Cognates Cognate Endings False Cognates Prefixes Suffixes

ESL / Bilingual Program
School District U-46
Cognates
Cognate Endings
False Cognates
Prefixes
Suffixes
Cognates: words in different languages related to the same
root, e.g. education (English) and educación (Spanish).
Aa
Bb
Cc
abandon - abandonar
balance - balance (n)
cabin-cabina
abdicate - abdicar
balance - balancear
cable - cable
abolish - abolir
band - banda
cafeteria-cafetería
abound - abundar
bandit - bandido
calculate - calcular
abrupt - abrupto
bank - banco
calendar - calendario
absolute - absoluto
banker - banquero
calm (v.) - calmar
absorb - absorber
bar - barra
calvary - calvario
abundance- abundancia
barber - barbero
camel - camello
abundant - abundante
barrel - barril
camera-cámara
abuse(n) abuso
bat - bate
camouflage-camuflaje
abuse(v) abusar
battle – batalla
canyon-cañón
academy-academia
bicycle -bicicleta
canal - canal
accelerate-acelerar
biography- biografía
canary - canario
accent- acento
cancelable-cancelable
accentuate-acentuar
candidate - candidato
access - acceso
candor - candor
accessory-accesorio
capacity - capacidad
accident -accidente
cape - capa
Aa
Bb
Cc
accidental -accidental
capital - capital
allergic -alérgico
capricious - caprichoso
accompany -acompañar
captain-capitán
adult -adulto
capture-capturar
accord(n)-acuerdo
catastrophe-catástrofe
accuse-acusar
cause-causa
acquire - adquirir
celebrate -celebrar
act -acto
cement-cemento
active - activo
center-centro
actor- actor
ceramic-cerámica
actress - actriz
cereal-cereal
actuary - actuario
ceremony-ceremonia
adapt- adaptar
chimney-chimenea
adhere-adherir
circle-círculo
adherent-adherente
class-clase
adjust- ajustar
coast-costa
administrate- administrar
colony-colonia
admire - admirar
color-color
Aa
Bb
Cc
admit - admitir
committee -comité
adolescence - adolescencia
common -común
adopt-adoptar
commotion-conmoción
adore- adorar
company-compañía
African -africano
complete-completo
air -aire
concave-cóncavo
association -asociación
concert-concierto
autograph – autógrafo
agent -agente
artist - artista
automobile - automóvil
appetite - apetito
alarm - alarma
activities - actividades
adventure -aventura
area -área
altar - altar
ambulance-ambulancia
angular - angular
conflict - conflicto
confusing-confuso
confusion-confusión
considerable-considerable
constellation-constelación
construction-construcción
contact- contacto
contagious-contagioso
continent-continente
continue-continuar
contract - contrato
Aa
Bb
Cc
animal -animal
contribution-contribución
announce -anunciar
convict- convicto
appear -aparecer
correct - correcto
atmosphere -atmósfera
coyote-coyote
antioxidant-antioxidante
crocodile-cocodrilo
arrogance- arrogancia
curable-curable
arrogant - arrogante
curious-curioso
aspirant-aspirante
assailant-asaltante
assistance-asistencia
associate (v)-asociar
assume-asumir
athlete-atleta
atrocity-atrocidad
attack(n)-ataque
attack(v)-atacar
attention -atención
August- agosto
acrobatic- acrobático
Aa
Bb
Cc
adopt-adoptar
attentive- atento
attitude-actitud
audacious-audaz
audience-audiencia
augment-aumentar
Dd
Ee
Ff
dance(n) - danza
eccentricity - excentricidad
fabricate - fabricar
dance(v) - danzar
echo - eco
fabulous - fabuloso
debate - debate
edict - edicto
facilitate - facilitar
debilitate - debilitar
edifice - edificio
facility - facilidad
debut - debut
effect - efecto
factor- factor
decadence - decadencia
effective - efectivo
faculty- facultad
decent - decente
efficacy - eficacia
false- falso
decide - decidir
elector - elector
falsity - falsedad
decisive - decisivo
electricity - electricidad
fame - fama
elegance - elegancia
family - familia
Dd
Ee
declare - declarar
elegant - elegante
famous - famoso
decline - declinar
element - elemento
fascinate - fascinar
decorate - decorar
emigrant - emigrante
fatality - fatalidad
decree - decreto
empire - imperio
fatigue - fatiga
dedicate - dedicar
enemy - enemigo
favorable - favorable
defect - defecto
enigma - enigma
defunct - difunto
envy - envidia
derelict - derelicto
episode - episodio
dialect - dialecto
error - error
direct - directo
essence - esencia
distinct- distinto
essential - esencial
district - distrito
establish - establecer
eternal - eterno
eternity - eternidad
evacuate - evacuar
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
gallant - galante
habitual - habitual
idea - idea
gallop - galope
hatchet - hacha
ideal - ideal
gardener - jardinero
harmonious - armonioso
identity - identidad
gas - gas
hemisphere - hemisferio
idiot - idiota
gasoline - gasolina
herb- hierba
ignorant - ignorante
general (adj.) -general
hereditary - hereditario
illuminate - iluminar
generosity - generosidad
historian - historiador
image - imagen
genteel - gentil
history - historia
imaginary - imaginario
genuine - genuino
honor - honor
imaginative - imaginativo
germ - germen
horizontal - horizontal
imagine - imaginar
gesture - gesto
horrendous - horrendo
immediate - inmediato
giant - gigante
horrible - horrible
immediately -inmediatamente
glacial - glacial
horror - horror
immense - inmenso
globe - globo
hospitality - hospitalidad
immortal - inmortal
glorious - glorioso
hostile - hostil
impartial - imparcial
glory - gloria
imperfect - imperfecto
golf - golf
imperial - imperial
gradual - gradual
importance - importancia
impossible - imposible
Hh
Gg
Ii
gratitude - gratitud
grotesque - grotesco
Jj
jar - jarra
Kk
kilogram - kilogramo
Ll
labor (n) - labor
jargon - jerga
labor (v) - laborar
judicial - judicial
laboratory - laboratorio
judiciary - judiciario
laborious - laborioso
just - justo
lament - lamentar
justice - justicia
latitude - latitud
justify - justificar
legal - legal
legislator - legislador
legumes - legumbres
liberal - liberal
liberty - libertad
limit - límite
Ll
Kk
Jj
line - línea
liquidate - liquidar
liquor - licor
list - lista
locality – localidad
Mm
Nn
Oo
magistrate- magistrado
narrate - narrar
oasis - oasis
magnitude - magnitud
natal - natal
obedience-obediencia
majesty - majestad
national - nacional
obedient-obediente
malice - malicia
nationality-nacionalidad
object -objeto
malignant - maligno
native - nativo
objective-objetivo
mandate - mandato
natural - natural
oblige-obligar
manner - manera
naturally-naturalmente
obscure - obscuro
manual - manual
naval-naval
observe- observar
manuscript - manuscrito
navigable -navegable
obstruct - obstruir
map - mapa
necessary - necesario
obtain - obtener
Mm
Nn
Oo
march(v) - marchar
necessitate - necesitar
occur - ocurrir
margin - margen
necessity- necesidad
odious - odioso
marine - marino
negative - negativo
offend- offender
mark(n)- marca
nerve- nervio
offensive -ofensivo
mark(v) - marcar
neutral - neutro
marvel - maravilla
noble (adj) noble
marvelous-marvilloso
normal- normal
matrimony - matrimonio
medal - medalla
mediate - mediar
Pp
Qq
Rr
pacific - pacífico
quarter - cuarto
race(n)- raza
pact - pacto
quiet - quieto
radiant - radiante
palace - palacio
radiator - radiador
palm - palma
radical - radical
passive - pasivo
ranch- rancho
past - pasado
rapidity-rapidez
rare - raro
Qq
Pp
Rr
paste - pasta
ray- rayo
pastor - pastor
realist- realista
paternal - paterno
reality- realidad
patience - paciencia
reason(v)-razonar
patio - patio
reasonable- razonable
patriarch - patriarca
rebel- rebelde
pause - pausa
receive- recibir
recently-recientemente
recite-recitar
reference-referencia
refine-refinar
reflect-reflejar
Ss
Tt
Uu
salad- ensalada
tact- tacto
ulterior - ulterior
salary-salario
talent - talento
ultimate - último
sanctity- santidad
tardy - tardo
united - unido
sane- sano
tariff - tarifa
unity - unidad
Ss
Tt
scene- escena
telescope- telescopio
universal - universal
second- segundo
temperature- temperatura
unjust - injusto
secret(n) - secreto
temple-templo
unstable- instable
secretly - secretamente
temporary- temporal
urban- urbano
sect -secta
terminate - terminar
urgency - urgencia
secular - secular
terrace- terraza
urgent- urgente
security - seguridad
terrible - terrible
use (v)- usar
seduce- seducir
theme - tema
utility - utilidad
senate - senado
theology- teología
utilize - utilizar
sensual - sensual
thesis - tesis
serene- sereno
timidity- timidez
tint- tinte
tobacco- tabaco
tolerance- tolerancia
tone - tono
tourist- turista
traditional - tradicional
tragedy-tragedia
train –tren
Uu
Vv
vacant - vacante
vacation - vacaciones
vacillate- vacilar
vague - vago
valor - valor
vanity - vanidad
vary - variar
vast - vasto
vehicle - vehículo
vein - vena
velocity - velocidad
verb - verbo
victory-victoria
violence-violencia
violent- violento
virgin- virgen
-ace
-al
stays
-al
-ic/-ics
-ine
-acio
becomes
becomes-ica
-ina
becomes
palace
preface
palacio
prefacio
canal
coral
final
metal
pedal
canal
coral
final
metal
pedal
electronics
logic
music
physics
rhetoric
electrónica
lógica
música
física
retórica
discipline
doctrine
heroine
margarine
morphine
disciplina
doctrina
heroína
margarina
morfina
marxism
paganism
Cognate Endings
communism
-ism
-ity
becomes
becomes
-m/-ma
-ismo
-idad
becomes
-ma
-ology becomes ología
-sion
becomes-sión
-tion
becomes
-ure
-y
-ción
becomes-ura
becomes
-ía
socialism
comunismo socialismo marxismo paganismo
curiosity
electricity
nationality
university
velocity
curiosidad electricidad nacionalidad universidad velocidad
dogma
drama
enigma
program
victim
dogma
drama
enigma
programa
víctima
archaeology
biology
psychology
urology
zoology
arqueología
biología
psicología
urología
zoología
impression
mission
aggression
agresión
action
acción
depression
expression
depresión expresión impresión
dedication
evolution
instruction
dedicación evolución instrucción
misión
nation
nación
agriculture
cure
figure
literature
miniature
agricultura
cura
figura
literatura
miniatura
anatomy
artillery
energy
geography
philosophy
anatomía
artillería
energía
geografía
filosofía
LIST OF FALSE COGNATES
WORD
MEANING
WORD
MEANING
actual
real
advertise
actually
ancient
assist
attend
basement
billion
realmente
antiguo
atender
asistir (a un evento)
Sótano
USA: mil millones // Britain: millón de
millón
Límite, frontera
universidad, inst. de edu. superior
mercancía, artículo, producto,
mercadería
Actualmente
cliente
Engañoso
a pesar de, no obstante
apenado, avergonzado
Salida
tela, tejido
instalaciones
cog. verdadero: dibujo / cog falso:
número
periodista
grande
advice
advise
agreement
allocate
balloon
black
anunciar, hacer
publicidad
consejo
aconsejar, recomendar
acuerdo
distribuir
globo
negro
borrow
called
century
tomar en préstamo
llamó (pasado de call)
siglo
come
conversely
crime
currency
date
disgrace
expenses
expensive
floor
venir
a la inversa
delito
moneda (de un país)
fecha
vergüenza
gastos
caro
piso
for instance
great
cog. verdadero: letra / cog. falso:
carta
importante, principal
una vez
introduce
por ejemplo
cog. verdadero:
grande / cog. falso:
maravilloso
presentar
Paso, ritmo
sartén
patrón, diseño
médico
políticas
realizar o darse cuenta
pariente
renunciar
lazo, cuerda
Varios
Éxito
salida del sol
vacío, neumático, aspiradora
limpiar con aspiradora
lecture
library
murder
parents
relieve
remain
sales
soul
terrific
trait
translation
tree
border
college
commodities
currently
customer
deceptive
despite
embarrassed
exit
fabric
facilities
figure
journalist
large
letter
major
once
pace
pan
pattern
physician
policies
realize
relative
resign
rope
several
success
sunrise
vacuum
involve
journal
involucrar
periódico, diario,
revista, boletín
conferencia, ponencia
biblioteca
asesinato
padres
liberar, aliviar
permanecer
ventas
alma
estupendo
característica
traducción
árbol
PREFIXES
Prefixes change the meaning of a word. The list provided below is organized according to an a
of meaning because most often there is no one single (unique) specific meaning.
PREFIXES OF SIZE
PREFIXES OF LOCATION/DIRECTION
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
semihalf, partly
semiconductor
interbetween,
interactive
equiequal
equidistant
among
extrabeyond,
extraordinary
intra
within
intrastate
out-side
hypersensitive;
par/ para
near, similar parallel
hyper
excessive
hypermarket
parastatal
tel
far away, at telescope,
maxibig
maxicomputer
a distance
television
microsmall
microchip
transover; across transnational
minilittle
minicomputer
near
macrobig
macroeconomics
subunder
subway;
megabig
megabyte
subtitle
over
too much
overpopulated;
overworked
re
again
rewrite, reread
super
over,above, supersede;
supermarket
excessive
Prefix
semimonobitriquadpentahexdecmulti-
PREFIXES OF NUMBERS
Meaning
Examples
half
semicircle
one
monolingual
two
bilateral
three
triangle
four
quadruple
five
pentagon
six
hexagonal
ten
decimal
many
multinational
PREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
antebefore
antecedent
ex
former
exwife; ex
president
prebefore
prehearing
primefirst
primitive
postafter
postgraduate
postwar
retrobackward
retroactive
PREFIXES WITH NEGATIVE MEANING
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
unnot
unable
in“
incomplete
im“
impossible
non“
non-existent
il“
illegal
ir“
irresponsible
misbad, wrong
misunderstand
disagree
disopposite
antiterrorism
antiagainst
decrease
dereduce
underestimate
undertoo little
SUFFIXES
A SUFFIX COMES AT THE END OF A WORD. IT ALSO ADDS TO THE MEANING. HOWEVER, THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIX IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DEFINE. A SUFFIX USUALLY DEFINES A PART OF SPEECH.
EXAMPLE:
separate
(verb and adjective)
separately
(adverb)
separation
(noun)
Here are some common meanings of suffixes. (* also used for another part of speech)
SUFFIX
-able, -ible
-ful
-less
-er*, -or, -ian, -ist, yst
-er*, -or,
-er / -ee
MEANING
possible, able to be done
full of
without
person engaged in an
occupation
also: machine, software
-er: ‘gives’; -ee: ‘receives’
-ess
female person
EXAMPLES
acceptable, comprehensible, transportable
useful, successful, meaningful
useless, meaningless
engineer, professor; competitor; scientist,
analyst, librarian
computer, (oracle) developer, generator
employer; employee
trainer; trainee
interviewer; interviewee
(air) hostess
Here are some common suffixes grouped in parts of speech. (* also used for another part of speech)
NOUNS
-ance, -ence
-ant*
-ary*
-Iy*
-dom
-ism
-ity
-ive*
-ment
-ness
- (a)tion
-ship
-ure
ADJECTIVES
-ant*, -ent
-al
-ary*
-ate*
-er*
-est
-ic
-ical
-ive*
-ory
VERBS
-ate*
-ise, -ize, -yse, -yze
-y*
ADVERBS OF MANNER
-ly
EXAMPLES
appearance, difference
accountant
secretary
economy, frequency
freedom, wisdom
communism, racism
quality, community
executive
government, statement, requirement, assignment, employment
consciousness, competitiveness
satisfaction, globalization, competition
leadership
manufacture, failure
EXAMPLES
important, different, excellent, independent
national, natural, original
Monetary, temporary
separate, immediate
(comparative) bigger, fewer, faster
(superlative) biggest, fewest, fastest
economic, basic, specific, characteristic
economical, logical
excessive, creative, attractive
satisfactory, introductory
separate, congratulate
economize, analyze, mechanize
satisfy, specify
excessively, creatively
The present participle (-ing) can be used in verbs, as adjectives and nouns
The past participle (-ed) can be used in verbs and as adjectives
References:
Adapted from Spanish Lessons: Introduction to Cognates
http://www.rcaguilar.com/spanish/intro/intro-cognates.htm
Adapted from Universidad De San Buenaventura – California
http://www.usb.edu.co/facultades/derecho/profesores/ingles_reference_material.doc