El Sistema Nervioso y su Relación con el Sistema Inmunológico

Investigación y Ciencia
ISSN: 1665-4412
[email protected]
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes
México
Treviño-Alanis, Ma. Guadalupe; Jaramillo-González, Francisco
El Sistema Nervioso y su Relación con el Sistema Inmunológico
Investigación y Ciencia, vol. 13, núm. 33, julio-diciembre, 2005, pp. 14-21
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, México
Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=67403303
Cómo citar el artículo
Número completo
Más información del artículo
Página de la revista en redalyc.org
Sistema de Información Científica
Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
(O6LVWHPD1HUYLRVR\VX5HODFLyQ
FRQHO6LVWHPD,QPXQROyJLFR
'UD0D*XDGDOXSH7UHYLxR$ODQtV
0HQ&)UDQFLVFR-DUDPLOOR*RQ]iOH]
,1752'8&&,Ð1
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDLQPXQROyJLFRHOVLVWHPD
QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO 61& WLHQH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
HVSHFLDOHV SRU HMHPSOR SRVHHU EDUUHUD
KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD TXH HQ DXVHQFLD GH XQ
SURFHVRLQÁDPDWRULRHYLWDODHQWUDGDGHFpOXODV
GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO
(Q HVWH VLVWHPD OD SULPHUD OtQHD GH GHIHQVD
LQPXQROyJLFD HVWi FRQVWLWXLGD SRU OD PLFURJOtD
TXHSHUWHQHFHDOVLVWHPDPRQRFLWRPDFUyIDJR
ODPLFURJOLDHVDFWLYDGDSRUODVFpOXODVGHOVLVWHPD
LQPXQHTXHWUDVXQSURFHVRLQÁDPDWRULRSXHGHQ
DWUDYHVDU OD EDUUHUD KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD DO VHU
DFWLYDGDV LQFUHPHQWDQ VX DFWLYLGDG IDJRFtWLFD
TXH ODV OOHYD D OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FLWRFLQDV TXH
FRPSOHWDQ OD FDVFDGD LQÁDPDWRULD (Q ORV
~OWLPRV DxRV KD KDELGR XQ QRWDEOH GHVDUUROOR
TXH KD JHQHUDGR QXHYRV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV
FRQ UHVSHFWR DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ DO VLVWHPD
LQPXQROyJLFR HVWR KD GHVDUUROODGR XQD QXHYD
GLVFLSOLQDHQHOiUHDGHODVFLHQFLDVGHODVDOXG
OD 1HXURLQPXQRORJtD TXH VH HVSHFLDOL]D HQ HO
GLDJQyVWLFR \ WUDWDPLHQWR GH HQIHUPHGDGHV
QHXUROyJLFDVHQODVFXDOHVHOVLVWHPDLQPXQHWLHQH
'HSDUWDPHQWR GH &LHQFLDV %iVLFDV GH OD 'LYLVLyQ GH
&LHQFLDVGHOD6DOXGGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0RQWHUUH\
7HO)D[HPDLOPDUWUHYLQR#XGHP
HGXP[
'HSDUWDPHQWR GH &LHQFLDV %iVLFDV GHO &HQWUR GH
0RUIRORJtD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $JXDVFD
OLHQWHV7HOHPDLOIMDUDPLJ#XDDP[
XQUROLPSRUWDQWHSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR2WUDGLVFLSOLQD
HV OD 3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD TXH HVWXGLD ODV
LQWHUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR \ HO
LQPXQH H[SOLFD ODV DGDSWDFLRQHV D VLWXDFLRQHV
FRPSOHMDV TXH LQFOX\HQ UHWRV LQPXQRJpQLFRV
\ HVWLPXORV VHQVRULDOHV TXH LQWHUÀHUHQ FRQ OD
KRPHRVWDVLV GHO RUJDQLVPR FRPR OD DQVLHGDG
\ ORV UHWRV SRU HMHPSOR ORV DFDGpPLFRV $QWH
OD UHVSXHVWD DO HVWUpV OD KRUPRQD OLEHUDGRUD
GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD HV XQ LQWHJUDGRU PD\RU
GH ORV VLVWHPDV HQGRFULQRV DXWRQyPLFR H
LQPXQH (O KLSRWiODPR UHJXOD OD VHFUHFLyQ
DGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDGHODKLSyÀVLVTXHDVXYH]
HVWLPXOD OD VtQWHVLV DGUHQDO GH JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV
WHQHPRV HQWRQFHV XQ HMH KLSRWDOiPRKLSyÀVLV
DGUHQDOFRQXQDLPSRUWDQWHDFFLyQFHQWUDODQWL
LQÁDPDWRULDODLQWHUDFFLyQGHIDFWRUHVJHQpWLFRV
PHGLRDPELHQWHHLQPXQROyJLFRVGHVDUUROODQSRU
HMHPSOR GHUPDWLWLV DWySLFD 6LOYHUPDQ ( (QHVWHWUDEDMRVHH[SOLFDUiODUHODFLyQTXHWLHQH
HOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVR\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR
3/$17($0,(172'(/352%/(0$
<685(/(9$1&,$
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
QXHYDV HVSHFLDOLGDGHV HQWUH ODV TXH GHVWDFDQ
OD1HXURLQPXQRORJtD\OD3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
FRQ ODV FXDOHV HV SRVLEOH GDU XQ WUDWR LQWHJUDO
DO SDFLHQWH SRU OR TXH HV LPSRUWDQWH WHQHU OD
LQIRUPDFLyQSHUWLQHQWHVREUHGLFKRVWHPDV
2%-(7,92
(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRUHDOL]DU
XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ELEOLRJUiÀFD VREUH OD UHODFLyQ
PRUIRIXQFLRQDOTXHJXDUGDQORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLRVR
HLQPXQROyJLFR
0e72'2
(O PpWRGR HPSOHDGR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ
GH HVWH WUDEDMR HV OD E~VTXHGD ELEOLRJUiÀFD
DFWXDOL]DGD /D UHYLVLyQ HVWi EDVDGD HQ XQD
E~VTXHGDGHDHQIRFDGDHQODUHODFLyQ
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ HO LQPXQROyJLFR 3DUD
UHDOL]DUODVE~VTXHGDVHVQHFHVDULRSULPHURWHQHU
XQD SUHJXQWD HVSHFtÀFD VHJXQGR VDEHU FXiO
HV HO PHMRU VLWLR SDUD LQYHVWLJDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
DFWXDOPHQWHORVPHMRUHVVLWLRVVRQHOLQWHUQHWORV
&'UP \ ODV UHYLVWDV 3DUD HVWH WUDEDMR VH HOLJLy
HO LQWHUQH HVSHFtÀFDPHQWH OD ELEOLRWHFD GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HO
VLWLR 0' &RQVXOW KWWSKRPHPGFRQVXOWFRP
GDVVHDUFK TXH SURSRUFLRQD DUWtFXORV GH WH[WR
FRPSOHWR%UDYR5
5HODFLyQHQWUHORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLRVRH
LQPXQROyJLFRHQFXDQWRDVXRULJHQ
*UDFLDVDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQPpGLFDHOGRJPD
GHTXHHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHO
VLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFRVHHVWiWHUPLQDQGR\DTXH
DOJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH ORV
OLQIRFLWRV VHFUHWDQ IDFWRUHV TXH QRUPDOPHQWH
HVWDEDQ DVRFLDGRV FRQ HO HMH KLSRWiODPR
KLSRÀVLDULR0HQWOHLQ5\.HQGDOO0
8QD GH ODV OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH HVWH
WHPDHVTXHHOWLPR\HOFHUHEURWLHQHQXQDEDVH
HPEULROyJLFDFRP~QSDUDDOJXQDVIXQFLRQHVSRU
ORTXHVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOSRWHQFLDOGHODFUHVWD
QHXUDO VHD HO HOHPHQWR JLUDWRULR TXH XQH D ORV
VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR H LQPXQROyJLFR 0HQWOHLQ 5
3DUD HO GHVDUUROOR GHO WLPR SDUWLFLSDQ HO
HQGRGHUPR GH OD  EROVD IDUtQJHD TXH GDUi
OXJDU D OD HVWUXFWXUD HSLWHOLDO OD FUHVWD QHXUDO
TXH GHVDUUROODUi OD FiSVXOD GH WHMLGR FRQHFWLYR
GHODFXDOVHIRUPDQORVWDELTXHV\FRQGLFLRQDQ
HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD HSLWHOLDO OD FXDO VH
GLIHUHQFLDUi D FRUGRQHV HSLWHOLDOHV \ HO WHMLGR
KHPDWRSR\pWLFR TXH GHVDUUROOD ORV SURWLPRFLWRV
³HVWRVDVXYH]LQYDGHQORVFRUGRQHVHSLWHOLDOHV
ORV GHVSOD]D \ VH RUJDQL]DQ ODV ]RQDV FRUWLFDO
\ PHGXODU D HVWiV ]RQDV OOHJDQ ORV YDVRV
VDQJXtQHRV \ VH GHVDUUROODQ ORV FURS~VFXORV GH
+DVVDO VHPDQDV GH YLGD LQWUDXWHULQD \
WLHQHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOWLPRDGXOWR&DUOVRQ%
(OVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRVHRULJLQDGHUHJLRQHVGH
HFWRGHUPR QHXUDO HO WXER QHXUDO TXH RULJLQD
DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO \ QHUYLRV PRWRUHV
VRPiWLFRV\QHUYLRVDXWRQyPLFRVSUHJDQJOLRQDUHV
ODFUHVWDQHXUDOTXHRULJLQDHOHVWURPDGHOWLPR
ODVFpOXODVFURPDÀQHVGHODPpGXODVXSUDUUHQDO
ODV QHXURQDV HQWpULFDV SOH[RV SDUDVLPSiWLFRV
QHXURQDV VLPSiWLFDV JDQJOLRV VLPSiWLFRV
QHXURQDV VHQVLWLYDV JDQJOLRV UDTXtGHRV FpOXODV
SLJPHQWDULDV \ SOH[RV SUHYHUWHEUDOHV \ ODV
SODFRGDVHFWRGHUPDOHVTXHGDQOXJDUDJDQJOLRV
VRPiWLFRVVHQVRULDOHVGHORVQHUYLRVFUDQHDOHVOD
KLSyÀVLV \ DOJXQRV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO RMR \ RtGR
&DUOVRQ%\0HQWOHLQ5
(V FRQRFLGR TXH ODV ÀEUDV QHUYLRVDV VH
SUR\HFWDQ GHQWUR GH FDGD yUJDQR GHO FXHUSR
\ TXH VH LQYROXFUDQ HQ PRQLWRUHDU HO DPELHQWH
LQWHUQR\H[WHUQRFRQWURODUODVHFUHFLyQJODQGXODU
\ HO VLVWHPD P~VFXORHVTXHOpWLFR DOJXQDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VXJLHUHQ QXHYDV IXQFLRQHV SDUD
HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FRPR HO PRQLWRUHR ORFDO OD
PRGXODFLyQ \ OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG
GHGHIHQVDGHOKXpVSHG'RZQLQJ-\0L\DQ-
(OVLVWHPDLQPXQHGHOHQFpIDOR
(O WHMLGR QHUYLRVR VDQR FDUHFH GH FpOXODV GH
ODVHULHEODQFD\DTXHpVWDVVHFUHWDQVXVWDQFLDV
FDSDFHV GH GHVWUXLU FpOXODV QHUYLRVDV VLQ
HPEDUJR FRQWLHQH ODV FpOXODV FRQRFLGDV FRPR
PLFURJOLD6WUHLW:\.LQFDLG&ROWRQ&/DV
FpOXODVGHODPLFURJOLDIRUPDQSDUWHGHODVFpOXODV
GHODJOtDHQHO61&VRQFpOXODVLQPLJUDQWHVTXH
VHRULJLQDQDSDUWLUGHPRQRFLWRVVDQJXtQHRVTXH
PLJUDQDOWHMLGRQHUYLRVRIHWDOGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROOR
GH OD EDUUHUD KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD &RVVPDQ 3+
(JJLO36
/DPLFURJOLDSDUWLFLSDHQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGH
ODKRPHRVWDVLVHQHO61&\DTXHMXHJDXQSDSHO
PX\ LPSRUWDQWH FRPR FpOXOD GH OD UHVSXHVWD
LQPXQH IDJRFLWRVLV SURGXFFLyQ GH IDFWRUHV
QHXURWUyÀFRVRSUHVHQWDFLyQGHDQWtJHQRVSHUR
WDPELpQ SXHGH RFDVLRQDU FRWLWR[LFLGDG SRU OD
OLEHUDFLyQ GH UDGLFDOHV OLEUHV \ QHXURWR[LQDV
GHSHQGLHQGR GHO PLFURDPELHQWH HQ TXH VH
HQFXHQWUHQ(VWDVFpOXODVIRUPDQXQDUHGH[WHQVD
GHGHIHQVD\VLUYHQVLQGDxDUDODVQHXURQDVSHUR
SXHGHQSHUGHUVXFDUiFWHUEHQLJQR\RFDVLRQDU
\R H[DFHUEDU SDWRORJtDV FRPR HO DFFLGHQWH
YDVFXODU FHUHEUDO OD HQIHUPHGDG GH $O]KHLPHU
OD HVFOHURVLV P~OWLSOH \ RWUDV HQIHUPHGDGHV
QHXURGHJHQHUDWLYDV
)XH KDVWD FXDQGR VH LGHQWLÀFDURQ
DVWURFLWRVROLJRGHQGURFLWRV\PLFURJOLDHQ
ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV SHQVDURQ TXH OD PLFURJOLD
IXQFLRQDED FRPR PDFUyIDJR SDUD IXH
HYLGHQWHTXHDVWURFLWRV\ROLJRGHQGURFLWRVWHQtDQ
ODVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVTXHKDVWDKR\FRQRFHPRV
SDUD ORV DVWURFLWRV XQLU SURWHJHU \ KDFHU TXH
ODV QHXURQDV UHFLEDQ PD\RU HVWtPXOR \ SDUD ORV
ROLJRGHQGURFLWRVODIRUPDFLyQGHODPLHOLQDHQHO
VLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO(QHVHWLHPSRVHHVSHFXOy
TXH OD PLFURJOLD WHQtD IXQFLRQHV LQPXQROyJLFDV
SHURIXHKDVWDFXDQGRVHWXYRODWHFQRORJtD
SDUD YDOLGDUOR \ VH GHPRVWUy TXH IRUPDEDQ
H[WHQVLRQHV UDPLÀFDGDV TXH HPLJUDQ \ IRUPDQ
JUXSRVHQDOJXQDVSDUWHVGHO61&\HVWDEOHFHQ
FRQWDFWRVFRQODVQHXURQDV\ORVDVWURFLWRVHVWRV
~OWLPRV UHVSRQGHQ GUDPiWLFDPHQWH DO GDxR
FHUHEUDO UHWUD\HQGR VXV UDPLÀFDFLRQHV KDVWD
OD IRUPD UHGRQGD H LQPDGXUD HV HQWRQFHVTXH
VH SDUHFHQ DO PDFUyIDJR /RV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV
FRPHQWDGRV ORV KDEtDQ UHDOL]DGR FRQ FRUWHV
KLVWROyJLFRVWHxLGRVFRQVDOHVGHSODWDTXHIXHURQ
UHHPSOD]DGRVSRUHVWXGLRVLQPXQRKLVWRTXtPLFRV
FRPSUREDQGR TXH OD PLFURJOLD VRQ FpOXODV TXH
SDUWLFLSDQ HQ ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH UHVSXHVWD
LQPXQHHQHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO\TXHLJXDO
TXH ORV PDFUyIDJRV VRQ FpOXODV SUHVHQWDGRUDV
GH DQWtJHQRV /RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV FRQFOX\HURQ
TXH HVWDV FpOXODV VRQ PDFUyIDJRV PX\ PyYLOHV
SURSLHGDGGHODVFpOXODVIDJRFtWLFDV\SURGXFHQ
VXVWDQFLDVTXtPLFDVVLPLODUHVDODVVLQWHWL]DGDVSRU
ORVPDFUyIDJRV6WUHLW:
&yPRWUDEDMDODPLFURJOLD
/D PLFURJOLD HV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO JUDFLDV D TXH
VHFUHWDIDFWRUHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRQHFHVDULRVSDUD
WDOHIHFWR2WUDIXQFLyQLPSRUWDQWHHVHOUROTXH
MXHJD HQ OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH ORV SURGXFWRV GH
GHVHFKR RFDVLRQDGRV SRU OD PXHUWH QHXURQDO \
JOLDOHVSRQWiQHDTXHRFXUUHGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROOR
SDUD HOOR VLQWHWL]D HQ]LPDV OODPDGDV SURWHDVDV \
ODVFLWRFLQDVFRPRODLQWHUOHXFLQD\HOIDFWRUGH
QHFURVLVWXPRUDO$OÀQDOL]DUHOGHVDUUROORGHOVLVWHPD
QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO GHVDSDUHFH OD QHFHVLGDG GH
GHJUDGDUJUDQGHVQ~PHURVGHFpOXODVOOHJDQGR
OD PLFURJOtD D VX HVWDGR GHÀQLWLYR GH UHSRVR \
UDPLÀFDFLyQ SDUD HYLWDU ORV HVSDFLRV HQWUH ODV
FpOXODV YHFLQDV WDPELpQ OLEHUD EDMRV QLYHOHV
GH IDFWRUHV GH FUHFLPLHQWR GH ÀEUREODVWRV \
GH QHUYLRV SDUD OD PDGXUDFLyQ GH OD QHXURQD
\ SDUD OD VREUHYLGD GH OD JOtD /D PLFURJOtD HQ
UHSRVR UHVSRQGH HQ PLQXWRV D GLVWXUELRV HQ HO
PLFURDPELHQWH \ VH SUHSDUD SDUD URGHDU D ODV
QHXURQDVGDxDGDV\DRWUDVFpOXODV/RVVLJQRVGH
TXH VH DFWLYy OD PLFURJOtD VRQ UHWUDFFLyQ GH VXV
UDPLÀFDFLRQHVFDPELRVHQVXIRUPDSURGXFFLyQ
GHSURWHtQDVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQVXHVWDGR
GH UHSRVR \ VtQWHVLV DFHOHUDGD GH SURWHtQDV
TXH HQ IRUPDV DQWHULRUHV HVWDED HQ SHTXHxDV
FDQWLGDGHV6WUHLW:
5HODFLyQHQWUHODPLFURJOtD\HQIHUPHGDG
(OVtQGURPHGHLQPXQRGHÀFLHQFLDDGTXLULGDQR
DWDFDDODVQHXURQDVSHURVLLQIHFWDDODVFpOXODV
GH OD PLFURJOtD RFDVLRQDQGR TXH SURGX]FDQ
QLYHOHVHOHYDGRVGHFLWRFLQDVLQÁDPDWRULDV\RWUDV
PROpFXODV TXH VRQ WR[LFDV SDUD ODV QHXURQDV
GDQGROXJDUDODGHPHQFLDTXHSDGHFHQDOJXQRV
SDFLHQWHVFRQHOVtQGURPHGHLQPXQRGHÀFLHQFLD
DGTXLULGD6WUHLW:
/D PLFURJOtD WDPELpQ SDUHFH HVWDU DVRFLDGD
FRQ ODV SODFDV QHXUtWLFDV TXH DSDUHFHQ HQ OD
HQIHUPHGDG GH $O]KHLPHU /RV SDFLHQWHV FRQ
HVWDHQIHUPHGDGSUHVHQWDQHQVXFHUHEURSODFDV
VHQLOHV IRUPDGDV SRU GHSyVLWRV GH IUDJPHQWRV
GH SURWHtQD FRQRFLGD FRPR EHWD DPLORLGH
PLFURJOtD DVWURFLWRV QHXURQDV GDxDGDV \
DJUHJDGRV LQWUDFHOXODUHV GH ÀODPHQWRV GHO
FLWRVTXHOWR6WUHLW:\$ÀÀ(VWDVSODFDV
VHQLOHV \ DJUHJDGRV LQWUDFHOXODUHV FRQWULEX\HQ
D OD PXHUWH QHXURQDO TXH D VX YH] RFDVLRQD HO
GHWHULRURPHQWDOFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHODPLFURJOtD
VHFUHWDQLYHOHVHOHYDGRVGHLQWHUOHXFLQD_\RWUDV
FLWRFLQDV\TXHpVWDVFDXVDQHOGDxRQHXUROyJLFR
6WUHLW:
/DV SHUVRQDV FRQ VtQGURPH GH 'RZQ IRUPDQ
WHPSUDQDPHQWH SODFDV VHQLOHV \ DJUHJDGRV
LQWHUFHOXODUHVDOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVFLWDGRVSRU
6WUHLW : H[SORUDQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH
HVWRVHDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHODPLFURJOtD
6WUHLW:FLWDDXQWUDEDMRGHpOPLVPR
HQ HO TXH GHVFXEULy TXH HQ ORV SDFLHQWHV FRQ
DFFLGHQWH YDVFXODU FHUHEUDO OD PLFURJOtD VH
DFWLYDFDPELRVHQODPRUIRORJtDFHOXODUPLQXWRV
GHVSXpVFRQREMHWLYRGHSURWHJHUDODVQHXURQDV
SDUD HOOR VHFUHWD IDFWRUHV GH FUHFLPLHQWR
SRWHQFLDOHVSHURVHFUHHTXHODTXtPLFDDOWHUDGD
HQODUHJLyQFRQYLHUWHODPLFURJOtDHQSHOLJURVD
3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
/DSVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtDHVHOHVWXGLRGHODV
LQWHUUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO\
HOVLVWHPD LQPXQH FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH HO WpUPLQR
LQWHUUHODFLyQ HV XVDGR SRUTXH VH DVXPH TXH OD
UHODFLyQ HV ELGLUHFFLRQDO &RKHQ 6 \ +HUEHUW 7
'HVGHKDFHGpFDGDVVHKDREVHUYDGRFyPR
GLVWLQWRVIDFWRUHVSVLFROyJLFRV³FRPRHOHVWDGRGH
iQLPR³ HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HQIHUPHGDGHV
HQ ODV TXH VH LQYROXFUD HO VLVWHPD LQPXQROyJLFR
GH HVWDV HYLGHQFLDV VH RULJLQy HO WpUPLQR GH
SVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD iUHD HQ OD TXH VH KDQ
GHVDUUROODGR GLYHUVRV FDPSRV GH HVWXGLR FRPR
ORV IDFWRUHV SVLFRVRFLDOHV \ OD LQPXQLGDG ODV
PROpFXODVFRPXQHVDDPERVVLVWHPDVDQWLFXHUSRV
\QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHVLQPXQRHQGRFULQRORJtDFRPR
ODUHJXODFLyQGHODLQÁDPDFLyQSRUJOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV
HQGyJHQRV QHXURDQDWRPtD SRU HMHPSOR
OD LQHUYDFLyQ GH yUJDQRV OLQIRLGHV PRGHORV
SVLFROyJLFRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV \ OD UHJXODFLyQ GH
OD FRQGXFWD SRU OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VSLQRVD
( %HUPXGH] ) /RV SURGXFWRV LQPXQHV \
QHXURHQGRFULQRVTXHFRH[LVWHQHQWHMLGRVOLQIRLGHV
HQGRFULQRV \ QHXUDO VRQ SDUD HO WHMLGR OLQIRLGH ODV
KRUPRQDVQHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV\QHXURSpSWLGRVSDUD
ORVWHMLGRVHQGRFULQR\QHXUDOODVFLWRFLQDV$QGUpV
) /DV FLWRFLQDV VRQ SURWHtQDV UHJXODGRUDV
VHFUHWDGDV SRU ODV FpOXODV VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH
EODQFD\XQDYDULHGDGGHRWUDVFpOXODVGHOFXHUSR
SXHGHQ VHU FODVLÀFDGDV HQ SURLQÁDPDWRULDV R
DQWLLQÁDPDWRULDV2·%ULHQ6
/RV IHQyPHQRV SVLFRQHXURLQPXQROyJLFRV
VRQ DGDSWDFLRQHV D VLWXDFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV
FRPSOHMDV TXH LQFOX\HQ UHWRV LQPXQRJpQLFRV
\ HVWtPXORV VHQVRULDOHV 3DUD OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ
QHXURLQPXQH VH FRQVLGHUDQ FXDWUR PRGHORV
GH HVWXGLR /RV HIHFWRV GHO HVWUpV HQ OD
LQPXQLGDG (O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FRQGXFWXDO
GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH /D DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ORV HIHFWRV
FRQGXFWXDOHV GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD
LQPXQH/DUHJXODFLyQGHODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQH
SRU HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR DXWyQRPR DIHUHQWH GHO
VLVWHPD LQPXQH DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ HIHUHQWH
GHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRDOVLVWHPDLQPXQH(VSLQRVD
(
/RVHIHFWRVGHOHVWUpVHQODLQPXQLGDG$QGUpV
) PHQFLRQD TXH HO HVWUpV HV GHÀQLGR
FRPR XQD FRQGLFLyQ GLQiPLFD HQ ODV TXH OD
KRPHRVWDVLV QRUPDO R HTXLOLEULR GHO HVWDGR GHO
PHGLR GH QXHVWUR RUJDQLVPR VH DOWHUD HV SXHV
XQDVLWXDFLyQDJUHVLYDSDUDHORUJDQLVPR
/D FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
FHQWUDO\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFRRFXUUHDWUDYpV
GH PHQVDMHURV TXtPLFRV VHFUHWDGRV SRU FpOXODV
QHUYLRVDVyUJDQRVHQGRFULQRV\FpOXODVLQPXQHV
\HOHVWUpVSVLFROyJLFRSXHGHURPSHUHOHTXLOLEULR
HQHVWDUHGGHLQWHUDFFLRQHV9LVVRFL(
/RV HVWXGLRV HQ HVWH FDPSR GHO HVWUpV \ OD
LQPXQLGDGXWLOL]DQWRGRWLSRGHHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRV
TXHLQWHUÀHUHQFRQODKRPHRVWDVLVGHORUJDQLVPR
FRPR HO HVWUpV PHWDEyOLFR OD DQVLHGDG ORV
HYHQWRV GLVUXSWLYRV ORV UHWRV DFDGpPLFRV ORV
UHWRV VRFLDOHV HO HMHUFLFLR OD GHSUHVLyQ HWF
HQFRQWUDQGR HIHFWRV GLYHUVRV HQ HO VLVWHPD
LQPXQHGHSHQGLHQGRGHODGXUDFLyQ\HOPRGHOR
GHOHVWUpVTXHVHXWLOLFH(VSLQRVD(
(O HVWUpV DJXGR LQFUHPHQWD ODV FpOXODV
VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH EODQFD OLQIRFLWR 7 &'
\ ODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV DVt FRPR GLVPLQXFLyQ
HQ HO Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV % 7DPELpQ H[LVWHQ
SXEOLFDFLRQHV TXH PXHVWUDQ FRUUHODFLyQ HQWUH
YDULDEOHV FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV SRU DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
VLVWHPDVLPSiWLFRPpGXODDGUHQDO\HOLQFUHPHQWR
GHODVFpOXODVDVHVLQDVQDWXUDOHVPLHQWUDVTXHHO
HVWUpVFUyQLFRFDXVDXQLQFUHPHQWRHQHOQ~PHUR
GH FpOXODV VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH EODQFD \ XQD
GLVPLQXFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV DVHVLQDV
QDWXUDOHVFpOXODV7\FpOXODV%2·%ULHQ6
&XDQGR ORV IDFWRUHV HVWUHVDQWHV VREUHSDVDQ
XQFLHUWRXPEUDOLQGXFHQXQJUXSRGHUHVSXHVWDV
FRRUGLQDGDV GH DGDSWDFLRQHV ItVLFDV PHQWDOHV
\ FRQGXFWXDOHV HQ XQ LQWHQWR GH FRQWUDUUHVWDU
R QHJDWLYL]DU ORV HIHFWRV GHO HVWUpV $QGUpV )
(Q KXPDQRV VH FRQRFHQ GRV WLSRV GH
HVWUpV FRQ HIHFWRV LQPXQRVXSUHVRUHV HO HVWUpV
DFDGpPLFRH[iPHQHV\HOHVWUpVPDULWDOSDUHMD
HQIHUPD FRLQFLGLHQGR FRQ HIHFWRV HQGRFULQRV
FRPRODHOHYDFLyQGHORVQLYHOHVSODVPiWLFRVGH
ODKRUPRQDDGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDDQWHHOHVWUpV
PDULWDOGHVWDFDODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG
GHODVFpOXODVDVHVLQDVQDWXUDOHVGHVHUDFWLYDGDV
SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD R SRU HO LQWHUIHUyQ J ,)1
J /DV DOWHUDFLRQHV HQ OD DFWLYLGDG GH FpOXODV
DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV SXHV VH KDQ
SURSXHVWRFRPRPHGLDGRUDVGHOULHVJRGHFiQFHU
DVRFLDGRDHYHQWRVGLVUXSWLYRV(VSLQRVD(
/DV FRQGXFWDV GH HVWUpV HPRFLRQDO HVWUpV ItVLFR
R LQPXQROyJLFR VH DFRPSDxDQ GH FRPSOHMRV
SDWURQHV GH FDPELRV QHXURLQPXQRHQGRFULQRV
$QGUpV)
/DHYLGHQFLDSDUDFRQMXQWDUORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLR
VR HQGRFULQR H LQPXQH GHULYD GH REVHUYDFLRQHV
GH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ HQWUH QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV
FRPR OD QRUHSLQHIULQD QHXURSpSWLGRV SRU
HMHPSOR HQFHIDOLQDV QHXURKRUPRQDV FRPR OD
DGUHQRFRUWLFRWURSLQD \ KRUPRQDV DGUHQDOHV (VWD
LQWHJUDFLyQDIHFWDODIXQFLyQLQPXQHWDQWRLQYLYR
FRPRLQYLWUR\ORVUHFHSWRUHVSDUDHVWiVPROpFXODV
HVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQOLQIRFLWRV\PDFUyIDJRV9LVVRFL
(
$OJXQRV HIHFWRV LQPXQRVXSUHVRUHV VRQ DWULEXL
GRV D OD DFFLyQ GH ORV JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV \ ODV
FDWHFRODPLQDV KRUPRQDV GH HVWUpV \D TXH HO
HVWUpVDFWLYDHOHMHKLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV
\ ORV JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV LQGXFLGRV WLHQHQ GLYHUVRV
HIHFWRVDQWLLQÁDPDWRULRVHLQPXQRVXSUHVRUHVFRPR
UHGXFLUODLQWHUOHXFLQD\DXPHQWDUODLQWHUOHXFLQD
HO HVWUpV WDPELpQ DFWLYD DO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR
\ pVWH HVWLPXOD D ODV JOiQGXODV VXSUDUUHQDOHV
SDUD OD VHFUHFLyQ GH DGUHQDOLQD TXH LQHUYD D
ORV yUJDQRV OLQIRLGHV (VSLQRVD ( $OJXQRV
HVWXGLRV VXJLHUHQ TXH HO FHUHEUR WLHQH XQ URO
LQPXQRUUHJXODGRU\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQHXQDIXQFLyQ
VHQVRULDO9LVVRFL(
(Q XQ PRGHOR GH UHVSXHVWD D OD LQIHFFLyQ
YLUDO VH GHPRVWUy OD DFFLyQ GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
VLPSiWLFR\GHOHMHKLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV
VH HQFRQWUy TXH OD FRUWLFRVWHURQD VH LQYROXFUD
HQ OD GLVPLQXFLyQ HQ OD UHVSXHVWD SUROLIHUDWLYD
\ GH FLWRFLQDV DO YLUXV PLHQWUDV TXH WDQWR OD
FRUWLFRVWHURQD FRPR ORV DJRQLVWDV DGUHQpUJLFRV
VRQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD TXH VH Gp OD UHGXFFLyQ HQ
OD UHVSXHVWD FLWROtWLFD DO YLUXV GHPRVWUDQGR GH
HVWD PDQHUD TXH HO HVWUpV HV XQ LQPXQRVXSUHVRU
VLQHPEDUJRRWURVHVWXGLRVGHPXHVWUDQDXPHQWR
GH SURFHVRV LQÁDPDWRULRV R GH ORV QLYHOHV GH
FLWRFLQDV SURLQÁDPDWRULDV DVRFLDGDV DO HVWUpV
SRU HMHPSOR VH KD GHPRVWUDGR HQ KXPDQRV
TXH HO HVWUpV DFDGpPLFR GLVPLQX\H ORV QLYHOHV
GH LQPXQRJOREXOLQD $ HQ OD VDOLYD \ OD DFWLYLGDG
GH ODV FpOXODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV SHUR TXH HVWi
DVRFLDGRDXQDXPHQWRVLJQLÀFDWLYRGHORVQLYHOHV
GH LQWHUOHXFLQD SHULRGRQWDO (VWRV GDWRV KDQ
PRVWUDGRTXHHOHVWUpVWLHQHHIHFWRVGXDOHV\TXH
GHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORVDOSODQHDULQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
VREUH HO WHPD (V LPSRUWDQWH PHQFLRQDU TXH
DVt FRPR HO HVWUpV DXPHQWD ORV QLYHOHV GH
FLWRFLQDV SURLQÁDPDWRULDV SXHGH UHODFLRQDUVH
FRQ XQD UHDFWLYDFLyQ GH YDULDV HQIHUPHGDGHV
LQÁDPDWRULDV H[SOLFDQGR OD ÀVLRSDWRORJtD GH
DOJXQDV HQIHUPHGDGHV QHXURLQÁDPDWRULDV GH
OD SLHO FRPR OD GHUPDWLWLV DWySLFD \ OD SVRULDVLV
TXH VH H[DFHUEDQ SRU HO HVWUpV /DV VHxDOHV
TXH KDFHQ HVWRV HIHFWRV SURYLHQHQ GHO VLVWHPD
QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO \ VRQ OD VXVWDQFLD 3 HO SpSWLGR
QHXURWUDQVPLVRU GHO VLPSiWLFR 3DUD GHPRVWUDU OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ QHXURLQPXQH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
HQ IRUPD H[SHULPHQWDO HO PRGHOR GH DERUWR SRU
HVWUpV PHGLDGR SUREDEOHPHQWH SRU OD VXVWDQFLD
3\ODVFLWRFLQDVSURLQÁDPDWRULDVHVWDVHYLGHQFLDV
VXJLHUHQ XQD YtD GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ QHXURLQPXQH
PHGLDGD SRU QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV \ FLWRFLQDV
SURSRQLHQGR OR VLJXLHQWH DSOLFDU HO DJHQWH
HVWUHVDQWH OOHYD D HVWLPXODU DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
FHQWUDOpVWHLQYROXFUDDOVLPSiWLFR\ODVHFUHFLyQ
GH VXVWDQFLD 3 TXH D VX YH] HVWLPXODQ D ORV
PDFUyIDJRVTXHDXPHQWDQHOIDFWRUGHQHFURVLV
WXPRUDO\EDMDQDODLQWHUOHXFLQDORDQWHULRUOOHYD
DUHDEVRUFLyQIHWDO(VSLQRVD(
/RV HOHPHQWRV SULQFLSDOHV TXH PHGLDQ HQ HO
FRQWUROGHODUHVSXHVWDDOHVWUpVVRQ/DKRUPRQD
OLEHUDGRUDGHODFRUWLFRWURSLQDHOD[LVKLSRWiODPR
KLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHVODVJyQDGDVHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVR
DXWyQRPR VLPSiWLFR \ HO ORFXV FHU~OHRV GHO WDOOR
FHUHEUDO(OKLSRWiODPRMXHJDXQSDSHOSULPRUGLDO
HQ OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH HVWUpV \D
TXHWLHQHFRQH[LRQHVELGLUHFFLRQDOHVFRQHOOyEXOR
OtPELFR Q~FOHRV GHO WDOOR \ Q~FOHR GH ORV ULWPRV
FLUFDGLDQRV$QGUpV)
(O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FRQGXFWXDO GH OD
UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VWH WHPD WLHQH FRPR
DQWHFHGHQWHHOUHÁHMRFRQGLFLRQDGRGHVFXELHUWR
SRU 3DYORY \ SXHGH VHU LQPXQRVXSUHVRU R
LQPXQRDFWLYDGRU (O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FOiVLFR
HVXQIHQyPHQRGHDSUHQGL]DMH\PHPRULDTXH
LPSOLFD DVRFLDFLyQ SRU HO FHUHEUR GHO HVWtPXOR
FRQGLFLRQDGR H LQFRQGLFLRQDGR DGHPiV
LPSOLFDODPHPRULDDODUJRSOD]R
(Q HO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR LQPXQRVXSUHVRU OD
H[SRVLFLyQ D XQ VDERU X RORU HV DSDUHDGD FRQ
OD H[SRVLFLyQ D XQ DJHQWH LQPXQRVXSUHVRU
FLFORIRVIDPLGD 3RVWHULRUPHQWH HV SRVLEOH
REVHUYDU XQD LQPXQRVXSUHVLyQ FRPR UHVSXHVWD
FRQGLFLRQDGD D OD VLPSOH UHH[SRVLFLyQ DO HVWtPXOR
VHQVRULDO(VSLQRVD(
(QODLQPXQRDFWLYDFLyQSRUFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR
VH KDQ GHVFULWR DXPHQWRV FRQGLFLRQDGRV GH
OD DFWLYLGDG GH FpOXODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV
OLEHUDFLyQGHKLVWDPLQD\SURWHDVDSRUODVFpOXODV
FHEDGDV OD KLSHUVHQVLELOLGDG UHWDUGDGD OD
SURGXFFLyQ GH DQWLFXHUSRV HWF (Q HO PRGHOR
SDUD DXPHQWDU DQWLFXHUSRV KDQ DGPLQLVWUDGR
DQWtJHQRV DSDUHDGD FRQ XQ HVWtPXOR JXVWDWLYR
X ROIDWR GRQGH OD UHH[SRVLFLyQ DO VDERU X RORU
GD OXJDU D OD UHDFWLYDFLyQ GH ORV QLYHOHV GH
DQWLFXHUSRV(VSLQRVD(/DDFWLYDFLyQGHO
HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ORV HIHFWRV
FRQGXFWXDOHV GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD
LQPXQH
/D UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV
DGUHQDOHV HV OD PHMRU SUXHED GH TXH H[LVWH
XQD FRPXQLFDFLyQ IXQFLRQDO HVSHFtÀFD \ FRQ
LPSRUWDQFLD ELROyJLFD HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
FHQWUDO\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQH(VSLQRVD(
(OIDFWRUOLEHUDGRUGHODDGUHQRFRUWLFRWURSLQD
GHO KLSRWiODPR MXHJD XQ SDSHO SULPRUGLDO HQ HO
FRQWURO GH DOHUWD DFWLYD HO HMH KLSyÀVLV DGUHQDO
TXHOLEHUDODKRUPRQDDGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDTXH
HVWLPXODDODDGUHQDOSDUDODVHFUHFLyQGHFRUWLVRO
/D KRUPRQD OLEHUDGRUD GH OD FRUWLFRWURSLQD
DFWLYD ORV Q~FOHRV GHO WDOOR HO ORFXV FHU~OHR \ HO
VLPSiWLFR VHFUHWD DGUHQDOLQD \ QRUDGUHQDOLQD
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH VH HOHYD OD JOLFHPLD OD
WHQVLyQDUWHULDOODIUHFXHQFLDFDUGLDFD\VHLQKLEH
OD UHVSXHVWD LQÁDPDWRULD VH DFWLYDQ VHxDOHV
VHFUHWRUDVGHVHURWRQLQD\DFHWLOFROLQDDVtFRPR
GHPHODWRQLQD\SpSWLGRVRSLRLGHV/RVSULPHURV
VRQH[LWDWRULRV\ORVVHJXQGRVLQKLELWRULRV$QGUpV
)
(O PRGHOR SDUD HVWXGLDU HVWH FLUFXLWR
KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHVHVODLQIHFFLyQSRU
YLUXVGH1HZFDVWOHHQHVWHPRGHORVHREVHUYDQ
QLYHOHV HOHYDGRV GH JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV DVRFLDGRV
D XQ DXPHQWR HQ ORV QLYHOHV GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD
GHRULJHQKLSRÀVLDULRPHGLDGDSRUODLQWHUOHXFLQD
TXH SRGtD VHU SURGXFLGD SRU FpOXODV
PRQRQXFOHDUHVGHODVDQJUHHQUHVSXHVWDDOYLUXV
/DLQWHUOHXFLQDHVFDSD]SRUVtPLVPDGHDFWLYDU
DO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV SRU OR TXH
HV FRQVLGHUDGD HO PiV SUREDEOH HVWLPXODGRU
HQGRFULQRGHRULJHQLQPXQHPHGLDGDSRUHOIDFWRU
OLEHUDGRU GH OD KRUPRQD DGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFD
KLSRWiODPLFD HVWD DFWLYDFLyQ SXHGH SURYHQLU
GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH D XQD LQIHFFLyQ ([LVWH
XQ FLUFXLWR GH UHJXODFLyQ PXWXD HQWUH HO HMH
KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ODV FpOXODV
SURGXFWRUDVGHLQWHUOHXFLQDFX\DLPSRUWDQFLD
ELROyJLFD KDFH QHFHVDULR FRQVLGHUDU OD DFFLyQ
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR GHQWUR GH PHFDQLVPRV GH
UHJXODFLyQ GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VSLQRVD (
(Q UHODFLyQ D ORV FDPELRV FRQGXFWXDOHV OD
UHVSXHVWD D OD IDVH DJXGD FRQVLVWH HQ XQD VHULH
GHHIHFWRVHQGRFULQRVÀVLROyJLFRV\FRQGXFWXDOHV
GH OD LQÁDPDFLyQ /RV VLJQRV GLVWLQWLYRV DGHPiV
GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GH HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV
DGUHQDOHVHVWiQODÀHEUH\ODOODPDGDFRQGXFWD
GHHQIHUPHGDGTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDGLVPLQXFLyQ
GH OD H[SORUDFLyQ VRFLDO UHGXFFLyQ GH OD
DFWLYLGDG VH[XDO KLSRIDJLD GHFUHPHQWR HQ HO
FRQVXPRGHDJXD\RWURVHIHFWRVFRQGXFWXDOHV
HQ HOOD SDUWLFLSDQ HO IDFWRU GH QHFURVLV WXPRUDO
DOID ODV LQWHUOHXFLQDV \ \ OD ÀHEUH FRPR
PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GHSHQGLHQWHV GHO VLVWHPD
QHUYLRVRFHQWUDO(VSLQRVD(3DUDH[SOLFDU
FyPR GHWHFWD HO FHUHEUR ODV PROpFXODV VH KD
SURSXHVWR/DWUDQVPLVLyQGHVHxDOHVQHXUDOHVGH
RULJHQ SHULIpULFR LQGXFLGDV SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD KDVWDHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDOYtDKHPDWyJHQD
/D FRPXQLFDFLyQ D WUDYpV GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
SHULIpULFRpVWDWLHQHPiVDFHSWDFLyQ\DTXHKD\
HYLGHQFLDVLPSRUWDQWHVFRPRSRUHMHPSORD(O
QHUYLRYDJRSDUWLFLSDHQODLQGXFFLyQGHODIDVH
DJXGD OD YDJRWRPtD VXEGLDIUDJPiWLFD UHGXFH
VXVWDQFLDOHPQWHYDULRVHIHFWRVGHODLQWHUOHXFLQD
FRPRODDQRUH[LDODKLSHUWHUPLDHODJRWDPLHQWR
GH OD QRUHSLQHIULQD KLSRWDOiPLFD \ OD HOHYDFLyQ
GHFRUWLFRVWHURQDSODVPiWLFDE(OQHUYLRYDJR
SXHGH GHWHFWDU LQWHUOHXFLQD KDQ HQFRQWUDGR
XQDDOWDGHQVLGDGGHVLWLRVGHXQLyQHVSHFtÀFRV
SDUDLQWHUOHXFLQDHQORVSDUDJDQJOLRVYDJDOHV
HVWUXFWXUDVTXHURGHDQDODVWHUPLQDOHVGHOYDJR
(VWRVVLWLRVGHXQLyQSRGUtDQVHUIXQFLRQDOHVSXHV
OD LQWHUOHXFLQD DFWLYD ODV QHXURQDV SULPDULDV
DIHUHQWHVGHHVWDYtD
(VWDVHYLGHQFLDVVHKDLQWHJUDGRHQXQPRGHOR
VHJ~Q HO FXDO OD LQWHUOHXFLQD HV GHWHFWDGD HQ
SDUDJDQJOLRVYDJDOHVFXDQGRVHXQHDUHFHSWRUHV
HVSHFtÀFRV JHQHUiQGRVH XQD VHxDO QHXUDO TXH
DFWLYD HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \
RFDVLRQD ORV GHPiV HIHFWRV GH OD IDVH DJXGD
([LVWHQ RWUDV YtDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \D TXH SRU
HMHPSORHOQ~FOHRSDUDYHQWULFXODUGHOKLSRWiODPR
HV HVWLPXODGR WDQWR SRU VHxDOHV QHXUDOHV
RULJLQDGDV YDJDOPHQWH FRPR SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD
GH RULJHQ FHQWUDO \ SURVWDJODQGLQDV $OJXQRV
DXWRUHVSURSRQHQTXHODVFLWRFLQDVVRQFDSDFHV
GH DYLVDU DO FHUHEUR SDUD JHQHUDU FDPELRV
QHXURTXtPLFRV QHXURHQGyFULQRV \ FRQGXFWXDOHV
TXHSRGUtDQH[SOLFDUORVHIHFWRVQHXURSVLTXLiWULFRV
REVHUYDGRVHQSDFLHQWHVWUDWDGRVFRQLQWHUIHURQHV
RLQWHUOHXFLQDV(VSLQRVD(
5HJXODFLyQGHUHVSXHVWDLQPXQHSRUHOVLVWHPD
QHUYLRVRDXWyQRPRDIHUHQWH\HIHUHQWH
/D FRPXQLFDFLyQ PHGLDQWH PROpFXODV
OLEHUDGDV SRU HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR GLUHFWDPHQWH
HQ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH HV RWUD YtD SRU PHGLR GH
OD FXDO HO FHUHEUR SXHGH LQGXFLU FDPELRV HQ HO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH EXVFDQGR
XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ D HVWR KDQ GHVFXELHUWR OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHWHUPLQDOHVDXWyQRPDVVLPSiWLFDVHQ
ORVyUJDQRVOLQIRLGHVVHFXQGDULRVHQFRQWUDQGRHQ
HOED]R\JDQJOLRVOLQIiWLFRVWHUPLQDOHVVLPSiWLFDV
TXH KDFHQ FRQWDFWRV SDUHFLGRV D VLQDSVLV FRQ
PDFUyIDJRVFpOXODV7DOJXQDVFpOXODV%FpOXODV
GH /DQJHUKDQV GH OD SLHO WUDFWR UHVSLUDWRULR \
WLPR 7DPELpQ KD\ HVWXGLRV TXH VXJLHUHQ TXH
HO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR WLHQH OD FDSDFLGDG GH
LQÁXLU HQ HO EDODQFH 7K7K (VWD LQÁXHQFLD
KDFH SRVLEOH TXH HVWtPXORV DPELHQWDOHV FRPR
HO HVWUpV DFWLYHQ HO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR \ VHDQ
LQPXQRUUHJXODGRUHV 2WURV HVWXGLRV GHPXHVWUDQ
TXH OD UDPD SDUDVLPSiWLFD WDPELpQ VH
LQYROXFUD HQ OD QHXURLQPXQRPRGXODFLyQ LQ YLWUR
LQKLELHQGR OD H[SUHVLyQ \ VHFUHFLyQ GH FLWRFLQDV
SURLQÁDPDWRULDV SRU FpOXODV PRQRQXFOHDUHV LQ
YLYRODHVWLPXODFLyQHOpFWULFDYDJDOWLHQHHIHFWRV
DQWLLQÁDPDWRULRV(VSLQRVD(
$QGUpV)PHQFLRQDTXHHOFRQWUROQHXUDO
GH OD IXQFLyQ LQPXQH VH UHDOL]D IXQFLRQDOPHQWH
YtDGLUHFWDKDFLHQGRFRQWDFWRORVQHUYLRVFRQODV
FpOXODV\WHMLGRVLQPXQHV\YtDLQGLUHFWDPHGLDQWH
VHxDOHVGHFLWRFLQDV\KRUPRQDVFLUFXODQWHV
3URWHFFLyQGHORUJDQLVPRSDSHOGHORVVLVWHPDV
QHUYLRVRHLQPXQH
(O VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH HVWiQ
HQYXHOWRVHQODVUHVSXHVWDVLQWHJUDGDVGHGHIHQVD
\ FRQWULEX\HQ D OD KRPHRVWDVLV FRQ UHVSXHVWDV
LQPHGLDWDVDQWHHOHVWUpVDJXGRItVLFRSVtTXLFR
RLQPXQROyJLFR\UHVSXHVWDVGHPDQWHQLPLHQWR
/DVUHVSXHVWDVLQPHGLDWDVVRQFRRUGLQDGDVHQHO
KLSRWiODPR \ FRQOOHYD UHVSXHVWDV LQÁDPDWRULDV
H LQPXQHV HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR
WDQWR HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FRPR HO LQPXQROyJLFR
H[DPLQDQ \ UHSDUDQ ORV GDxRV HQ FRODERUDFLyQ
FRQ RWURV VLVWHPDV 3DUD OD SURWHFFLyQ GHO
RUJDQLVPR ORV VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR H LQPXQH
DSUHQGHQ\UHFXHUGDQORVHVWtPXORVLQWHUQRV\R
/DV FpOXODV 7 VH GLYLGHQ HQ ODV VXESREODFLRQHV
IXQFLRQDOHV7K\7KFDGDXQDFRQXQSDWUyQWtSLFR
GHH[SUHVLyQGHFLWRFLQDVLQYROXFUDGDVHQGLIHUHQWHV
IXQFLRQHVHIHFWRUDVGHODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQH
H[WHUQRV FRQYHUJHQ DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO
TXH SURFHVD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DSUHQGH DQWLFLSD
\ SODQLÀFD LJXDOPHQWH HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH
UHFLEH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD SURFHVD DSUHQGH \
OR UHFXHUGD GH HVWD PDQHUD QRV GHÀHQGHQ GH
DJHQWHV SDWyJHQRV $QGUpV ) /D PD\RU
YtD QHXUDO DFWLYDGD SRU IDFWRUHV HVWUHVDQWHV HV
HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDO \ HO VLVWHPD
QHUYLRVR VLPSiWLFR SDUD OR FXDO VH LQYROXFUD HO
Q~FOHR KLSRWDOiPLFR SDUDYHQWULFXODU \ HO FHQWUR
OODPDGR ORFXV FHUXOHXV QRUDGUHQHUJLFR HQ
UHVSXHVWDHOKLSRWiODPRVHFUHWDIDFWRUOLEHUDGRU
GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD \ DUJLQLQD YDVRSUHVLQD
DFWLYiQGRVH HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDO
OD DFWLYDFLyQGHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVRVLPSiWLFR SRU
HOIDFWRUOLEHUDGRUGHFRUWLFRWURSLQDHVPHGLDGD
SRU LQHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD GHO ORFXV FHUXOHXV SHUR
WDPELpQ SDUWLFLSD HO Q~FOHR SDUDYHQWULFXODU
9LVVRFL(
+D\ HQIHUPHGDGHV GRQGH VH LQYROXFUD OD
LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV LQPXQH QHUYLRVR \
ODSVLTXH3RUHMHPSORODGHUPDWLWLVDWySLFDTXH
HV XQD UHVSXHVWD DO HVWUpV PHQWDO 6WHSKDQ 0
HODVPDSDWRORJtDHQODTXHODKRUPRQD
OLEHUDGRUD GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD VH LQYROXFUD SRU VX
DFFLyQSHULIpULFDHQVLWLRVGHLQÁDPDFLyQGRQGH
VHSRWHQFLDODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQHORFDOVHDVRFLD
FRQHODVPDSRUTXHHVWLPXODODGHJUDQXODFLyQGHO
PDVWRFLWR6LOYHUPDQ(HQHQIHUPHGDGHV
QHXURGHJHQHUDWLYDV TXH FDXVDQ HQ OD
LQWHUDFFLyQD[RQJOtDFDPELRVHQVXLQWHUDFFLyQ
TXH D VX YH] RFDVLRQDQ OD SURSLD GHIHQVD GHO
VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ SXHGH OOHYDU D RWUDV OHVLRQHV
SDWROyJLFDV0DUWLQR*
&21&/86,21(6
/DPLFURJOLDVHLQYROXFUDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHO
VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO SDUWLFLSDQGR HQ OD
UHDEVRUFLyQGHQHXURQDV\FpOXODVJOLDOHVTXH
QRVRQXVDGDVHQHOGHVDUUROORRELHQTXH\D
FXPSOLHURQ VX IXQFLyQ SDUD HOOR XWLOL]D VXV
SURWHDVDV\FLWRFLQDV
/DV FpOXODV GH OD PLFURJOLD FRUUHVSRQGHQ
D FpOXODV GH GHIHQVD GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
FHQWUDO VLQ HPEDUJR HQ VX OXFKD SRU
IDYRUHFHU D ODV QHXURQDV DOJXQDV YHFHV VXV
VHFUHFLRQHVGDxDQDODVFpOXODVQHUYLRVDV
$QWH ORV GLVWXUELRV GHO PLFURDPELHQWH GHO
FHUHEUR PDGXUR OD PLFURJOLD UHVSRQGH HQ
PLQXWRV FRQ FDPELRV PRUIROyJLFRV FRPR OD
UHWUDFFLyQGHVXVUDPLÀFDFLRQHVFDPELRVHQ
VX IRUPD VtQWHVLV \ SURGXFFLyQ GH SURWHtQDV
TXHHQHOyUJDQRVDQRHVWDEDQHQSHTXHxDV
FDQWLGDGHV
([LVWH XQD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
\ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH &XDQGR KDEODPRV
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR VH LQFOX\H HO VLVWHPD
OtPELFR SRU OR WDQWR KD\ XQD UHODFLyQ
SVLFRQHXURLQPXQH
8QDYtDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHHOFHUHEUR\
OD LQPXQLGDG HV HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV
DGUHQDOVLVWHPDLQPXQH\VLPSiWLFR
3HUVSHFWLYDVDIXWXUR
$FWXDOPHQWHORVFDPELRVVRFLDOHVSRUHMHPSOR
ODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDEDMDUGHDPERVSDGUHVIXHUD
GHFDVDKDOOHYDGRDGHMDUDORVKLMRVHQJXDUGHUtDV
\DORVDEXHORVHQDFLORVKDQFDPELDGRORVKiELWRV
HQ KRUDULR FDOLGDG \ FDQWLGDG GH FRQVXPR
GH DOLPHQWRV D DXPHQWDGR HO XVR \ DEXVR GH
IiUPDFRVFRQÀQHVDGLFWLYRVFRPRHOWDEDFRHO
DOFRKRO\GURJDV
7RGRV HVWRV IDFWRUHV LQÁX\HQ HQ HO VLVWHPD
SVLFRQHXURLQPXQROyJLFR HQ SDFLHQWHV GHVGH
SHGLDWUtD KDVWD HQ JHULDWUtD SRU OR TXH KD\
QHFHVLGDG GH QXHYRV HQIRTXHV GH DWHQFLyQ HQ
FXDQWR DO GLDJQyVWLFR \ WUDWDPLHQWR GH HVWRV
SDFLHQWHV SDUD OR TXH VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
HVSHFLDOLGDGHV FRPR OD 3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
\OD1HXURLQPXQRORJtD'HEHPRVWHQHUSUHVHQWH
TXH D ORV SDFLHQWHV KD\ TXH WUDWDUORV HQ IRUPD
LQWHJUDOHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDFXDQGRDVtORUHTXLHUH
HOFDVR
%,%/,2*5$)Ì$
‡
$ÀÀ$\%HUJPDQ51HXURDQDWRPtDIXQFLRQDO
0p[LFR')(G0F*UDZ+LOO,QWHUDPHULFDQD(GLWRUHV
6$GH&9
‡
$QGUpV ) ,PSOLFDFLRQHV LQPXQRQHXUR
HQGRFULQDVHQODSDWRJHQLDGHOD(VFOHURVLV0~OWLSOH
5HFXSHUDGRRFWXEUHGHKWWSZZZIHGHP
RUJUHYLVWDQLPSOLFDFLRQHVKWPO
‡
‡
%UDYR 5 ´*XtD SDUD OD E~VTXHGD HÀFD] GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ PpGLFD DFWXDOµ - $OGUHWH H , 9iVTXH]
(GV 0DQXDO GH 0HGLFLQD %DVDGD HQ OD (YLGHQFLD
SS0p[LFR')(G(O0DQXDO0RGHUQR6$
GH&9
&DUOVRQ%(PEULRORJtDKXPDQD\GHVDUUROOR
HG0DGULG(VSDxD(G+DUFRXUW6$
‡
0DUWLQR * ´+RZ WKH EUDLQ UHSDLUV LWVHOI
QHZ WKHUDSHXWLF VWUDWHJLHV LQ LQÁDPPDWRU\ DQG
GHJHQHUDWLYH&16GLVRUGHUVµ7KH/DQFHW1HXURORJ\
‡
0HQWOHLQ 5 \ .HQGDOO 0 ´7KH EUDLQ DQG
WK\PXVKDYHPXFKLQFRPPRQDIXQFWLRQDODQDO\VLV
RI WKHLU PLFURHQYLURQPHQWVµ ,PPXQRORJ\ 7RGD\
‡
5DPtUH]([SRVLWR 0- 0DUWtQH] 0DUWRV -0 ´0RGLÀFDFLRQHV PRUIROyJLFDV \ IXQFLRQDOHV GH OD
PLFURJOLDHQUHVSXHVWDDSURFHVRVQHXURGHJHQHUDWLYRV
HQ HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDOµ $UFK 1HXURFLHQFLDV
9RO1R
‡
6LOYHUPDQ(%UHDXOW'9DOORQH-6XEUDPDQLDQ6
<LOPD]$0DWKHZ66XEUDPDQLDP97DQWLVLUD.
3DFiN.:HLVV6\0DM]RXE-´&RUWLFRWURSLQ
UHOHDVLQJ KRUPRQH GHÀFLHQF\ LQFUHDVHV DOOHUJHQ
LQGXFHG DLUZD\ LQÁDPPDWLRQ LQ D PRXVH PRGHO RI
DVWKPDµ-$OOHUJ\&OLQ,PPXQRO
‡
&RKHQ 6 \ +HUEHUW 7 ´+HDOWK SV\FKRORJ\
3V\FKRORJLFDO IDFWRUV DQG SK\VLFDO GLVHDVH IURP WKH
SHUVSHFWLYD RI KXPDQ SV\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\µ
$QQX5HY3V\FKRO
‡
'RZQLQJ-\0L\DQ-´1HXUDOLPPXQRUHJX
ODWLRQHPHUJLQJUROHVIRUQHUYHVLQLPPXQHKRPHRVWDVLV
DQGGLVHDVHµ,PPXQRORJ\7RGD\
‡
6WHSKDQ 0 -DHJHU % /DPSUHFKW ) .DSS $
:HUIHO7\6FKPLG*-$OOHUJ\&OLQ,PPXQRO
‡
(VSLQRVD ( \ %HUP~GH]5DWWRQL ) ´5HODFLyQ
FRQGXFWDLQPXQLGDG HO SDSDHO GH ODV FLWRFLQDVµ
5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&OtQLFD
‡
6WUHLW : \ .LQFDLG&ROWRQ & ´7KH EUDLQV
LPPXQHV\VWHPµ6FLHQWLÀF$PHULFDQ