadhZkZcidhVciZhnYZhej‚hYZ
&-%,"&-%-cdXdcYjX†Vc^cZmdgVWaZbZciZ
VaV^cYZeZcYZcX^V#HdhV6WZaaV!iVbW^‚c
YZhYZ digV eZgheZXi^kV! XdcXjZgYV Xdc
ZaadhZcgZk^hVgZah^\c^[^XVYdYZaeg^cX^e^d
YZaVhdWZgVc†VedejaVgnaVh[dgbVhXdch"
i^ijX^dcVaZh YZ \dW^Zgcd gZegZhZciVi^kd
fjZ^ggjbe^ZgdcXdcaVh^cYZeZcYZcX^Vh#
AVhÆbai^eaZhhdWZgVc†VhÇfjZhjXZY^Z"
gdcVadgYZc^beZg^Va!VYk^ZgiZ6YZabVc!
ÆgZkZaVccdiVcidjc[gVXVhdYZ adhXdch"
igjXidgZh cVX^dcVaZh d YZ adh gZkdajX^d"
cVg^dhÇ! Xdbd aVh Y^[^XjaiVYZh ]^hi‹g^XVh
YZ gZ]VXZg ZcidcXZh YZ cjZkd! XVh^ edg
XdbeaZid!adhZY^[^X^dhhdX^VaZh#6aZ_Vgcdh
YZ iVciV k^h^‹c YZa Æ[gVXVhdÇ Z ^ch^hi^g Zc
aVh ZcdgbZh XdbeaZ_^YVYZh YZ aVh ^cYZ"
eZcYZcX^Vh hdc digdh YZ adh b‚g^idh YZ
Zhidh igZh a^Wgdh fjZ Vci^X^eVc g^XVh Xdc"
igdkZgh^Vh ^ciZaZXijVaZh! Vegde^VYVh eVgV
gZ[aZm^dcVghdWgZhjhW^XZciZcVg^dh#
@3D7AB/>3@C/</23/@B3AG:3B@/A
2W`WUS\(;W`Y]:OcS`g/PSZO`R]=_cS\R]
OQ]Q.dWOPQ^Q][
Editorial Ala de cuervo
Libros de Venezuela
[email protected]
www.aladecuervo.net
No deje de visitar nuestra página www.aladecuervo.net con la revista
Logogrifo y todas las novedades del mundo de la literatura universal.
Apartado postal 50.878. Caracas 1050-A. Venezuela.
LLL#G:K>HI6EGA#8DB
('EGA
9>8 '%%,$:C: '%%-
Eg‹m^bVbZciZ
José Luis Renique:
Abimael Guzmán
Ilan Stavans:
Oscar Wao
Manuel Lucena Giraldo:
Editores españoles en Latinoamérica
Antonio José Ponte:
Una tradición cubana
Pablo Alabarces:
Lo último en crónica, desde Argentina
Odi Gonzales:
Dioses y hombres de Huarochirí
Ricardo González Vigil:
Oswaldo Reynoso
Eva Botella:
Conquistadores puritanos
),)8ZcigVaEVg`LZhi
CZlNdg`!CN!&%%'*
'&'#-+)#)'-%
LLL#B>9D:9>IDG:H#8DB
TA M E S I S
A Companion to Golden Age Theatre
JONATHAN THACKER
This Companion is a readable and up-to-date guide to
all aspects of the extraordinary flowering of theatre in
Early-Modern Spain.
$85, 240 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-140-0
Memorias cronológicas sobre el origen
de la representación de comedias
en España (año de 1785)
JOSÉ ANTONIO DE ARMONA
EDITED BY CHARLES DAVIS WITH J. E. VAREY
Una nueva edición de la primera historia sistemática
del teatro en España.
$85, 368 pp., 8 b&w illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-045-8
Contemporary Spanish American Novels
by Women
Mapping the Narrative
SUSAN E. CARVALHO
A reading of contemporary women’s fiction in Spanish
America in which space, rather than time, is seen as
the driver of the narrative.
$85, 208 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-142-4
Love, Desire and Identity in the Theatre
of Federico García Lorca
PAUL MCDERMID
Physical desire and metaphysical love in the theatre of
Federico García Lorca.
$85, 232 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-146-2
A Companion to Federico García Lorca
EDITED BY FEDERICO BONADDIO
Provides a clear, critical appraisal of the issues and debates surrounding the work of Spain’s most celebrated
poet and dramatist.
$85, $85 pp., 4 color illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-141-7
A Companion to Latin American
Literature
STEPHEN M. HART
A lively and informative introduction to the most
significant literary works produced in Latin America
from the fifteenth century until the present day.
$85, 352 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-147-9
The Spanish Eye
Painters and Poets of Spain
ROBERT HAVARD
The distinctively Spanish approach to reality and the
visual image in painting and poetry.
$85, 184 pp., 8 color illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-143-1
Género y violencia en la narrativa
del Cono Sur (1954–2003)
BETINA KAPLAN
La construcción de subjetividades femeninas en el
contexto de la violencia en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay.
$80, 152 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-148-6
Las Obras en Verso del Príncipe
de Esquilache
Amateurismo y conciencia literaria
JAVIER JIMÉNEZ BELMONTE
Las Obras de Esquilache como pieza clave para la comprensión del papel del amateurismo aristocrático en la
formación del campo literario barroco español.
$85, 264 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-149-3
The Place of Argument
Essays in Honour of Nicholas G. Round
EDITED BY RHIAN DAVIES
AND ANNY BROOKSBANK JONES
Essays in honour of Nicholas Round, one of the most
significant figures of contemporary Hispanism.
$105, 264 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-152-3
Diamela Eltit: Reading the Mother
MARY GREEN
The textual and linguistic emphasis on the maternal
body in the narrative fiction of Diamela Eltit is fundamental to understanding the critical challenge posed
by her work in the Chilean context.
$80, 184 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-155-4
TAMESIS BOOKS
www.tamesisbooks.com
585-275-0419 (tel) • 585-271-8778 (fax)
[email protected]
$07236
Descargar