Comparative Grammar Chart (English/Spanish/Latin/French)

ENGLISH
SPANISH
LATIN
FRENCH
Nouns
sustantivos
noms
Noun genders
Masculino, feminino
Noun numbers
Singular, plural
Subject
pronouns
Yo, tú, él/ella/usted (Ud.),
nosotros/nosotras, vosotros/vosotras,
ellos/ellas/ustedes (Uds.)
(English term: nouns)
(English terms: masculine,
feminine, neuter)
(English terms: singular,
plural)
ego, tu, (is/ea/id)
nos, vos, (ei, eae, ea)
*1st and 2nd person subject
pronouns are rarely used;
3rd person subject
pronouns are very rarely
used
me, te, eum/eam/id;
nos, vos, eos/eas/ea
hic, haec, hoc (this, these)
ille, illa, illud (that, those)
These are rarely used in
Latin. The adjective form is
more commonly used to
show personal possession:
meus/noster, tuus/vester,
suus
me, te, eum/eam/id; nos,
vos, eos/eas/ea
mihi, tibi, ei; nobis, vobis,
eis
See other document.
me, te, se; nos, vos, se
See other document.
Object
pronouns
Demonstrative
pronouns
Possessive
pronouns
Direct Object
pronouns
Indirect Object
pronouns
Reflexive
pronouns
See below direct & indirect object pronouns
Este, esta, estos, estas; ese, esa, esos, esas;
aquel/aquella/aquellos/aquellas
Mi, mis; tu, tus; su; nuestro, nuestra,
nuestros, nuestras; sus
Me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las
Me, te, le, nos, os, les
Me, te, se, nos, os, se (we also have nos & se
as reciprocal pronouns)
Masculin et féminin
Singulier et pluriel
je, tu il/elle
nous, vous, ils/elles
See other document.
See other document.
See other document.
See other document.
The subject in Latin is
expressed either by a noun
in the nominative case or
by the “built-in pronoun”
understood by the verb
ending.
Subjects
Personal
pronouns (1st,
2nd, 3rd person)
Yo, tú, él/ella/Ud.
Direct Objects
We talk about how they receive the action
of the verb. I abbreviate them as DO. We
move pretty quickly on to replacing the DO
with the direct object pronouns (DOP)
above.
Indirect Objects
We talk about how these are “to whom” or
Rarely expressed in Latin,
unless for emphasis.
Who or what receives the
action of the verb. These
are in the accusative case in
Latin. The direct object
usually falls between the
subject and the verb in a
Latin sentence.
To whom or for whom the
Singulier: je, tu, il/elle
Pluriel: nous, vous,
ils/elles
Direct object pronouns
receive the action of the
verb. They go before
the verb. Example:
I hit the table: Je tape la
table = je la tape
Indirect object
“for whom” the action is performed. I
abbreviate them as IO. We move pretty
quickly on to replacing the IO with the
indirect object pronouns (IOP) above.
Predicate
Nouns
Predicate
Adjectives
Positive
Adjectives
Comparative
Adjectives
Superlative
Adjectives
*Tan + adjective + como (as + adjective +
as)
*Tanto, -a + noun + como (as much + non
+ as)
*Tantos, -as + noun + como (as many +
noun + as)
*más + adjective + que
Menos + adjective + que
Mayor que/menor que
Mejor que/peor que
El/la/los/las + noun + más/menos +
adjective + de
El/la/los/las + mejor(es)/peor(es) +
noun+ de
action of the verb was done.
These are in the dative case
in Latin; they do not work
with a preposition in Latin.
Indirect objects generally
follow verbs of giving,
showing or telling.
The indirect object in Latin
usually falls between the
direct object and the verb
in the sentence.
A predicate noun is a noun
that refers back to the
subject after a linking verb.
These occur in the
nominative case in Latin;
they can also be called
predicate nominatives.
Puella est discipula.
A predicate adjective is an
adjective that refers back to
the subject after a linking
verb; they are also in the
nominative case. Puella est
bona.
This is the “regular” form of
an adjective.
Puella est callida.
The girl is smart.
This form is used to
compare two nouns. In
English, it can be translated
with “-er”, “more” or
“rather”. In a statement of
comparison, it is usually
followed by quam.
Puella est callidior quam
puer.
The girl is smarter than the
boy.
This form is used to
emphasize; it is the highest
degree of the adjective
forms. In English, it can be
translated with “-est”,
“most” or “very”.
Puella est callidissima.
The girl is very smart.
pronouns receive the
action of the verb
indirectly. They also go
before the verb.
I speak French to my
teacher. Je parle
francais à mon
professeur. Je lui parle
francais.
The subject of ETRE is
the same as the noun or
pronoun after ETRE..
Elle est professeur.
The subject of ETRE
agrees with the
adjective that follows
ETRE. Elle est belle. Il
est beau.
More than = plus…que
Less..than= moins..que
As…as = aussi…que
The most beautiful
flower = la plus belle
fleur
The least pretty flower
= la moins belle fleur
The best: le, la les
meilleur/e/s/es
Affirmative
Affirmatives
and Negatives
Negative
alguien
someone,
anyone
nadie
no one,
nobody
algo
something
nada
nothing
algún,
some, any
alguno(s),
alguna(s)
siempre
Always
también
also, too
ningún,
no,
ninguno, none,
ninguna not any
nunca
never
In a Latin sentence, the
word non negates either a
verb or an adjective.
In a command statement,
the word noli (sing) or
nolite (plur) is followed by
an infinitive.
tampoco neither,
either
Demonstrative
adjectives
Irregular
adjectives (such
as good, better,
best)
Este, esta, estos, estas; ese, esa, esos, esas;
aquel/aquella/aquellos/aquellas
Verb person
1st, 2nd, 3rd
Verb number
Singular vs. plural conjugations
Verb tense
Presente, pretérito, imperfect, ir a +
infinitive (near future)
Bien, mejor, la mejor de todas
hic, haec, hoc (this, these)
ille, illa, illud (that, those)
bonus / melior / optimus
malus / peior / pessimus
magnus / maior / maximus
parvus / minor / minimus
1st (I or we)
nd
2 (you or you all)
3rd (he, she, it, they)
singular or plural
Present
Imperfect
Future*
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect*
*not covered in Latin 1
Verb voice
(active vs.
passive)
Deal primarily with active voice
Verb mood
N.A. for 7th grade Spanish
Emphatic mood
N.A. for 7th grade Spanish
Verb infinitives
Los infinitivos (-ar, -er, -ir regular verbs;
irregular verbs)
Verb
imperatives
Affirmative tú commands (regular and
irregular)
Active and Passive* voice
Indicative (= “normal”
verbs)
Infinitive (“to” form)
Imperative (command
form)
Participle*
Subjunctive*
Gerund/Gerundive*
n/a
the “to” form;
not conjugated;
end in –re;
2nd principal part
the command form:
Labora, Grumio!
Verb tense 1
Verb tense 2
Helping verbs
Linking verbs
Action verbs
Intransitive
verbs
Transitive verbs
Contractions
Conjugations
6 conjugations for each infinitive
(3 singular, 3 plural)
Conditional
mood
Subjunctive
mood
Work, Grumio!
Laborate, servi!
Work, slaves!
n/a in Latin, but English
helping verbs are used to
translate tenses from Latin
forms of esse – to be
(est/erat, etc.)
most verbs learned in Latin
1 show an action
verbs that do not take a
direct object: ex: Puella
currit.
The girl is running.
verbs that do take a direct
object:
ex: Puella canem videt. The
girl sees a dog.
n/a
4 ½ conjugations, or verb
families, in Latin:
1st conj = -āre
2nd conj = -ēre
3rd conj = -ere
3rd io conj = -io, -ere
4th conj = -īre
n/a for Latin 1
n/a for Latin 1
To be verbs
Ser vs. estar (a difficult concept for the
girls)
forms of esse – to be
(est/erat, etc.)
forms of esse – to be, posse
– to be able, ire – to go,
ferre – to bear, velle – to
want, nolle – to not want
singular subject takes a
singular verb; a plural
subject takes a plural verb
examples:
Puella ambulat.
Puellae ambulant.
Irregular verbs
In: presente, pretérito, imperfect; these are
stem-changing and other irregular verbs
Subject-verb
agreement
Singular subject takes a singular verb
conjugation; plural subject takes a plural
verb conjugation
Antecedent –
pronoun
agreement
Go from DO to DOP (see above on these
acronyms); go from IO to IOP
n/a for Latin 1
Noun-adjective
agreement
Masculino o feminino; singular o plural
adjectives must agree with
the nouns they modify in
number, gender and case
Noun-adjective
agreement
Prepositions
A (at, to), de (of, from), antes (before),
despues (after) are common ones
Prepositional
phrases
adverbs
To form an adverb in Spanish, -mente is
added to the feminine singular form of an
adjective. This –mente ending is equivalent
to the “-ly´ending in English.
Interjections
¡Uf! ¡Caramba!
Basic sentence
structure
Subject-verb-object
Questions
Often use the same words as a statement,
but change the word order. There is no
word for “do.” The spoken intonation is
also an indicator that it’s a question.
Interrogative
words
Such as: ¿Adónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Con quién?
¿Cuál? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cuánto, -a? ¿Cuántos, as? ¿De dónde? ¿Dónde? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué?
¿Quién?
some Latin prepositions are
followed by the accusative
case (ad, per …) others are
followed by the ablative
case (cum, ex, sub…); the
preposition “in” can take
either case
Prepositional phrases are
used to indicate the
relationship between nouns
in a sentence. Each
prepositional phrase in
Latin contains a preposition
and an object of a
preposition.
Adverbs in Latin modify
verbs, adjectives or other
adverbs. Adverb forms are
not declined or conjugated.
Ecce! = Look!
Euge! = Hooray!
Eheu! = Oh dear!
subject – direct object –
verb
Questions in Latin can be
introduced either by a
question word (quis? quid?
ubi? cur?) or by attaching –
ne to the end of the first
word of a question to ask a
yes/no question.
Quis?
Quid?
Ubi?
Cur?