Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto)

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Present Pe
Past Perfect
Continuous
PERFECT
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TENSES
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Present P
Past Perfect simple
Present and Past
Present Perfect
Simple
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Present Perfect
(Presente Perfecto)
Form: have + past participle (3º columna de verbos irregulares o terminación –ed en los verbos
regulares) has (he/she/it/); contracciones: I’ve / you’ve / he’s / she’s / it’s / we’ve / they’ve
Affirmative
I have gone to London (He ido a Londres)
He has gone to Brazil (Ha ido a Brasil)
Interrogative
Have you ever been to China? Yes, I have
Has she ever seen Troy? No, she hasn’t
Negative:
I haven’t gone to London
He hasn’t gone to Brazil
Recuerda:
gone to… (se usa cuando has ido algún sitio) He’s gone to Brazil (Ha ido a Brasil) (he’s in Brazil now)
been to… (cuando has ido y has vuelto de ese sitio) I’ve been to Brazil (He estado en Brasil)
Activity:
Try this verbs in affirmative, negative or interrogative:
(I) eat Chinese food
(he) visit Morocco
(we) study French
(you) eat snake
(she) work hard
(they) smoke
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USES
•
Uses: El presente perfecto tiene dos usos principalmente
1.
An action that has just finished (acción que acaba de terminar hace poco tiempo o
en un tiempo indeterminado. Con este uso, el verbo se traduce exactamente igual que en español)
e.g. I have lived in London (He vivido en Londres) Como se puede ver, no se
indica cuándo he vivido allí, no se habla de fechas.
Expresiones de tiempo usadas con este tiempo en este uso podrían ser: this morning/today…
e.g. I have had a very big breakfast this morning (He tomado un gran desayuno esta mañana)
2.
An action started in the past and continues in present (una acción que
empieza en el pasado pero que continua en el presente)
e.g. I’m from England but I have lived in Chipiona for eight years.
(Si traducimos “Soy de Inglaterra pero he vivido en Chipiona durante 8 años” no sería lo correcto
puesto que en español eso quiere decir que ya no vivimos allí. Sin embargo cuando un inglés usa
este tiempo es para decir que todavía sigue viviendo allí, por lo tanto la traducción correcta sería
“Soy de Inglaterra pero vivo en Chipiona desde hace 8 años”) (Aquí no se podría usar un presente
simple puesto que dice desde cuándo esa acción se viene haciendo (recuerda que el presente
simple sólo se usa para una acción habitual y no expresa nada más)
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Partículas usadas con este tiempo
• For and since
•
For: normalmente se traduce como “durante” (período de tiempo (“for eight years”)
•
Since: normalmente se traduce como “desde” (punto de partida o punto exacto en el pasado “since I
was a child”, “since last Christmas”)
• Ever or never
•
Ever: se traduce como “siempre” o “alguna vez” (Have you ever been to Paris?”)
•
Never: se traduce como “nunca” (I’ve never eaten Japanese food”)
• Already and yet
•
Already: se traduce como “ya”. Se usa sólo en afirmativas y se coloca en medio de las dos formas
verbales. “He has already come” (ya ha venido)
•
Yet: se traduce como “ya” o “aún o todavía”. Se usa para negativas o interrogativas y se coloca al final de
la oración. “Has he come yet?” (¿Ya ha venido?) “He hasn’t come yet” (No ha venido aún/todavía)
• Just
•
Junto con el presente perfecto, la frase se traduciría como “acabar de…” y se coloca en medio de las dos
formas verbales: “He has just come” (Él acaba de venir)
• How long…? Para preguntar “¿Cuánto tiempo…? (“How long have you had this
watch?” “¿Cuánto tiempo hace que tienes ese reloj?”)
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ACTIVITIES ON THE FIRST USE
ACTIVIDADES DEL PRIMER USO
•
Vamos por parte:
Empezaremos por el uso 1
1.
Look at the picture. What has happened? (¿Qué ha pasado?)
(He/clean/his shoes)
He has cleaned his shoes
(She/close/the door)
(They/go to bed)
(It /stop/rain)
(The picture/fall down)
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ACTIVITIES 1
•
Complete the sentences with the verb from the list. Use the present perfect (have/has + past
participle of the verb). (recuerda que antes de empezar a hacer el ejercicio debes asegurarte de
que conoces todo el vocabulario)
Break
buy
finish
do
go
go
lose
paint
read
take
1.
have finished
“Are they still having dinner?” “No, they _________________”
2.
I ________________________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3.
4.
“Is Tom here?” “No, he __________________ to work”
“_____________ you ____________ the shopping?” “No , I’m going to do it later”
5.
“Where’s your key?” “I don’t know. I _______________ it”
6.
7.
Look! Somebody ________________________ that window.
Your house looks different. _____________ you ______________ it?
8.
I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody _____________________ it.
9.
10.
I’m looking for Sarah. Where _______________ she____________?
“Do you want the newspaper?” “No, thanks. I ___________________ it.”
•
A las oraciones anteriores: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 y 10, insértales las partículas vistas anteriormente
como: already, yet o just y tradúcelas.
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Ever and Never
Ann
Have you ever been to Rome?
Lewis
Yes, I have. Many times
(¿Has ido alguna vez a Roma?)
Have you ever been to Japan?
No, I’ve never been to
Japan
Ann is asking questions to Lewis beginning have you ever…? Write the questions
1.
(Paris)
2.
(ride a motorbike)
3.
(drive a car)
4.
(play golf)
5.
(eat Japanese food)
6.
(sail)
7.
(break your arm)
8.
(visit a museum)
Have you ever been to Paris?
Have you ever riden a motorbike?
Write answers about yourself. I’ve never been to Paris, …
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
No, I’ve never been to Paris
Yes, many times
No, never
Yes, once
No, never
No, never
Yes, a few times
Yes, twice
Other time expressions as:
•
Recently, so far, in the last...
➡ I haven’t seen George recently
➡Everything is going fine. We haven’t had any problems so far
➡We’ve met a lot of interesting people in the last few days
• this morning, this evening, today, this
week, this term, etc.
(when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking)
Examples:
➡ I’ve smoked ten cigarettes today
➡ Has Ann had a holiday this year?
➡ I haven’t seen Tom this morning.
➡ Ron hasn’t studied very much this term
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• This is the first time...
• It’s the first time...
➡ Ron is driving a car. He is very nervous and
unsure because it’s the first time behind the wheel
of a car. You can say:
“This is the first time he has driven a car” (not drives)
or: “He has never driven a car before”
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SECOND USE
•
Uso 2 del Presente Perfecto
•
Estudia esto:
Friday
STUDY THIS
Margaret and Sue are on holiday in London. Sue arrived in London
on Monday. Today is Friday. They are in the British Museum.
How long have
you been in
London, dear?
I’ve been in London
since Monday
Si traducimos “¿Cuánto tiempo has estado en
Londres?” parece que la persona ya ha vuelto,
sin embargo no es eso lo que queremos decir con
este tiempo verbal. La traducción correcta sería
“¿Desde cuándo estás en Londres?”o “¿Cuánto
tiempo llevas en Londres?” para que digamos lo
que verdaderamente se quiere expresar con esta
pregunta.
La respuesta sería por lo tanto: “Estoy en Londres
desde el lunes” o “Llevo en Londres desde el
lunes”
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• Compara:
Harry is in Canada
Present Perfect
He has been in Canada since April
(not “He is in Canada since April”)
Are you married?
How long have you been married?
(not “How long are you married?”)
Do you Know Sarah?
x
x
Present Simple
How long have you known her? I’ve known her for a long time
(not “How long do you know her?”
x
Linda lives in London
How long has she lived in London? She has lived there all her life
We have a car
How long have you had your car?
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We’ve had it for a year
•
Can you answer these questions:
1.
A man says: “I’ve been in France for six years”. Is he in France when he
says this?
2.
A woman says, “I was in Japan for three years”. Is she in Japan when
she says this?
3.
Some body says, “I’ve worked with Eric for 30 years, and I worked with
Sally for 25 years”. Which one does he still work with?
4.
Somebody says, “I did seven years’ French at school”. Is he or she still at
school?
5.
You are in America. Somebody asks, “How long are you here for?” Does
the person want to know when your visit started, or when it will end?
6.
What does “How long have you been here for?” mean?
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ACTIVITIES ON THE SECOND USE
ACTIVIDADES DEL SEGUNDO USO
•
Complete these sentences. Use present
perfect
1.
Jill is in London. She ________________________ in London since Monday
2.
I know George. I _________________________ him for a long time
3.
They are married. They ________________________ since 1983
4.
Brian is ill. He _________________________ ill for a week.
5.
We live in this house. We ___________________________ here for ten years
6.
I know Tom very well. I _____________________ him for a long time
7.
Alice works in a bank. She ________________________ there for three years.
8.
She has a headache. She ________________________ a headache since she got up.
has been
has known
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How long have you studied English?
¿Desde cuándo estudias inglés? o ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estudias inglés?
How long have you been here?
¿Desde cuándo estás aquí? o ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estás aquí?
How long have they waited?
¿Desde cuándo esperas? o ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que esperas?
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Write questions with how long...?
1. My sister is married. How long...?
2. Boris is on holiday.
3. I live in Glasgow.
4. It is snowing.
5. Jack smokes.
6. I know her problem.
7. Jack and Jane are looking for a flat
8. Diana teaches English in Germany.
9. Dennis in in love with Margaret.
10.Colin has a car.
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• Make questions with How long…?
1. Jill is in London.
How long has Jill been in London?
2. I know George.
How long have you known George?
3. Mike and Judy are in Brazil. How long...
4. My brother lives in Germany
5. It is raining
6. Bill is a teacher
7. I have a motorbike
8. Linda and Frank are married
9. Alan works in London
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FOR
SINCE
four days
an hour
a week
a month
For
We use for + a period of time
five years
ten minutes
two hours
three weeks
six months
Monday
a long time
9 o’clock
24 July
December
We use since+ the start of the period
Since
1985
Wednesday
12.30
10 October
Christmas
I got up
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•Write for or since
1.
She’s been in London __________________ Monday
2.
She’s been in London __________________ four days
3.
Mike has been ill ___________ a long time. He’s been in hospital __________ October
4.
My aunt has been in Australia _________________ 15 years
5.
Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ________________ many years
6.
Mrs Harris is in her office. She’s been there ________________ 7 o’clock
7.
India has been an independent country ________________1947
8.
The bus is late. We’ve been waiting ___________________20 minutes.
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Rewrite the sentences using the present perfect simple
tense and for and since
1.
She is in London now. She arrived there four days ago.
She has been there for four days.
2.
Jack is here. He arrived here on Thursday
3.
I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago.
4.
I have a camera. I bought it in 2001
5.
They are married. They got married six months ago.
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Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
Is it raining?
No, it isn’t, but the ground is wet
It has been raining
It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago and it
still raining.
It has been raining for two hours
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Activities on the Present Perfect
Continuous
•
Read the situation and then write the sentence with the Present Perfect Continuous:
1. Tom is out of breath (he/run)
He has been running
2. Ann is very tired. (she/ work/ hard)
3. Bob has a black eye and Bill has a cut lip (Bob and Bill / fight)
4. Janet is hot and tired. (she / play / tennis)
•
Say how long something has been happening
1. Kevin is studying. He began studying three hours ago. He............ for three hours
2. I’m learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December
3. Ann is looking of a job. She began looking six months ago
4. Mary is working in London. She started working there on 18 January
5. George smokes. He started smoking five years ago.
•
Ask questions with how long...?
1. It’s raining. How long has it been raining?
2. My foot is hurting.
3. Mike plays chess
4. Tom is living in High Street
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Present Perfect Continuous vs
Present Perfect Simple
Jack’s clothes are
covered in paint. He
has been painting the
wall
The wall was white.
Now it’s red and white.
Jack has painted the
wall
Some more examples:
Tom’s hand are very dirty.
He has been repairing the car
The car is going again now. Tom has
repaired it
You’ve been smoking too much
recently. You should smoke less
Somebody has smoked all my
cigarettes. The packet is empty
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Activities: Present Perfect Simple or Continuous
•
Tom is reading a book. He started two hours ago and he is on page 53
(He /read/ for two hours)
he has been reading for t wo hours
(he / read/ 53 pages so far) he has read 53 pages so far
•
Linda is from Australia. Now she is travelling round Europe. She began her
tour three months ago.
(she / travel/ around Europe for three months)
(She / visit/ six countries so far)
•
Jimmy is a tennis champion. He began playing tennis when he was 11 years
old. Now he has just won the national championship for the fourth time.
(he/ play/ tennis since he was 11)
(he / win/ the national championship four times)
•
Bill and Andy make films. They started making films together when they left
collage.
(they / make / films since they left collage)
(they /make /ten films since they left collage)
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PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE
Compara:
Past Simple
Present perfect
I have lost my key
but
I lost my key yesterday
(= I can’t find them now”)
Bill has gone home
but
Bill went home ten minutes ago
(=He isn’t here now)
Have you seen Ann?
but
When did you see Ann?
(=Where is she now?)
Time until now
past
Finished time
now
Have you ever been to Spain?
but
past
now
Did you go to Spain last year?
(=in your life until now)
My friend is a writer. He has written
many books
We’ve lived in Singapore for six years
(=We live there now)
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but
Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems
but
We lived in Glasgow for six years but now
we live in Singapore
ACTIVITIES
PRESENT PERFECT vs SIMPLE PAST
•
Use the words in brackets ( ) to answer the questions
1.
2.
Have you lost your key?
(yesterday) Yes, I have. I lost it yesterday
Have you seen Alan?
(ten minutes ago)
3.
Have you painted the door? (last week)
4.
Has Sarah gone to France? (on Friday)
5.
Have they had dinner?
6.
Has he started his new job? (yesterday)
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(at 7 o’clock)
•
In these sentences the verbs are underlined. Are they right or
wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
1. Tom arrived last week
RIGHT
2. Have you seen Pam last week?
WRONG
3. I have finished my work
4. I have finished my work at 2 o’clock
5. When have you finished your work?
6. George has left school three years ago.
7. “Where’s Ann?” “She’s gone to the cinema
8. Napoleon Bonaparte has died in 1821
9. Have you ever been to Britain?
10. I haven’t seen you at the party on Saturday
11. The weather has been very bad last week
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Did you see…?
Study this structure:
How long is it since...?
• A: How long is it since you had a holiday?
• B: It’s two years since I had a holiday (= I haven’t had a
holiday for two years)
• It’s ages since Tom visited us (= Tom hasn’t visited us
for ages)
Imagine two people talking. You have to make sentences with it’s .... since...
A: Do you often go on holiday? (no/ five years)
B: No, It’s five years since I went on holiday
1.A: Do you often eat in restaurants? (no / six months)
B:
2.A: Does it often snow here? (no / years)
B:
3.A: Do you often play cards? (no / a long time)
B:
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Past Perfect
I had done
A veces hablamos de algo que ocurrió en el pasado
- I arrived at the party
Usamos el pasado perfecto para decir que algo ya había pasado antes
de ese tiempo.
- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home
Some more examples:
- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat
and had stollen my jewelry.
- George didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had
already seen the film twice.
- It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I
hadn’t flown before.
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Activities:
•
Complete the sentences using the past perfect tense and the verbs in
brackets.
1. The woman was a completely stranger to me. (see) I _______ before.
2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (be / late)
3. Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She
wasn’t very good at it because she (play)
4. It was Keith’s first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn’t know
what to do. (drive)
5. Tom wasn’t at home when I arrived. (he / just/ go / out)
6. We arrived at the cinema late. (the film /already / begin)
7. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I /not/ see/
her for ages)
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Past Perfect Continuous
I had been doing
A.I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working
all day (había estado trabajando)
B. También se usa para decir cuánto tiempo llevaba ocurriendo algo:
Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally
gave it up (llevaba fumando 30 años)
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• Activites:
1. Read the situation and write a sentence:
1. Tom was watching TV. He was feeling very tired (he /study/ hard all day)
2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody/ smoke / in the room)
3. The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the
audience suddenly began shouting. The orchestra ........... for about ten minutes
when....
4. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and began waiting. After 20
minutes I realised that I had come to the wrong restaurant. I ................ when I ............
2. Put the verb in the correct form past perfect continuous or past continuous
1. Tom was leaning against the wall, out of breath. He had been running
2. I tried to catch Tom but I couldn’t. He was running very fast
3. Jim was in his hands and knees on the floor. He ___________ (look) for his lighter
4. We _________ (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped and the
driver offered us a lift
5. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They
______ (eat)
6. When I arrived, everyone was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were
empty but their stomachs were full. They _____ (eat)
7. When I arrived, Ann ______ (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I
was late and she ________(wait) for a long time.
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