Departamento de Física Aplicada III
Facultad de Ciencias Físicas.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Crecimiento y caracterización de superredes basadas
en Superconductores de Alta Temperatura Crítica:
relación entre microestructura y propiedades.
Memoria que presenta
María Varela del Arco
para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias
Físicas
Directores
Carmen Inés Ballesteros Pérez
Jacobo Santamaría Sánchez-Barriga
Madrid, 2001.
Agradecimientos
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}fJldtÐeAc7i7t.eefko0tÐ_Ut[e o0t0p|]7i7c7p«eAcOMaM(c 'O]7o0trp¦c9l¶_'aM]Oldt'p
]7o
r]i7cOlwnTc[pc[p >= o = pRcTl θxo0tl|o0c)oÚc7pak]ÂofMpknT]9ldiOfM]¦fJlwnTc9e_rak]OlU]9es
θ c7pcOaOldv[`'aktÔo0c
fÉlUiOfMo0cOldiOfM]7´G]9eA]¦u[`Ucÿc7pkn<t'p|]7i7c7pfÉlnTc9egMfMc9e
]
l¶i7t.ldpkn;e`Uign;fJb|]
}ZcOlwnTc[xo[fiO|]ofJRc9eAcOldiOfM]o0c
9
7i ]O}qfJl|to0c
{|c3p9c9efkv[`U]Oa©]`0l~lÑr}Zc9e
tc9lwnTcTeOto0cFakt.ldv.fJn;`Uo0c7po0c3t.ldo0][x|iXt.ldo.fkiOfkjlZu[`Uczc9·w_0e
cmp9]
a]i[tl|triOfko0]aMc
~o0c Bragg:
o0tl|o0c
2d hkl sin θ = nλ x
[1]
7c pÆak]¬o.fpknT]9ldiOfM]ÂfJlnTc9e_'ak]OlU]9e)i7t.eMeAc[p_Ut.ldo.fkcOlwnTc¬]ak]ÂR]O}qfafM]¬o0c_raM]Oldt'po0c
@?ra0AAx θ c[pc
aGOldv[`'akto0cºfJldiOfMo0cOldiOfM]qo0cºaM]e
]7o[fM]7iOfkjldx λ c7pak]akt.ldv.fn;`Uoo0c~t.ldo0]o0c
índices{
aktrpUeA]O
t'p·C
leAc9_0e
c7pRc9lnT]F`0lCÉl|ofMicc9lnTc9eAt'x0iXt.ldt'i9fko0ti7t.}t~c9aUt.eAo0c9lo0cak]Fe
c
aMcO·0fkjld
dhkl
x
ρ
q = 4π sin θ
.
Ei
λx
Er·e K
πi·dsenθ/λx
Er
θ
θ
d
ÝmÞ£öXß
à;á9wã+B|æg÷Jéæ"C5Þð
ñè5æDà;áTö5öë5áTàáÃß
ñ5á÷Éá9çÞúé£Þúá¾èXæë5éîáTñ[ò
åGïgà;Þå;êágéÞîñ7ò
ååMægë5ágà;áRè5ò
åGë5ò
àSß
ñXá¾èXÞ£åMêîágñ7ïgÞáÃèmø@E0ò
å
àGá F
ò
åÞñ7ïgÞè5æñ7êHæ FSà;æT÷Jéæ õ áRè5òGåæçß5ægåMêàágñ^ëOáTàáSèXò
åë
éágñ7ò
å|áRè FRá9ïgæTñ[êægåO0ø E0áÇèXÞ£÷Éægà;æñ[ïTÞ£áSèXæSïgágçÞúñ7òà;ægïgò
àà;Þè5òë5òRà
áRçý
ò
å|ægå|Jû I Jè I åæñ θ.
^\ ]o.fJ;eX]7i7iOfkjlµo0cse
]
rt'pRÌ· c7pÈ`'ld]snT¢7iTl0fi[]seA9_'fko0]
¬l|t o0c7pn;e`Ui<n;fJbd]Âu[`Uc)]T_UtenT]
fÉl'Tt.eT}]7iOfkjl c7pn;e`UiTn;`0eA]9a cTl aM] c7pRi]OaM] ]9n<j.}CfMi7] _0eAt.}c[ofM]7o0] p9t{eAc c9·wnTcTlUpfktldc[p
eAcOak]9nfÉb|]O}cOlnTcv[eA]9l|o0c7pÃo0c¸ak]¸}C`Uc7pn;e
]7xDo0c9a©t.eAo0c9lo0ca;]zaktl|vf£n;`UoZo0cCi7t.dc9e
c9ldiOfM]Ccmpkn;e`Ui<n;`0eA]9akx
u[`UcpRc_0`Uc[o0cc9bd]OaJ`U]9e]q_U]9en;feo0cqak]]OldiO`0eA]o0c$akt'p_0fMi7trpo0c]7iT`Uc9eAo0t#]a;]$Tj.eT}`raM]o0c
Scherrer:
ξ=
0.9 ⋅ λ
b ⋅ cosθ
[2]
0o t.ldo0cF{c7pak]]OldiOw`0eA]o0caJJlUc7]
θ cmpFc
aUOl|v[`rakto0ca;]}CfMpg}Z]q× Ø
leAcOaMc
·0f;jlcpk_Uc7i9`'a]Te^pRcF_0`Uc7o0cc[pn;`Uo.fk]9eak]3h[tl|]3o0c9aScmpk_U]7iOfkteAc7iO_0e
tri7t_U]TeA]9akcOaM]3]^ak]
ofe
c7i7iOfkjlÿo0c+i9e
c7iOfÉ}fMc
lnTto0ca;]$_UcOaMi9`'aM]7x}c7o.f]OlnTc{d]9eegfko0t'p θ-2θx_U]9e
]+9l|v[`rakt«{d(] '9ts
9ldv[`'akt~]OanTt'x.
i9`0ebd]7po0c{d][pRi9`'aM]
}fMcOlwnTtCt¸{d]9eegfko0t'pc9l θ Õ<eAt'0i ?rfJl|vqiT`0ebdc7p
Ö[
¯3]9eefkcOldo0tcOaOldv[`'akto0cCfJl|i
fMo0cOl|i
fM]p9c_0`Uc7o0cOl«pRt.ldo0c7]Te3aM]7po.fMpnfJlwnT]7p¾e
c9MaMcO·0fktl|cpo0c
¯^e
]7v0v0lak]v0c[t}c9n;eM] θ-2θ a;]}C`Uc7pkn;eA]v.feA]z]`0l|]b|c
a;t|iOfkor][o~]9l|v[`raM]9eÃi7t.ldpnT]TlwnTc7x}CfMcOlwn;eA][p
u[`Ucc
a^o0cTnTc7i9n<t[eqv[f£eA]]Oa^o0t{0aMco0co.fkiOd]ÄbdcOakt'iOfo0][o0ÇGlÅc7pknT]Zv0c5t.}c9n;egk]$c
aFd]7hfJlUiOfMo0cOlwnTc
ofJ;eA]i9nT]7o0tTt.e}]OlpfcO}C_0eAccOaD}~fMp}tZOldv[`'akt θ i[tla]p`0_Uc9egfiOfMco0c¸aM]¸}`Ucpn;eA]7mGa|b|ci9nTt[e
10
o0cqo.fkpk_Uc9eApfkjl|xo0cOfÉl'fMo0ti5t}t
ρ ρ ρ
q = k − k´
xowt.ldo0c
ρ
k
ρ L"M*N%O2MPLRQTSVU0WXM*YZSVL<[>S\M+NT[>]8[>S^O_]
k´
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M+sTLGS0Y#QT]tSNuO(]hp`(v$l>YZ]tw>xzy8SrS$L2WX]{q4]NTS0YZ]tLGbO_M|SVL_WX}0N~SXNjdMmL&`_Ua`_b@N[>S9YZ]Vv>vrha]aq\`O6`&]+L[>S
jPO_]aNTMPLjd]0YZ]aO_SaO_MmL]O(]
L_l>jdS0Y"h(`(Ua`(S[>SO(]qldS+LpW2YZ]$x\eLGSM+sTLS0Y#Q]XYZ}aNYZSahpO&Sa>`_MNS+L#>
UVM+YpYZSVL_jdM+NT[+`2SN@WXSVL]fO_]$LRha]aq8`cO6`&]+L[>SjmO_]aNMmLzjdS0Y#jdSXN[*`&UXlPO(]0YZS+L<]aOS(S$ xmDMmLRs]XY#Y"`_[>MPL
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}XNv$lmO_M
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}0Nv$lmO_M]OWXM
&
θ-2θ
c
l)
L0S
$G#ifjM*Y[>S0s](0M[>SO_]j>Y"`cqSXYZ]
θ≤
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θ≥
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¥ ]0Y]O_]fqMm[>]O6`([>]V[4[>SU0l>Y#QT]+L[>SsT]VLU0lmO(]q\`(SaNJWXM4M¦§YZMmU0¨>` NTv%U0l>Y"QTSVL©\LGS\LpldSaO(Sªhp`«a]0Y¤SaO
}0Nv$lmO_M4[>S`cNUa`([>SaNdUa`&]ª[>SO_]kYZ]V[*`_]+Ua`_b*N¬L0M+s@YZSfO&]fqldS+L_W2YZ]S0Ngl>N¬}0NTv$lPO_M id­$ldSoUVM$Y#YZSVL_jdM+NT[>S
]l>N]YShpO(Sa>`_b@N4`cNJWXS0NdL0]
θ
hkl
#i®e%LGSQd]0Y"¯2]v$Y]V[$ld]aOq%S0NJWXS\SaO}aNv$lmO_M[>SaO[>S0WXSVU0W#M+YZi°[>Sfq]aNSXYZ]
­$ldS¤L0Sq]aNJWp`_SaNSªUVM*NLpWX]XNJWXSªSOUVM*q\`&SaNd±$M4[>S0OTQS$U0WXM+YD[>Sª[$`_L_jdS0Y
L&`_b+Nge%LGSªLGM*N[>SV]ªLplrSaJW2YSq4MPx
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O&]+L³jdSaO¯(U0lmO(]+LGi¬e´]µ­$ldSO_]]aNTU¶@l>YZ]µ]q`WX]V[·[>S]aO W2l>Y]6¸T¹uº»|[>S¼SVL_WX]¼U0lJY#QT]¼[>S
s]+LGU0lmO(]aq8`(SaNJWXM\LGSRl@W2`O6`(±V]<UVM@qM^qSV[*`([P]<[>SkO_]<[*`(LpW2Y#`csJldUa`_bN]aNv$lmO&]XYD[>SRjPO_]aNTMPL½[>SRO2]9hG]aq8`cO`(]Vx
DMPLµSVLpjdS$U0W2YaMmL
e¾O&]$LU0l>Y"QT]VL[>S¿sd]VL0U0lPO(]aq8`(SaNJWXMÀLGS¿YZSV]aOc`(±V]0YZM*N
θ-2θ
S0NÁlmN
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]0NJWp`_UV}0WXMm[JM
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Saq\jmO&S$]V[>]ÏS$LÐO(]
λ Ò
xcÄ$Ë
ÆÓ
x
)U-J/-Ô)U-$,z8-R25L06m6T8<Y0=$BU4<;0=DP[KDHM@fÕGLXÖ@36×9ت5{7k,{:-
jTM+Y[>S0sT]&XMÏ[>SaO|j>Y"`cq%S0YÙjm`_UVMÚ[>Sµ9YZ]Vv>v>iU
M*qmN>q%SN@WXS
¥ ]0Y]µs]0Y&YX`2[>MPL
θ-2θ
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L&`_b*NL0M+NT[PS$]V[>MPL¡U$M+YpYZSVL_jdM+NT[>S0NÜ]
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YZSV[>x ² NSVLpWXSgUV]VLGMO_MPLkYZ]aePMPLkeT]ªNMLGM*NWX]0N¡LGS0NTL&`smO(SVL]oO(]SVLpW2Y#ldUXW2lJYZ]4U0Y&`_LpWX]aOc`cNd]4UVM@qM]0O
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YZ]ae´MmL¢%SVLpWXS¯cNT[+`(U+S[>SYZSXh2YZ]VU+Ua`_b+NS+Lzj>YZM*jM$YU0`_M*Nd]O]O(][>SaNdL&`&[>]$[4SO(SVUXW2Yab*N>`(UV]j>YZM*qSV[*`_MÝÞËdß
eSVLHlmNNJmq%S0YZMgUVM+qojPO_S(0Mmà
n = 1−
ρ N re λ x 2
( f 0 + ∆f '−i∆f ' ' )
2π
11
[3]
L&`&SaNT[>M
ρN
O_]%[>SaNTL&`&[>]$[]0WXb*q\`&U$]ViHY SaOzYZ]V[*`_M¡UaO_}VL&`(UVMu[>SO<SO(SVUXW2YZb+NTiHY
>xcá á -5 i
O_]
Ò
Ó λx
SaO<hX]$U0WXM+Y%[>S[$`_LpjdS0Y
L&`_bN~]0W#b+q\`(UVMâe hGª
ã e ah ã&ãªO(]+L
e
e
O_M@Nv*` W2ld[|[>SM+NT[>][>SO_MPLnYZ]aePMPL06ikh
∆
0
∆
UVM+YpYZSVU$U`2M+NTSL9­$ldSkW2`_SaNSaN%SaNUXldS0NJWX]O2]¤[*`(LpjdS0YL&`_b@N%]aNb@q]aO(]Vx ² TO ¯cNd[*`&U$S¤[>SkYZSah2YZ]VUVUa`_bNS$Lj>ldS$L
l>NNJmq%S0YZM8U$M+qjmO(S(0Moe{]$v$Y#l>jd]aN[>MfWXä0Y#q\`cNMmL½L_ldSO(S<SVLUXYX`cs>`cYZL0S<UVM@qM
iPUM*Nà
n = 1 − δ − iβ
δ =
ρ N re λ x 2
( f 0 + ∆f ' )
2π
[4]
ρ N re λ x 2
[5]
∆f ' '
2π
D]fjd]0Y&WXSYZSV]aOk[>SaO¯cNd[*`&U$S8[>SªYS0h2YZ]VU+Ua`_b@NLGSgLpldSaO(S8SVL0U0Y"`csP` YUVM@qM
β=
1− δ
i[JM*N[>SgSOHQ]aO_M*Y
SVLdW2¯ jP`(UV]aq%SaNJWXS
x ¥ ]0YpWXS¤[>SkO_]kYZ]V[*`_]VUa`_bN8`cNdU0`([PSaN@WXS¤L0SYZS0hpO(S&a]SaN4O_]oLpl>jS0Y"h(`(Ua`(SVime
≈3⋅10-5
δ
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[>S
]0W2YZ]0QTSVLG]0YuO_]L_l>jdS0Y"h(`(Ua`(S[>SO(]ÛjdSaOc¯(U0lPO(]Vx£¤q\sMmL¶d]VU$SVL`N@WXS0Y"h(`(S0YSNTi%[>]XN[>MO ldv>]0Y]³l>N
[+`_]$v$YZ]aq]Û[>S¡q4}>`6qMmLeq8¯cNm`qMmL0i­$ldSÛLGS|L_ldSO(S|[>SaNTM@q\`Nd]XYâMPL0U0`cO(]Ua`_M*NdSVL[>SåS$LpjdS+LGM*Y
h#`cN>` WXMPx ² N4j>Y&`NTUa`jm`_MSaO[*`&]$v$YZ]aq]\[>S\}0NTv$lPO2M4sT](0MgYZS0j>YSVLGSaNJWX]XYZ}fO_]fW2YZ]0NL&hXM*Y"q]V[>]\[>S
Fourier
[>SOujdS0Y"hp`OæUVM*qjdMmL&`(U`2M@N]aO_i|]XlPNT­$ldSSaO[PS$LGM*YZ[>S0NiO_]$LYShpO(Sa>`_M@NS+LæqPOW(`cjmO&S$L#SahGSVU0WXMmL
[+`cN}aqg`&U$MPL0#iS0hXS$U0WXMPL<[>SfO_]fYZSah2YZ]$UVUa`_b@NrMgO2]<YShpO(Sa>`_b@NrLpl>jdSXYXhp`(Ua`&]ZOO6`q8`WX]oO_]o`cN>hXM+Y"q%]VUa`_b@N­$ldS
LGSfj>ldSV[>S\S0JW2Y]VS0Y¤[$` YZSVUXWX]q4SN@WXS8[>S^l>N]^W2YZ]0NL&hXM*Y"q]V[>]g[>Sª¸ÆM*l>Y#`(S0YZx£jd]0Y(W2`Yn[>SoO_]^jdMPL&`_Ua`_bN
]0Nv$lmO(]0Y^[>SSVL_WX]VLMmLGUX`O(]+Ua`_M*NdSVLL0Sj>ldSV[>Sfq%SV[*` Y^UVM*N8j>YZS$U`(L&`_bN¬SaOSVLpjSVLGM*Y¤[>SfO_]fjdSOc¯(UalPO(]VxçD]
O&Sae[>SR9YZ]$v>v>i+eªjdM+YHWX]0NJW#MPi$O2]LdjdMPL_`&Ua`2M+NdSVL9]aNv$lmO(]0YZSVL9[>SO2MPLÆq}a>`qMmLze\q8¯cNm`qMmL9[>S¤}aNTv$lPO_M
s](0MoQ>`(SaNSaN[>]V[>]VLdjdM+YZà
sin 2 θ = (n + k ) ⋅
λx
2
2d
+ 2δ
[6]
[>M+NT[>S<[S$L½S0Odv$YZMmLGM*Yk[>SRO_]kjdSaOc¯&UalmO(]Vi SVL¢O(]kjd]0Y#WXSRYZSV]XO¢[>SaO°¯cN[*`&U+Sª[>S9YS0h2YZ]VU+Ua`_b*Ni@¨ ªjd]XYZ]
δ
Ò
l>N¡q¯cNm`qMu[>S{`cNJWXS0NdL&`([>]V[¬et¨
jd]0YZ]l>N¡q}a>`qMuL&`¤SO<LplmsdLpW2YZ]0W#MW2`_SaNS{lmN]t[>SaNL&`([>]V[
ÒRXè
SO2SVU0W2YZb*N>`_UV]kq%}VL¢s](a]<­$ldS9O_]<[>SkO(]RjdSaOc¯&UXlPO(]Ý6Ä>ß#x
¥ M$YM$WYZ]Djd]0Y(WXS$iTLp`TWXSXNSaqMTLS0N¬UXldSN@WX]\­$ldSSXOR}aNTv$lPO_M[>Sª`cNUa`([>SaNUa`(]S+L<]V[>Saq%}VLkqlme
s](0MmioO_][+`chpYZ]VUVUa`_b@NÜ[>S}aNv$lmO_MsT](0Mj>YZM*qSV[*`(]LGM*sJYZSSaJWXS0NTL&`_M@NTSL¬qlme¿v$Y]NT[>SVLu[>SÛO_]
qldS+L_W2YZ]Vx´D]4]0jd]0Y&`&Ua`_b*Nâ[>S4MmLGUa`cO(]VUa`_M@NdSVLo[>S4SVLpjdSVL0M+Yªhp`Nm` WXM
Lpl>jdS0Y"hp`&Ua`(]aO
q%S(0M*Yé­$ldSÎl>N]ÚUVSaO([>]ÎlPN>`([>]V[
SVLfl>Nr`cNT[+`(Ua`_M¡[>SnlPNT]
planitud
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Referencias
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Elemento Borde
Ba
Cu
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2,3
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Estado
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3d3/2
2p1/2
1s
781
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