Tensiones y conflictos en los origenes del comunismo

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DANIEL KERSFFELD
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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+2&$")1!"($2&2+(2"K2/2&6%,&+2&4$.2&(%01"$#*2&2+&%F*!"!,&!+&,!(%"%($0$!"*%&(%0%&
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2,,2#2,-2&(%"&+2#&%,.2"$K2($%"!#&%F,!,2#>&6,$"($62+0!"*!&/!&#$."%&(%01"$#*2&'&
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!+&M2#($#0%&'&+2&.1!,,2&L1!&(%"&#1&$"$($2+&(%0F2*!&2+&(%+%"$2+$#0%P
Conclusiones generales
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'&/!#/!&1"2&6,7/$(2&02'%,0!"*!&,!$G$"/$(2*$G2>&!"&%(2#$%"!#&$"(+1#%&,!G%+1($%"2,$2>&$"*!"*8&(%"`1"*2,>&21"L1!&(%"&#1!,*!&/$#62,>&+%#&$"*!,!#!#&#%($2+!#&/!&+%#&
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#%($!/2/!#&(2,2(*!,$K2/2#&6%,&1"&(2/2&G!K&0E#&2(!"*12/%&/$"20$#0%&!(%"80$(%>&
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6%/!,>&"%&6%/-2&,!#1+*2,&1"2&*2,!2&#!"($++2P&N"&!+&0!/$%>&+%#&#1(!#$G%#&G$,2`!#&!"&+2&
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J2#2&/!&+2#&507,$(2#;P
J5Q544NUO>&<2"1!+&@A[[&La Internacional Comunista y la revolución latinoamericana
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:U5RNU>& H!%/%,!&@A[g&American Communism and Soviet Rusia&9I!s&j%,X3&c$X$".;P
:T<RZNUUN>& N,2#0%& #p2& La Liga Antiimperialista de Cuba y sus vínculos con el movimiento antiimperialista internacional 942&r2F2"23&Z"#*$*1*%&/!&r$#*%,$2&/!+&<%G$0$!"*%&
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comunismo. Otras miradas desde América Latina&9<7=$(%3&J!"*,%&/!&Z"G!#*$.2($%"!#&
Z"*!,/$#($6+$"2,$2#&!"&J$!"($2#&'&r102"$/2/!#>&TI5<pN/$*%,$2+&S$.+%&c!$"*$1"%;P
<5U xINy&cNU:TdO>&5,"%+/%&et alP&@A[D&Historia del comunismo en México&9<7=$(%3&
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<N445>&i1+$%&5P&9@ABD;&@A_[F&ar2($2&+2&Z"*!,"2($%"2+&50!,$(2"2b>&!"&Escritos Revolucionarios&9<7=$(%3&S$.+%c!$"*$1"%;P
RZ 5&dOIyz4Ny>&5+!=2"/,2&B^^C&Z"*!+!(*12+!#>&$"*!.,2($8"&!&$/!"*$/2/&,!.$%"2+P&42&T"$8"&
42*$"%20!,$(2"2&'&!+&Q%+!*-"&U!"%G2($8">&@ABBo@An^&9<7=$(%3&N+&J%+!.$%&/!&<7=$(%o
J!"*,%&/!&N#*1/$%#&r$#*8,$(%#;&Z"7/$*%P
OUZO4O>&i%,/E"&@AAC&Antiesbozo de la historia del Partido Comunista (1918-1928) 9Q1!"%#&
5$,!#3&J!"*,%&N/$*%,&/!&507,$(2&42*$"2;&B&G%+#P
UO5>&U2W+&@A[B&El fuego de la semilla en el surco&942&r2F2"23&N/$*%,$2+&4!*,2#&J1F2"2#;P
UOi5S&Q45tTZNU>&5".!+$"2&B^^D&El primer Partido Comunista de Cuba. Sus tácticas y
estrategias. 1925-1935&9S2"*$2.%&/!&J1F23&N/$*%,$2+&O,$!"*!;P
SRNIJNU>&:2"$!+2&@AA[&El triángulo imposible. México, Rusia Soviética y Estados Unidos
en los años veinte&9<7=$(%3&J!"*,%&/!&Z"G!#*$.2($%"!#&'&N#*1/$%#&S16!,$%,!#&!"&5"*,%6%+%.-2&S%($2+oJZNS5S;P
5Q5UNS& :N4& UN54>& i%#7&5P& @AA[& aR,%(!#%& ,!G%+1($%"2,$%3& 2#(!"#%& '& ,!)1`%& 9@An^o
@AnD;b>&!" Historia de Cuba: La Neocolonia. Organización y crisis (desde 1899 hasta
1940)&942&r2F2"23&Z"#*$*1*%&/!&r$#*%,$2&/!&J1F2;& %0%&nP
c5Ud5S>&O**%&B^^C&El marxismo y la revolución argentina&9Q1!"%#&5$,!#3&N/$*%,$2+&z.%,2;&
B&*%0%#P
yfZJ]>&i$0&B^^D&a H!&5++o50!,$(2&5"*$oZ06!,$2+$#*&4!2.1!b>&!"&Anti-Imperialism in the
United States, 1898-1935&9H**63ppsssPF%%"/%(X#"!*P(%0p2$;P
Periódicos
América Libre&96!,$8/$(%&"%&%?($2+&/!&+2&45Z;&J1F2>&@AB_P
Boletín de la Liga Antiimperialista-Sección Argentina,&@ABgP
El Libertador&96!,$8/$(%&/!&+2&45:45;&<7=$(%>&@^p@ABDP
El Machete&96!,$8/$(%&/!+&R2,*$/%&J%01"$#*2;&<7=$(%>&@ABCo@ABDP
La Chispa&9R!,$8/$(%&/!+&R2,*$/%&J%01"$#*2&OF,!,%;&5,.!"*$"2>&@ABgo@ABAP
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