1 SENTENCE ORDER in English [= Orden de las frases

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SENTENCE ORDER in English [= Orden de las frases/oraciones en inglés]
 Affirmative: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Obj. + Manner Complement + Place Comp. + Time Comp.
 Negative: S + {Auxiliary V/Modal V} + (-n’t/not) + Main V + DO + IO + MC + PC + TC
 Interrogative: (Interrogative Pronoun) + {Aux V/ Mod V} + S + MV + DO + IO + MC + PC + TC + ?
 Answer: (IP)  Short answer: {Yes, / No,} + S + Aux V/ Mod V (not)
(IP)  Long answer
 Interrogative Pronouns/Questions Words [= Pronombres/palabras interrogativos/as]
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
[= Quién?]
[= ¿Qué?]
[= ¿Cuándo?]
[= ¿Dónde?]
[= ¿Por qué?]
Whose?
Which (one(s)/___)?
What time?
How old?
How often?
How?
Whom …(+ preposition)?
[= ¿Cómo?]
[= ¿(Preposición)
quién?]
[= ¿A qué distancia?]
How much?
How many?
[= ¿De quién?]
[= ¿Cuál(es)/Qué ___?]
[= ¿(A) Qué hora?]
[= ¿Cuántos años? / ¿Qué edad?]
[= ¿Cada cuánto (tiempo)? / ¿Con
qué frecuencia?];
[= ¿Cuánto/a?]
[= ¿Cuántos/as?]
How long?
[= ¿Cuánto tiempo?]
How far?
Auxiliary Verbs [= Verbos auxiliares]
INFINITIVE
MEANING
PRESENT,
Positive
PRESENT,
Negative
‘To be’
[= ser / estar]
am (’m)/ is (’s)/ are
(‘re)
am not (’m not)/ is not
(’s not, isn’t)/ are not
(’re not, aren’t)
was; were
PAST,
Positive
PAST,
Negative
Para hacer...
‘To do’
[No se traduce ]
do / does
‘To have’
[= haber / tener]
have (’ve) / has (’s)
do not (don’t) /
does not (doesn’t)
have not (’ve not,
haven’t) / has not (’s
not, hasn’t)
had (‘d)
did
‘Shall’ y ‘Will’
[Futuro + condicional]
shall (’ll) [‘I’ & ‘we’] / will
(’ll)
shall not (shan’t) / will not
(won’t)
should (‘d)/ would (‘d)
was not (wasn’t)/
were not (weren’t)
did not (didn’t)
had not (’d not,
hadn’t)
should not (shouldn’t) /
would (wouldn’t)
CONTINUOS / PASIVA
SIMPLES
PERFECTOS
FUTUROS / CONDICIONALES
 Modal Verbs [= Verbos modales] (nunca van con los auxiliares)
can / can’t
(cannot)
poder
[habilidad,
permiso,
posibilidad] o saber [sólo habilidad,
NO conocimiento] en presente
(puedo, puede...)
[= be able to, know how to
(*know)]
- poder [permiso] o poder que
[probabilidad] en presente (puede
(que) + subjuntivo)
could / couldn’t
- poder o saber en pasado [pretérito
indefinido (pude) o imperfecto
(podía)]
- condicional (podría) o imperfecto
de subjuntivo (pudiera)
might / might not
will / won’t
(will not)
- futuro (auxiliar)
- querer en presente [petición]
would / wouldn’t
shall / shan’t
(shall not)
- *deber en presente o futuro
- * futuro (auxiliar)
should / shouldn’t
must
mustn’t
dare
daren’t
- deber en presente
[= have to (pasado y futuro)]
- atreverse en oraciones negativas
e interrogativas.
need / needn’t
- *poder [permiso] en pasado (pudo,
podía)
- condicional (podría), subjuntivo
(pudiera, pudiese + [ser] + que)
- condicional (auxiliar)
- soler [hábitos pasados] en pretérito
imperfecto (solía)
- querer en pretérito imperfecto
(quería) o imperfecto del subjuntivo
(condicionales)
- deber en condicional (debería) o
pretérito imperfecto (debía)
- * condicional (auxiliar)
- tener que en oraciones negativas e
interrogativas.
- soler [hábitos pasados] en pretérito
imperfecto (solía)
may/may not
/
/
used to/
didn’t use to
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 What do the names of the verbal tenses mean? [= ¿Qué significan los nombres de los tiempos verbales?]
-
Continuous  The main verb is a gerund and it is preceded by the verb ‘to be’
Perfect  The main verb is a past participle and it is preceded by the verb ‘to have’
Present  The first (or only) verb is in the present tense.
Past  The first (or only) verb is in the past tense.
 How to distinguish between contractions? [= ¿Cómo distinguir entre contracciones?]
+ gerund [= gerundio] (-ing)  is (verb ‘to be’ [Active Voice])
 ’s
+ past participle [=participio de pasado] (-ed, IV)  has (verb ‘to have’[AV]);
is (verb ‘to be’ [Passive Voice])
+ noun [= nombre / sustantivo]  ‘s (Saxon genitive [= genitivo sajón])
+ (bare) infinitive [=infinitivo (sin ‘to’)]  should, would (‘shall’, ‘will’)
 ’d
+ past participle [=participio de pasado] (-ed, IV)  had (verb ‘to have’)
 The SUBJECT [= El sujeto]
Proper noun (Lucy, James, Mary and John, The Robinsons, Mr. Simpson, New York...)
 SUBJECT
Noun phrase (a blue house, your lost keys, the oustanding differences, some naughty kids... )
Pronoun (I, you, he/she/it, we, they; some, anybody, nothing, everyone, none, both....)
 Noun Phrase Order in English [= Orden de los sintagmas nominales en inglés]
 SENTENCE = Subject (Noun Phrase) + Predicate (Verb Phrase)
 NOUN PHRASE = Determiners [=Determinantes]+ (Adjectives) + (COMMON) NOUN
 DETERMINERS:
- Articles (the, a, an)
- Possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
- Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
- Indefinite (some, any, no, (an)other, all, both, certain, each, either, neither,
enough, every, little, few, lot, more, much, many, plenty, such, several)
- Interrogative (what, which, whose, whatever, etc.)
- The genitive case (John’s car, the boys’ games)
 ADJECTIVES: Order of the adjectives BEFORE the NOUN (9th - closest)
1st
quality/opinion
cualidad/opinión
2nd
size
tamaño
Further from the noun
3rd
shape
forma
4th
age
edad
5th
colour
color
6th
design
diseño
7th
origin
origen
8th
material
material
9th
aim
finalidad
Closer to the noun