Cristóbal Colón y el Caribe: oro y desnudez Christopher Columbus and the Caribbean: Gold and Nakedness Sofía Reding Blase En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VI, núm. 11, enero-junio, 2012, pp. 27-44. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México Distrito Federal, México En-claves del Pensamiento, ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X [email protected] [email protected] Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México México CRISTÓBAL COLÓN Y EL CARIBE: ORO Y DESNUDEZ SOFÍA REDING BLASE* ! Resumen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alabras clave:#H(542=%&'&(06.1#&0)(04&/01#5*")*+(1#$(05*'&(06.#"*6&0.*'(%&4*0.9 Abstract IJ(# C%56# ).A*7(# .K# -."2'=251# *"6J.27J# ,&KK(%(06# K%.'# 6J(# .%&7&0*"# $2%$.5(51# '*%L5#6J(#=(7&00&07#.K#'.,(%0&6A9#IJ&5#6(;6#&5#*M*%(#.K#6J(#$(42"&*%#4J*%*46(%# .K#MJ.#&5#5*&,#6.#J*)(#,&54.)(%(,#>'(%&4*1#4.05&,(%&07#J&'#*5#*#6%*05&(06#=(6F ! *UNAM1# -(06%.# ,(# N0)(56&7*4&.0(5# 5.=%(#>'?%&4*# E*6&0*# A# ("# -*%&=(1# 8?;&4.1# 5.C*%(,&07O J.6'*&"94.' QS EN­CLAVES del pensamiento1#*P.#DN1#0@'9#!!1#(0(%.F+20&.#QR!Q1#$$9#QSFTT9 QU G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( M((0#8&,,"(#>7(5#*0,#B(0*&55*04(9#N6#*"5.#5J.M5#6J(#C72%(#.K#D(5$244&#*0,# J&5#B(0*&55*04(#$(%5.0*"&6A9#IJ(#6M.#5*&".%5#J*,#)&5&.05#.K#.2%#4.06&0(061#MJ&4J# M&""#=(#6J(#L(A#6.#20,(%56*0,#6J(#,&54.2%5(#.0#6J(#G*)*7(1#=.6J#&0#&65#$(55&'&5F 6&4#*0,#.$6&'&56&4#)(%5&.09 Key words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arta de Jamaica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`9#G(#4.0.4(#6*'=&?0#4.'.#La Letterararissima! A#K2(#(54%&6*# ,(5,(# *32(""*# &5"*# 32(# -."/0# ""*'/1# ,(5,(# !TaT1# G*06&*7.9# -.'.# 5(# 5*=(1# G*06&*7.#("#8*A.%#+206.#4.0#52#J(%'*0.#^2*0#("#:)*07("&56*1#K2(%.0#""*'*,.5# por su maestro !"#$%&'"#$()*$+,-)."9#b#6%.0*,V5&'.#K2(#("#J2%*4<0#32(#*X.6/#"*5# 0*)(5# ,("#>"'&%*06(# ,2%*06(# UU# ,V*5# A# 32(# J&X.# 32(# ?"# A# 525# *4.'$*P*06(5# $(%'*0(4&(%*0# (0# "*# &5"*# ,2%*06(# ]SR# ,V*5# J*56*# 32(# K2(%.0# %(54*6*,.5# $.%# H&(7.#8?0,(X9Q ! #G(P*"*#Y2'=.",6#32(#(56*#4*%6*#""(7/#*#5(%#4?"(=%(#$.%#"*#%(&'$%(5&/0#&6*"&*0*#32(#J&X.#8.%(""&1# ("#=&="&.6(4*%&.#,(#D(0(4&*1#(0#!U!R9#_>"(+*0,%.#,(#Y2'=.",61#Cristóbal Colón y el descubrimiento ()$/01,&231#$9#QU`9#H&5$.0&="(#$*%*#52#4.052"6*#(0#"*#)(%5&/0#,&7&6*"#(0#"*#W&="&.6(4*#D&%62*"#8&72("# ,(#-(%)*06(5#(0Z#J66$ZccMMM94(%)*06(5)&%62*"94.'c5(%)"(6cG&%)(d=%*5cUa!TQUTT]QR!SR\UeeQ!T\Sc &'*RR]\9J6' Q #D?*5(#W*5&"&.#E.5*,*#-*56%.1#Cristóbal Colón9#8*,%&,1#f2().#>2%&7*1#RIALP1#!aaR9 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. -%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# Qa >5V#4.'.#("#E&=(%6*,.%#'(04&.0*=*#(0#52#4*%6*#32(#".5#(54%&6.5#,("#=*%/0#,(# Y2'=.",6# ""*'*=*0# *# "*# %(4.056%244&/0# ,(# "*# '('.%&*# J&56/%&4*# '(,&*06(# ("# (562,&.#%&72%.5.#,(#"*#$*%6&42"*%#4&%42056*04&*#*'(%&4*0*9#b#6*'=&?0#(5#0(4(F 5*%&.#%(42$(%*%#("#'.,.#(0#32(#-."/0#imaginó#".5#6(%%&6.%&.5#4.0#".5#32(#6%.$(F X/#(0#!TaQ1#$2(5#(56*5#&'<7(0(5#%(52"6*%<0#024"(*%(5#6*06.#(0#"*#("*=.%*4&/0# ,(#'&6.5#,(#4*%<46(%#K20,*4&.0*"#4.'.#,(#"*5#26.$V*5#"&=(%6*,.%*59#:06%(#*'=.5# $(%5.0*+(5#0.#,(+*#,(#J*=(%#20*#(0.%'(#,&K(%(04&*9#:0#(K(46.1#-."/0#0.#(5# 4.'.#Y2'=.",6Z :0#!TaU1#K%(06(#*"#7."K.#,(#g*%&*1#20#J.'=%(1#J&+.#,(#"*#&'*7&0*4&/0#,(#"*# :,*,#8(,&*1#'&%*#4.0#".5#.+.5#(04(72(4&,.5#$.%#20*#(0K(%'(,*,#4.06%*V,*# *#=.%,.1#A#$.%#20#'.,.1#4&'(06*,.#$.%#5&7".51#,(#(06(0,(%#("#'20,.h#A1#4.F '(%4&*06(1#)(1#20*#)(X#'<51#"*#$.5&=&"&,*,#,("#.%.h#J.'=%(#,(#20*#?$.4*#32(# 4.04"2A(1#)(#".#,(54.0.4&,.#*#6%*)?5#,("#6(%4.#4%&56*"#,(#525#4(%6(X*5#A#52# 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EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. ]R G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( 5*=('.51#-."/0#0.#""(7/#0204*#*"#4.06&0(06(#*5&<6&4.9#E.#32(#0204*#5*=%('.5# es #&$1*$*"$#-9"1#A*#32(#0.#6(0('.5#$&56*5#*"#%(5$(46.9#G/".#0.5#%(56*#*0*"&X*%# ".#32(#("#>"'&%*06(#(04.06%/#A#4/'.#".#,(54%&=&/1#42*0,.#5(#(04*'&0/#*"#Le­ vante por el Poniente1#4.'.#,&%V*#Y2'=.",69e#:"#)&*+(#5(#&0&4&/#("#)&(%0(5#]#,(# *7.56.#*#"*5#.4J.#,(#"*#'*P*0*1#42*0,.#"()*%.0#*04"*5#,.5#4*%*=("*5#A#20*# 0*.1S#A#$*%6&(%.0#,(#"*#W*%%*#,(#G*"6(51#(0#"*#4.0k2(04&*#,(#".5#%V.5#d,&("#A# I&06.9#E*#(;$*05&/0#,(#d44&,(06(#(56*=*#$.%#4.'(0X*%Z#$.4.#'<5#,(#,.5#'(F 5(5#,(5$2?51#-."/0#,(5('=*%4/#(0#20*#&5"*#,(#"*5#>06&""*59#b#,(5$2?5#)(0,%V*0# .6%.5#'<5Z# H(6%<5#,(#-."/0#A#,(#:5$*P*#'*%4J*%V*0#".5#0*)(7*06(5#,(#g.%627*"#A1#,(# &0'(,&*6.1# ".5# ,(# .6%*5# $.6(04&*5# (2%.$(*5# $*%*# ,&5$26*%5(# 20'20,.# 5&0# ,2(P.#A#*'$"&*%1#4.0#525#%&32(X*51#"*5#$.5&=&"&,*,(5#,(#52#$%(,.'&0&.#5.=%(# 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País9# 8*,%&,1#a#,(#.462=%(#,(#!aUe9 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. -%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]! 4*6/#,(#("".#.#$.%#".#'(0.5#0204*#*,'&6&/#J*=(%#""(7*,.#*#6(%%&6.%&.5#32(#0.# K2(%*0#*5&<6&4.59#E*5#6&(%%*5#4.0#"*5#42*"(5#6%.$(X/1#0.#".7%*%.0#(0#'.,.#*"72F 0.#*$*4&72*%#52#.=5(5&/0#$.%#(56%(0*%#20*#%26*#'*%V6&'*#32(1#4.0#,&%(44&/0#*"# (56(1#""()*%*#*#"*#Cola del Dragón1#4.'.#""*'*%.0#".5#4J&0.5#*#"*#7%*0#42*%6*# $(0V052"*#,(#>5&*1#A#32(#$.,%V*#5(%#&,(06&C4*,*#4.0#G2,*'?%&4*9!R#>5&*#.#G2%F *'?%&4*1#("#J(4J.#(5#32(#-."/0#K2(#("#$%&'(%.#(0#%(*"&X*%#20#)&*+(#.C4&*"#4.0# %26*#J*4&*#("#.(56(#A#(5#(56(#)&*+(#".#32(#$.,%V*#4.056&62&%#("#&0&4&.#,(#"*#'.,(%F 0&,*,#(2%.$(*#A#4.0)(%6&%#*#-."/0#(0#("#$%&'(%#'.,(%0.Z stu#(5#("#$%&'(%.#32(#sale#.C4&*"'(06(#_4.0#poderes1#0.#5&(0,.#A*#20#)&*+(# 4"*0,(56&0.1#4.'.#'24J.5#,(#".5#*06(%&.%(5`#,(#"*#:2%.$*#"*6&0*#v*06&'252"F '*0*v1# $*%*# &0&4&*%# "*# constitución de la experiencia existencial de una 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QU9!R9!TaQ9 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. -%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]\ 6.,.m9QQ#:0#"*#.=%*#*06(5#4&6*,*1#-."/0#,(+*=*#4"*%.1#*06(5#,("#42*%6.#)&*+(#*# >'?%&4*#32(Z#lstu#"*#W&="&*#K2(#"*#K2(06(#$%&04&$*"#,(#&05$&%*4&/0#$*%*#"*#i%*0# :'$%(5*#4.".'=&0*#stu#$.%#6*06.1#("#Libro de las profecías#4.056&62A(#20#,.F 42'(06.#&'$%(54&0,&="(#$*%*#%(4.056%2&%#"*#&'*7(0#32(#("#>"'&%*06(#6(0V*#,(#5V# '&5'.1#A#$*%*#(06(0,(%#"*#K(#4%&56&*0*#4.'.#"*#'<5#$.,(%.5*#4*25*#'.6&)*,.F %*#,("#H(542=%&,.%#,(#>'?%&4*m9Q] H&56&06*#*#"*#)&5&/0#4.".'=&0*#5(%<#"*#,(#D(5$24&.1#42A*#$(%5$(46&)*#5V#$2(,(# 4*6*".7*%5(#,(#%(0*4(06&56*1#5(7@0#5(#,(5$%(0,(#,(#"*#4*%*46(%&X*4&/0#$"*06(*F ,*#$.%#^.5?#E2&5#>=(""<0#(0#6?%'&0.5#,(#"*5#%2$62%*5#32(#J*A#(0#("#6%<05&6.#,("# Medioevo al Renacimiento: !9# D*".%*4&/0#,(#".#0*62%*"#,(5,(#20#$206.#,(#)&56*#"&6(%*%&.9 Q9# N0)(04&/0#,(#02()*5#6?40&4*5#,(#.=5(%)*4&/0#A#,(#'(,&4&/0#KV5&4*9 ]9# -.04(5&/0#,(#20*#'*A.%#&'$.%6*04&*#*"#&0,&)&,2.#A#*#".5#*5$(46.5#&0'*F 0(06(5#*#"*#)&,*#J2'*0*9 T9# :;*"6*4&/0#,(#"*5#"(072*5#)(%0<42"*59 \9# G(42"*%&X*4&/0#,(#"*5#4.562'=%(5#A#"*5#4.0,246*59 e9# >6(04&/0#*#"*5#4.'20&,*,(5#0*4&.0*"(59 S9# N0&4&.#A#7(56*4&/0#,(#20#5&56('*#4*$&6*"&56*#,(#%(72"*4&/0#,(#$%(4&.5#*"(F +*,.5#,("#4.06%."#7%('&*"#A#,("#iustumpretium. 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Ibid91#T9#yN9#!TaQ9 ]Q Ibid91#e9#yN9#!TaQ9 ]] Ibid91#!e9#yNN9#!TaQ9 ]T #>%62%.#>0,%?5# B.&71# lH(542=%&'&(06.# ,(#>'?%&4*# A# (042(06%.# ,(# 42"62%*5m9# H&5$.0&="(# (0Z# J66$ZccMMM9(05*A&56*59.%7c*06.".7&*cyy>c%.&7c42"62%*59J6' ]R EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. ]U G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( l:0#6.,*5#(56*5#&5"*51#0.0#)&,(#'24J*#,&)(%5&,*,#,(#"*#K(4J2%*#,(#"*#7(06(1#0&# (0#"*5#4.562'=%(51#0&#(0#"*#"(072*h#5*").#32(#6.,.5#5(#(06&(0,(01#32(#(5#4.5*# '2A#5&072"*%h#$*%*#".#32(#(5$(%.#32(#,(6(%'&0*%<0#)2(56%*5#>"6(X*5#$*%*#"*# 4.0)(%5&/0#,(#(""*5#<#02(56%*#G*046*#p(1#<#"*#42*"#5.0#'2A#,&5$2(56.5m9]\#:0# 52#4*%6*#*#B*K*("#G<04J(X1#5(#(;$%(5*#'<5#.#'(0.5#(0#("#'&5'.#6.0.#42*0,.# %(C(%(#32(Z >5&'&5'.#4.'$%*=*0#4.'.#&,&.6*51#$.%#*"7.,/0#A#.%.1#6%.X.5#/#K%*7'(06.5# ,(#*%4.51#,(#)*5&+*51#,(#=.6(""*5#A#,(#6&0*+*5Z#".#32(#$%.J&=V#$.%#5(%#&0+256.1#A# "(5#,V#'24J.5#26(05&"&.5#=("".5#A#$%(4&.5.5#32(#J*=V*#""()*,.#4.0'&7.1#5&0# 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EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. -%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]a :5#4&(%6.#32(#-."/0#descubre9#g(%.#,(542=%(#".#32(#necesita descubrir para $.,(%#+256&C4*%#52#)&*+(Z#20*#0*62%*"(X*#,(5J2'*0&X*,*1#.#5(*#0.#(;$".6*,*1# A#20*#J2'*0&,*,#5&0#42"62%*1#(5#,(4&%1#5&0#*%6&C4&.59#n0*#0*62%*"(X*#32(#$%(4&F 5*#,(#J.'=%(5#$*%*#,.'(56&4*%"*#A#J.'=%(5#=&(0#*%%.$*,.5#32(#,(=(0#*52'&%1# $.%32(# *5V# ".# ,&46*# 52# 0*62%*"(X*1# (56(# $*$("9#>"# %(5$(46.# 5(P*"*# d%6(7*# A# Medina: -."/0#5(%<#("#$%&'(%#(2%.$(.#32(#26&"&X*0,.#"*#&,(*#$%(4.04(=&,*#,("#=2(0# 5*")*+(1#$%.4(,(06(#4.'.#A*#5*=('.5#,(#"*#*06&7|(,*,#4"<5&4*1#,.6/#*#".5# 0*62%*"(5#,(#>'?%&4*#4.0#(5*#42*"&,*,#A#*$(%4&=&/#*#6.,.#("#'20,.#.44&,(0F 6*"#4%&56&*0.#,(#"*#(;&56(04&*#%(*"#,("#(06(#&'*7&0*,.#$.%#".5#*06&72.59#>#52# (5$(46*42"*%#&0K.%'(#5&72&(%.0#&0'(,&*6*'(06(#"*5#4.0C%'*4&.0(5#,(#D(5F $24&.1#,(#8<%6&%#,(#>07"(%V*#A#,(#'24J.5#.6%.5#0*)(7*06(5#A#(;$".%*,.%(5# 32(# 4.'$%.=*%.01# 4*,*# 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remedo#.#$(.%#*@0#*"7.#32(#""()*#(0#5V#'&5'.#"*#&0(56*=&"&,*,Z#20#5&'2"*4%.9 >#(5*#&'*7(0#,("#buen salvaje se contrapone la del mal salvaje#32(1#,&4J.# 5(*#,(#$*5.1#0.#5(#)(%<#5256*04&*"'(06(#'.,&C4*,*#$.%#20*#%*X/0#'2A#5&'$"(Z# J*4(#32(#"*#72(%%*#5(*#+256*#A#$(%'&6(#"(7V6&'*'(06(#&06(%)(0&%#(0#K*).%#,(#".5# buenos salvajes9#E.5#'*".5#5*")*+(51#(5.#5V1#)*0#*#5(%#4*6*".7*,.5#,(#)&"(51# $."V7*'.51#=(56&*"(51#<7%*K.51#7%.6(54.51#=2%,.51#%@56&4.51#*7%(56(51#$*7*0.51# 6%*56.%0*,.51#,($%*)*,.51#,("&042(06(51#=*"=24&(06(59#:0#52'*Z#=<%=*%.59 :0#'@"6&$"(5#.4*5&.0(5#E(.$.",.#r(*#5(P*"/#32(#("#=<%=*%.#(5#$.%#*06.0.F '*5&*#("#=*"=24&(06(1#("#)&4&.5.1#("#&%%*4&.0*"9#g.,('.5#*P*,&%#32(#("#5*")*+(1# ]U #^2*0#>9#d%6(7*#A#8(,&0*1#Imagología del bueno y del mal salvaje1#$9#Q!9 ^9#^9#>%%.'1#op. cit91#$9#Q]9 TR #>%%.'#*C%'*#32(#(56(#4*"&C4*6&).#5(#".#,&(%.0#*#5V#'&5'.5#".5#6*V0.51#6.,*#)(X#32(#("#6?%'&0.# 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TR G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( (0#4*'=&.1#)&(0(#*#5(%#*32("#32(#(0#52#0*62%*"#,(502,(X1#5&0#.%0*'(06.#*"72F 0.1#5(#4.0K20,(#4.0#("#$*&5*+(9#>5V1#("#=<%=*%.#42*0,.#'(0.5#J*#$.,&,.#4%(*%# 20*#42"62%*#*2032(#(56?#)&4&*,*1#'&(06%*5#32(#("#5*")*+(#6.,*)V*#5(#(042(06%*# en un estado natural9#>#$*%6&%#,(#(5*5#,.5#4&%42056*04&*51#32(#,(=&(%.0#,(%&F )*%#(0#,.5#$."V6&4*5#,&56&06*5#_"*#4%2X#$*%*#("#=2(0.1#"*#(5$*,*#$*%*#("#'*".`#5(# 6.'*%<1#5&0#('=*%7.1#"*#'&5'*#&0&4&*6&)*Z#*4*=*%#4.0#("".5Z#lE*#)(%5&/0#,("#4.".F 0&X*,.%#0.5#(;$"&4*#32(#*"#4*%&=(1#,(=&,.#*#52#=(56&*"&,*,#5&0#%('(,&.1#0.#32(F ,/#.6%*#*"6(%0*6&)*#32(#(;6(%'&0*%".9#E.#32(#0.#0.5#(;$"&4*#(5#$.%#32?1#(06.04(51# *06(5# &04"25.# 32(# ("# 4*%&=(1# K2(# &72*"'(06(# (;6(%'&0*,.# ("# $*4VC4.# A# ,2"4(# *%*2*4.#s6*V0.um9T! 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TQ G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( %*%<#4.'.#.=+(6.#,(#"*#&0)(56&7*4&/0#4&(06VC4*1#5&62*4&/0#32(#$2(,(#)(%&C4*%5(# 5&#$*5*'.5#=%()(#%()&56*#*#4&(%6*5#*0.6*4&.0(5#,("#k.%(06&0.#>'?%&4.#D(5$24&.1# 32&(0#5(#,&56&072&/#$.%#5(%#20#'&024&.5.#.=5(%)*,.%#A#(;$".%*,.%#,(#"*5#6&(%%*5#32(# C0*"'(06(#""()*%V*0#52#0.'=%(#,(#$&"*#A#0.#("#,(#-."/0#32(#lstu#6%.$(X/#4.0# 20#4.06&0(06(1#,("#42*"1#4.0K20,&?0,.".#J*56*#52#'2(%6(#4.0#("#32(#32(%V*#(0F 4.06%*%1#$(%,&/#&04"25.#"*#.$.%620&,*,#,(#=*26&X*%".#4.0#52#$%.$&.#0.'=%(1#4.'.# ".#J&X.#("#4*%6/7%*K.#32(#5(#".#,&.Z#>'?%&4.#D(5$24&.m948 :"#(5K2(%X.#&06("(462*"#,(#D(5$24&.#$.%#4.'$%(0,(%#"*#0.)V5&'*#%(*"&,*,#A#("# 6(5/0#32(#$25.#(0#52#"*=.%#(60.7%<C4*#5.0#,(#20*#(0.%'(#&'$.%6*04&*1#$%&04&F $*"'(06(#$.%#"*#$.562%*#%("*6&)&56*#32(#6.'/#*"#'.'(06.#,(#5(P*"*%#,&K(%(04&*5# (#&06(%(5*%5(#(0#(""*59#g.%#(5.#*C%'*#i(%=&#32(Z :"#J.'=%(1#$.%#$%&'&6&).#32(#K2(5(1#(%*#("#6('*#,(#(562,&.#'<5#,&70.#(#&06(F %(5*06(#$*%*#("#,&54V$2".#,(#".5#J2'*0&56*59#s999u#E.5#&0,V7(0*5#32(#$.="*0,.# (0#7%*0#0@'(%.#(5*#6&(%%*1#0.#$2(,(0#4.05&,(%*%5(#4.'.#42%&.5.5#&5"(P.51# *"7.#*5V#4.'.#K(0/'(0.5#*44&,(06*"(51#5&0.#32(#,(=(0#5(%#)&56.5#A#(562,&*F ,.5#4.'.#20*#)*%&(,*,#(5(04&*"#,(#"*#(5$(4&(#J2'*0*#v*#,(5$(4J.#,(#"*# '*A.%V*#,(#".5#C"/5.K.5#32(#0&(7*0#52#(;&56(04&*9#G2#'&5'*#'24J(,2'=%(# *2'(06*#52#,&70&,*,#4&(06VC4*949 b*#,(5,(#52#$%&'(%#)&*+(1#(0#!TaS1#D(5$24&.#*0.6*=*#32(Z#l6.,.5#".5#32(# )(V*'.5#32(#*0,*=*0#,(502,.5#$*%(4V*#6*'=&?0#32(#(56*=*0#(0#7%*0#'*0(%*# *5.'=%*,.5#,(#)(%0.51#5&0#,2,*#_*#".#32(#A.#(06&(0,.`#por vernos vestidos y de semblantes distintos de los suyosm9\R#H(=&,.#*"#&06(%?5#4&(06VC4.#32(#".#72&*F =*1#$.,('.5#,(4&%#32(#5&#"*#$(%5$(46&)*#,(#-."/0#0.5#%('&6(#*#"*#Edad de Oro1# "*#,(#D(5$24&.#A*#(56<#5&62*,*#(0#"*#*06(5*"*#,(#"*#8.,(%0&,*,9 H(5,(# 20# '&%*,.%# %(0*4(06&56*1# D(5$24&.# 32&5.# 4.'$%(0,(%# ("# )(%,*,(%.# 5&70&C4*,.#,(#"*5#6&(%%*5#32(#(;$".%*=*#A#"*5#5&072"*%&,*,(5#,(#".5#J.'=%(5#A# '2+(%(5#4.0#32&(0(5#(06%*=*#(0#4.06*46.1#$*%*#.K%(4(%#*"#'20,.#(2%.$(.#20*# &06(%$%(6*4&/0#J2'*0&56*1#4&(06VC4*#A#(56?6&4*#,("#f2().#820,.1#42A*#4*%*46(F %V56&4*#'<5#5.=%(5*"&(06(#(5#("#J.'=%(#A#"*#,&)(%5&,*,#42"62%*"9 G&#%(4.%,*'.5#32(#("#5&7".#XVI#(562).#'*%4*,.#$.%#("#,(%%2'=(#,(#"*5#4(%F 6(X*5#_7(.4(06%&5'.1#4*6."&4&5'.1#(42'(0(#6%&$*%6&6*`1#)(%('.5#(0#"*5#$.562%*5# 48 #E9#r(*1#op, cit91#$9#!T9 #>06.0("".#i(%=&1#!3$.3+-,3*)I3$()$*3#$H.(&3#$.-)83#F$@)$<,&#+=>3*$<"*=.$3$:".I3*"$J),.K.()I$ de Oviedo.#8?;&4.1#FCE1#!aSU1#$9#\\9 \R #8*%6V0#p(%0<0,(X#,(#f*)*%%(6(1#L&3')#$()$/01,&2"$L)#9-2&"9#8*,%&,1#:5$*5*F-*"$(1#!aaa1# $9#Q\9#_E*5#42%5&)*5#5.0#'V*5`9 49 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. -%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# T] ,(#-.$?%0&4.1#E26(%.#A#D(5$244&1#".5#&0&4&.5#,(#20*#02()*#4.04($4&/0#(0#6.%0.# *#".#J2'*0.9#>#+2&4&.#,(#E?)&FG6%*255Z g.%# $%&'(%*# )(X# ("# J.'=%(# 4%&56&*0.# 0.# (562).# 5.".# .# 42*06.# '(0.5# (0# "*# (;4"25&)*#$%(5(04&*#,(#$*7*0.5#42A*#4.0,(0*4&/0#5(#%('.06*=*#*#"*5#:54%&F 62%*51#A#*#$%.$/5&6.#,(#".5#42*"(5#0.#4*=V*#(;$(%&'(06*%#0&0720*#52(%6(#,(# 62%=*4&/0#&06(%&.%#stu#(5#)(%,*,(%*'(06(#(0#52(".#*'(%&4*0.#,.0,(#("#J.'F =%(#('$&(X*#*#$"*06(*%5(1#,(#K.%'*#4.04%(6*1#("#$%.="('*#,(#5V#'&5'.#A#,(# *"720*#'*0(%*#*#(;$(%&'(06*%".#(0#52#$%.$&*#4*%0(9\! 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#-"*2,(#E?)&FG6%*2551#lE*5#6%(5#K2(06(5#,(#"*#%(k(;&/0#(60."/7&4*m1#(0#^.5?#E".=(%*1#4.'$91#La antropología como ciencia9#W*%4(".0*1#>0*7%*'*1#!aUU1#$$9#!SF!U9 \Q #:,'20,.# d}# i.%'*01# !3$ &.8).2&=.$ ()$/01,&23F$ H.8)#+&;32&=.$ 32),23$ ()$ *3$ )#+,-2+-,3$ ()*$ Nuevo Mundo y del sentido de su devenir9#8?;&4.1#SEPcFCE1#!aUT9 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44. 44 G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5( >'?%&4*#5(%<#4.05&,(%*,*#4.'.#&0K(%0*"#.#4.'.#$*%*,&5V*4*1#A#525#J*=&6*06(5# 4.'.# $.5(V,.5# $.%# ("# ,('.0&.# .# 4.'.# $%2(=*5# )&)&(06(5# ,(# 32(# J2=.# 20*# ?$.4*#,(#.%.9#:0#52'*1#"*#%(k(;&/0#,(=V*#,(5('=.4*%#(0#("#*0<"&5&5#,(#"*5# 4*%*46(%V56&4*5#,(#".5#0*62%*"(51#*#C0#,(#4.05&,(%*%".5#4.'.#J2'*0.5#.#=(56&*F "(5#(#&06(7%*%".5#.#(;4"2&%".5#,(#".5#$%.A(46.5#26/$&4.5#32(#5(#,&5(P*=*0#(0#("# D&(+.#-.06&0(06(9 wg.%#32?#5(#inventa#>'?%&4*1#$.%#32?#5(#"(#,.6*#,(#20#5(%#32(#0.#(5#("#52A.x# {56*5#5.0#$%(7206*5#32(#$.,('.5#)&042"*%#4.0#02(56%.#$%(5(06(1#A*#32(#,(#"*# 02()*# (54%&62%*# ,(# "*# J&56.%&*# v.# ".# 32(# E(/0Fg.%6&""*# ""*'*# "*# visión de los vencidosv#5(#,(5$%(0,(%<0#02()*5#A#*$%.$&*,*5#(;$"&4*4&.0(5#32(#,(0#42(0F 6*1#,(#'*0(%*#'<5#$%(4&5*1#,(#02(56%*#4&%42056*04&*#A#,(#"*5#$.5&=&"&,*,(5#$*%*# *"4*0X*%#"*#+256&4&*#A#"*#"&=(%6*,#.1#".#32(#(5#".#'&5'.1#4.04%(6*%#"*#26.$V*9 :0#La última Tule1#>"K.05.#B(A(5#,(+/#(54%&6.#32(#(0#%("*4&/0#4.0#>'?%&4*Z# l:"#6%*=*+.#(562).#=&(0#4.'$*%6&,.Z#20.5#5.P*%.0#("#f2().#820,.1#.6%.5#,&(%.0# 4.0#?"1#.6%.5#".#%(4.%%&(%.0#A#6%*X*%.01#.6%.5#".#=*26&X*%.01#.6%.5#".#4.032&56*%.01# .6%.5#".#4.".0&X*%.0#A#%(,2+(%.0#*#"*#4&)&"&X*4&/0#(2%.$(*1#.6%.5#".#J&4&(%.0#&0,($(0F ,&(06(9#:5$(%('.5#32(#.6%.5#".#J*7*0#K("&Xm9\] p(4J*#,(#%(4($4&/0Z#RTcRUcQR!R p(4J*#,(#*4($6*4&/0Z#Q]cRacQR!! 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