1?370 ,<943=69807 23 -9169795C0 /86@3<=6202 *0169807 237

Anuncio
.75?2;&lt;51/1 )/0587/6 126 &quot;6=596/78 ! +&gt;78
&amp;&quot;#.(-&quot;$ $% #'%)#'&quot;, ,*#'&quot;(%,
%&lt;0&gt;26/ +;832&lt;587/6 12 ,8058684B/
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ
4WNKQ # .KFKHOETH # @QN$ ( 7]' # '%&amp;)
ENSAYO CIENTIFICO
DCDI@=GAC 8BHF8 4F;8BH=B4 M 8IFCD42 GC5F8 @4
HF4BGB46=CB4@=N46=uB 78 IB 6CB68DHC
DCDI@=GA 58HK88B 4F;8BH=B4 4B7 8IFCD82 CB H&lt;8
HF4BGB4H=CB4@=N4H=CB C9 4 6CB68DH
Mg[a•dg_g q &gt;g[lgj ]f =a]f[aYk Mg[aYd]k \] dY
Ofan]jka\Y\ HY[agfYd \] &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k) &lt;][Yjag
Jgk\g[lgjYd \]d =IHC=?N ]f ]d =]fljg \] ?klm\agk
] Cfn]kla_Y[agf]k FYZgjYd]k) Jjg^]kgj ;\bmflg ]f dY
Ofan]jka\Y\ HY[agfYd \] FYf’ k(;j_]flafY)
,
BYS^[wb 7Q\y]1
4ac&amp; FUSYRYT^2 0 TU ^ScdRaU TU[ *()4ac&amp; 4_a^RQT^2 )- TU ]^eYU\RaU TU[ *()DdR[YSQT^2 +) TYSYU\RaU TU[ *()-
F8GIA8B
45GHF46H
?d YjlŽ[mdg YfYdarY ]d mkg \] dY l]gjŽY \]d
hghmdakeg \]d ^ad•kg^g Yj_]flafg ?jf]klg
FY[dYm ]f ]d \]ZYl] Y[lmYd ]f ?mjghY) ?f
hjae]j dm_Yj' k] em]kljYf dgk gjŽ_]f]k \] dY
l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm' im] k] ]f[m]fljYf ]f dYk
afl]jhj]lY[agf]k kgZj] dY hgdŽla[Y Yj_]flafY' dY
eg\]jfarY[a•f ] afl]_jY[a•f \] dY kg[a]\Y\ q
]d fY[aea]flg \] dgk egnaea]flgk
\]fgeafY\gk fY[agfYd]k(hghmdYj]k) Fm]_g' k]
hj]k]flYf [dYn]k \] dY \ak[mka•f ]mjgh]Y Y[]j[Y
\]d [gf[]hlg hYjY egkljYj hgj im ]klY l]gjŽY
j][aZ] lYflY Yl]f[a•f' ]f \]ljae]flg \] gljgk
\]kYjjgddgk kgZj] ]d eakeg gZb]lg) &gt;] ]klY
^gjeY' YZgj\Yegk dY [aj[mdY[a•f q
ljYfkfY[agfYdarY[a•f \] a\]Yk ]flj] ;e•ja[Y
FYlafY(?mjghY \]k\] mfY h]jkh][lanY Yf[dY\Y
]f Y^afa\Y\]k q ljYq][lgjaYk kg[aYd]k [gf[j]lYk)
DQ[QRaQb
S[QeU5
Jghmdakeg'
ljYfkfY[agfYdarY[a•f \] a\]Yk)
N`] Yjla[d] YfYdqk]k l`] mk] g^ l`] l`]gjq g^
hghmdake Zq l`] ;j_]flafY h`adgkgh`]j
?jf]klg FY[dYm af l`] [mjj]fl ?mjgh]Yf \]ZYl]
YZgml l`ak lgha[) Cl klYjlk Zq k`goaf_ l`]
gja_afk g^ FY[dYmwk l`]gjq o`a[` [Yf Z] ^gmf\
af l`] afl]jhj]lYlagfk g^ ;j_]flafY hgdala[k'
eg\]jfarYlagf Yf\ afl]_jYlagf g^ kg[a]lq Yf\
l`] Zajl` g^ l`] [Ydd]\ fYlagfYd(hghmdYj
egn]e]flk) ;^l]joYj\k kge] c]q ^]Ylmj]k g^
l`] ?mjgh]Yf \ak[mkkagf YZgml hghmdake Yj]
hj]k]fl]\ af gj\]j lg k`go o`q l`ak l`]gjq
j][]an]k kg em[` Yll]flagf fgoY\Yqk' af
[gfljYkl lg gl`]j ogjck YZgml l`] kYe] lgha[)
Cf l`ak oYq' o] lj]Yl l`] [aj[mdYlagf Yf\
ljYfkfYlagfYdarYlagf g^ a\]Yk Z]lo]]f FYlaf
;e]ja[Y Yf\ ?mjgh] ^jge Y h]jkh][lan]
hgkalagf]\ af [gf[j]l] kg[aYd Y^^afala]k Yf\
ljYb][lgja]k)
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
0,
73-85`= .+6b7
?Uhf^aTb2 Jghmdake' ljYfkfYlagfYdarYlagf g^
a\]Yk)
=BHFC7I66=uB
=mYf\g afl]flYegk [gehj]f\]j q ]phda[Yj dYk
^gjeYk q eg\gk hgj dgk [mYd]k dYk l]gjŽYk q
hj‹ [la[Yk kg[aYd]k [aj[mdYf ]flj] dYk j]_agf]k'
]d ]klm\ag \] kmk ljYq][lgjaYk q \] dgk [gfl]plgk
kg[aYd]k \a^]j]fl]k \gf\] kgf hjg\m[a\Yk'
afl]jhj]lY\Yk q j]hjg\m[a\Yk k] nm]dn]
hjagjalYjag) FY \]ka_mYd\Y\ ]f dY \akljaZm[a•f
\] jaim]rY Yd fan]d _dgZYd k] j]hjg\m[] ]f ]d
emf\g Y[Y\•ea[g) Fgk ]klm\agk \]
ljYfkfY[agfYdarY[a•f \] a\]Yk' km]d]f hgf]j
•f^Ykak ]f dgk afl]j[YeZagk Hgjl](Mmj' \Y\g dY
]pl]fkY af^dm]f[aY \] dgk []fljgk \] ]klm\agk
]mjgh]gk q fgjl]Ye]ja[Yfgk ]f ]d j]klg \]d
emf\g) ?f dYk [a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k' mfY \] dYk
[gfk][m]f[aYk \] ]kl] hjg[]kg' ]k dY [Yj]f[aY
\] Yf‹ dakak \] dYk [aj[mdY[agf]k Mmj(Hgjl] g
Hgjl](Mmj(Hgjl]) ?f ]k] k]fla\g' [gf dY
j]^]j]f[aY Y[lmYd Y mfY fg[a•f ]f dYk
[gfljgn]jkaYk hgdŽla[Yk ]mjgh]Yk' k] hm]\] y
`YklY [a]jlg hmflg y `YZdYj \] mf [Ykg im] `Y[]
e‹ k [gehd]bY dY l]f\]f[aY `aklja[Y5 dY l]gjŽY
\] hghmdakeg \] ?jf]klg FY[dYm) Mmk gjŽ_]f]k
k] ]f[m]fljYf ]f dY ;j_]flafY \] dgk Y•gk \]
dY hgk_m]jjY' ]f dgk \]ZYl]k Y[Y\•ea[gk q
hgdŽla[gk kgZj] dY eg\]jfarY[af'
mjZYfarY[af' af\mkljaYdarY[af \]d hYŽk q ]d
hYjla[mdYj j][gjja\g im] km kakl]eY hgdŽla[g
\]kYjjgdd) ?k[jaZaegk ~`YklY [a]jlg hmflgƒ
hgjim] FY[dYm ^m] [dYjYe]fl] hYjl] \] dgk
[Žj[mdgk Y[Y\ea[gk ]mjgh]gk q dgk eYj[gk
l]•ja[gk im] mladar• hYjY ]fl]f\]j dY j]Yda\Y\
q dYk d_a[Yk \] dY hgdŽla[Y Yj_]flafY' kgf lg\gk
gja_afYjagk \]d ~na]bg [gflaf]fl]ƒ ) Maf
]eZYj_g' [geg k]•YdY ]d kg[a•dg_g Yj_]flafg
GYjlaf L]lYeYrg' dYk gZjYk \] FY[dYm kgZj]
hghmdakeg' [gZjYf ]kh][aYde]fl] afl]j]k]k
dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk) &gt;] Y[m]j\g [gf •d'
U]Vk \a^Ž[ad [gehj]f\]j ]d Yd[Yf[] \] ~BY[aY
0-
mfY l]gjŽY \]d hghmdakegƒ $af[dma\g ]f km
hjae]j daZjg% kaf l]f]j hj]k]fl]k dgk \]ZYl]k
kgZj] dY nYdgjY[a•f \]d h]jgfakeg im] k]
n]fŽYf \]kYjjgddYf\g ]flj] afl]d][lmYd]k \]
arima]j\Y Yd e]fgk \]k\] dgk Y•gk k]k]flY)
NYehg[g ]k hgkaZd] mfY [gehj]fka•f \] =L
CLetY [Z[`WT^_L kaf ]d
ljYk^gf\g
[gfl]ehgj‹ f]g \]d ddYeY\g _ajg Y dY arima]j\Y
]f ;e•ja[Y FYlafY q ^mf\Ye]flYde]fl] dYk
]ph]ja]f[aYk \] Bm_g =`‹ n]r q Hklgj
Eaj[`f]j' q dm]_g \] ?ng GgjYd]k q LY^Y]d
=gjj]Y $L]lYeYrg -+,/5 .4%)
?f dYk \ak[mkagf]k kgZj] Dd]TeL ]f Aj][aY q
AZOPXZ^ ]f ?khY•Y' dYk j]^]j]f[aYk Yd ^ad•kg^g
Yj_]flafg' ^Ydd][a\g ]f YZjad \] -+,/' k]
emdlahda[Yf) Jgj ]b]ehdg' ]f mf YjlŽ[mdg
h]jag\Žkla[g' \ak[mla]f\g dY hgdŽla[Y ]f Aj][aY
q ?khY•Y [gf j]^]j]f[aY Y FY[dYm' ]d l]•ja[g
hgdŽla[g Yd]e‹ f DYf(Q]jf]j G“ dd]j $-+,0%
]k[jaZ] \] mfY ~dYlafgYe]ja[YfarY[a•f \]
Mm\]mjghYƒ )
FY hj]_mflY hjaf[ahYd \]d hj]k]fl] ljYZYbg ]k
hgj im dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm ]kl‹ lYf hj]k]fl]
]f dYk hgd•ea[Yk j][a]fl]k) ; hYjlaj \] ]kY' ]f
YhYja]f[aY' kaehd] [m]kla•f' \Yj]egk [m]flY \]
mf
hjg[]kg
e‹ k
Yehdag
\]
ljYfkfY[agfYdarY[af \] a\]Yk hgdŽla[Yk) JYjY
Y[]j[Yjfgk Y dY j]khm]klY' hjae]jg \]k[jaZaegk
]d [gfl]plg hgdŽla[g q Y[Y\ea[g \gf\] kmj_a
q dYk `]jjYea]flYk [gf[]hlmYd]k im] af[gjhgj•
Y km eYljar \] Yf‹ dakak) ?klg fgk h]jeal]
]phda[Yj hgj im klY q fg gljY l]gjŽY Yj_]flafY
g dYlafgYe]ja[YfY kgZj] hghmdakeg ]k dY e‹ k
mladarY\Y hgj YfYdaklYk q hgdŽla[gk) ;
[gflafmY[a•f' YZgj\Yj]egk dgk mkgk ]mjgh]gk
\]d [gf[]hlg hghmdakeg hYjY ]fl]f\]j km
aehgjlYf[aY q hYjY n]j [•eg \an]jkYk eajY\Yk
`Y[aY ]kl] ^]f•e]fg k] hj]k]flYf ]f ]d \]ZYl]
hgdŽla[g) @afYde]fl]' j][mh]jYegk fm]kljY
hj]_mflY afa[aYd Y dY dmr \] dgk afl]j[YeZagk
fgjl](kmj(fgjl] im] k] gZk]jnYf q
[gfljaZmaegk [gf mfY j]^d]pa•f)
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
)&amp; @4G H8CFs4G 78@ DCDI@=GAC 8B
4F;8BH=B4
]d JYjla\g &gt;]e•[jYlY q ]f dgk kg[aYdaklYk
j]ngdm[agfYjagk)
?pakl]f \a^]j]fl]k eYlja[]k \] Yf‹ dakak kg[aYd]k
q hgdŽla[gk im] k] mladarYjgf hYjY [gehj]f\]j
dY ]ngdm[af \] dYk l]gjŽYk \]d hghmdakeg ]f
;j_]flafY ]f kmk \gk[a]flgk Y•gk) OfY
[gfk]fkg k] ]klYZd][a• kgZj] dY ljYfk^gjeY[a•f
\] mfY' ]f ljeafgk \]eg_j‹ ^a[gk' h]im]Y
kg[a]\Y\ jmjYd' \mjYfl] ]d ka_dg RCR' Y mfY
kg[a]\Y\ \] af\mkljaYdarY[a•f ] af_j]kg e]\ag'
]f ]d ka_dg RRC' [mqg Jjg\m[lg &lt;jmlg Cfl]jfg
dY mZa[Y ]f dY hgka[a•f n]aflamfY Y ]k[YdY _dgZYd)
?d Y[m]j\g Y[Y\ea[g lYeZaf k] YehdŽY Y dY
[gfimaklY l]jjalgjaYd Yd fgjl] q kmj' dY
]phYfka•f \] dY ^jgfl]jY Y_jgh][mYjaY' dY
afea_jY[a•f \] mdljYeYj q dYlafgYe]ja[YfY' dY
mjZYfarY[a•f' dY h]jkakl]f[aY \] Ydlgk fan]d]k
\] af^gjeYda\Y\' dY \a^mka•f \]d [Ylgda[akeg q
dY j][gf^a_mjY[a•f hdmjYdaklY \] [j]]f[aYk
j]da_agkYk $GYddaeY[a -+,0%) Maf ]eZYj_g' dYk
[gfk][m]f[aYk q nYdgjarY[agf]k hgdŽla[Yk im]
]e]j_a]jgf \] ]kgk hjg[]kgk' kgf eYl]jaY \]
hgdYjarY[af) FYk l]gjŽYk kgZj] ]d ^]fe]fg
[gfka\]jY\g [Z[`WT^XZ' kgf ’ lad]k hYjY YZgj\Yj
]kY l]fka•f hgjim] ]kljm[lmjYf ]d \]ZYl] \] dYk
a\]Yk q dgk hgka[agfYea]flgk \] dgk
afl]d][lmYd]k $;d\Yg q &gt;Yeaf -+,.%) ?f ]k]
k]fla\g' dY hjghaY \]^afa[a•f \] [Z[`WT^XZ ]k
gZb]lg \] Y[YdgjY\Yk hgd•ea[Yk q km [YhY[a\Y\
`]mjŽkla[Y hYjY [gehj]f\]j Yd_mfY YjaklY \] dY
j]Yda\Y\ ]k hm]klY ]f \ak[mka•f $=`YegkY -+,.6
]flj] gljgk%)
?f dY \•[Y\Y \]d k]k]flY \]d ka_dg RR' ]d
[gf[]hlg [Z[`WT^XZ k] ]pl]f\a• ]f dY Y[Y\]eaY
dYlafgYe]ja[YfY) AgZa]jfgk lYf \an]jkgk [geg
]d _gZa]jfg \] F‹ rYjg =‹ j\]fYk \]d LŽg $,4./(
,4/+% ]f G•pa[g' A]lmdag PYj_Yk $,4.+ (,4/0
q ,40,(,40/% ]f &lt;jYkad q dYk hj]ka\]f[aYk \]
Bah•dalg Sja_gq]f $,4,1(,4-- q ,4-3(,4.+% q'
kgZj] lg\g' DmYf J]j•f $,4/1(,400 q ,42.(
,42/%' k] ]klm\aYjgf ]f ]kgk l•jeafgk' \Y\g dYk
[]j[YfŽYk \] kmk hjg_jYeYk \] fY[agfYdarY[af
\] dY ][gfgeŽY q fY[agfYdakeg [mdlmjYd'
af\mkljaYdarY[a•f hgj kmklalm[a•f \]
aehgjlY[agf]k' Y^afa\Y\ [gf ]d kaf\a[Ydakeg'
Yd_’ f lahg \] j]^gjeY Y_jYjaY q dY YehdaY[af
\] dYk ^jgfl]jYk \] dY \]eg[jY[aY ]f [dYn] kg[aYd)
?d [gf[]hlg k] ]\a^a[Y ]f ZYk] Y mfY
[gfka\]jY[a•f f]_YlanY Y hjagja \] dg im]
hj]l]f\] ]phda[Yj q hgj ]kg kmk e’ dlahd]k
Y[]h[agf]k kgf lYf YehdaYk [geg nY_Yk)
?f ]d ka_dg RCR' dgk hjae]jgk egnaea]flgk
kg[aYd]k jmjYd]k [gfg[a\gk [geg hghmdaklYk
^m]jgf dgk k]_ma\gj]k \]d APZ[WPm^ AL]_d \]
DYe]k &lt;) Q]Yn]j' ]f dgk ?klY\gk Ofa\gk' q dgk
?L]ZOTYTV GZWdL# ]f ]d Ceh]jag Lmkg
$GY[caffgf q J]ljgf]' ,444%) ?f l•jeafgk
kg[agd_a[gk' l]fŽYf hg[g ]f [ge’ f' kYdng dY
Yh]dY[af Y mf ~hm]Zdgƒ ' [geg ]d]e]flgk Yfla(
]dalaklYk' mfY [jŽla[Y Y dYk j]dY[agf]k ][gfea[Yk
q dY Z’ kim]\Y \] j]\]^afaj dYk j]dY[agf]k
hgdŽla[Yk) ;eZYk ]ph]ja]f[aYk k] \admq]jgf ]f
; ^af]k \] fm]kljg YjlŽ[mdg' e]f[agfYj]egk
dgk \gk hjaf[ahYd]k hgdgk hj]k]fl]k ]f dYk
afn]kla_Y[agf]k im] dg mladarYf q \ak[ml]f5
Aafg A]jeYfa q FY[dYm) ?kl] Yf‹ dakak fgk
h]jealaj‹ n]j ]d hjg[]kg \] [aj[mdY[af Hgjl](
Mmj(Hgjl] ]f dgk \]ZYl]k ]mjgh]gk Y[lmYd]k)
)&amp;) 8[ _^_d[Yb\^ S^\^ S^]bUSdU]SYQ
]UWQcYeQ TU d]Q \^TUa]YiQSYz] Y]S^\_[UcQ
?d hYjY\a_eY []fljYd hYjY dY Yhda[Y[a•f \]d
[gf[]hlg [Z[`WT^XZ ^m] [gfkljma\g hgj dY
Mg[agdg_ŽY \] dY eg\]jfarY[af' mf [gjhmk \]
a\]Yk kg[aYd]k q e•lg\gk \] afn]kla_Y[a•f im]
[aj[md• Hgjl](Mmj Y e]\aY\gk \] ka_dg RR
$A]jeYfa -++. U,423V6 &gt;a N]ddY ,41/%) ;fl] ]d
[gf^da[lg fY[a\g hgj ]d _gdh] \] ?klY\g ]f ,400
q ]d h]\a\g hj]ka\]f[aYd \] ^Y[lg \]
~\]kh]jgfarYjƒ ' ]klgk Ymlgj]k afl]flYjgf
]phda[Yj ]d ^]f•e]fg h]jgfaklY [geg mf
[Z[`WT^XZ' ^]fe]fg \] dgk hYŽk]k
^`MOP^L]]ZWWLOZ^ im] _]LY^T_LY mf hYkYb] ]flj]
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
0.
73-85`= .+6b7
dY ^ZNTPOLO _]LOTNTZYLW Y dY ^ZNTPOLO XZOP]YL'
]f ]d [mYd WZ^ XZaTXTPY_Z^ YLNTZYLWP^$[Z[`WL]P^
^m]jgf dY ^gjeY \] afl]jn]f[a•f ]f dY na\Y
hgdŽla[Y fY[agfYd \] dYk NL[L^ ^ZNTLWP^
_]LOTNTZYLWP^ im] k] ]f[gfljYZYf XZaTWTeLOL^
LNPWP]LOLXPY_P hgj dY XZOP]YTeLNTtY'
kgZj]hYkYf\g dY [YhY[a\Y\ afl]_jY\gjY \] dgk
e][Yfakegk kg[aYd]k ]pakl]fl]k) A]jeYfa
$-++.%' kg[a•dg_g alYdaYfg ]padaY\g hgj km
Yfla^Yk[akeg q jY\a[Y\g ]f &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k'
\]klY[• im] dgk ]d]e]flgk \] dYk ^ZNTPOLOP^
_]LOTNTZYLW q XZOP]YL [gfnanŽYf' \mjYfl] ]d
hjg[]kg \] eg\]jfarY[a•f' _]f]jYf\g
L^TYN]ZYrL^ $_]g_j‹ ^a[Yk' afklalm[agfYd]k q
eglanY[agfYd]k%6 ]f [gfk][m]f[aY' Yd_mfgk
Y[lgj]k kg[aYd]k afY[langk k] XZaTWTeLY q
[gea]frYf Y afl]jn]faj \] ^gjeY afgj_‹ fa[Y g
]f hYjla\gk hgdŽla[gk hYjY j]kgdn]jdYk) ?klgk
Y`PaZ^ ZM]P]Z^ egnadarY\gk hjgn]fa]fl]k \] dY
afea_jY[a•f afl]jfY k] ]f[gfljYZYf
\]khjgnaklgk' k]_’ f ]d Ymlgj' ]f [YhY[alY[af
kaf\a[Yd q hgdŽla[Y q Yd ]phgf]jd]k ]jY fgn]\gkY'
[geg [gehd]ba\Y\ \] dY na\Y ]f dYk [am\Y\]k
af\mkljaYd]k' hgjim] _]f]jYjgf dYk [gf\a[agf]k
q ]d kmkl]flg hYjY ]d da\]jYr_g h]jkgfYdaklY \]
J]j•f) ; hYjlaj \] ]kl] ]f^gim]' dgk fm]ngk
egnaea]flgk fY[agfYd]k q hghmdYj]k
_]f]jYjgf ]f dYk hgZdY[agf]k dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk
mfY ]PaZW`NTtY OP Pc[PN_L_TaL^, Yd \][aj \]d
kg[a•dg_g Ngj[mYlg &gt;a N]ddY $,41/%' ]f im] dYk
XL^L^ Y\`a]j]f Y mf k][lgj \] dY •dal] OT]TRPY_P
hYjY ]f[YmkYj kmk \]k]gk \] YehdaY[a•f \]
[gfkmeg) ?f ]k] hjg[]kg' ]d ?klY\g g[mh• mf
dm_Yj []fljYd' hjg\m[a]f\g e]\a\Yk hYjY
TYNZ][Z]L] Y dY na\Y hgdŽla[Y' Y ^PN_Z]P^ PcNW`TOZ^.
&gt;] eg\g im]' Ga_m]d Gmjeak q DmYf =Yjdgk
JgjlYfla]jg g =Yjdgk PadYk' \]k\] \a^]j]fl]k
d][lmjYk `akl•ja[g(]kljm[lmjYd]k' [gf^jgflYjgf
[gf dY ]phda[Y[a•f \]d ^mf[agfYdakeg q
Ykg[aYjgf Yd [Z[`WT^XZ [gf dY ]lYhY \]
\]kYjjgddg hjghaY \]d [YhalYdakeg
dYlafgYe]ja[Yfg' fY[a\Y ]f ]d [gfl]plg \] dY
[jakak \]d eg\]dg Y_jg(]phgjlY\gj q \]d ?klY\g
gda_‹ jima[g6 ]f [gfk][m]f[aY' Yfl] dY \]Zada\Y\
0/
\] dYk Zmj_m]kŽYk fY[agfYd]k' ]d ?klY\g YkmeŽY
dY \aj][[a•f \]d hjg[]kg \] [YeZag ][gf•ea[g)
JYjY ]klgk Ymlgj]k' ]d [gf^da[lg kg[aYd []fljYd
jY\a[YZY ]f dY [jakak \] `]_]egfŽY ]flj] dYk
[dYk]k \aja_]fl]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\6 ]flgf[]k' dgk
egnaea]flgk fY[agfYd]k q hghmdYj]k ]jYf ]d
j]kmdlY\g \] mfY YdaYfrY \] [dYk]k g k][lgj]k
kg[aYd]k ]f dY kg[a]\Y\ [anad Yfl] dY
aehgkaZada\Y\ \] aehgf]jk] Yd hg\]j
gda_‹ jima[g q [geg afl]flg \] j]kgdn]j dY
[jakak) Gmjeak q JgjlYfla]jg $,42,% YZgj\Yjgf
dY jY[agfYda\Y\ ]f ]d [gehgjlYea]flg \] dgk
gZj]jgk Yd Y\`]jaj Yd h]jgfakeg ] af[gjhgjYjk]
Y mf egnaea]flg [gf ]ehj]kYjagk fY[agfYd]k
im] ^Y[adal• dY [YfYdarY[a•f \] kmk afl]j]k]k) Jgj
gljg dY\g' PadYk $,440% ^g[Ydar km Yf‹ dakak ]f
dYk [gf\a[agf]k eYl]jaYd]k Yd[YfrY\gk hgj ]d
fan]d \] \]kYjjgddg [geg ]kljYl]_aY \]
Y[memdY[a•f [YhalYdaklY \] mfY ^jY[[a•f \] dY
Zmj_m]kŽY' ZYkY\Y ]f dY YehdaY[af \]d
[gfkmeg' dY \akljaZm[a•f \]d af_j]kg' dY
af\mkljaYdarY[a•f q dY hjgl][[a•f \]d e]j[Y\g
afl]jfg _]f]j• mfY eYljar \] hgkaZada\Y\]k q
eg\Yda\Y\]k hYjY ]d hghmdakeg) Jgj km hYjl]'
DmYf =Yjdgk Ngjj] $-++1% ljYkdY\ Yd Yf‹ dakak
\]d [Yehg hgdŽla[g dY fg[af \] jY[agfYda\Y\
\]d [gehgjlYea]flg gZj]jg ]phm]klY hYjY ]d
[Yehg kg[aYd q hgklmd im]' YkŽ [geg dY
Y\`]ka•f gZj]jY Yd h]jgfakeg k] ]phda[Y ]f
hYjl] hgj Z]f]^a[agk ][gf•ea[gk' lYeZa•f dY
\ae]fka•f \] dY a\]fla\Y\ q dY [g`]ka•f kg[aYd
Yd afl]jagj \] dY [dYk] bm_• mf hYh]d []fljYd ]f
dY af[gjhgjY[a•f \] dgk ljYZYbY\gj]k
kaf\a[YdarY\gk $q dgk im] fg dg ]klYZYf% Yd
fY[a]fl] egnaea]flg ]f dY im] hYjla[ahYjgf
dgk ea]eZjgk \] dY ~na]bY _mYj\aYƒ 6 ]k \][aj'
kaf\a[YdaklYk ^gjeY\gk ]f ]lYhYk hj]naYk q
eYqgjalYjaYe]fl] \] arima]j\Y)
Ng\Yk dYk ]phda[Y[agf]k \]d ^]f•e]fg
]phm]klYk `_ ^`[]L j]eal]f Y mf ]f^gim] \] dYk
[a]f[aYk kg[aYd]k ZYkY\g ]f dgk [Ykgk ]mjgh]g q
fgjl]Ye]ja[Yfg q ]f ]d OPMP] ^P] \]d hYjY\a_eY
eg\]jfarY\gj' Yksa [geg ]f ]d hjg[]kg \]
eg\]jfarY[a•f ] af[gjhgjY[a•f \]
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
ljYZYbY\gj]k q [Yeh]kafgk Y dYk ]kljm[lmjYk
hgdŽla[Yk \]d ?klY\g im] \a^aja \]d [mjkg
j]YdarY\g ]f dgk hYŽk]k []fljYd]k' dYk
]ph]ja]f[aYk
dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk
kgf
[gfka\]jY\Yk \]knaY[agf]k g [Ykgk Yf•eYdgk ]f
dY ]phda[Y[a•f mfan]jkYd)
)&amp;* D^_d[Yb\^ bUW{] @QS[Qd2 [Q SaUQSYz]
TYbSdabYeQ TU d] l_dUR[^p
?f mfY d][lmjY [gf d]fl]k l]•ja[gk \a^]j]fl]k'
?jf]klg FY[dYm [gfka\]jY Yd hghmdakeg [geg
mfY d_a[Y hgdŽla[Y hgkalanY) ?klY jY\a[Yd
Y[]h[a•f k] ZYkY ]f km ljYq][lgjaY \] na\Y q ]f
dgk eYj[gk afl]jhj]lYlangk im] j][mjj]f hYjY
km Yf‹ dakak)
?f ,40/' FY[dYm ]eh]r• ]klm\aYj `aklgjaY ]f
dY Ofan]jka\Y\ \] &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k) Ofgk Y•gk
e‹ k lYj\]' ]f ,404' afa[a km Y\`]kaf Yd
JYjla\g Mg[aYdaklY) ?flj] ,41- q ,412' k] Ydaf]•
[gf gljY ^jY[[a•f \]fgeafY\Y JYjla\g
Mg[aYdaklY \] dY Crima]j\Y HY[agfYd' da\]jY\g
hgj ]d afl]d][lmYd Dgj_] ;Z]dYj\g LYegk im]
afl]flYZY' \]k\] dY \•[Y\Y \]d [mYj]flY' Y\YhlYj
dYk l]kak eYjpaklYk q d]fafaklYk Yd [gfl]plg \]
;e•ja[Y FYlafY) ?f km •hla[Y' ]d \]kYjjgddg
\]ka_mYd q [geZafY\g [gfljaZmŽY Y im] ]d
daZ]jYdakeg fg k]Y mf [Yeafg Y dY jmhlmjY [gf
dY kg[a]\Y\ ^]m\Yd' kafg mfY ]na\]f[aY \] km
h]jkakl]f[aY ZYbg dY ^gjeY \] dY \geafY[a•f
hgdŽla[Y gda_‹ jima[Y) Jgj lYd eglang' ]d
fY[agfYdakeg \]d h]jgfakeg ]k j]nYdgjarY\g
[geg jmhlmjY [gf ]d na]bg j•_ae]f)
?d YmlgjalYjakeg \] dY \a[lY\mjY eadalYj $,400(
03% im] \]jjg[• Y J]j•f ]f ,400 q dY \]kadmka•f
kgZj] ]d _gZa]jfg [anad \] ;jlmjg @jgf\ara
$,403(1-% ^m]jgf dYk aehj]kagf]k \geafYfl]k
\] dgk hjae]jgk Ygk \] dY na\Y hgdŽla[Y \]
FY[dYm) FY e]lY \] dY Crima]j\Y HY[agfYd $]flj]
gljgk _jmhgk% ^m] e]r[dYj ]d h]fkYea]flg
eYjpaklY [gf dY ]ph]ja]f[aY hjg_j]kanY \]d
J]jgfakeg hYjY ]f^j]flYj dY j]hj]ka•f \] dgk
eadalYj]k q \] dgk Yflah]jgfaklYk [anad]k) ?f
,414' ?ja[ BgZkZYoe \]k[mZja• ]d lYd]flg \]
FY[dYm q dg afnal• Y k]_maj km [Yjj]jY Y[Y\•ea[Y
]f Cf_dYl]jjY) FY[dYm Y[]hl•) &gt;]khm•k \]
l]jeafYj km ^gjeY[a•f' j][aZa• mf hm]klg ]f
dY Ofan]jka\Y\ \] ?kk]p' \]k\] \gf\]
\]kYjjgdd• _jYf hYjl] \] km gZjY Y[Y\•ea[Y) =L
P^N`PWL OP TOPZWZRrL d LYoWT^T^ OP OT^N`]^Z'
^mf\Y\g hgj •d' k] `arg mf []fljg aehgjlYfl]
\]d h]fkYea]flg [jŽla[g ]f ?mjghY)
FY hjae]jY gZjY j][gfg[a\Y \] FY[dYm ^m]
AZWT_TN^ LYO 9OPZWZRd TY &gt;L]cT^_ ESPZ]d $AZWr_TNL
P TOPZWZRrL PY WL _PZ]rL XL]cT^_L% \] ,422' mf
daZjg im] [gfla]f] lj]k ]fkYqgk5 ]d hjae]jg
kgZj] [YhalYdakeg' ]d k]_mf\g kgZj] ^Yk[akeg
q ]d ’ dlaeg kgZj] hghmdakeg) @m] ]kl] ’ dlaeg
im] j][aZa• em[`g afl]j•k ]f ]d emf\g
Y[Y\•ea[g) ?d ]f^gim] \] FY[dYm \]kY[m]j\Y
[gf dYk gZjYk \] Aafg A]jeYfa q Ngj[mYlg \a
N]ddY kgZj] hghmdakeg $FY[dYm ,4225 ,0+(,0.%)
MgZj] lg\g [jala[Y dY l]d]gdg_ŽY \] dgk \gk
Ymlgj]k im] n]f hghmdakeg [geg
[YjY[l]jŽkla[Yk \] hYŽk]k ]f \]kYjjgddg) JYjY d'
hghmdakeg fg ]k mfY a\]gdg_ŽY im] kgdYe]fl]
]k [YhYr \] k]\m[aj Y eYkYk im] fg la]f]f
[gfk[a]f[aY \] [dYk]) =dYjYe]fl]' ]klY [jŽla[Y
k] j]^a]j] Ykaeakeg Y dY afl]jhj]lY[a•f \]d
J]jgfakeg [geg eYfahmdY[af \] dgk YkŽ
ddYeY\gk ~fm]ngk ljYZYbY\gj]kƒ \]d afl]jagj \]
hYŽk kaf ]ph]ja]f[aY ]f dY hYjla[ahY[af hgdŽla[Y)
FY[dYm [gfljYhgf] ^j]fl] Y dgk ]f^gim]k \]
A]jeYfa q &gt;a N]ddY mfY afl]jhj]lY[a•f
\ak[mjkanY \]d hghmdakeg' im] ]f kmk hYdYZjYk
[gfkakl] \] dY ~hj]k]flY[a•f \] afl]jh]dY[agf]k
hghmdYj]k(\]eg[j‹ la[gk [geg [gehd]bg
kaflla[g(YflY_fa[g j]kh]lg Y dY a\]gdg_ŽY
\geafYfl]ƒ $FY[dYm ,4225 ,2.%) ?kg j]ima]j]
nYjaYk Y[dYjY[agf]k) ?d hmflg \] hYjla\Y \] ]klY
]phda[Y[a•f \]d hghmdakeg' ]k mfY [jakak \]d
\ak[mjkg a\]gd•_a[g \geafYfl]) ?d \ak[mjkg
hghmdaklY afl]jh]dY Y nYjaYk hYjl]k \] dY kg[a]\Y\
kaf ZYjj]jYk \] [dYk] im] ]kl‹ f afkYlak^][`Yk [gf
]d ]klYlmk img) ;kŽ hm]\] kmj_aj mf fm]ng
hjgq][lg hgdŽla[g im] hj]l]f\] j]hj]k]flYj ~]d
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
00
73-85`= .+6b7
hm]Zdgƒ ) ?kl] hjgq][lg hgdŽla[g kgdYe]fl]
hm]\] l]f]j •palg ka k] hj]k]flY [geg
YflY_fa[g ^j]fl] Y dY a\]gdg_ŽY \geafYfl] im]
nY Y afl]flYj YZkgjZ]j dYk \]eYf\Yk kmj_a\Yk)
?f ]kl] ]fkYqg FY[dYm Y[]fl’ g im] hghmdakeg
hm]\] l]f]j [mYdima]j gja]flY[af hgdŽla[Y'
h]jg im] hYjY d' ]d kg[aYdakeg [gfklalmŽY dY
^gjeY e‹ k YdlY \]d hghmdakeg)
ljeafg ]k \] FY[dYm%' \] mfY ~hgkalana\Y\ƒ
kg[aYd' ][gfea[Y g \] [dYk]) FY hgdŽla[Y ]e]j_]
]f [YeZag [geg f]_g[aY[a•f \] mfY
~f]_Ylana\Y\ƒ fg \aYd][larYZd] hgj [mYflg fg
]k mf egnaea]flg ~hm]klgƒ hgj mfY lglYda\Y\
]kh][mdYlanY U)))V) ?f[Yjf• ]f ]d hdYfg ^adgk•^a[g
mfY n]jkaf ]f l]gjŽY hgdŽla[Y \]d ~_ajg
daf_“ Žkla[gƒ [YjY[l]jŽkla[g \] dY hg[Y)
?d hjaf[ahYd ]b]ehdg mkY\g hYjY egkljYj ]d
ka_fa^a[Y\g \] km l]gjŽY ]k ]d Yk[]fkg \] J]jf
Yd hg\]j) ?f ]kl] ]b]ehdg' dY a\]gdg_ŽY
\geafYfl] ]f [jakak ^m] dY gda_YjimŽY ;j_]flafY
q km \ak[mjkg daZ]jYd) ?kl] \ak[mjkg l]fŽY [mYljg
]b]k5 afl]_jY[a•f ]f ]d [YhalYdakeg _dgZYd hgj
]phgjlY[agf]k Y_jYjaYk' hjg_j]kg eYl]jaYd hgj
dY ]phYfka•f [YhalYdaklY' [anadarY[a•f ]mjgh]Y
q Yfla(h]jkgfYdakeg $]f [gfljY \] [gflY[lg
\aj][lg ]flj] hgdŽla[gk q dY hgZdY[af%) FY
j]kakl]f[aY [gfljY ]klY a\]gdg_ŽY' da\]jY\Y hgj
J]j•f' k] ]phj]k• [geg dY egnadarY[a•f \]
]klgk [mYljgk ]b]k $FY[dYm ,4225 ,22(,24%) ;kŽ
[gfkljmq• mfY [gf^jgflY[a•f YflY_•fa[Y [gf
dY a\]gdg_ŽY \geafYfl]) FY[dYm' ]f km gZjY'
\]^a]f\] ]d hghmdakeg' q YkŽ lYeZaf ]d
J]jgfakeg ]f ghgka[a•f Y dY l]kak \] im] la]f]
mfY a\]gdg_ŽY kmZ\]kYjjgddY\Y g nY[ŽY) † d
afna]jl] ]kl] Yj_me]flg q hjg[dYeY im] ]k
]pY[lYe]fl] ]kl] nY[a• im] `Y[] hgkaZd] dY
afl]jh]dY[a•f im] hgkaZadalY dY [gfkljm[[a•f \]
mfY a\]fla\Y\ hgdŽla[Y hgda[dYkaklY $FY[dYm ,4225
,4/(,41%) SY k] gZk]jnY mfY l]fka•f [gf dY l]kak
\]d \]l]jeafakeg [dYkaklY \]d eYjpakeg)
8PRPXZYrL 5^_]L_qRTNL DZNTLWT^_L fg ]k mf daZjg
kgZj] hghmdakeg) Maf ]eZYj_g' ]k aehgjlYfl]
e]f[agfYjdg hgjim] eYj[Y dY ]fljY\Y \]
FY[dYm $q \] Ggm^^]% ]f dYk ]k^]jYk YdlYk \] dYk
\ak[mkagf]k l]•ja[Yk ]mjgh]Yk q' lYeZa•f'
hgjim] ]k dY ZYk] hYjY dY k]_mf\Y gZjY
aehgjlYfl] \] FY[dYm kgZj] hghmdakeg' lj]aflY
Y•gk hgkl]jagj]k Y dY e]f[agfY\Y
Yfl]jagje]fl]) ?kl] fm]ng ljYZYbg' hmZda[Y\g
]f -++0' k] lalmd• @Y AZ[`WT^_ CPL^ZY $=L ]LetY
[Z[`WT^_L%)
?d daZjg 8PRPXZYrL d 5^_]L_qRTNL DZNTLWT^_L
$-++/U,430V%' ]k[jalg bmflg [gf =`YflYd
Ggm^^]' ]k [gfka\]jY\g mfg \] dgk l]plgk
^mf\Y\gj]k \] dY dŽf]Y \] h]fkYea]flg
hgkleYjpaklY' hgjim] hjg^mf\arY dY [jŽla[Y
Yfl]jagj) &gt;] Y[m]j\g [gf ]d `aklgjaY\gj
Yj_]flafg IeYj ;[`Y $-+,.Y5 1/(10%'
FY a\]Y ^m]jl] \]d daZjg [gfkakla• ]f dY
]nY[mY[af \] lg\g ^mf\Ye]flg \] dY hgdŽla[Y
kg[aYdaklY' YljaZma\Y Yd eYjpakeg ~[d‹ ka[gƒ $]d
01
?f ]klY gZjY' FY[dYm $-++05 ,,2% j][`YrY
em[`gk afl]flgk \] \]^afaj hghmdakeg [geg
[a]jlg lahg \] a\]gdg_ŽY $hgj ]b]ehdg dY
j]kakl]f[aY [gfljY eg\]jfarY[a•f% q ]f km dm_Yj
hjghgf] \] ]fl]f\]j ]d hghmdakeg [geg mfY
~d_a[Y hgdŽla[Yƒ ) M]_’ f ]d Ymlgj' ]klY d_a[Y ]kl‹
hj]k]fl] ]f [Y\Y [gfkl]dY[af hgdŽla[Y' h]jg fg
ka]ehj] ]f dY eakeY eY_falm\) FY e]\a\Y
\]h]f\] \] dY hgkaZada\Y\ \] [gfkljmaj dg im]
FY[dYm ddYeY ~[Y\]fY \] ]imanYd]f[aYƒ 6 ]k \][aj'
mfY k]ja] \] \]eYf\Yk' Yfm\Y\Yk Ydj]\]\gj \]
mf ^TRYTQTNLY_P aLNrZ q ^gjemdY\g ]f [gfljY \]
mf Y\n]jkYjag hgdŽla[g $FY[dYm -++05 ,0/%)
?flgf[]k' mfY ]k^]jY hgdŽla[Y \ana\a\Y ]f \gk
[Yehgk ghm]klgk ]k dY [gf\a[a•f ^TYP \`L YZY
\]d hghmdakeg)
?f =L ]LetY [Z[`WT^_L' ]d h]jgfakeg k]
]f[m]fljY gljY n]r hj]k]fl]) Ga]fljYk ]d
Yk[]fkg \] J]j•f Yd hg\]j q km _gZa]jfg ]k
kgdYe]fl] e]f[agfY\g \] ^gjeY kafl•la[Y'
FY[dYm $-++05 -,/(--,% \gf\] YfYdarY dY ]lYhY
\] km ]padag $,400(,42-%) M]_’ f FY[dYm' J]jf
eakeg k] nm]dn] ]d ^TRYTQTNLY_P aLNrZ \mjYfl]
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
]kgk Ygk' Yd [gfn]jlajk] ]f ]d ’ fa[g ]kdYZf
]flj] dY arima]j\Y j]ngdm[agfYjaY \] dY
EPYOPYNTL q dY =AN q dYk 1- Ij_YfarY[agf]k'
YeZgk ea]eZjgk \] dY [gYda[a•f [gf hjgq][lgk
\a^]j]fl]k q ]f^j]flY\gk)
FY[dYm ]ehd]Y lYeZa•f [Ykgk emq \an]jkgk \]
gljYk dYlalm\]k' ]f mf afl]flg \] hj]k]flYj mfY
l]gjŽY mfan]jkYd \]d hghmdakeg) ;imŽ jY\a[Y
_jYf hYjl] \] dY [jŽla[Y f]_YlanY ^j]fl] Y km gZjY)
PYjagk Ymlgj]k Yj_]flafgk Y[]flmYjgf im] dY
l]gjŽY `Y[] aehgkaZd] mfY \a^]j]f[aY[af ]flj]
hghmdakeg q dg hgdŽla[g ]f kŽ $;Zgq =Yjd]k
-++2 q -+,+Y6 ;[`Y -+,.Z' ]flj] gljgk% q im]
]k mf ]f^gim] Y`akl•ja[g $;Zgq =Yjd]k -+,+Z5
-/6 ;[`Y -+,.Z6 @af[`]dkl]af -+,/5 /2/' ]flj]
gljgk%) ?kl] Ykh][lg lYeZa•f ]k [jm[aYd hYjY
]fl]f\]j ]d hYh]d \] FY[dYm ]f ]d \]ZYl]
]mjgh]g [gfl]ehgj‹ f]g' [geg n]egk e‹ k
Y\]dYfl])
Ofg \] ]kgk [jŽla[gk' IeYj ;[`Y $-+,.Z%'
]phj]kY kmk \m\Yk kgZj] dY hgkaZada\Y\ \]
]phda[Yj dY j]Yda\Y\ dYlafgYe]ja[YfY [gf dY
l]gjŽY hghmdaklY \] FY[dYm) Ja]fkY im] ~dYk
[YjY[l]jŽkla[Yk dYlafgYe]ja[YfYk kgf j]^mf\a\gk
]f ]d g[Yfg \] vdg hgdŽla[gwƒ ) Maf ]eZYj_g'
^m] ]f ;e•ja[Y FYlafY' \gf\] =L ]LetY
[Z[`WT^_L lmng ]d aehY[lg e‹ k Yehdag q \gf\]
e‹ k ^m] mladarY\g hYjY afl]flYj [gehj]f\]j dY
ljYfk^gjeY[a•f kg[aYd) =mYf\g k] hmZda[• ]d
daZjg' ;e•ja[Y FYlafY ]klYZY ]f ]d e]\ag \]
[YeZagk \j‹ kla[gk' \]fgeafY\gk hgj Yd_mfgk
Ymlgj]k' [geg ]d RT]Z L WL Te\`TP]OL# hgj kmk
hgdŽla[Yk \akljaZmlanYk' \] Z’ kim]\Y \]
j]^gjeYk ]klYlYd]k l]f\a]fl]k Yd Za]f]klYj q
[jŽla[Yk ^j]fl] Yd f]gdaZ]jYdakeg $F]nalkcq q
LgZ]jlk5 -+,,%) ?klgk _gZa]jfgk [gf ^j][m]f[aY
^m]jgf
\]fgeafY\gk
hghmdaklYk'
kmhm]klYe]fl] Yd fg j]kh]lYj dYk j]_dYk \] dY
\]eg[jY[aY daZ]jYd' kgZj] lg\g hgj kmk
Y\n]jkYjagk hgdŽla[gk q kmk \]ljY[lgj]k
Y[Y\ea[gk) FY[dYm egklj kaehYlŽYk hYjY ]klgk
_gZa]jfgk ] afl]jnafg ]f ^Yngj \] ]ddgk ]f ]d
\]ZYl] hgdŽla[g dYlafgYe]ja[Yfg) ?f mf ]fkYqg
\] -++1 Y[]fl’ Y5 ~Ma `Yq mf h]da_jg hYjY dY
\]eg[jY[aY dYlafgYe]ja[YfY' na]f] \]d
f]gdaZ]jYdakeg q fg \]d hghmdakegƒ $FY[dYm
-++15 1,%)
&gt;]khm•k \] Y•gk eYj[Y\gk hgj \ak[mkagf]k
l]•ja[Yk [gf h]fkY\gj]k ]mjgh]gk [geg Dm\al`
&lt;mld]j' MdYngb $a%]c' Ga[`Y]d BYj\l' ;flgfag
H]_ja q gljgk' q \] j]d][lmjYk \] dYk gZjYk \]
;flgfag AjYek[a' Ma_emf\ @j]m\' DY[im]k
FY[Yf' EYjd GYjp' ]flj] gljgk' =L ]LetY
[Z[`WT^_L hm]\] k]j naklg lYeZa•f [geg mfY
nm]dlY \] FY[dYm [geg hYjla[ahYfl] ]f dY ]k[]fY
hgdŽla[Y dYlafgYe]ja[YfY) ?f -++3' [mYf\g ]d
_gZa]jfg Yj_]flafg \] =jaklafY Eaj[`f]j
]klmng ]f [gf^da[lg [gf dgk afl]j]k]k hg\]jgkgk
\]d Y_jg' •d hYjla[ah• ]f mfY eYfa^]klY[a•f ]f
&lt;m]fgk ;aj]k ]f ^Yngj \]d _gZa]jfg) =geg
k]YdY ]d hgdaldg_g Cn‹ f M[`mdaYim]j $-+,0%5
~G‹ k Ydd‹ \] Yd_mfgk Y[Y\ea[gk' [Yka fY\a] dg
[gfg[ŽYƒ ) ?kg [YeZa ]f dgk ’ dlaegk Ygk \]
km na\Y' `YklY km ^Ydd][aea]flg ]d ,. \] YZjad \]
-+,/) FY[dYm k] hmkg ]f [gflY[lg [gf nYjagk
dŽ\]j]k \] dgk fm]ngk _gZa]jfgk q hYjla[ah ]f
\]ZYl]k hgdŽla[gk hYjY \]^]f\]jdgk) ;kŽ' [mYf\g
^Ydd][a•' dY hj]fkY \] dY ghgka[a•f Yj_]flafY d]
j][gj\• [geg h]fkY\gj \]d _gZa]jfg y ]d
\aYjag =dYjŽf $-+,/% d] ddYe ~]d h]fkY\gj
^Yngjalg \] dY hj]ka\]flYƒ ) Mm jgd [geg
afl]d][lmYd hgdŽla[g ]k aehj]k[af\aZd] hYjY
]fl]f\]j dYk j]^]j]f[aYk Y •d ]f dY \ak[mka•f
]mjgh]Y)
*&amp; 8@ 7854H8 GC5F8 DCDI@=GAC 8B
8IFCD4
BYklY dY ealY\ \] dgk Y•gk ,43+ ]d l•jeafg \]
hghmdakeg [Yka fg ^m] Yhda[Y\g ]f dgk \]ZYl]k
h’ Zda[gk q Y[Y\ea[gk ]f ?mjghY g[[a\]flYd)
J]jg \]k\] ]flgf[]k' ]d [gf[]hlg ]k mkY\g ]f
dY j]_af [geg kaffaeg hYjY hgdŽla[gk q
hYjla\gk \] dY mdljY\]j][`Y [geg D]Yf GYja]
F] J]f \]d 6]ZY_ ?L_TZYLW ]f @jYf[aY g D‘ j_
BYa\]j \]d 6]PTSPT_WTNSP AL]_PT ]f ;mkljaY) ?f
]kY eakeY [gf[]h[a•f' ]k Yhda[Y\g ]f dgk Y•gk
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
02
73-85`= .+6b7
,44+ hYjY OeZ]jlg &lt;gkka q dY =PRL ?Z]O'
=`jaklgh` &lt;dg[`]j q ]d DNSbPTeP]T^NSP
GZWV^[L]_PT# ]flj] gljgk $Bgmo]f -+,,5 -1(-3%)
; ^afYd]k \]d ka_dg RR' k] ]pla]f\] km mkg ]f
Y[lgj]k im] ]dm\a]jgf ]kljm[lmjYk \]eg[j‹ la[Yk
q hYjla\YjaYk hYjY `YZdYj \aj][lYe]fl] [gf ]d
~hm]Zdgƒ ' [geg Madnag &lt;]jdmk[gfa ]f ClYdaY' im]
j][mjjŽY Y kmk e]\agk \] [gemfa[Y[af hYjY
ljYfkealaj kmk e]fkYb]k ] afl]jdg[m[agf]k
hgdŽla[Yk) ;kaeakeg' ]f ]k] la]ehg' fg
kgdYe]fl] Z`_^TOP]^# kafg lYeZaf hgdŽla[gk
hjg^]kagfYd]k \]d P^_LMWT^SXPY_ mladarYjgf ]klY
l•[fa[Y $Bgmo]f -+,,5 -4(.,%) ?f _]f]jYd' k]
hm]\] \][aj' im] [Z[`WT^XZ k] `arg e‹ k q e‹ k
mfY hYdYZjY hgd•ea[Y q [gjja]fl] ]f dYk
\ak[mkagf]k ]mjgh]Yk) L]ealŽY Yd \]kY[m]j\g
[gf dY hgdŽla[Y \] dY Ofaf ?mjgh]Y) ?f mf
hjae]j ege]flg' Ykg[aY\g Y dŽ\]j]k im]
[gfkljmŽYf mf \ak[mjkg fY[agfYdaklY' jY[aklY q
Yfla(ea_jYlgjag) Fm]_g' [gf ]d Yk[]fkg \] dgk
hYjla\gk Dd]TeL ]f Aj][aY q AZOPXZ^ ]f ?khY•Y'
]d [gf[]hlg ^m] da_Y\g Y gljg lahg \] [jŽla[Y \]
dY O?)
*&amp;)&amp; @^b SQb^b TU GhaYiQ h D^TU\^b
Aj][aY ]flj• ]f _jYn] [jakak ][gf•ea[Y ]f
-+,+) ?f ]k] [gfl]plg' ]d _gZa]jfg
kg[aYd\]e•[jYlY \] J;MIE' ZYbg dY hj]ka•f
\] dY O?' ]eh]r mfY jY\a[Yd hgdŽla[Y \]
Ymkl]ja\Y\ im] [Ymk• em[`Yk hjgl]klYk [gfljY
dY dal] \]d hYŽk) ?d \ak[mjkg \]d ’ dlaeg [gfljY
dYk hjgl]klYk ^m] eYj[Y\g hgj mfY ~`akl]jaY
vYflahghmdaklYwƒ $EYlkYeZ]cak -+,/5 02/%) ?d
eafakljg \] \]kYjjgddg \]d _gZa]jfg \]d hYjla\g
kg[aYd\]e•[jYlY J;MIE' Egklak BYlra\Ycak'
ddYe Yd hghmdakeg ~]d ]f]ea_g e‹ k _jYf\]
\] Aj][aYƒ q ]d eafakljg \] j]dY[agf]k
]pl]jagj]k' PYf_]dak P]far]dgk' ]phj]k• im] ]d
~hghmdakeg ]plj]egƒ Ye]fYrY \] `Y[]j \] dY
[jakak _ja]_Y mfY ~ljY_]\aY fY[agfYdƒ
$MlYnjYcYcak -+,/5 0+4%) M] gZk]jnY' ]flgf[]k'
im] ]d l•jeafg hghmdakeg ]k [gfljYhm]klg Yd
\]d _gZa]jfg hjg(]mjgh]g ] af\]pY\g Y Dd]TeL'
mf hYjla\g \] arima]j\Y im]' ]f hYjl]' na]f]
03
\] dY ljY\a[a•f \]d ]mjg([gemfakeg) ;fl]k \]
dY [jakak' dY ]kljYl]_aY hYjla\YjaY ]klYZY gja]flY\Y
Yd hYjdYe]flg' \Y\g km ]k[Ykg ngdme]f \]
nglgk) J]jg [gf dY [jakak k] _]f]j• mf ]k[]fYjag
hjgha[ag hYjY km j]l•ja[Y q km Yhgqg [j][a•)
?f dYk ]d][[agf]k \] eYqg \] -+,-' gZlmna]jgf
]d ,1)23 &quot; \] dgk nglgk) Of e]k e‹ k lYj\]' ]f
dYk j]]d][[agf]k ]d -1)34 &quot;) ?f ?f]jg \] -+,0'
Dd]TeL dd]_g Yd _gZa]jfg [gf ]d .1)./ &quot; \] dgk
nglgk)
?d gZb]lang \] Dd]TeL ^m] dY ^gjeY[a•f \] mfY
YehdaY YdaYfrY [gfljY dY hgdŽla[Y \] Ymkl]ja\Y\
im] k] \aklaf_m] \] dY na]bY j]lja[Y q hgdŽla[Y
\] dY arima]j\Y gjlg\gpY) Jgj ]kg' SYffak
MlYnjYcYcak q Aagj_gk EYlkYeZ]cak $-+,/%' \gk
l]•ja[gk dY[dYmkaYfgk' [gf[dmq]f im] ]d
\ak[mjkg \] Dd]TeL# \mjYfl] dY ]lYhY \] km
Yk[]fkg' ]k mf \ak[mjkg hghmdaklY eYj[Y\g hgj
dY [gfkljm[[a•f \ak[mjkang \] mf [`PMWZ q ]d
]f^j]flYea]flg YflY_•fa[g [gf ]d
P^_LMWT^SXPY_) J]jg' Yd [gfljYjag \] gljgk
YfYdaklYk' j][`YrYf dgk Yj_me]flgk im] ]kg k]jŽY
Yd_g h]da_jgkg hYjY ?mjghY)
=gf mfY ljYq][lgjaY hYjla\YjaY \a^]j]fl]
AZOPXZ^# ]f ?khY•Y' [gfklalmq] gljg ]b]ehdg
\] ]klY l‹ [la[Y [gfka\]jY\Y ~hghmdaklY \]
arima]j\Yƒ ) ?khYY ]flj ]f [jakak ][gfea[Y
q kmk hYjla\gk hjaf[ahYd]k' ]d AL]_TOZ AZ[`WL]
$JJ% q ]d AL]_TOZ DZNTLWT^_L $JMI?%' km^ja]jgf
\]khj]kla_ag ]f km [YhY[a\Y\ \] j]hj]k]flYj Y
dY [am\Y\YfŽY q dY [gfk][m]fl] hj\a\Y \]
nglgk) ?f ]k] [gfl]plg' k] ^gje• ]d
egnaea]flg (+$X' im] k] `arg mf ^Y[lgj
aehgjlYfl] ]f dY hgdŽla[Y fY[agfYd Y hYjlaj \]
hjgl]klYk ]f lg\g ]d hYŽk ]f eYqg \] -+,,) ?d
Yk[]fkg \]d hYjla\g AZOPXZ^ ~]kl‹
af]pgjYZd]e]fl] mfa\g Yd ,0(eƒ $L]f\m]d]k*
MgdY -+,05 ..% hgjim] YZja mf ]khY[ag hgdŽla[g
hYjY ]kl] q em[`gk \] kmk ea]eZjgk qY
hYjla[ahYjgf ]f ]klYk hjgl]klYk) ?f glg•g \]
-+,. ]eh]r• ]d hjgq][lg AZOPXZ^' ]f dY im]
[gf^dmq]jgf ea]eZjgk \] dY 9e\`TP]OL
1Y_TNL[T_LWT^_L q mf h]im]•g _jmhg \]
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
hgdal•dg_gk \] dY Ofan]jka\Y\ =gehdml]fk] \]
GY\ja\' ]flj] ]ddgk ]d Y`gjY e‹ k [gfg[a\g
hgdŽla[g \]d hYjla\g' JYZdg C_d]kaYk' q ]d
~hjaf[ahYd a\]dg_gƒ $L]f\m]d]k*MgdY -+,05
.0%' C•a_g ?jj]b•f)
G‹ k ]phdŽ[alg im] ]f ]d [Ykg \] Dd]TeL' AZOPXZ^
fg k] hj]k]flY [geg \] arima]j\Y' kafg [geg
~dgk \] YZYbgƒ im] dm[`Yf [gfljY ~dgk \] YjjaZYƒ
g ~dY [YklYƒ ) =geg ]f ]d [Ykg _ja]_g' afa[a
mfY [YehY•Y im] \]fmf[aY ]d fm]ng hYjla\g
]khYgd [geg ~hghmdaklYƒ ) FYk Y[mkY[agf]k Y
dY fY[a]fl] Y_jmhY[a•f kgf ^j][m]fl]e]fl]
Y[gehY•Y\Yk hgj [gehYjY[agf]k [gf dgk
_gZa]jfgk \]d ~_ajg Y dY arima]j\Yƒ
dYlafgYe]ja[Yfg' kgZj] lg\g [gf P]f]rm]dY
\mjYfl] dY hj]ka\]f[aY \] Bm_g =`‹ n]r) J]\jg
M‹ f[`]r' k][j]lYjag _]f]jYd \]d JMI?' \][dYj'
j]^aja•f\gk] Y AZOPXZ^' im] ~]d ^af \]d
hghmdakeg ]k dY P]f]rm]dY \] =`‹ n]rƒ
$?mjghY Jj]kk -+,/%) ?f mf YjlŽ[mdg hYjY ]d
\aYjag ]khYgd e‹ k aehgjlYfl]' ]d ]k[jalgj
e]pa[Yfg ?fjaim] EjYmr] $-+,0% \]k[jaZ] ]d
~hghmdakegƒ [geg ~mf eYd ]f\ea[g \]
;eja[Y FYlafYƒ im] Y`gjY Ye]fYrY dY
\]eg[jY[aY ]khY•gdY) JYjY •d' ~U]fV ;e•ja[Y
FYlafY' dgk \]eY_g_gk dd]_Yf Yd hg\]j' mkmjhYf
$\]knajl’ Yf' eYfahmdYf' [gehjYf% dY ngdmflY\
hghmdYj ] afklYmjYf dY lajYfŽY) ?klg ]k dg im]
`Y hYkY\g ]f P]f]rm]dY' [mqg AgZa]jfg
hghmdaklY afkhaj $q ]f Yd_’ f [Ykg ^afYf[a% Y
\aja_]fl]k \] Jg\]egk)ƒ
?klgk YlYim]k ]kl‹ f ^mf\Y\gk ]f dgk nŽf[mdgk
]flj] nYjagk hgdŽla[gk \] AZOPXZ^ q nYjagk
_gZa]jfgk dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk im] ^m]jgf kmk
hjaf[ahYd]k ^m]fl]k \] af^dm]f[aY ]f dgk ’ dlaegk
Ygk) ;\]e‹ k' ]d qY e]f[agfY\g ?jj]bf q
DmYf =Yjdgk Ggf]\]jg Yk]kgjYjgf Yd _gZa]jfg
n]f]rgdYfg $L]f\m]d]k*MgdY -+,05 .0%) ?f
k]hla]eZj] \] -+,/' C_d]kaYk q ?jj]b•f
ka_ma]jgf dYk afnalY[agf]k \] dgk hj]ka\]fl]k
ZgdanaYfg' ][mYlgjaYfg q mjm_mYqg ] `a[a]jgf
mfY h]im]•Y _ajY hgj ;e•ja[Y FYlafY)
;mfim] fg ]k km afl]j•k hjaf[ahYd' C_d]kaYk dd]n•
Y [YZg afn]kla_Y[af [a]flŽ^a[Y kgZj] ;eja[Y
FYlafY) ?f ]d [Ykg \] ?jj]bf' ]d nŽf[mdg
Y[Y\ea[g [gf ;eja[Y FYlafY ]k e‹ k ^m]jl])
Mm l]kak \g[lgjYd $?jj]bf AYdn‹ f -+,,Y% ]k mf
Yf‹ dakak \ak[mjkang \]d hjae]j _gZa]jfg \] ?ng
GgjYd]k ]f &lt;gdanaY' \] -++1 `YklY -++4) Mm
hjaf[ahYd j]^]j]f[aY l]•ja[Y ]k dY gZjY \]
?jf]klg FY[dYm)
?klY []j[YfŽY \] Jg\]egk Y dYk a\]Yk \] FY[dYm
]k dg im] `Y[] \]d ^ad•kg^g Yj_]flafg q kmk a\]Yk
kgZj] hghmdakeg im] hYjl] \] dYk hgd•ea[Yk
]mjgh]Yk kgZj] ]d l]eY' fg kgdYe]fl] ]f ]d
[gfl]plg ]khYgd' Ymfim] Y`Ž \] dY eYf]jY e‹ k
\j‹ kla[Y) ?f ]d h]ja\a[g 5W ALr^' ]d h]jag\aklY
Yj_]flafg =Yjdgk JY_fa $-+,/%' hmZda[• mf
YjlŽ[mdg kgZj] dYk naf[mdY[agf]k ]flj] FY[dYm'
;e•ja[Y FYlafY q hghmdakeg) ?f km hmflg \]
naklY' ~FY[dYm g^j][a• mfY bmkla^a[Y[a•f
Y[Y\•ea[Y Y dYk af[dafY[agf]k YmlgjalYjaYk \] dgk
[Ym\addgk hghmdaklYkƒ \] ;eja[Y FYlafY q
~UhVYjY ?jj]bf dY hgdŽla[Y ]khYgdY \]Z]jŽY
dYlafgYe]ja[YfarYjk]ƒ ) ?f mf l]plg fgeZjY\g
~FY kafjYrf hghmdaklYƒ ' ]d `aklgjaY\gj
Ja]jhYgdg &lt;YjZa]ja $-+,0% n] mfY j]Yda\Y\
^m]jl]e]fl] YmlgjalYjaY \]lj‹ k \] dYk l]gjŽYk \]
FY[dYm5
?kl] hgkleYjpakeg \] FY[dYm q kmk k]_ma\gj]k
]feYk[YjY ]flgf[]k ]f dg[Ydakegk h]ja^•ja[gk
]d eakeg YmlgjalYjakeg im] k] h]jh]l’ Y ]f ]d
hg\]j) ?kl] k] \]kfm\Y [geg ghj]kgj [mYf\g
k] \]egfarY Yd ghgkalgj' YlY[Y Y dY hj]fkY' q
hjg^mf\arY dY [gjjmh[a•f im] k] hjge]la•
]jjY\a[Yj) ?k Yim]d ege]flg \] jmhlmjY ]f ]d
im] ]d Gmkkgdafa im] hjge]lŽY ]f dYk [Ydd]k
gZj]jYk \] Gad‹ f Y`gj[Yj Yd ’ dlaeg JYhY [gf
dYk ljahYk \]d ’ dlaeg L]qƒ mfY n]r ]f ]d hg\]j
hY[lY [gf ]d hjae]jg q k] YZjYrY [gf ]d ’ dlaeg)
?k ]d \ŽY im] Eaj[`f]j nakl] Fgmak Pmallgf q
dgk GY\mjg naYbYf ]f Yna•f hjanY\g6 ]d j]dYlg
hgdŽla[g im]\Y nY[Žg Yfl] ]d h]kg \] dY j]Yda\Y\)
IljYk ng[]k ^m]jY \] ?khY•Y im] `Y[]f
j]^]j]f[aY Y FY[dYm' mkYf mf lgfg e]fgk ^m]jl]
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
04
73-85`= .+6b7
q ]d ]f^gim] fg kgdYe]fl] ]kl‹ ]f dY hgdŽla[Y
]khY•gdY' kafg lYeZa•f ]f dY _ja]_Y) ; eg\g
\] ]b]ehdg' e]f[agfYj]egk [Ykgk \] Cf_dYl]jjY
q ;d]eYfaY) ?d h]jag\aklY &gt;Yf BYf[gp $-+,0%
\] ESP 7`L]OTLY' \aYjag daZ]jYd \] arima]j\Y
af_d•k' \]k[jaZ] FY[dYm [geg ~]d l]klY^]jjg
afl]d][lmYd hYjY MqjarY q Jg\]egkƒ ) P] dY
af^dm]f[aY \]d ^ad•kg^g hYjY dgk \gk ]f dY a\]Y
\] bmflYj \]eYf\Yk `]l]jg_•f]Yk ^j]fl] Y mf
]f]ea_g [ge’ f q ]f dY nYdgjY[af \]
\][dYjY[agf]k nY[ŽYk [geg hYjl] \]d
hghmdakeg) ?d l]ja[g hgdŽla[g Yd]e‹ f DYf
Q]jf]j G“ dd]j $-+,0Y6 -+,0Z%' qY e]f[agfY\g
Yd hjaf[ahag \] ]kl] YjlŽ[mdg' lYeZaf [gfka\]jY
Y FY[dYm [geg dY [dYn] hYjY ]fl]f\]j ]d
~hghmdakegƒ \] Dd]TeL q AZOPXZ^' hgjim]
ima]j]f [gfkljmaj mf fm]ng ~hm]Zdgƒ ) ?f
[ge]flYjagk h]jag\Žkla[gk' G“ dd]j mkY lYeZaf
[gehYjY[agf]k [gf ;e•ja[Y FYlafY q ha]fkY
im] k] \]Z] [gfka\]jYj ]d \]kYjjgddg hgdŽla[g
]f ]klY j]_a•f hYjY n]j dg im] hYkY ]f
Mm\]mjghY) ;_j]_Y im]' Y h]kYj \] dY
^jmkljY[a•f ]khY•gdY' em[`gk fg nYf im]j]j
mfY n]jkaf \]d =`Ynakeg ]f km hYŽk $G“ dd]j
-+,0Y%)
G“ dd]j $-+,0Y% e]f[agfY Y\]e‹ k dY [gf]paf
]flj] ?kk]p' \gf\] FY[dYm ]fk]•g' q Dd]TeL)
SYffak PYjgm^Ycak' Y`gjY ]peafakljg \]
^afYfrYk \]d _gZa]jfg \] Dd]TeL' ]klm\a•
][gfgeŽY ]f ?kk]p q L]f] &gt;gmjgm'
_gZ]jfY\gjY j]_agfYd \] … la[Y hgj ]d eakeg
hYjla\g' ]klm\a• ]f ]d hjg_jYeY \]d ^ad•kg^g
Yj_]flafg) ?f mf YjlŽ[mdg ]f ]d k]eYfYjag
Yd]e‹ f 4TP KPT_' ]d h]jag\aklY =YkhYj M`Ydd]j
$-+,0% hj]k]flY dY Ofan]jka\Y\ \] ?kk]p [geg
mfg \] dgk []fljgk aehgjlYfl]k \] h]fkYea]flg
\]lj‹ k \] MqjarY h]jg e]f[agfY lYeZaf im]
`Yq gljgk h]fkY\gj]k _ja]_gk im] [gfka\]jYf
]d hgkl(eYjpakeg dY[dYmkaYfg fg
km^a[a]fl]e]fl] jY\a[Yd) MgZj] lg\g dY
naf[mdY[a•f ]flj] FY[dYm q PYjgm^Ycak ]f ]klgk
YjlŽ[mdgk hYj][] lglYde]fl] kgZj]]nYdmY\Y
hgjim] PYjgm^Ycak ]klm\a• ]f gljY ^Y[mdlY\' dY
\] ][gfgeŽY) Maf ]eZYj_g' lg\g ]klg
1+
[gfljaZmq] Y mfY aeY_]f im] hgf] ?jf]klg
FY[dYm ]f ]d e]\ag \]d \]ZYl] kgZj] hghmdakeg
\] arima]j\Y ]f ?mjghY)
*&amp;*&amp; @QS[Qd h [Q caQ]b]QSY^]Q[YiQSYz] TU YTUQb
B^acU%Gda%B^acU
&gt;]khmk \] egkljYj dgk gjŽ_]f]k \] dYk l]gjŽYk
\] FY[dYm q fgeZjYj nYjagk ]b]ehdgk im] \Yf
[m]flY \] dY hj]k]f[aY q [aj[mdY[a•f \] dYk a\]Yk
\] FY[dYm kgZj] hghmdakeg ]f dY hgdŽla[Y
]mjgh]Y Y[lmYd' j][mh]jYegk fm]kljY hj]_mflY
hjaf[ahYd5 „Jgj im dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm ]kl‹ lYf
hj]k]fl] ]f dgk \]ZYl]k ]mjgh]gk
[gfl]ehgj‹ f]gk8 &lt;Yk‹ f\gk] ]f dg im] qY
\]k[jaZaegk ]f ]kl] YjlŽ[mdg' k] hm]\] \Yj lj]k
]phda[Y[agf]k5 ,) FY naf[mdY[a•f \] Dd]TeL q
AZOPXZ^ [gf ;e•ja[Y FYlafY' -) FY ]pa_]f[aY
mfan]jkYd \] dY l]gjŽY q km hgkaZd] Yhda[Y[af Y
dY kalmY[a•f ]mjgh]Y q .) FY f]_Y[a•f \] dg
hgdŽla[g ]f dY ?mjghY hgkhgdŽla[Y)
=geg `]egk egkljY\g' dY gZjY \] FY[dYm Y
hYjlaj \]d daZjg =L ]LetY [Z[`WT^_L ]f -++0 ]kl‹
emq af^dm]f[aY\Y hgj dgk [YeZagk ]f ;e•ja[Y
FYlafY \] ^af]k \]d ka_dg RR' ddYeY\g ~_ajg Y
dY arima]j\Yƒ ]f ]klY j]_af) ;\]e‹ k' FY[dYm'
]f dgk ’ dlaegk Ygk \] km na\Y' Yhgq ]klgk
_gZa]jfgk Y[lanYe]fl]) Ga]fljYk ]klgk
_gZa]jfgk kgf fgjeYde]fl] [gf[]hlmYdarY\gk
[gf mf ~hghmdakeg \] arima]j\Yƒ ' ]d
~hghmdakegƒ ]f ?mjghY ]klYZY hjaf[ahYde]fl]
Ykg[aY\g [gf dY \]j][`Y hgdŽla[Y $Gm\\]*
LgnajY EYdloYkk]j -+,,5 -0%) ?klY
[Yl]_gjarY[a•f ^m] [m]klagfY\g [gf ]d Yk[]fkg
\] Dd]TeL q AZOPXZ^.
;mfim] FY[dYm ka]ehj] Y[]flmYZY im]
hghmdakeg hm]\] l]f]j [YjY[l]jŽkla[Yk emq
\a^]j]fl]k' km gZjY ]k e]fgk mladarY\Y ]f ]d
Yf‹ dakak \]d ~hghmdakeg \] dY \]j][`Yƒ ) Mm jgd
[geg Y[lgj hgdŽla[g q kmk hj]^]j]f[aYk hYjY mf
hghmdakeg \] arima]j\Y kgf dYk [YmkYk hgjim]
km gZjY ]k naf[mdY\Y [gf dYk fm]nYk arima]j\Yk
]f Aj][aY q ?khY•Y' im] ljaZmlYf ]f ]d
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
aeY_afYjag ]mjg([gemfaklY q kmk [jŽla[Yk ljYk
dY ^afYdarY[a•f \] dY OLMM) ?f ]k] k]fla\g' ]d
^ad•kg^g Yj_]flafg h]jeal] im] Y[Y\•ea[gk q
hgdŽla[gk \] \an]jkYk ljYq][lgjaYk hm]\Yf
j][gf[]hlmYdarYj dY ~[YbY \] `]jjYea]flYkƒ \]
dY ljY\a[a•f eYjpaklY Y dY dmr \] Yd_mfYk
affgnY[agf]k l]•ja[Yk q \] mf \]khdYrYea]flg
\]d ]b] ][gfgea[aklY Yd \ak[mjkang)
^gjeYj fm]nYk YdaYfrYk [gfljY ]d klYlm img' ]k
\][aj dY `]_]egfŽY f]gdaZ]jYd ]f ?mjghY) ?d
eakeg ?jj]b•f $-+,,Y5 ,33% ]k[jaZ] im] dYk
l]gjŽYk \]d lahg ]kljm[lmjYd(^mf[agfYdaklY ljYlYf
]d hghmdakeg [geg ~mf ^]f•e]fg hjghag \]
mf [a]jlg vYljYkgw [mdlmjYd ] afklalm[agfYd \] mfY
kg[a]\Y\ƒ q hgj ]kg fg hm]\]f ]phda[Yj dgk
hghmdakegk ]mjgh]gk [gfl]ehgj‹ f]gk)
G‹ k Ydd‹ \] nY_Yk Ykg[aY[agf]k ]flj] ;eja[Y
FYlafY q Mm\]mjghY y q dYk hgd•ea[Yk im]
Y[gehY•Yf ]klYk Ykg[aY[agf]k y' Yd ljYfk^]j dYk
a\]Yk \] kmj Y fgjl] ]k ]na\]fl] ]f ]d [Ykg \]
AZOPXZ^' kgZj] lg\g ]f dY gZjY \] C•a_g
?jj]bf) ?kl] ’ dlaeg' ka]ehj] j]^ajaf\gk]
l]•ja[Ye]fl] Y FY[dYm im] [gfljYkl] mfY
aeY_]f emq hgkalanY \]d hghmdakeg
dYlafgYe]ja[Yfg eYj[Y\g hgj ~dY YkhajY[a•f \]
af[dmkaf [am\Y\YfY q \]kYjjgddg kgZ]jYfgƒ
$?jj]bf AYdn‹ f -+,,Z5 ,41% [gf ]d hghmdakeg
~j]Y[[agfYjag' p]f^gZg q YfladaZ]jYdƒ $?jj]bf
AYdn‹ f -+,,Z5 ,+4% \] dY \]j][`Y ]mjgh]Y)
Jjghgf] im] mf [YeZag hghmdaklY \] gljg
]kladg lYeZaf ]k hgkaZd] ]f ?mjghY) ;[‹ k]
gZk]jnY emq [dYjYe]fl] dY [gf]pa•f ]flj]
;e•ja[Y FYlafY q ?mjghY ]f ]d \]ZYl] kgZj]
hghmdakeg)
J]jg hg\jŽY hj]_mflYjk] Y im j]khgf\] ]d
fgn]\gkg ^]fe]fg hgdŽla[g) FY [jakak Y[lmYd
\] dY Ofa•f ?mjgh]Y ]k Yd_g im] ^m]
aeh]fkYZd] mfgk Ygk Ylj‹ k) &gt;]khmk \] [YŽ\Y
\]d emjg \] &lt;]jdŽf q dY aehdgkaf \] dY Ofaf
Mgnala[Y' ]d hjgq][lg ]mjgh]g k] n]ŽY [geg dY
_YjYflŽY hYjY hjkh]jg ^mlmjg \] lg\g ]d
[gflaf]fl]' af[dmkg dg im] Yfl]k ]jY hYjl] \]d
Zdgim] gja]flYd) Fg im] fg lmng dm_Yj ^m] mf
\]ZYl] kgZj] ]d [Yeafg `Y[aY ]kl] hj•kh]jg
^mlmjg ]mjgh]g' im] k]_mŽY dgk \g_eYk
f]gdaZ]jYd]k q ^m] aehd]e]flY\g hgj nŽYk
l][fg[j‹ la[Yk) ?kl] fm]ng YhYjYlg hgdŽla[g
]mjgh]g ]p[dmq] \]ZYl]k hgdŽla[gk
^mf\Ye]flYd]k kgZj] ]kl] eg\]dg) Ng\gk
Yim]ddgk im] \m\Yf g Y’ f j][`YrYf ]d kmhm]klg
[gfk]fkg ]mjgh]g kgf \]fmf[aY\gk [geg
~]f]ea_gk \] nYdgj]k ]mjgh]gkƒ $MlYnjYcYcak
-+,/5 0+3% y g kaehd]e]fl] [geg hghmdaklYk)
@YdlY Y[dYjYj hgj im ]k dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm kgZj]
hghmdakeg im] k] Yhda[Y hYjY ]phda[Yj dY
hgdŽla[Y _ja]_Y q ]khYgdY q fg ]d gljg ]f^gim]
Yj_]flafg im] [gf[mjja• [gf dY ]phda[Y[a•f \]
FY[dYm) Pgdna]f\g Yd \]ZYl] \]k[jalg ]f ]kl]
ljYZYbg' j][gj\Yegk im] mfY [jŽla[Y aehgjlYfl]
^j]fl] Y dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm ^m] km ]pa_]f[aY
mfan]jkYd' km ~l]f\]f[aY \] kmh]jYj lg\Yk dYk
^jgfl]jYk fY[agfYd]k ] `aklja[Ykƒ $@af[`]dkl]af
-+,/5 /2/%) J]jg ]klY ]pa_]f[aY mfan]jkYd ]k dY
hj][gf\a[a•f hYjY km mkg ]f ]d \]ZYl] ]mjgh]g
Y[lmYd) ?f ?mjghY fg k] ljYlY \] mfY Z’ kim]\Y
\] j]khm]klYk Y dY eg\]jfarY[a•f im] \]k[jaZ]f
A]jeYfa' &gt;a N]ddY' Gmjeak q JgjlYfla]jg q
PadYk hYjY dgk [Ykgk dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk) G‹ k Za]f
k] hm]\] gZk]jnYj mf [gfbmflg \] \]eYf\Yk
afkYlak^][`Yk `]l]jg_•f]Yk q ]d afl]flg \]
=geg naegk' ^m]jgf hjae]jg dgk hgdŽla[gk q
hYjla\gk \] dY \]j][`Y im] ^m]jgf Ykg[aY\gk [gf
]d d]eY \] hghmdakeg) Mmk \ak[mjkgk ^m]jgf
kgZj] lg\g jY[aklYk' Yfla(ea_jYlgjaYk q
fY[agfYdaklYk) M] hj]k]flYjgf [geg \]^]fkgj]k
\] kmk j]kh][langk ]klY\gk [gfljY dY af^dm]f[aY
\] dY O? Y fan]d fY[agfYd) ;hYjl] \] ]kl] lahg
\] [jŽla[Y dY O?' `Yq lYeZaf gljgk
\]k[gfl]flgk im] fg k] ]phj]kYf ]f ]klgk
l•jeafgk jY[aklYk q fY[agfYdaklYk) Maf ]eZYj_g'
dY aeY_]f \]d hghmdakeg \] dY \]j][`Y ]k mkY\Y
hgj dYk •dal]k ]mjgh]Yk hYjY \]k[Yda^a[Yj
[mYdima]j lahg \] j]kakl]f[aY [gfljY dY hgdŽla[Y
\] &lt;jmk]dYk' hgj ]b]ehdg ]f ]d j]^]j•f\me ]f
@jYf[aY q BgdYf\Y kgZj] mfY [gfklalm[a•f
]mjgh]Y ]f ]d Yg -++0) ?d ~fgƒ ' ]k \][aj ]d
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
1,
73-85`= .+6b7
j][`Yrg \] ]kl] hjgq][lg' ^m] \]k[jalg hgj ]d
^ad•kg^g MdYngb $a%]c $-++15 00,(00-% [geg mf
[gfl]f]\gj im] [gfla]f] nYjagk ka_fa^a[Y\gk'
]f •klY k] e]r[dYjgf' ]flj] gljgk' dY \]^]fkY \]
\]j][`gk dYZgjYd]k [gf jY[akeg) J]jg dYk •dal]k
]mjgh]Yk \]fmf[aYjgf ]kl] nglg ]f kŽ [geg mfY
hYka•f YakdY[agfaklY q mf YlYim] [gfljY dgk
nYdgj]k daZ]jYd]k \]d [gflaf]fl]) ;mfim] $a%]c
fg Y[m]j\Y [gf em[`g ]f dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm'
Y[]fl’ Y im] km [gf[]hlg \] dYk [Y\]fYk
]imanYd]f[aYk ^j]fl] Y mf Y\n]jkYjag [ge’ f
hm]\]f ]phda[Yj dYk hgka[agf]k []j[YfYk \] dY
arima]j\Y q dY \]j][`Y ]f ?mjghY ]f [a]jlYk
[m]klagf]k' [geg ]f ]d j][`Yrg \] mfY
[gfklalm[a•f ]mjgh]Y $$a%]c -++15 00/(000%)
?k ]d ]k^m]jrg \] ^m]jrYk hgdŽla[Yk `]l]jg_f]Yk
^j]fl] Yd [gfk]fkg hgkhgdŽla[g \] dgk hYjla\gk
[]fljaklYk ]mjgh]gk hYjY jgeh]j ]d d]eY \] dY
^YdlY \] Ydl]jfYlanYk im] mfg hm]\] gZk]jnYj
`gq ]f \ŽY) Paegk im] mfY aehgjlYfl] [jŽla[Y
\] dY l]gjŽY \] FY[dYm hgj nYjagk Ymlgj]k
Yj_]flafgk ]k ]d mkg \]d ljeafg ~hghmdakegƒ
hYjY dg hgdŽla[g ]f kŽ) ?klY [jŽla[Y ]k [gehYjla\Y
hgj Ymlgj]k ]mjgh]gk lYeZaf $?jj]bf AYdn‹ f
-+,,Y5 -,-(-,46 G“ dd]j -+,/5 3.6 ]flj] gljgk%)
J]jg' [mjagkYe]fl]' ]k ]d kaeadYj mkg hgj dYk
•dal]k ]mjgh]gk \]d l•jeafg \] hghmdakeg' im]
dg `Y[] lYf nYdagkg hYjY dgk \]ZYl]k
[gfl]ehgj‹ f]gk) Jgjim] [mYf\g k] \]egfarY
Yd_g im] ]k ddYeY\g hghmdakeg' \] `][`g k]
j][`YrY dg hgdŽla[g ]f kŽ' dY afl]jn]f[af \]d
\]egk ]f dgk hjg[]kgk l][fg[j‹ la[gk)
4 AC7C 78 6CB6@IG=uB
?d YjlŽ[mdg YfYdarY ]d j][gjja\g \] dY l]gjŽY \]
FY[dYm kgZj] ]d ^]f•e]fg [gfka\]jY\g
~hghmdakegƒ ) &gt;aegk [m]flY [geg' Y \a^]j]f[aY
\] gljgk \]kYjjgddgk kgZj] ]d eakeg gZb]lg' im]
k] []fljYZYf ]f dY \ae]fka•f ][gf•ea[Y q ]f
dYk [gfk][m]f[aYk \] mfY eg\]jfa\Y\
af[gehd]lY [geg ZYkYe]flg \] ]kl] lahg \]
egnaea]flgk hgdŽla[gk ]f ;eja[Y FYlafY'
FY[dYm mladar ]d]e]flgk \]d hka[gYf‹ dakak' \]d
1-
Yf‹ dakak \]d \ak[mjkg q \] dY a\]gdg_ŽY' YkŽ [geg
dYk [jŽla[Yk Yd eYjpakeg hYjY ]\a^a[Yj km [gjhmk
\] d][lmjY) ?f ]k] k]fla\g' afl]jnafg ]f ]d
\]ZYl] ]mjgh]g j][mjja]f\g Y ]d]e]flgk
]ehŽja[gk \] dY j]Yda\Y\ dYlafgYe]ja[YfY) &gt;]
]kY ^gjeY' ]d aeY_afYjag' \] dYj_Y \mjY[a•f' im]
[gfkljmq] ]f ]d ~Hm]ng Gmf\gƒ Yd ]khY[ag \]
j]YdarY[a•f \] hjgq][lgk ]mjgh]gk Ydl]jfYlangk'
hgdŽla[gk g j]da_agkgk' ]k j]mladarY\g Y dY dmr
\]d \]n]faj \] dY ljY\a[a•f jY\a[Yd \] arima]j\Y'
Y^][lY\Y hgj ]d ^af \] dY OLMM q dY h•j\a\Y \]
eg\]dgk \] Y[[af kg[aYd) Jgj ]kg km l]gjŽY q
fg gljYk Ykg[aY\Yk Y dY eg\]jfa\Y\ q ]d
[YhalYdakeg' hjgda^]jY) ;\]e‹ k' Yd []fljYj ]d
]b] \]d d]fl] \] gZk]jnY[af ]f dYk \af‹ ea[Yk
\]d d]f_mYb] q ]f dY j](]dYZgjY[a•f \] kmb]lgk
hgdŽla[gk [gf l[fa[Yk \ak[mjkanYk' h]jeal] Y dgk
fY[a]fl]k _jmhgk mf eYfmYd \] ]ph]ja]f[aYk q
]kljYl]_aYk hYjY dY Y[[af hgdŽla[Y)
Maf ]eZYj_g' ]k aehgjlYfl] e]f[agfYj' im]
]d [gfk]fkg Y[Y\•ea[g f]_Ylang kgZj] dY
hgl]f[aYda\Y\ `]mjŽkla[Y \]d [gf[]hlg
~hghmdakegƒ hYjY \Yj [m]flY \] Yd_mfY ^Y[]lY
\] dY j]Yda\Y\' dg \]bY ZYbg [gfklYfl] j]naka•f)
Mm mladarY[a•f nY_Y q dY hg[Y j]kakl]f[aY Y dY
[gehYjY[a•f \] dgk \aklaflgk [Ykgk fY[agfYd]k
gja]flYf Y em[`gk Y[Y\•ea[gk Y k]d][[agfYj
gljgk l•jeafgk hYjY ]fl]f\]j dY kg[a]\Y\)
C_mYde]fl]' dY [m]klaf hgdŽla[Y q dYk l]fkagf]k
\] dgk hjgq][lgk dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk q ]mjgh]gk'
[gflafmYj‹ f ]f dgk \]ZYl]k kgZj] dYk fg[agf]k
im] k] mlada[]f hYjY ]phda[Yjdgk)
F898F8B6=4G 5=5@=C;Fq9=64G
;Zgq
=Yjd]k' A]jYj\g $-++2%5 ~FY
\]eg[jYlarY[a•f Z]da_]jYfl] \]d
hghmdakegƒ ' CPaT^_L 4PML_P# ,-'
hh) /2(03)
z $-+,+%5 ~Jghmdakeg' L]_]f]jY[agfakeg q
&gt;]eg[jY[aYƒ ) ?f5 AZ^_OL_L, ,0' ,'
hh) ,,(.+)
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
z $-+,+%5 ~FYk \gk [YjYk \] DYfg5 Y[]j[Y \] dY
[gehd]bY j]dY[a•f ]flj] hghmdakeg
] afklalm[agf]k hgdŽla[Ykƒ ) ?f5
APY^LXPY_Z AW`]LW&amp; APWZ_L^' 2' hh)
-,(/+)
;[`Y' IeYj $-+,.Y%5ƒ &gt;]d hghmdakeg eYjpaklY
Yd hgkleYjpaklY5 dY ljYq][lgjaY \]
?jf]klg FY[dYm ]f dY Crima]j\Y
HY[agfYd $,41.(-+,.%ƒ ) ?f5
1]NSTaZ^ OP ST^_Z]TL OPW
XZaTXTPY_Z ZM]P]Z d WL Te\`TP]OL'
-'.' hh) 02(23)
z $-+,.Z%5 ~FYlaf ;e]ja[Yf Jghmdake5
N]flYlan] L]^d][lagfk ^gj Y
AdgZYd
Baklgjag_jYh`a[Yd
J]jkh][lan]ƒ ) ?f5 ?`PaZ &gt;`YOZ
&gt;`YOZ^ ?`PaZ^' U?f dŽf]YV Jm]klg
]f dŽf]Y ]d ,+ ^]Zj]jg -+,.) ?f5
`llh5**fm]ngemf\g)j]nm]k)gj_*
1/3./6
&gt;IC5
,+)/+++*
fm]ngemf\g)1/3./ $,,*,+*-+,0%)
;d\Yg' DgYimŽf q Ha[gd‹ k &gt;Yeaf $-+,.%5
~Jghmdakegk dYlafgYe]ja[Yfgk ]f
]d Ma_dg RR) ;hmfl]k hYjY dY
Y[lmYdarY[a•f \] mf \]ZYl]) ?f5
8T^_Z]TL 3L]TMP' 3' -.' hh) ,/4(,14)
&lt;dYf[g' ;d]bYf\jg $-++1%5 ~LYr•f q
eg\]jfa\Y\ƒ ) Aafg A]jeYfa q dY
kg[agdg_ŽY ]f dY ;j_]flafY) Ma_dg
RRC ?\algj]k)
&lt;YjZa]ja' Ja]jhYgdg $-+,0%5 ~FY kafjYr•f
hghmdaklYƒ ) ?f5 5W ALr^' ,-*+-*
-+,0) ?f5 `llh5**]dhYak)[ge*
]dhYak*-+,0*+-*+/*ghafagf*
,/-.+23+34W...0+3)`led $,,*,+*
-+,0%)
=`YegkY' Ik[Yj $-+,.%5 ~Jghmdakeg5 [jŽla[Y Y
dY mlada\Y\ \] mf [gf[]hlg
h]qgjYlangƒ ) ?f5 Hm]ng &gt;`YOZ
&gt;`YOZ^ ?`PaZ^# U?f daf]YV' Jm]klg
]f dŽf]Y ]d ,+ \] ^]Zj]jg \] -+,.)
?f5
`llh5**
fm]ngemf\g)j]nm]k)gj_ *1/3.16
&gt;IC5
,+)/+++*
fm]ngemf\g)1/3.1 $,,*,+*-+,0%)
=dYjŽf $-+,/%5 ~Gmja ?jf]klg FY[dYm' ]d
h]fkY\gj ^Yngjalg \] dY
Jj]ka\]flYƒ ) ,.*+/*-+,/) ?f5
`llh5**ooo)[dYjaf)[ge*hgdala[Y*
Gmjag(?jf]klg(FY[dYm(^Yngjalg(
Jj]ka\]flYW+W,,,4/33/2-)`led
$,,*,+*-+,0%)
&gt;a N]ddY $,41/%5 5W ^T^_PXL [ZWr_TNZ d WL NWL^P
ZM]P]L) ?m\]ZY) &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k)
?jj]bf AYdn‹ f' Ca_g $-+,,Y%5 =L W`NSL [Z] WL
SPRPXZYrL O`]LY_P PW []TXP]
RZMTP]YZ OPW &gt;1D PY 2ZWTaTL !)'',$
)''.&quot;/ `Y LYoWT^T^ OT^N`]^TaZ% N]kak
\g[lgjYd)
Ofan]jka\Y\
=gehdml]fk] \] GY\ja\)
z $-+,,Z%5 ~NYeZa•f ]f ?mjghY5 hgkaZada\Y\]k
hghmdaklYk ]f dY hgdŽla[Y ]mjgh]Y q
]khYgdYƒ ) ?f5 GTPY_Z D`]' ,,0' .'
hh)
?mjghY Jj]kk $-+,/%5 ~M‹ f[`]r YnakY \] im] v]d
^af \]d hghmdakeg ]k dY P]f]rm]dY
\] =`‹ n]rwƒ ) ,+*+4*-+,/) ?f5
`llh5**ooo)]mjghYhj]kk)]k*
fY[agfYd*fgla[aY(kYf[`]r(YnakY(^af(
hghmdakeg(n]f]rm]dY([`Yn]k([j]](
hh(^jglY(eYfgk(Ym_](
-+,/+4,+-,04,2)`led $,,*,+*
-+,0%)
@af[`]dkl]af' @]\]ja[g $-+,/%5 ~L]lmjfaf_
Jghmdake lg Baklgjqƒ ) ?f5
3ZY^_PWWL_TZY^' -,' /' hh) /12(/3-)
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
1.
73-85`= .+6b7
A]jeYfa' Aafg $-++. U,423V%5 1`_Z]T_L]T^XZ#
QL^NT^XZ d [Z[`WT^XZ YLNTZYLW)
N]eYk Ajmhg ?\algjaYd' &lt;m]fgk
;aj]k)
BYf[gp' &gt;Yf $-+,0%5 ~Q`q ?jf]klg FY[dYm ak
l`] afl]dd][lmYd ^a_mj]`]Y\ g^
MqjarY q Jg\]egkƒ ) ?f5 ESP
7`L]OTLY' +4*+-*-+,0) ?f5 `llh5*
*ooo)l`]_mYj\aYf)[ge*
[gee]flak^j]]*-+,0*^]Z*+4*
]jf]klg(dY[dYm(afl]dd][lmYd(
^a_mj]`]Y\(kqjarY(hg\]egk $,,*
,+*-+,0%)
Bg^ZYm]j' BYff]k $-++2%5 5F$@^_$
5]bPT_P]`YR% 8T^_Z]T^NSP 2L^T^ g
uVZYZXT^NSP E]TPMV]pQ_P g ^ZeTLWP
6ZWRPY) Qa]f5 Jjge]\aY)
Bgmo]f' Nae $-+,,%5 ESP ?ZY$5`]Z[PLY CZZ_^
ZQ _SP EP]X AZ[`WT^X) Mmkk]p
?mjgh]Yf Cfklalml]' Ofan]jkalq g^
Mmkk]p Yf\ LY\Zgm\ Ofan]jkal]al
Habe]_]f5 Qgjcaf_ JYh]j H€
,-+)
C_d]kaYk' JYZdg $-+,0%5 tOf\]jklYf\af_
Jg\]egkƒ ) ?f5 ?Pb =PQ_ CPaTPb'
4.' hh)2(--)
DYe]k' &gt;Yfa]d $-+,.%5 ~Fgk gjŽ_]f]k \]d
h]jgfakeg q dY lYj]Y \]d
`aklgjaY\gjƒ ) Cf5 1]NSTaZ^ OP
ST^_Z]TL OPW XZaTXTPY_Z ZM]P]Z d WL
Te\`TP]OL, -' .' hh) ,.,y,/2)
Aj]][]ƒ ) ?f5 AZ^_OL_L' ,4' -' 000(
03-)
EjYmr]' ?fjaim] $-+,0%5 ~;jim]gdg_ŽY \]d
hghmdakegƒ ) ?f5 5W ALr^' -,*+0*
-+,0) ?f5 `llh5**]dhYak)[ge*
]dhYak*-+,0*+0*,3*ghafagf*
,/.,4031-0W230221)`led $,,*,+*
-+,0%)
FY[dYm' ?jf]klg $,422%5 AZWT_TN^ LYO 9OPZWZRd
TY &gt;L]cT^_ ESPZ]d% 3L[T_LWT^X $
6L^NT^X g AZ[`WT^X) Fgf\gf5
HF&lt;)
z $,441%5 5XLYNT[L_TZY!^&quot;) Fgf\gf5 P]jkg)
z $-++0%5 @Y AZ[`WT^_ CPL^ZY) Fgf\gf5 P]jkg)
z $-++1%5 ~FY \]janY hghmdaklY q dY
[]fljgarima]j\Y dYlafgYe]ja[YfYƒ )
?f5 ?`PaL DZNTPOLO' -+0' hh) 01(
1,)
z q =`YflYd Ggm^^] $-++/ U,430V%5 8PRPXZYrL
d P^_]L_PRTL ^ZNTLWT^_L) &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k5
@gf\g \] =mdlmjY ?[gf•ea[Y)
F]nalkcq' Ml]n]f q LgZ]jlk' E]ff]l` G)
$[gehk% $-+,,%5 ESP CP^`]RPYNP ZQ
_SP =L_TY 1XP]TNLY =PQ_)
&lt;Ydlaegj]5 Dg`f Bghcafk
Ofan]jkalq Jj]kk)
EYj_Ydalkcq' &lt;gjak $-+,0%5 tGYjpake af l`]
Jgkl(AdgZYdarYlagf ?jYƒ ) GLWOLT$
4T^N`^^TZY 3W`M AL[P]' ,.)
GY[caffgf' GYjŽY GgajY q GYjag ;dZ]jlg
J]ljgf] $,443%5 ~Fgk [gehd]bgk \]
dY =]fa[a]flYƒ ) ?f AZ[`WT^XZ d
YPZ[Z[`WT^XZ PY 1Xq]TNL =L_TYL/
PW []ZMWPXL OP WL 3PYTNTPY_L)
&lt;m]fgk ;aj]k5 ?m\]ZY)
EYlkYeZ]cak' Aagj_gk $-+,0%5 ~N`] JdY[] g^
l`] J]ghd] af Jgkl(&gt;]eg[jY[q)
L]k]Yj[`af_ v;fla(Jghmdake Yf\
Jgkl(&gt;]eg[jY[q af =jakak(La\\]f
GYddaeY[[a $-+,0%5 5W XT_Z OP WL 1]RPY_TYL
=LTNL% 3L_ZWTNT^XZ# [ZWr_TNL d
5^_LOZ) &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k5 =YhalYd
Cfl]d][lmYd)
1/
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
989?53=68 /7&gt;&lt;/ +&lt;1/7&gt;37+ B /?&lt;89+* =8,&lt;/ 5+ &gt;&lt;+7=7+-387+53C+-3c7 ./ ?7 -87-/9&gt;8
Gm\\]' =Yk Yf\ =jakl•ZYd LgnajY EYdloYkk]j
$-+,,%5 ~Pga[]k g^ l`] J]ghd]k5
Jghmdake af ?mjgh] Yf\ FYlaf
;e]ja[Y =gehYj]\ƒ ) &lt;PWWZR^
9Y^_T_`_P HZ]VTYR AL[P]# .23)
Ggm^^]' =`YflYd $-++0%5 ~N`] ?f\ g^ Jgdala[k
Yf\ l`] &gt;Yf_]j Yf\ l`] =`Ydd]f_]
g^ La_`l(Qaf_ Jghmdakeƒ ) ?f5
JYfarrY' @jYf[ak[g $[geh)%5
AZ[`WT^X LYO _SP &gt;T]]Z] ZQ
4PXZN]LNd) Fgf\gf5 P]jkg' hh)
0+(2,)
G“ dd]j' DYf(Q]jf]j $-+,/%5 ~N`] J]ghd] Gmkl
Z] ?pljY[l]\ ^jge Qal`af l`]
J]ghd]5 L]^d][lagfk gf Jghmdakeƒ )
?f5 =gfkl]ddYlagfk' -,' /' hh) /3.(
/4.)
z $-+,0Y%5 ~Of\ o]ff ]k MqjarY _Yj fa[`l mek
A]d\ _]`l8ƒ ) DwOOP`_^NSP KPT_`YR'
+2*+2*-+,0)
?f5
`llh5**
ooo)km]\\]mlk[`])\]*cmdlmj*
hghmdakemk(\]j(_ja][`ak[`]f(
j]_a]jmf_(_]]afl](eYkk]f(_]_]f(
\a](Ydl]f(]dal]f(,)-00-30+ $,,*,+*
-+,0%)
z $-+,0Z%5 ~Lmd](&lt;j]Ycaf_ƒ ) ?f/ =ZYOZY
CPaTPb ZQ 2ZZV^' .2',1' hh).(2)
Gmjeak' Ga_m]d q DmYf =Yjdgk JgjlYfla]jg
$,42,%5 5^_`OTZ^ ^ZM]P WZ^ Z]rRPYP^
OPW [P]ZYT^XZ) Ma_dg RRC' &lt;m]fgk
;aj]k)
JY_fa' =Yjdgk $-+,/%5 ~Fgk _Yd]gf]k \]
Jg\]egkƒ ) ?f5 5W ALr^' -/*,,*
-+,/)
?f5
`llh5**
afl]jfY[agfYd)]dhYak)[ge*
a f l] j f Y[ a g fYd * - + , / * , , * - / *
Y [ l m Y d a \ Y \ *
,/,131-211W1-/23+)`led $,,*,+*
-+,0%)
Jdglcaf' GYjaYfg $,443%5 ~N`] =`Yf_af_
J]j[]hlagfk g^ J]jgfake) ;
L]na]o ?kkYqƒ ) ?f5 &lt;j]ff]f'
DYe]k J) $[geh)%5 AP]ZYT^X LYO
1]RPY_TYL) Qadeaf_lgf5 ML
&lt;ggck' hh) -4(0/)
L‹ eaj]r AYdd]_gk' @jYfcdaf $-++1%5 ~Gm[`g
e‹ k im] \gk arima]j\Yk)ƒ ?f5
?`PaL DZNTPOLO, -+0' hh) .+(//)
L]f\m]d]k' =]kYj q Dgj_] MgdY $-+,0%5
~Jg\]egk q ]d vhghmdakeg \]
arima]j\Ykw)
„ BY[ŽY
mfY
[gfljY`]_]egfŽY ]f ?mjghY8ƒ )
?f5 ?`PaL DZNTPOLO' -03' hh) -4(
//)
L]lYegrg' GYjlŽf $-+,/%5 ~?jf]klg FY[dYm q
?eadag \] ChgdY „ mf \a‹ dg_g8
Jghmdakeg'
kg[aYdakeg
q
\]eg[jY[aYƒ ) ?f/ 9OPY_T_LOP^' /' 1'
hh) .3(00)
M[`mdaYim]j' Cn‹ f $-+,0%5 ~FY[dYm' kaf ^af \]
[a[dgƒ ) CPaT^_L 1YQTMTL) ?f5 `llh5*
*ooo)j]naklYYf^aZaY)[ge*
]fkYqg*dY[dYm(kaf(^af(\]([a[dg $,,*
,+*-+,0%)
M`Ydd]j' =Ykh]j $-+,0%5 ~GYjp `Yl \g[` Ym[`
`a]j _]d]Zlƒ ) ?f5 KPT_ @YWTYP' ,1*
+.*-+,0) ?f5 `llh5**ooo)r]al)\]*
-+,0*+3*kqjarY(eafakl]j(klm\ame(
dgf\gf(eYjp $,,*,+*-,+0%
MlYnjYcYcak' SYffak $-+,/%5 ~N`] L]lmjf g^
vl`] h]ghd]w5 Jghmdake Yf\ ;fla(
Jghmdake af l`] M`Y\go g^ l`]
?mjgh]Yf
=jakakƒ )
?f)
3ZY^_PWWL_TZY^' -,' /' hh) 0+0(0,2)
MlYnjYcak' SYffak Yf\ Aagj_gk EYlkYeZ]cak
$-+,/%5 ~F]^l(oaf_ hghmdake af l`]
?mjgh]Yf h]jah`]jq5 l`] [Yk] g^
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
10
73-85`= .+6b7
MSLCT;ƒ ) ?f5 ;Z`]YLW ZQ AZWT_TNLW
9OPZWZRTP^' ,4' -' hh) ,,4(,/-)
Ngjj]' DmYf =Yjdgk $-++1%5 =L aTPUL R`L]OTL
^TYOTNLW d AP]tY/ ^ZM]P WZ^ Z]rRPYP^
OPW [P]ZYT^XZ% &lt;m]fgk ;aj]k5
?&gt;OHNL?@)
PadYk' =Yjdgk $,440%5 ~?flj] dY \]eg[jY[aY q ]d
f]gdaZ]jYdakeg5 dgk [Ym\addgk
]d][lgjYd]k \] dY hgkeg\]jfa\Y\ƒ )
11
?f5 DZNTLWT^XZ d AL]_TNT[LNTtY'
f’ e]jg 14' Gpa[g' =gfk]bg
fY[agfYd hYjY dY =mdlmjY q dYk
;jl]k)
$a%]c' MdYngb $-++1%5 ~;_Yafkl l`] Jghmdakl
N]ehlYlagfƒ ) ?f5 3]T_TNLW 9Y\`T]d'
.-' .' hh) 00,(02/)
z $-++3%5 5Y OPQPY^L OP WL TY_ZWP]LYNTL) GY\ja\5
M]imalmj)
CPaT^_L 3`P^_TZYP^ OP DZNTZWZRTL/ 9YaP^_TRLNTtY PY 3TPYNTL d 4P^L]]ZWWZ $ GZW% * ?l) $ )'(+
Descargar