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Departamento de Física Aplicada III
Facultad de Ciencias Físicas.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Crecimiento y caracterización de superredes basadas
en Superconductores de Alta Temperatura Crítica:
relación entre microestructura y propiedades.
Memoria que presenta
María Varela del Arco
para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias
Físicas
Directores
Carmen Inés Ballesteros Pérez
Jacobo Santamaría Sánchez-Barriga
Madrid, 2001.
Agradecimientos
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n = 1−
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2π
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iPUM*Nà
n = 1 − δ − iβ
δ =
ρ N re λ x 2
( f 0 + ∆f ' )
2π
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ρ N re λ x 2
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∆f ' '
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sin 2 θ = (n + k ) ⋅
λx
2
2d
+ 2δ
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– δ
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planitud
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12
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