Conjunciones coordinantes Conjunciones subordinantes

CONJUNCTIONS
Una conjunción es una 'joining word', es decir, una palabra que une dos partes de una
oración. Hay dos tipos de conjunciones:
COORDINATING conjunctions: unen partes equivalentes de una oración
(dos frases que forman una oración: The sun shone and everyone felt happy
(coordinación)
SUBORDINATING conjunctions: unen una frase subordinada con una frase
principal: You can do it if you try hard (subordinación)
Conjunciones coordinantes
Significado o
función
Adición, hacer una
lista
Alternativas
Contraste
Adición negativa
Conjunciones
simples
And
Conjunciones de 2
ó 3 palabras
Or
But
Nor
Conjunciones
dobles
both...and
not only...but
either...or
not...but
neither...nor
Conjunciones subordinantes
Comparación
Condición
Contraste
as, than,
like (EEUU)
if, unless
(al)though
while
whereas
Grado o medida
Excepción
Lugar
Preferencia
as if, as though
seeing (that)
given (that)
provided (that)
as / so long as
even though
as far as
but (that)
except (that)
so...that
rather than
sooner (than)
as...so
the...the
Propósito
1
although...yet
where, wherever
Proporción
Página
as...so
as...as
if...then
so that
in order that
Causa y razón
Consideración
Resultado
because, as, since
Pregunta indirecta
Afirmación
indirecta
tiempo
(mismo
tiempo)
(tiempo
anterior)
(tiempo
posterior)
(justo
después)
Whether, if
(that)
in that
so that
such that
when(ever), while,
as
before, until, till
whether...or
now (that)
after, since
once, when,
whereupon
immediately (that)
CONJUNCTIONS
LINKING WORDS unen ideas juntas en una oración o un texto. Hay tres clases
principales:
Conjunciones COORDINANTES
Conjunciones SUBORDINANTES
ADVERBIOS que unen
Las palabras que unen o linking words están seguidos de
a) una frase coordinada
b) uan frase subordinada
c) una oración (inglés escrito)
Unen:
(a) una frase coordinada
(b) una frase subordinada (c) una oración (inglés escrito)
(dependiente
de
una o (a) o (b)
principal)
Conjunciones
Algunos
significados
:
Añadiendo And
ideas
juntas:
Mostrando
alternativa
s:
Contrastan
do ideas:
Relacionan
do
ideas
en TIEMPO
(a)una idea
sigue
a
otra:
(b)una
al
mismo
tiempo
que otra:
Subordinantes
Or
(a)
(b)
Mostrando
causa,
razón
o
efecto:
Coordinantes
but
yet (a veces es adverbio)
Although
Even though
Though
Whereas
While
Because
Since
As
For
So (a veces adverbio)
(a) After
Before
When(ever)
As soon as
(b) While
As
When(ever)
Adverbios que unen
In addition
Also
moreover (formal)
Furthermore (formal)
...too
...as well
Alternativeley
(or) else
Otherwise
However (bastante formal)
Yet (a veces es conjunción)
Even so
(but) still
Still
Nevertheless (formal)
Nonetheless (formal)
On the other hand
Therefore (formal)
Consequently (formal)
(and) so (a veces es conjunción)
thus (formal)
hence (formal)
(a) Then
After(wards)
Beforehand
Soon
(b) Meanwhile
*** NOTA: Todas las palabras del cuadro de arriba que empiezan en mayúscula pueden
ir al principio de una oración. Las palabras en minúscula deben ir normalmente en
posición media.
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2
Frases coordinantes:
Las conjunciones and, or, but y nor.
And, or y but pueden unir dos oraciones, frases o palabras:
FRASE 1
NEXO
FRASE 2
The police arrived(,)
and
the thieves were arrested
Would you like tea(,)
or
would you prefer coffee?
We rang the bell(,)
but
nothing happened
Se puede poner una coma (en forma escrita) al final de la primera frase.
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCIONES DOBLES
both A and B
neither A nor B
either A or B
not only A but B
not A but B
if A then B
both ...and ... (se añade un elemento o idea a otro)
Both my father and my sister were born in Valladolid
The cat family includes both lions and tigers
either ... or ... (alternativas)
You can drink either Coke or Fanta. You cannot have both
Either you like rugby or you hate it
not ... but ... (sustituyendo una idea por otra)
We are leaving not next week, but the week after
It is not the players, but the supporters, that cause trouble at rugby matches
not only ... but (also) ... (añadiendo una idea a otra: enfático)
She is not only beautiful, but (also) a great actress
Not only is television boring, but it (also) wastes a lot of time
Esta conjunción doble tiene el mismo significado de 'adición' que both...and. Pero
en not only A but B, el A es algo conocido o esperado y el B es algo inesperado
que recibe enfasis. Para enfasis extra, se ñade also después de but.
NEGATIVE WORDS AND PHRASES requieren un cambio en el orden de las
palabras (para enfatizar una negación, podemos colocarla al principio de la
frase
barely
in no way
only at that moment
hardly ...when
on no account
only by
hardly ever
on no condition
only if
least of all
no sooner ...than...
only in
little
neither ...nor
some respects
never
not a ...
only later
never again
not once
only on rare occasions
never before
not only ...but...
only when
at no time
not until/till
only withrarely
by no means
nowhere
scarcely...when
in/under no circumstances only after
scarcely ever
seldom
She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage
At no time did she mention her earlier marriage
La estructura sería: PARTE NEGATIVA + AUXILIAR/BE + SUJETO + (VERBO) (...)
I not only heard the car... = Not only did I hear the car...
He hasn't once offered to help = Not once has he offered to help
You must under no circumstances make jokes...= Under n.c. must you make...
No sooner was I in bed,...
Hardly we had arrived home,...
Seldom have I been to a more terrible movie.
neither ... nor... (añadiendo dos ideas negativas juntas)
She is neither negative nor clever
Neither Regino nor his wife are coming
if...then... (resultado lógico)
If you hate violence, then you must hate war films
If the law has been broken, then the police will arrest you.
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3
AS
Comparativo (He is as tall as me)
as-clause expresando similaridad o comparación: He behaved badly, (just)
as I thought he would
CONJUNCTIONS
Página
4
as-clause de tiempo: As the police arrived, the crowd began to shout angrily
/ The crowd began to shout angrily (just) as the police arrived (as = when)
as-clause de razón: As Regino is the eldest child, he has to look after the
other children ( as = because o since)
as-clause de proporción: As prices rise, (so) the demand for higher wages
will increase. ((so) es formal y se puede omitir. As = over the same period of
time that ...)
as-clause como clauses de comentario: As everyone knows, taxes are
unpopular / Everyone knows that taxes are unpopular
As if /as though (conjunciones subordinantes): expresan comparación con
algo que puede ser verdadero o imaginario:
It looks as if the weather is improving (it may be true)
She treats me as if she hated me (it may be unreal)
As well (adverbio) significa lo mismo que too (= también)
The food is good here. Yes, and the prices are reasonable, as well
As well as (preposición) ( = además de / 'in addition to')
As well as being an actor, he was a writer.
Than introduce una frase comparativa:
She is more intelligent than (she is) beautiful (adjective)
She drives more quickly than she should (adverb)
I would rather + verb + .... than ......: I'd rather play soccer than tennis
Rather tan + verb: I'd prefer to play soccer, rather than play tennis
Different than
Other than
Like como conjunción (sólo informal) It looks like it is going to rain (inf.
EEUU)
Preposición like + pronombre / frase nominal
Conjunción as + frase
If introduce una condición (algo que puede o no suceder, dependiendo de las
circunstancias)
As if
Even if
If I were you...
If only A = I wish A
Unless = if ...not ... (cuando introduce una excepción sea lo que se declare
en la frase principal)
Unless you take more care, you'll have an accident
Unless ≠ if....not... en oraciones condicionales de would (have) (significado
irreal): You would be our best player if you weren't so lazy
Unless ≠ if....not... en if = whether: She promised to let me know if she
was not coming
Unless ≠ if....not... cuando la condición negativa está en la mente de
alguien: I will be really surprised if they don't come to the meeting
(al)though expresa contraste entre dos ideas.
La conjunción though es una forma acortada de although (suele ir al
principio y though en medio): Although the weather is bad, we are enjoying
ourselves / We are enjoying ourselves (al)though the weather is bad.
Though como adverbio (informal) va al final de la oración: I quite like
studying English. It`s hard work, though.