Necesitar

3/6/2013
Medical Spanish
Level 1
Lesson 4
March 13, 2013
Course created and taught by
Saturnino “Nino” Rodriguez, Ph.D
[email protected]
Attendance Policy
Live and/or online attendance to at least 75% of classes (Expected)
Online participants login using 1st Initial, last name
Classroom participants must sign classroom sign-in sheet.
Online Access
Online access available @ scs.msu.edu
All lecture recordings & handouts (new & old) are available at scs.msu.edu
Certificates Are Awarded at the End of Course
Students must pass a 22-part
part assessment
on cultural intelligence & language skills.
(i e Xrays)
(i.e. Xrays)
More information on the assessment will be provided during a future class period.
Books
Joanna Rios & Jose Fernandez Torres. McGraw-Hill's Complete Medical Spanish,
Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 2010. ($17) -- 1st edition may also be used
Available at the following websites:
http://search.barnesandnoble.com/
http://www.amazon.com
What we will learn
• Conjugation
• The correct use of ser and estar
• The word hay • 1st Conjugation: verbs ending in –ar
C j ti
b
di i
• To need: Necesitar +noun
Necesitar + infinitive • Practice/exercise
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Ser: to be
• (yo ) soy
I am
• (tú)eres
You are (familiar)
• (él, ella) es
He/she/it is
• (Ud.) es
(Ud ) es
You are (formal)
are (formal)
_______________________________________
• (nosotros) somos We are
• (ellos/ellas) son
They are
• (Uds.) son
You are
Ejercicio
Practiquémos con la forma de ser.
Ejemplo: Yo soy médico .
•
•
•
•
•
1. Usted______________________________.
1
Usted
2.Ellos________________________________.
3.Ella ________________________________.
4. Mi hermano ________________________.
5. Nosotros ________________________.
Ejercicio
Manuel. Manuel writes an e‐mail to a new Internet friend describing himself and his two best friends. Complete his e‐mail with the correct forms of ser. !Hola! Yo (1)____________Manuel Ybarra. (2)___________estudiante
en la Universidad del Estado de Michigan . (3)__________una de las
universidades más importantes . Tengo dos amigos de México . Mi amiga Susana (4)___________una
persona muy alegre. Ella y yo (5)________ inseparables. Mi amigo Hernán (6)_____________muy cómico Hernán y yo (7)__________ Compañeros de cuarto. Susana y Hernán (8)_______________buenos
amigos. Los tres (9)____________estudiantes de medicina. Y usted, ¿cómo (10)_______?
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Ser vs. Estar
Here we can compare both forms of the verb “to be” (ser and estar) . Note their conjugations in the examples and the differences in their usage
differences in their usage.
Estar
to be
• (yo) estoy
I am
• Tú estás
You are (familiar)
• (él, ella Ud.) está He is, she is, you are (f
(formal)
l)
_____________________________________
• (nosotros estamos)
We are
• (ellos, ellas Uds.) están They are, you are (plural)
Estar
Indicates temporary states or conditions.
1. Position or location:
¿Dónde está la blusa (blouse)?
• La blusa está en la sala de operaciones.
2. Health (emotional and physical):
¿Cómo están Juan y María?
• Están enfermos.
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Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics.
1. Color
• ¿De qué color es la blusa?
• Es blanca
2. Size
• Los cuartos son pequeños.
3. Possession
• La blusa es de María.
4. Origin and nationality
• Juan es de México. • Tú y yo somos mexicanos.
Ser
Indicates constant or permanent identifiers and characteristics
5. Religion:
La familia Sánchez es católica.
6. Profession:
Elisa es doctora.
7. Time:
¿Qué hora es?
Son las seis
Ejercicio: Practiquémos la forma de ser o estar!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rosa _______________ católica.
La aguja (needle)______en la mesa.
Pedro_______________ enfermo.
Marcela_____________ de méxico. El señor Ruiz __________médico.
¿Dónde_______________la biblioteca?
Hoy__________miércoles, el 1 de octubre.
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Conjugation
Now, We’ve finally arrived what you’ve been so enthusiastically awaiting: conjugating! It’s really quite simple. Just thi k f
think, for example, of “conjugated l
f“ j t d
estrogen.” You merely take a basic molecular structure and change that base by adding on different molecules, or in this case, adding on different endings to the base root of the verb.
First, let’s being by refreshing our memories. Do you remember what an infinitive is? An infinitive in English consists of the word “to” and a verb: to take, to eat, to examine, to walk, to run, and so on.
However, in Spanish, an infinitive is comprised of only one action word, which ends in either –ar, ‐er, or –ir. In Spanish, there is no equivalent of the separate word “to”.
To conjugate an –ar verb: drop the –ar ending.
Tomar‐ the ending = tom
Take the stem tom and add:
•
•
•
•
•
(yo)
(tú)
((él, ella, Ud.))
(nosotros)
(ellos, ellas, Uds.)
tomO
tomAS
tomA
tomAMOS
tomAN
I
drink
you (familiar)
drink
he, she,you
y ((formal) drinks
)
we
drink
they (m., f.), you (pl) drink
________________________________________
Hablar, caminar, estudiar
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From the standpoint of a healthcare professional, you would use
• Tú
• Ud.
• Ellos
Ell
• Ellas to address a child or teenager
To address an adult
t refer
to
f to
t a group of males and f
l
d
females or a group of males only.
to refer to a group of females only
In general, tú is called the familiar form of you, and Ud./Uds. Is called the formal form of you.
Take any regular –ar verb, drop the –ar and add these endings to the stem to form the present tense:
‐o
‐amos
‐as
‐a
‐an
Conjugate the following. (Conjugue lo siguiente)
Hablar (to speak)
(to speak)
(yo) habl___
(tú) habl____
(él) habl_______
(ella) habla______
(Ud.) habl_______
nosotros habl_________
(ellos) habl_______
(ellas) habl______
(Uds.) habl_______
Common –ar verbs
There are many –ar verbs that you will be using in your medical practice. Remember that to conjugate them in the present tense, simply drop the –ar and add the appropriate endings.
• ‐ar endings: present tense
‐ O
‐ as
‐ a
‐amos
‐an 6
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Common –ar verbs
Caminar
‐to walk Preguntar
‐ to ask
Comprar
Defecar
Descansar
‐ to buy
‐ to defecate
‐ to rest
Recetar
Regresar
Respirar
p
‐to prescribe
‐to return
‐to breathe
Hablar
Lavar
Llamar
Orinar
‐ to talk
‐ to wash
‐ to call
‐ to urinate
Sacar ‐ to take out, to take (i.e. Xrays)
Tocar
Vomitar
Visitar
‐ to touch
‐ to vomit
‐ to visit
Ejercicio
¿Quién toma Tylenol? ____________________
Who takes Tylenol?
¿Cuántas medicinas compra ella? ______________
y
y
How many medicines does she buy?
¿Respira su hijo bien?_____________________
Does your son breathe well?
¿Llaman al doctor todos los días?___________________
Do they call the doctor every day?
Necesitar
Now that you know something about conjugating verbs, let’s look at the verb necesitar (to need),one of the most useful and important –ar verbs.
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Necesitar
¿Qué necesita?‐ What do you need?
While you may not necessarily ask your patient this question,
this is an effective way to learn how to use regular –ar verbs in
a simple and somewhat painless manner. Necesito un gotero, por favor.
Necesito una receta, por favor.
Necesito….
Necesita….
¿Necesita?
¿Qué necesita?
I need a dropper, please.
I need a prescription, please.
I need
You need…
Do you need?
What do you need?
Necesitar
Necesito and necesita come from the infinitive verb, necesitar (to need). All you need to do to “acticate” the verb is drop off the –ar ending; swimply add –o to say “I need” or add –a to say “You need”. You can do this with all regular –ar
verbs, as seen in previous lectures.
verbs, as seen in previous lectures. Remember: for health care professionals, the most important regular –ar verb conjugations are those that end in –o, implying “I”, or –a, implying “you” (for your patient). And there is no need to use the personal pronoun (yo “I”, usted “you”, etc.), as this is indicated by the ending. Necesitar
Another exciting and simple aspect of the Spanish language is that there are essentially no auxiliary verbs such as “do”, “does”, “did”, etc. as there are in English. For example, to ask:
“Do
Do you need….?
you need ?”, just as just as “¿Necesita?
¿Necesita? In an In an
inquiring tone, which literally means, “Need?” (both the words “do” and “you” are understood). “What do you need?, just say “¿Qué necesita? Or, literally, “What need?” (“You” is understood from the –a ending.)
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Necesitar
Continued:
“What do I need”, just say ¿Qué necesito?” or, literally, “What need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
“Where do I need….?, “ just say “¿Dónde
necesito….?” Or, literally, “Where need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
Necesitar
Continued:
“When do I need….?,” just say ¿Cuándo
necesito….?” Or, literally, “When need?” (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
“How many do I need?,” just say ¿Cuántos
y
, j
y¿
((as) )
necesito?” or, literally, “How many need? (The word “I” is understood from the –o ending.)
¿Cuándo necesito tomar la medicina?
When do I need to take the medicine?
Necesitar
Forming questions can be done in this manner with nearly all verbs. Take a look at the same structures with the verb tomar. To say:
“What do I take?,” just say “¿Qué tomo?” Or, literally, “What take?” “What pills do I take?,” just say “¿Qué
pastillas tomo?” or, literally, “What take?”
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Necesitar
• “What pills do you take…..?,” just say ¿Qué
pastillas toma….?” Or, literally, “What pills take?”
• “When do I take…..?,” just say ¿Cuándo
tomo ?” Or, literally, tomo….?
Or literally “When
When take?
take?”
• “How many do I take?,” just say ¿Cuántos (as) tomo? Or, literally, “How many take?
• “How many pills do you take?,” just say ¿Cuántas
pastillas toma?”
Práctica
Read and then listen to the following brief monologue, and then answer the questions. (Favor de leer y escuchar el siguiente monólogo y de contestar las preguntas.)
• Doctor Juan, Ud. Necesita dos inyecciones cada día en el brazo por diez días para controlar los síntomas de su enfermedad. f
1. ¿Qué necesita Juan?________________________.
2. ¿Cuándo o cuántas veces al día necesita las inyecciones?_________________________________.
3. ¿Dónde necesita las inyecciones?__________________.
4. ¿Quién necesita las inyecciones?__________________.
Necesitar + Infinitive
There is another extremely helpful use of the verb “to need.” With the form necesito, you can simply add any infinitive verb. For example:
Necesito tomar su temperatura
Necesito examinar su oído
Necesito recetar medicina
I need to take your temperatura. I need to examine your ear.
I need to prescribe medicine.
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Just as in English, when two verbs are used together, the first one is conjugated (necesito, “I need”) and the second verb remains “untouched” in its infinitive form (examinar, “to examine”). Therefore, “I need to examine” becomes, in Spanish, necesito examinar. (So, in Spanish as in English, you would not conjugate both verbs by saying “I need I examine.”)
Necesitar + Infinitive
Once you get the hang of this simple concept, you can begin to talk up a storm! For example, •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Necesito escuchar los pulmones
Necesito examinar su brazo.
Necesito
examinar su brazo
(Usted) necesita tomar su medicina.
Necesita cuidar la infección.
Necesita regresar en dos semanas.
Necesita examinar los (sus) senos en casa. Necesito pesarle.
Necesitar + Infinitive
This simple concept broadens your horizons considerably as far as what you can now ask and answer! It also makes conjugating immeasurably easier for you. Just conjugate the first verb ((necesito, for “I need”; necesita
,
;
for “you need, y
,
do you need?”) and leave the second verb alone in its infinitive form. The other wonderful advantage of this is that it doesn’t matter if the second verb is regular or irregular‐ you don’t need to conjugate it. This is a fantastic “shortcut”! 11
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Práctica
Translate into Spanish. (Favor de traducir al español.)
• 1. I need to examine your ear. ____________________________________________________________.
• 2. I need to take your pulse. ____________________________________________________________.
• 3. I need to prescribe pills. _____________________________________________________________
• 4. You need to take your medicine. _____________________________________________________________
• 5. You need to examine your breast at home. ____________________________________________________________.
Chief complaint
After greeting the patient, you often need to ascertain the chief complaint by asking “What seems to be the problem?” or “What brings you here today?”
¿Qué molestias tiene?
What seems to be the problem?, What brings you here today? (literally, what discomforts do you have?)
Chief complaint
• Me duele
• Me duele el brazo
• Me duele la pierna.
• ¿Le duele?
¿L d l ?
• ¿Qué le duele?
• ¿Dónde le duele?
It hurts me. My arm hurts. (lit. The
arm is painful to me.)
My leg hurts. (lit. The
leg is painful to me.)
D
Does
it hurt
h t you? (lit. Is
? (lit I
it painful to you?)
What hurts you? (lit. What is painful to you?
Where does it hurt? (lit. where is it painful
to you?)
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Chief complaint
All the questions‐‐ ¿Qué molestias tiene?, ¿Qué le duele?, and ¿Dónde le duele? – are commonly
asked. ¿Qué molestias tiene?, however, can refer to pain as well as other problems, such as
to pain as well as other problems, such as nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, depression, and so on. The other two questions can only refer to a physical pain. Thus, by inquiring, ¿Qué
molestias tiene?, you are not restricting your patients’ answers. Chief complaint
In Spanish, note that it is grammatically correct to use el, la, los, or las (the definite articles) with body parts as opposed to using
articles) with body parts, as opposed to using possessive adjectives mi (s) (“my”) or su(s) (“your”), which are considered to be redundant. However, if you find it easier to use “su(s)”, you will certainly be understood. Practice
• ¿Qué le duele a su hijo?
–
–
–
–
el hígado (liver)
los riñones (kidneys)
El estómago (stomach)
los oídos (ears)
• ¿Le duelen los ojos? No, no me duelen los ojos. • ¿Le duelen las manos? Si, le duelen mucho las manos.
• ¿Le duelen a Juan los pies?_________________.
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