Spanish I Chapters 6

Name:______________________
Class:________________
Date:_________________
Spanish I Chapters 6-13 Final Exam Review
(Not ch. 8)
Vocabulary
For chapters 6-13, you must know all the vocabulary and how to apply it in a sentence.
Grammar
Capítulo 6 ¿Qué ropa llevas?
In Spanish adjectives usually come after the noun they describe and must agree with the noun, feminine or
masculine, and singular/plural.
Noun + Adjective (notice it is backwards in Spanish)
Red Skirt __________________________
Black Sweater __________________________
White sweatshirt ____________________
Purple Shoes __________________________
Adjectives that end with -e or a consonant only have to agree in number.
Manzanas grandes
Manzana grande
Marcadores azules
Marcador azul
Me gusta más la camisa blanca. - ____________________________________
Tenemos un perro grande y feo.
____________________________________
Demonstrative Adjectives are used to point people and things out (this, these, that, those). These also have to
agree with noun F/M and S/P
Este/Esta = This
Ese/Esa = That
NEAR
FAR
Estos/Estas = These
Esos/Esas = Those
SINGULAR
PLURAL
este vestido- ______________
estos ___________ - ____________________
esta ______________________
estas blusas
_________________
ese _______________________
esos abrigos
_________________
Chapter 7 ¿A Dónde vas a ir de vacaciones?
El verbo poder, querer, pensar
• Stem-changing verbs in the present-tense
Poder
Querer
Pensar
yo
puedo
quiero
pienso
tú
puedes
quieres
piensas
Él, ella, ud.
puede
quiere
piensa
Nosotros
podemos*
queremos*
pensamos*
quieren
piensan
Ellos, ellas, uds.
pueden
* Nosotros does not have a stem-change.
Para + Infinitive
• Para means “for” or “in order to”
• Whenever is followed by a verb, the verb is in the infinitive form.
• Ex: Vamos a Mexico para bucear y tomar el sol.
La a personal
• When the direct object is a specific person or group of people, we use a before it.
◦ Quiero visitar a mis abuelos.
◦ Quiero visitar al Señor Lopez.
• To ask who receives the action of a verb, we use ¿A quién?
◦ ¿A quién quieres visitar? ________________________________________
• Use the personal a also when the D.O. is an animal.
◦ ____________________________________________________
• We usually do not use a after the verb tener.
◦ _____________________________________________________
Chapter 9
Indirect Object Pronoun: me, te, le
•
•
Me duele la mano.
My hand hurts.
vs.
vs.
Me duelen las manos.
My hands hurt.
•
Think of it as it hurts vs. they hurt. That is why you use he/she/you f/ it form for one hand and the they
form form for hands.
•
In chapter 9, and 11 we learned all the indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, les
In any occasion you use me, this can be replaced with te, le, nos, les if talking about others.
Me gusta(n)*
I like
Te duele(n)* It hurts you
Le encanta(n) *
Nos interesa(n) *
Les fascina(n)*
He/she loves
It interests us
It fascinates them/or you plural
*if the verbs end with n then what you are talking about is plural
•
•
I like it vs I like them
Me gusta vs. Me gustan
Verb Dormir
Subject Pronouns
Dormir- to sleep
Yo
Duermo
Tú
Duermes
él/ella/ Ud.
Duerme
nosotros
Dormimos *
*no stem-change.
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Duermen
The expressions hace.....que
To tell how long something has been going on, we use the expression. Formula:
hace + period of time + que + present-tense verb
•
•
Hace dos semanas que tengo fiebre – It has been two weeks since I have a fever.
Hace tres días que estoy enfermo – It has been three days since I am sick.
La Sustantivación de Adjetivos
•
We learned to not sound repetitive in Spanish by substituting nouns with words that are usually
adjectives.
◦ ¿Te duele la pierna derecha o la izquierda?
◦ La derecha.
•
Notice how we substituted leg with right. Also, pierna is FS so “La derecha” is all feminine singular.
◦ ¿Prefieres un gorro azul o uno amarillo?
◦ Uno azul.
•
•
Does your right leg hurt or your left?
The right.
Do you prefer a blue snow hat or a yellow?
A blue (one).
Notice gorro is MS and so are the colors. Also, notice the use of un gorro and uno amarillo.
Use un(a) next to nouns, and use uno(a) when it is not followed by a noun.
•
We can do the same thing with a prepositional phrase or a description that begins with de.
◦ ¿Qué haces la tarea de español o la de ciencias? - tarea is dropped from the second part.
Chapter 10
La Preposición de + el = del
•
•
•
In the past we learned the contractions a+el= al (to the)
This is due to the back to back vowels
We also contract de + el= del (from/of the)
Preterite Endings of -ar verbs
Comprar
to buy
Sacar
to take out
Yo
Compré
Saqué
Tú
Compraste
Sacaste
él/ella/ Ud.
nosotros
enviar
to send
envié
Compró
Compramos
ellos/ellas/Uds. Compraron
Other verbs that you need to know to conjugate in the preterite:
Ir
Ver
Hacer
to go
to see
to do/make
Devolver
to return
Fui
Vi
Hice
devolví
Fuiste
viste
Hiciste
devolviste
Fue
vio
Fuimos
vimos
Fueron
vieron
Chapter 11
Comparative Statements
Formula:
más/menos + adjective + que (than)
•
Mi gato es más bonito que tu gato. - My cat is prettier than your cat.
•
Mi perro es menos inteligente que to perro. - My dog is less intelligent than your dog.
There are some adjectives we do not use más/menos or more/less in Spanish or in English
•
Instead of más bueno (more good), we use mejor (que) -better
•
Instead of más malo, we use peor (que)- worse
•
•
Instead of más viejo, we use mayor (que)- older
Instead of más joven, we use menor (que)-younger
Just like any other adjective we must agree these with number and gender. Since they end with r then
we primarily agree these with number.
Mis hermanas mayores.
My older sisters.
Ellos son mejores que ellas. They are better than them.
Superlatives
To say someone/something is the most of a group we use this formula:
definite article (the) +noun + más + adjective
•
Para mí, The Office es el programa más divertido. - For me, The Office is the most amusing show.
To say something is the best or worst, definite article -the- is very important. The = El, La, Los, Las
el/la mejor comes before the noun
•
Pienso que Meryl Streep es la mejor/peor actriz. - I think that Meryl Streep is the best/worst actress.
When indicating the category, do so with de before the group or category
•
Meryl Streep es la mejor actriz de las películas.- Meryl Streep is the best actress of/in the movies.
Direct Objects
•
•
Direct Objects (Lo,La,Los,Las) can be attached to the infinitive or come before the conjugated tense verb.
Steps:
1. identify the noun
2. ask: gender & num,ber
3. identify the verb
4. ask: conjugated or infinitive
5. Conjugated- BEFORE the verb; Infinitive- ATTACHED
•
•
Lo voy a ver.
Voy a verlo.
– Both these sentences mean the same thing. I am going to see it.
Indirect Object Pronouns: me, te ,le , nos, les
• List of verbs that use the indirect object pronouns: dar (to give), doler (to hurt), encantar (to love
something), fascinar (to fascinate), gustar (to like), interesar (to interest)
•
Steps for I.O. Pronouns:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify the subject
Conjugate the verb
Determine to/for who
Place the corresponding I.O. Pronoun in front of the conjugated verb.
Chapter 12
Verbos con el cambio de e-i
Pedir
to ask/to order
servir
to serve
yo
pido
sirvo
tú
pides
sirves
él/ella/ud
pide
sirve
nosotros
pedimos*
servimos*
ellos, ellas, uds
piden
sirven
* the nosotros form does not have a stem change
• The infinitives of all e-i verbs end in -ir. Notice that the endings follow the pattern of regular -ir verbs.
Also know these verbs stem changes:
• poder (o-ue)
puedo
• pensar (e-ie)
pienso
Verbo Traer
Traer
to bring
yo
traigo
tú
traes
él/ella/ud
trae
nosotros
traemos
ellos, ellas, uds
traen
Indirect Object Pronouns
• me, te, le, nos, les
• Place them in front of the conjugated verb. Les voy a traer guacamole. -OR• Attach it to the end of an infinitive verb.
Voy a traerles guacamole.
• To clarify meaning, use a + pronoun
Rafael le trae el postre a ella.
* Red flag: Do not be misled my these indirect object pronouns. They do not indicate the conjugation of the
verb. They tell "to/for" that person.
List of verbs that use the indirect object pronouns:
pedir, gustar, interesar, faltar, fascinar, traer, servir, (doler)
Preterite of -er/-ir verbs
•
Endings: -í, iste, ió, imos, ieron
Comer
to eat
Salir
to leave/exit
yo
comí
salí
tú
comiste
saliste
él/ella/ud
comió
salió
nosotros
comimos
salimos
ellos, ellas, uds
comieron
Salieron
Chapter 13
Present Conjugation of the Verbs: Decir & Saber
Decir- to say/ to
tell
*Saber- to know
yo
digo
sé
tú
dices
sabes
él/ella/ud
dice
sabe
nosotros
decimos
sabemos
ellos, ellas, uds
dicen
saben
•
When saber is immediately followed by the infinitive, it means - “to know how to”
◦ Example: Mis amigos saben esquiar muy bien.// My friends know how to ski very well.
El Mandato Affirmativo (Affirmative Command)
•
•
•
It tells someone to do something.
How to form an affirmative command: Conjugate the verb in the el/ella/ud. Form in the present, but still
refer to the person as tú.
◦ Example: Pablo, apaga las luces por favor.// Pablo, turn off the lights please.
Irregular commands:
◦ poner (to put/set/place) – pon
◦ hacer – (to do/make) – haz
◦ decir – (to say/ tell) – di
•
•
When you add an D.O. Pronoun (lo, la, los, las), it is attached to the command.
Follow the steps:
◦ 1. Identify the noun
◦ 2. Ask: gender & number
◦ 3. Determine what D.O. Pronoun you will use.
•
•
Example: ¿Qué debo hacer con las botellas? - Separalas, por favor.
Remember, when you have 2 nouns of different genders, you will use los (M. P.)