Post Earthquake Effects and Urban Planning in Chile

Post Earthquake Effects and
Urban Planning in Chile
waiting for the social ‘aftershock’
Manchester, UK 9th February 2011
Dr. Jorge Inzulza -Contardo
Departamento de Urbanismo
Universidad de Chile
1. Introduction: post-earthquake
effects
2. The Chilean government
response
3. Urban planning and
risky cities
4. Conclusions: …and the social
aftershock?
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Natural risk (landslide) in a road,
Colombia
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
The second World War effects in
London (UK)
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Manchester (UK) after the bomb
in 1996
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Naples, Italy; before and after regeneration…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
1. Post Earthquake effects
Undoubtedly, Saturday 27th February
2010’s earthquake will be remembered by
every Chilean citizen and by the whole
world as the fifth strongest one on record.
It impacted on the central-south region of
Chile, modifying many cities that were our
historic legacy.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Probably, this will be the most remembered
picture of the Chilean inner city …
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
…and this will be the most remembered picture
of the seaside city …
PELLUHUE http://iguanos.com/?p=438
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
…and this will be the most remembered picture of the
Chilean see side city …
Summary of Main Problems
The Metropolitan Region of Concepción as
the most affected…
5 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants
45 cities over 5,000 inhabitants
More than 900 towns and rural communities
90% of the «adobe» housing in the most
affected regions
Around 500 people died or disappeared
More than 800,000 homeless
PELLUHUE http://iguanos.com/?p=438
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
map with the
highest (in red) to
the lowest
earthquake effects
(in yellow) in
regions and
towns…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
2. The Chilean government
response
Since then, the national government, city
councils and investors have worked very
hard in reconstruction, providing basic
housing, not only rebuilding infrastructure,
such as bridges and roads etc., but also
demolishing a large portion of ‘damaged’
architectural heritage.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reconstruction of social housing areas (SERVIU)
Solution to homeless
Reconstruction of cities and seaside towns
Recover of damaged housing
Reconstruction of historic heritage areas
Support to the affected middle-class families
Repairing housing subsidy
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning
(MINU) has launched three main action areas
through the plan “Chile Unido Reconstruye
Mejor”.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
“El Programa de Reconstrucción Territorial” is being carried
out with the collaboration of regional governments, city
councils, private investors and civic organizations….and the
residents?
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Planes Maestros de Borde Costero (PRES; PRBC)
Planes Maestros de Localidades Interiores (PRE)
Planes Maestros de Regeneración Urbana (PRU)
masterplans
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
masterplans
Extracto plano
Estudio de planes maestros
MINVU sep 2010
El objetivo de estos Planes
Maestros es orientar la
toma de decisiones
respecto a la planificación
de estas ciudades,
incentivar el desarrollo
sustentable en lo
económico, social y
ambiental, incorporar
instancias de participación
ciudadana e integrar
aquellas variables que
permitan elevar el estándar
urbano de nuestro país.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
3. Urban planning and
risky cities
Plan Regulador Comunal (PRC) is the current masterplan defined by
the national law and decree of urban planning.
Art. 43 de la Ley General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (LGUC),
el Art. 2.1.11 y el Art. 2.1.12 de su Ordenanza General (OGUC)
- Memory (description)
- Urban decree
- Specific studies such as urban density, risks, water supply,
transportation net, heritage areas
- Plans
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Does the
current
master plan
includes a risk
assessment,
especially in
terms of the
earthquake
effects?
Presentación J. Naranjo
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
The answer seems to be negative….
Art. 43 de la Ley General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (LGUC), el
Art. 2.1.11 y el Art. 2.1.12 de su Ordenanza General (OGUC)
La áreas de riesgos que se determinan en la Ordenanza Local y Planos
respectivos de un PRC son:
• Zonas inundables o potencialmente inundables.
• Zonas propensas a avalanchas, rodados, aluviones o erosiones
acentuadas.
• Zonas con peligro de ser afectadas por actividad volcánica, ríos de
lava o fallas geológicas.
• Zonas o terrenos con riesgos generados por la actividad o
intervención humana.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
But, from the emergency…
from the 239 districts affected by the earthquake
and the tsunami:
66 districts need to develop a precise risk
assessments to be incorporated in their master
plans,
- half of these (33) are districts located in seaside
towns.
--
The government promised to be ready with the
master plans for these 33 seaside districts by
2010 (www.minvu.cl)
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
… and a special Law about natural disasters
Modificaciones por ley 16.282 (art. 27°) de sismos y catástrofes
“El Ministerio de la Vivienda y Urbanismo deberá, dentro del plazo de noventa días siguientes a
la recepción del acuerdo respectivo, pronunciarse acerca de las modificaciones que aprueben las
Municipalidades afectadas por un sismo o catástrofe a sus respectivos planos reguladores, debiendo
dictarse de inmediato el decreto supremo correspondiente, si éstas fueren aprobadas.
La modificación de los plazos reguladores que acuerde la Municipalidad deberá contar con la
aprobación del especialista antisísmico que la asesore o que fuere designado para este efecto por el
Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile para prestarle atención gratuita.
Cuando dichas comunas carezcan de planos reguladores definitivos, podrá el Presidente de la República,
dentro de los dos años siguientes al sismo o catástrofe, aprobar proyectos parciales o anteproyectos de
planos reguladores elaborados por la Municipalidad respectiva o por la Dirección de Planificación del
Desarrollo Urbano (DDU) del Ministerio de la Vivienda y Urbanismo. Para todos los efectos legales estos
proyectos parciales o anteproyectos serán considerados como planos reguladores y, para su aprobación,
se estará a lo dispuesto en los incisos anteriores. Estos planos se harán sin costo alguno para la respectiva
Municipalidad.
Las Municipalidades de las zonas afectadas por el sismo o catástrofe podrán permutar los terrenos e
inmuebles que sean necesarios para ejecutar el plan de remodelación.”
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
… and a special Law about natural disasters
Modificaciones por ley 16.282 (art. 27°) de sismos y catástrofes
ESTUDIOS QUE SE ANEXAN A LA MEMORIA EXPLICATIVA:
ESTUDIO FUNDADO DE RIESGOS (Optativo)
• Zonas inundables o potencialmente inundables.
• Zonas propensas a avalanchas, rodados, aluviones o erosiones acentuadas.
• Zonas con peligro de ser afectadas por actividad volcánica, ríos de lava o fallas geológicas.
• Zonas o terrenos con riesgos generados por la actividad o intervención humana.
INFORME DE LA PROPUESTA DEL PLAN REGULADOR DE UN
ESPECIALISTA ANTISÍSMICO (Obligatorio)
Estos informes pueden ser elaborados por un Geólogo o un Ingeniero con especialidad en
sismología.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
…and these specific studies should define areas in terms of the
risk involved in carrying out reconstruction actions.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
4. …and the social
aftershock?
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Housing
provision
Urban
planning
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
To reinforce the
Chilean institutional
structure with
proper urban
planning laws and
master plans…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
paradoxically, this redevelopment
process supported by public-private
partnerships can be compared to some
extent with earlier policies of urban
regeneration and recent waves of
gentrification that Latin American cities
have experienced in the last twenty
years
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Fuente: Ciudad Viva
«A new earthquake
in Talca…»
«El histórico centro de Talca con sus
antiguas casas… se ha convertido en un
terreno en disputa para las inmobiliarias.
Familias de clase media que perdieron sus
viviendas en zonas de interés comercial
son tentadas con ofertas hasta un 50%
más bajas que el valor que tenían antes
del terremoto…»
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
To consider the current risks for the
existing community…
Fuente: Ciudad Viva
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
To incorporate sustainable approach in
the reconstruction…
www.fotothing.com/.../
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
The task for strategic urban planning is
crucial, including guidelines that permit
demolitions only where necessary, and
considering social participation
mechanisms that include memories and
perceptions of residents, to regenerate or
reconstruct the identity of cities.
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
To re-build memories, images and
identities (not just buildings)…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
e.g. by applying the elements of the urban image (Lynch, 1960)
Legible cities
ar-chi-tect.org/tag/kevin-lynch/
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
To review and to learn from other
experiences…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=362375
And to apply it in our own realities…
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©
Many thanks for
your attention!
[email protected]
Dr Jorge Inzulza-Contardo / Depto. Urbanismo
February 20011 ©