Wvu shale gas mountain of excellence

Contaminación de Aire y Ruido
Michael McCawley, PhD
Dept. of Occupational and Environmental
Health Sciences
West Virginia University
March 2, 2016
RESUMEN
• Metodos de Monitoréo
• Reglas
• Emisiones
- Polvo (PM10 – PM2.5)
- Gases
- Ruido
• Estrategia de Muestréo
Metodos de Monitoréo
ESTACION DE MONITOREO
INALAMBRICA
SAMPLING
PORT
•Bajo costo
•Con celdas solares
•Opera 24 horas/día
•Instalación Facil
•Capacidad Remota
LUZ
SOLAR PANELS
RUIDO
POLVO
HIDROCARBUROS
100
90
70
Muestreo de Aire
PM10
PM2.5
80
LUNGS
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.10
1.00
2.5
10.00
Diametro (µm)
100.00
Reglas
Pollutant
Primary/
Averaging
Level
Secondary Time
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Particle
Pollution
PM2.5
PM10
Sulfur Dioxide
8-hour
9 ppm
1-hour
35 ppm
primary and
secondary
Rolling 3
month
average
0.15 μg/m3
primary
1-hour
100 ppb
primary and
secondary
Annual
primary and
secondary
primary
Form
Not to be exceeded more than once per year
Not to be exceeded
98th percentile, averaged over 3 years
53 ppb
Annual Mean
8-hour
0.075 ppm
Annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr
concentration, averaged over 3 years
primary
secondary
primary and
secondary
primary and
secondary
Annual
Annual
12 μg/m3
15 μg/m3
annual mean, averaged over 3 years
annual mean, averaged over 3 years
24-hour
35 μg/m3
98th percentile, averaged over 3 years
24-hour
150 μg/m3
primary
1-hour
75 ppb
Not to be exceeded more than once per year on
average over 3 years
99th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum
concentrations, averaged over 3 years
secondary
3-hour
0.5 ppm
Not to be exceeded more than once per year
Emisiones
DOE
TRAILER
D
C
DOE
TRAILER
A
Meteorología
Topograpía
INVERSION
Source: Environ Health Perspect 118:847-855 (2010).
25
Producción
Inicial
20
15
10
5
0
Preparación de la
Localidad
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
TIME (days)
20
5
6
7
0
Perforación Vertical
18
PM2.5 Concentration
(ug/m3)
PM2.5 Concentration (ug/m3)
PM2.5 Concentration (ug/m3)
PM2.5 Concentration (ug/m3)
25
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
5
PM2.5
10
TIME (days)
15
20
1
2
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
3
4
TIME (days)
5
6
7
Fracking
0
1
2
3
Time (Days)
4
5
250
200
150
100
50
WELL PAD
300
11/6/2015 0:00
11/5/2015 0:00
11/4/2015 0:00
11/3/2015 0:00
FECHA
11/2/2015 0:00
11/1/2015 0:00
10/31/2015 0:00
10/30/2015 0:00
10/29/2015 0:00
10/28/2015 0:00
0
PM2.5 CONCENTRACION DE POLVO (ug/m3)
PM2.5
250
200
150
100
50
PM2.5 DUST CONCENTRATION(ug/m3)
PM2.5
WELL PAD
CLOSE IN (water plant)
1 KM
300
0
11/6/2015 0:00
11/5/2015 0:00
11/4/2015 0:00
11/3/2015 0:00
11/2/2015 0:00
11/1/2015 0:00
10/31/2015 0:00
10/30/2015 0:00
10/29/2015 0:00
10/28/2015 0:00
FECHA
Hydraulic Fracturing
/Flowback1
Flowback
Vertical Drill1
Hydraulic Fracturing
Vertical Drill2
/Flowback2
Horizontal
Drill
VOC’s
CHRONIC MRL HAZARD
QUOTIENTS
site
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
RESUL
TS
ppb(v)
1.1
1.0
0.78
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.1
85
49
12
8.2
4.5
4.2
3.9
2.9
1.7
13
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.7
26
14
13
12
9.2
5.6
41
9.5
7.0
6.8
5.3
2.7
Benzene
1.5
Benzene
1.4
Benzene
1.3
Benzene
1.0
Benzene
DONNA
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
7
1
1
1
LEMON (Vertical
Drill)
6
15
48
Pad
Lewis Wetzel Three
Lewis Wetzel Three
Lewis Wetzel Three
Lewis Wetzel Two
Lewis Wetzel Two
Frasco Summa–
Promedio de 3 días
Metodo EPA TO 15
(Rpt. limite 0.5ppb
Benzene)
@ 625 pies
Lewis Wetzel Two
Lewis Wetzel Two
MAURY (Fracking)
MAURY (Fracking)
MAURY (Fracking)
WEEKLEY (Fracking)
WEEKLEY
WEEKLEY
WEEKLEY
WEEKLEY
WVDNR
WEEKLEY
(Horizontal Drill)
WVDNR
DONNA
DONNA
RESULT Hazard
S (ug/m3) Quotient
3.6
0.4
3.3
0.3
2.5
0.3
9.7
1.0
7.8
0.8
7.7
0.8
6.7
0.7
270
28.3
160
16.3
39
4.0
COMPOUN
D NAME
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
0.6
4.3
Benzene
1.0
Benzene
0.7
0.7
0.6
Benzene
5.0
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
CHRONIC MRL = 3ppb; INTERMEDIATE = 6 ppb; ACUTE = 9
365 days +
14-364 days
1-14 days
ppb
Ruido
•
EPA identifica un limite de exposición durante 24‐hour de70 decibeles para evitar la
pérdida del oido durante la vida
Quiet Room
Whisper, Quiet Library at 6'
Computer
Refrigerator
Typical Living Room
Forced Hot Air Heating
System
Clothes Dryer
dBA
28‐33
30
37‐45
40‐43
40
42‐52
56‐58
Printer
Normal conversation at 3'
Window Fan on High
Alarm Clock
Dishwasher
Clothes Washer
Phone
Push Reel Mower
Inside Car, Windows Closed,
30 MPH
Handheld Electronic Games
Kitchen Exhaust Fan, High
Inside Car, Windows Open,
30 MPH
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease –
Increased risk of hypertension -
dBA
58‐65
60‐65
60‐66
60‐80
63‐66
65‐70
66‐75
68‐72
68‐73
68‐76
69‐71
72‐76
66-70dBA
66-70dBA
Garbage Disposal
Air Popcorn Popper
City Traffic (inside car)
Jackhammer at 50'
Snowmobile, Motorcycle
12 Gauge Shotgun Blast
dBA
76‐83
78‐85
85
95
100
165
Niveles Máximos de Ruido
Requeridos por by}} EPA en Camiones
Que pesan más de 4,525 Kilogramos
(40CFR202)
Velocidad
< 56 kph
> 56 kph
Estacionário
Maximo Ruido a 15 Metros
83 dBA
87 dBA
85 dBA
ACTIVIDAD A 625 PIES DEL POZO
RUID0
PROMEDIO DE TODO EL PERIODO DE
MUESTREO
Vertical
Hydraulic
Donna
Mills
Wetzel
2
Fracturing/Flowback1
Drilling1
Mills
Wetzel 3
Pad Preparation
Hydraulic
Maury
Lemon
Fracturing/Flowback2
Vertical
Drilling2
Mean (dBA)
Standard
46
57
68
53
54
Deviation
12
7
10
6
6
Fracturación Hidráulica/Flowback1
120.00
Ruido (dBA)
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
Tiempo (Horas)
168
192
216
240
264
Por hora
Por minuto
Hydraulic Fracturing
Site A (near impoundment above
pad)
Site C (near road)
Site D (1200 ft from pad)
time
above
sound
level
(minutes)
% of time
above
sound
level
sound
level
(DbA)
time
above
sound
level
(minutes)
% of time
above
sound
level
sound
level
(DbA)
time
above
sound
level
(minutes)
% of time
above
sound
level
sound
level
(DbA)
53
0.4
90
6
0.04
90
3
0.02
90
191
1.3
80
52
0.35
80
19
0.13
80
644
4.3
70
930
6.26
70
138
0.93
70
2277
15.3
60
4949
33.32
60
658
4.44
60
4261
28.7
50
11331
76.30
50
2760
18.63
50
7353
49.5
40
12048
81.13
40
10028
67.68
40
14845
100
30
14851
100.00
30
14817
100.00
30
Pad Construction
time
above sound
level (minutes)
68
855
4046
7045
8416
8494
8494
% of time
above
sound level
0.80
10.07
47.63
82.94
99.08
100.00
100.00
Away from Construction
(near road)
sound
level
(DbA)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
time
above sound
level (minutes)
1
7
242
3336
8202
8482
8494
% of time
above sound
level
0.01
0.08
2.85
39.27
96.56
99.86
100.00
sound
level
(DbA)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
300 m
Pozo
Carretera
Estratégia de Muestréo
Sitios de Muestréo
=
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?
?
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?
[email protected]
PM2.5 ≠ Dosis al pulmón
1.00
0.90
PM2.5
Muestra de
Aire
0.80
DEPOSITO EN EL PULMON
Eficiencia
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
Diameter (um)
10.00
100.00