un salïn sin cortinas - Editorial Club Universitario

816$/Ï16,1&257,1$6
816$/Ï16,1&257,1$6
-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
7tWXOR8QVDOyQVLQFRUWLQDV
$XWRU‹-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
,6%1
'HSyVLWROHJDO$
(GLWD(GLWRULDO&OXE8QLYHUVLWDULR7HOI
&&RWWROHQJR6DQ9LFHQWH$OLFDQWH
ZZZHFXIP
3ULQWHGLQ6SDLQ
,PSULPH,PSUHQWD*DPPD7HOI
&&RWWROHQJR6DQ9LFHQWH$OLFDQWH
ZZZJDPPDIP
JDPPD#JDPPDIP
5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV1LODWRWDOLGDGQLSDUWHGHHVWHOLEURSXHGH
UHSURGXFLUVHRWUDQVPLWLUVHSRUQLQJ~QSURFHGLPLHQWRHOHFWUyQLFRRPHFiQLFR
LQFOX\HQGR IRWRFRSLD JUDEDFLyQ PDJQpWLFD R FXDOTXLHU DOPDFHQDPLHQWR GH
LQIRUPDFLyQRVLVWHPDGHUHSURGXFFLyQVLQSHUPLVRSUHYLR\SRUHVFULWRGHORV
WLWXODUHVGHO&RS\ULJKW
&$0,/$&/$025(6
/DFRQYHUVDFLyQVREUHHOWLHPSRTXHKDFtDHQ0DGULGPXFKR
FDORU \ HO TXH HOORV RSLQDEDQ TXH KDUtD DO GtD VLJXLHQWH DXQ
HVWLUiQGROD \ KDFLHQGR JUDQGHV SDXVDV VH OHV KDEtD DJRWDGR D
&DPLOD&ODPRUHV\D*XLMDUUROOHJDQGRDOFXDUWRSLVR
*XLMDUURPLHQWUDVDVFHQGtDQPLUDEDLQFyPRGRDXQODGR\
DRWURGHQWURGHODSHTXHxDFDMD$TXHOODYHFLQDTXHORPLUDED
GHVFDUDGDPHQWH GH DUULED DEDMR GHYRUiQGROR FRQ ORV RMRV OH
SRQtD QHUYLRVR 6XV PLUDGDV WUDQWiQGRVH DGHPiV GH DTXHOOD
PXMHU DOWHUDEDQ PiV WRGDYtD D *XLMDUUR TXH FXDOTXLHU RWUD
SXGLHUDKDFHUOR(UDQWDQWDVODVJDQDVTXHWHQtDGHTXLWDUVHORV
RMRVGHHQFLPDGHDTXHOODSHUVRQDTXHWHQtDODVHQVDFLyQGHTXH
HODVFHQVRULEDPiVGHVSDFLRTXHQXQFD
(O YLDMH VH OH HVWDED KDFLHQGR LQWHUPLQDEOH 'HVHDED
IHUYLHQWHPHQWH OOHJDU DO RFWDYR SLVR ¿QDO GHO WUD\HFWR SDUD
DPERV GRQGH SRU ¿Q FRQVHJXLUtD VHSDUDUVH GH HOOD 3HUR DTXHO
YLDMH TXH VH OH VXSRQtD XQD GXUDFLyQ GH DSHQDV GRV PLQXWRV
QR VHUtD FRPR FXDOTXLHU RWUR pVWH GXUDUtD GRFH KRUDV \ OHV
KDEUtD GH WUDHU DOJXQD FRQVHFXHQFLD VREUH WRGR SDUD &DPLOD
&ODPRUHV
(UDQYHFLQRVGHVGHKDFtDXQDxRMXVWRHOWLHPSRTXH*XLMDUUR
OOHYDEDYLYLHQGRHQHOHGL¿FLR=HQLW6XYLYLHQGDRFWDYR%HUDOD
FRQWLJXDDODGH&DPLOD&ODPRUHV/DGpELOFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODV
SDUHGHV\HOTXHWRGDVODVYHQWDQDVIXHUDQDGDUDXQSDWLRGH
OXFHVHUDXQRGHORVPRWLYRVSRUORVTXH&DPLOD&ODPRUHVPX\
GDGDDOFRWLOOHRYHFLQDOVHVXSLHUDODYLGD\PLODJURVGHWRGRVORV
YHFLQRV\HQSDUWLFXODUSRUVXREVHVLYRHVSLRQDMHKDFLDpOODGH
*XLMDUUR
*XLMDUUR WHQtD WUHLQWD \ GRV DxRV HUD VROWHUR \ FDUWHUR GH
SURIHVLyQ+DEtDFRQVHJXLGRODSOD]DHQ0DGULG\DXQTXHKDEtD
WHQLGR TXH GHMDU FRQ SHQD HO SHTXHxR SXHEOR GH ([WUHPDGXUD
GRQGH QDFLy DKRUD VLQ HPEDUJR VH HQFRQWUDED FRQWHQWR HQ OD
-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
FDSLWDO(UDWDQUXGRFRPRWRGRVORVGHVXSXHEOR\DXQFRQHO
XQLIRUPHGHFDUWHURQRSRGtDHQJDxDUDQDGLHGHVXVRUtJHQHV$
WRGDVKRUDVSDUHFtDDFDEDUGHGHMDUHODUDGR\HOWUDFWRUDSDUFDGR
HQODHVTXLQDGHODFDOOH6XFDUDUHGRQGD\FRORUDGDOOHQDGH
SHFDVGHQRWDEDODVDOXGGHODTXHKDFtDQJDODORVGH&DQDOLOORGH
$EDMR(UDWDQIHRFRPRXQD]DQDKRULD\HOSHORSHOLUURMRPiV
TXHFUHFHUOHGDEDODVHQVDFLyQGHKDEHUOHVLGRFODYDGRFRQVDxD
HQVXFDEH]D
&DPLOD &ODPRUHV GH FXDUHQWD \ WUHV DxRV HVWDED FDVDGD
\HUDPDHVWUDGHSiUYXORVHQHOFROHJLRTXHKDEtDHQHOEDUULR
(UDGHPLVDGLDULD\ORVIHVWLYRVGXSOLFDEDVXDVLVWHQFLD0XMHU
JUDQGH\GHVJDUEDGDGHSHORQHJURODFLRTXHFRPRXQDFRUWLQD
PDOFRUWDGDOHFDtDKDVWDODVRUHMDV6XJRUGRFXOROHHPSH]DED
FDVL GHEDMR GH OD QXFD /D ERFD HUD XQD DEHUWXUD UHFWD VLQ
DSHQDVODELRVTXHHQDTXHOURVWURVLHPSUHVRPEUtR\VLELOLQROH
GDEDQHODVSHFWRGHXQDEUXMDGHFXHQWRLQIDQWLO\QRHUDSRUOD
YHUUXJDFRQSHORVQHJURVTXHWHQtDHQODEDUELOODTXHpVWDDO¿Q
\DOFDERFDVLOH³DGRUQDED´ODFDUD
(OUHFKD]RKDFLDHOFDWHWRVXUJLyGHVGHHOSULPHUGtDTXHOR
YLR HQ OD HVFDOHUD &DPLOD &ODPRUHV VLQ QL VLTXLHUD FRQRFHUOR
OR FRQVLGHUDED XQ VROWHUR \ OLEHUWLQR SHFDGRU \ DVt OR IXH
H[SDQGLHQGR HQWUH HO YHFLQGDULR $ *XLMDUUR OH DVXVWDED OD
LPDJHQGHDTXHOODFRWLOODEHDWDGHUHFDWDGD\ODUJDYHVWLPHQWD
/HKDFtDUHFRUGDUVXLQIDQFLD\HOPLHGRSDVDGRGHQLxRSXHVVX
PDGUHSDUDTXHVHFRPLHUDWRGDODFRPLGDGLVIUD]DEDGHEUXMD
D VX KHUPDQD \ OH DPHQD]DEDQ FRQ TXH OD EUXMD VH OR OOHYDUtD
PRQWDGRHQVXHVFREDVLVHGHMDEDDOJRHQHOSODWR
+DEtD FRQVHJXLGR HYLWDU RWUDV YHFHV FRJHU HO DVFHQVRU FRQ
HOOD SHUR D ODV QXHYH GH OD QRFKH GH DTXHO GRPLQJR OH IXH
LPSRVLEOH6HYLRVLQGDUVHFXHQWDMXQWRDDTXHOODPXMHUHQOD
SODQWDEDMDGHODHVFDOHUDHVSHUDQGRTXHHODVFHQVRUEDMDUDGH
ODSODQWDGRQGHORKDEtDQGHMDGRHQHODQWHULRUVHUYLFLR'HEtD
HVWDU D SRFD DOWXUD SRUTXH HQ EUHYHV VHJXQGRV HO DVFHQVRU
OOHJDED\DEUtDDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHODVSXHUWDVPRVWUiQGROHVVX
LQWHULRU H LQYLWiQGRORV D HQWUDU SDUD XQ QXHYR VHUYLFLR ³HO GH
HOORV´
8QVDOyQVLQFRUWLQDV
*XLMDUUR GHPRUy WRGR OR TXH SXGR HO HQWUDU HQ HO DVFHQVRU
HVSHUDQ]DGRHQTXHOOHJDUDDOJ~QRWURKDELWDQWHGHOLQPXHEOH\
DVtQRWHQHUTXHHQFRQWUDUVHDVRODVFRQHOODGHQWURSHURIXHHQ
YDQR(QHOPHVGHDJRVWRHQ0DGULGHVWDEDQYDFtRVFDVLWRGRV
ORVHGL¿FLRV\HO=HQLWQRHUDXQDH[FHSFLyQ
$SHQDV OOHYDEDQ XQ FRUWR SHULRGR GH WLHPSR GH YLDMH
FXDQGRHODVFHQVRUHPSH]yDYLEUDU\DGDUVDFXGLGDV/DVOXFHV
FRPHQ]DURQ D SDUSDGHDU \ D GHELOLWDUVH \ GH XQ JROSH VHFR HO
DVFHQVRUVHSDUyDSDJiQGRVHGH¿QLWLYDPHQWHODOX]
/DV PHGLGDV GHO KDELWiFXOR TXH ORV WUDQVSRUWDED DSHQDV
OOHJDEDDXQPHWURFXDGUDGRGHVXSHU¿FLH/DDXVHQFLDGHUXLGR
GHO PRWRU GHO DVFHQVRU \ HO VLOHQFLR TXH LPSULPH OD RVFXULGDG
KDFtDTXHODDJLWDGDUHVSLUDFLyQGHORVGRVWDQSUy[LPRVHQWUH
HOORVVHHVFXFKDUDFRQPD\RULQWHQVLGDG
&DPLOD&ODPRUHVVHKDEtDVREUHVDOWDGRWHPtDTXHHODVFHQVRU
VH FD\HUD DO YDFtR GHVSXpV GH ODV YLEUDFLRQHV SHUR HO FDUWHUR
KDFLHQGRDODUGHGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHKDEtDDGTXLULGRHQORV
GRVDxRVTXHHVWXYRWUDEDMDQGRHQXQDHPSUHVDGHDVFHQVRUHVOD
WUDQTXLOL]yKDEOiQGROHGHORVIUHQRVTXHOOHYDQORVDVFHQVRUHVHQ
IRUPDGHKRUTXLOODV\GHTXHHQFDVRGHFDtGDFRQODIURWDFLyQ
pVWDVVHDEUHQ\KDFHQSDUDUOR1ROHGLMRSDUDQRDVXVWDUODTXH
HVWRVIUHQRVWDPELpQSRGtDQHVWDUDJDUURWDGRV\ODVKRUTXLOODVQR
DEULUVH
(O KHFKR GH QR YHUOD GHELGR D OD RVFXULGDG HQ TXH VH
HQFRQWUDED HO DVFHQVRU KDEtD KHFKR ROYLGDU D *XLMDUUR TXH OD
SHUVRQDTXHHVWDEDDVXODGRHUDODEUXMDTXHORHVSLDEDDWUDYpV
GHORVYLVLOORVGHVXVYHQWDQDV\DODTXHKDEtDFRJLGRHQYDULDV
RFDVLRQHVFRQODRUHMDSXHVWDHQODSXHUWDGHHQWUDGDGHVXFDVD
VREUHWRGRFXDQGRUHFLEtDDOJXQDYLVLWDGHVXSXHEOR
/R TXH VH HVSHUDED HQ XQ SULQFLSLR TXH IXHUD XQD VLPSOH \
EUHYHDYHUtDFRPRHQRWUDVRFDVLRQHVVHHVWDEDFRQYLUWLHQGRHQ
DOJRPiV<DOOHYDEDQXQDKRUD\WRGRVHJXtDLJXDODH[FHSFLyQ
GHTXHKDFtDXQUDWRKDEtDYXHOWRODOX]
1LHOSXOVDUFDGDXQRGHORVERWRQHVGHODFDELQDQLHODFFLRQDU
ODDODUPDKDFtDTXHHODVFHQVRUVHPRYLHUDRTXHDOJXLHQYLQLHUD
DVRFRUUHUORV6HKDEtDQTXHGDGRSDUDGRVHQWUHHOVpSWLPRSLVR\
-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
HORFWDYR'HKDEHUVHUHWUDVDGRXQRVVHJXQGRVODDYHUtDKXELHUDQ
SRGLGR OOHJDU DO RFWDYR ~OWLPR SLVR GHO HGL¿FLR \ HO GHVWLQR TXH
DPERVOOHYDEDQ
(Q HO HGL¿FLR GH RFKR SODQWDV KDEtD XQ WRWDO GH GLHFLVpLV
YLYLHQGDV SHUR HQ DTXHOOD pSRFD GHO DxR VyOR VH HQFRQWUDEDQ
RFXSDGDVODVGRVGHOSULPHUSLVRGRQGHYLYtDQGRVPDWULPRQLRV
\D PX\ PD\RUHV TXH VH DFRVWDEDQ WHPSUDQR \ RWUD PiV HQ HO
WHUFHUR RFXSDGD SRU XQ YLXGR MXELODGR TXH YLYtD VROR \ HVWDED
VRUGR(OUHVWRGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHDTXHOLQPXHEOHDH[FHSFLyQGH
HOORVGRVVHHQFRQWUDEDQGHYDFDFLRQHVIXHUDGH0DGULG
/DVFLQFRKRUDVTXHOOHYDEDQHQFHUUDGRV\HODJRELDQWHFDORU
TXHDOOtKDFtDHPSH]yDGHVTXLFLDUORVQHUYLRVGH&DPLOD&ODPRUHV
TXHQRVDEtDFRQTXLHQWRPDUOD\VHODFDUJyVXPDULGR
<DOLPEpFLOGHPLPDULGRQRVHOHKDRFXUULGRPiVTXHHVWH
ItQGHVHPDQDSDUDLUD$OEDFHWHDYHUDVXPDGUH£SRUTXHFRPR
\R OH GLJR ¢QR OD OODPDV SRU WHOpIRQR HQ 1DYLGDG" HQWRQFHV
¢SRUTXpKDFHUPiVJDVWR"£SRUTXH\DHQFRQIHUHQFLDVVHQRVYD
XQSLFR*UDFLDVDTXH\RWUDEDMRSRUTXHHOGHVJUDFLDGRPXFKR
VHU LQVSHFWRU GH KDFLHQGD \ WRGR OR TXH TXLHUD SHUR VL IXHUD XQ
KRPEUHFRPR'LRVPDQGDPHPDQWHQGUtD\QRWHQGUtDQHFHVLGDG
GHWUDEDMDU(VXQLQ~WLOTXHQRKDYDOLGRQLSDUDKDFHUPHXQKLMR
SRUTXHDXQTXHORVPpGLFRVGLJDQTXHpOHVWiELHQ\TXHVR\\R
ODTXHQRSXHGHHVWR\VHJXUDTXHHVWiQHTXLYRFDGRVTXHHVpOHO
FXOSDEOH£4XpVDEUiQHVRVPHGLFXFKRVGHSDFRWLOOD£YDPRVXQD
PXMHU FRPR \R FRQ ORV SUHWHQGLHQWHV TXH KH WHQLGR TXH SRGtD
KDEHUHOHJLGRKDVWD£VDEH'LRVTXp\TXHKHSUHIHULGRDHVWH
GHVJUDFLDGR\WRGRSRUVHUEXHQDSRUVHUYLUWXRVDSRUTXHDPt
DSLDGRVD\DEXHQDQRKD\TXLHQPHJDQH1RFRPR7HUHVDODGHO
TXLQWR$TXHWLHQHPXFKDIDPDGHEXHQDSRUFXLGDUDVXPDULGR
\ D VX SDGUH HQIHUPR SHUR ELHQ TXp VH KLQFKy D QR GLJR OD
SDODEUDSRUQRFRPHWHUSHFDGRSHURYDPRV£TXHVHLVKLMRVQR
VHKDFHQYLHQGRODWHOHYLVLyQ2FRPRODGHOFXDUWR%GLYRUFLDGD\
YLYLHQGRFRQRWURKRPEUHVLQFDVDUVHHQFRQWLQXRSHFDGRPRUWDO
<VLKDEODPRVGH,VDEHO£HK£XQD]RUUD£TXHYHUJHQ]DHVFRPR
XQDSHUUDHQFHORVLHPSUHDEUD]DGDDVXPDULGR£'HVGHOXHJR
TXHSRFDVPXMHUHVKD\FRPR\RFRQHVWDPRUDOLGDGTXHVLHPSUH
8QVDOyQVLQFRUWLQDV
PHKDFDUDFWHUL]DGRKDVWDHOSXQWRGHSRQHUPHGHHMHPSORGRQ
-RDTXtQHOSiUURFRHQHOFXUVLOORGHFULVWLDQGDG³3DVRODUJR3DVR
ODUJR´3HURDVtVR\\QRFDPELDUpSRUPiVTXHPHLQFLWHQDSHFDU
£+DVWDGRQ9tFWRUHOGLUHFWRUGHOFROHJLRPHORGLMRXQDYH]£TXp
ERQGDGYHUtDHQPtTXHKDVWDPHEHVyGHDJUDGHFLPLHQWR(OSREUH
WLHQHXQDPXMHUTXHQRYDOHSDUDQDGDHVXQDVRVD£4XpFRQWHQWR
TXHGyHOGtDTXHGHVSXpVGHWDQWRWLHPSRTXHKDFtDTXHQRVH
EXHQRKLFHTXHFRQVLJXLHUDXQEXHQRHQ¿Q(OSREUHFRQ
VXPXMHUFRPRQRSHURODYLUWXGHVHVRD\XGDUDORVGHPiV0H
DFXHUGRTXHGHVSXpVGHD\XGDUDGRQ9tFWRUGtDVGHVSXpVWXYH
TXHD\XGDUDRWURFRPSDxHURTXHVXPXMHUVHHQFRQWUDEDGHYLDMH
8QKRPEUHHVXQKRPEUH\WLHQHVXVQHFHVLGDGHVKD\PXMHUHV
HJRtVWDV TXH VyOR SLHQVDQ HQ HOODV SHUR HQ ¿Q Vp TXH PL IRUPD
GH VHU QR SDVDUi GHVDSHUFLELGD SDUD 'LRV \ REWHQGUp PL SUHPLR
DXQTXHVHDHQODRWUDYLGD
(O FDORU HUD VRIRFDQWH QDGLH RtD OD DODUPD \ GHVLVWLHURQ GH
YROYHU D LQWHQWDUOR /OHYDEDQ HQFHUUDGRV RFKR KRUDV \ KDEtDQ
SHUGLGRODHVSHUDQ]D\DQRFRQ¿DEDQHQVHUVDFDGRVKDVWDTXHQR
IXHUDGHGtD6HKDEtDQTXLWDGRODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHURSDSRVLEOH
\ VH HQFRQWUDEDQ ORV GRV VXGRURVRV \ VHQWDGRV HQ HO VXHOR GHO
DVFHQVRU
*XLMDUUR TXH GRUPLWDED FRQ ORV RMRV HQWUHDELHUWRV YLR SRU
SULPHUD YH] HQ HO WLHPSR TXH OOHYDED YLYLHQGR DOOt ODV URGLOODV
\ ODV SLHUQDV GH &DPLOD &ODPRUHV TXH QR FDEtD GXGD OH KDFtDQ
MXHJRFRQODFDUD\FRQHOUHVWRGHOFXHUSR(UDQODVSLHUQDVPiV
KRUULEOHVTXHKDEtDYLVWRHQVXYLGDGRVSDORVWRUFLGRVVHXQtDQ
DXQDVVDOLHQWHV\KXHVXGDVURGLOODVGHFDPHOOR+DEUtDTXHWHQHU
PXFKD LPDJLQDFLyQ SDUD VDEHU D TXH FODVH GH DQLPDO SRGUtDQ
SHUWHQHFHU/DVSDWDVGHVXSHUURTXHKDEtDGHMDGRHQHOSXHEOR
HUDQPiVVLPpWULFDVTXHODVTXHWHQtDDHVFDVRVFHQWtPHWURVGHODV
VX\DV7DPELpQVHKDEtDGHVDEURFKDGRODEOXVD\DVRPDEDQSRU
HOVXMHWDGRUGRVHQRUPHVXEUHVTXHOHGHVFDQVDEDQHQODRURQGD
EDUULJD
&DPLOD &ODPRUHV PLUy D *XLMDUUR DOOt VHQWDGR D VX ODGR D
HVFDVRVFHQWtPHWURVGHHOOD\VHVLQWLyPXMHU6HFRQVLGHUDEDEHOOD
\ DSHWLWRVD \ HPSH]y D SHQVDU HQ TXH ³VHJXUR TXH DTXHO MRYHQ
-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
PDFKRLQWHQWDUtDFXDOTXLHUFRVDFRQHOOD´£6DEH'LRVTXp³3HUR
QRSRUPXFKRTXHORLQWHQWDUDHOODQRFHGHUtD´£3XHVEXHQDHUD
HOOD £(K £9DPRV £$ VDEHU D FXDQWDV FRPR HOOD KDEtD IRU]DGR
DTXHOFDWHWR³SHURFRQHOODORWHQtDFUXGR´
(O FDUWHUR VHJXtD GRUPLWDQGR DMHQR D ORV SHQVDPLHQWRV GH
DTXHOODPXMHU
&DPLOD &ODPRUHV TXH HVSHUDED XQ EUXWDO DWDTXH VH[XDO GH
DTXHOPDFKRHVWDEDGLVSXHVWDDGHIHQGHUVHHQORTXHVXVÀRMDV
IXHU]DV VH OR SHUPLWLHUDQ 6XGRURVD \ DFDORUDGD YHtD FRPR
SDVDEDHOWLHPSR\HOEUXWDODWDTXHVH[XDOQROOHJDED6HTXLWy
OD IDOGD TXH WHQtD UHPDQJDGD \ WDPELpQ OD EOXVD TXHGiQGRVH
HQEUDJDV\VXMHWDGRU/DVJUDQGHV\EODQFDVEUDJDVGHDOJRGyQ
LQWHQWDEDQ WDSDUOH OD WULSD VLQ FRQVHJXLUOR *UDQGHV PDVDV GH
FDUQHVHGHVFROJDEDQDORODUJRGHVXFLQWXUDKDVWDVXVOHFKRVRV
PXVORV 3HUR ¢TXp OH SDVD D HVWH DQLPDO TXH QR" SHQVDED
&DPLOD &ODPRUHV (O WLHPSR VHJXtD SDVDQGR \ HPSH]y D WHQHU
VRIRFRV6XFDUDHVWDEDWDQURMDFRPRODGHOFDWHWRTXHWHQtDDO
ODGR \ DSURYHFKDQGR TXH pVWH HVWDED VRPQROLHQWR HPSH]y D
UHVWUHJDUVHFRQWUDpOFRPRXQDJDWDHQFHORKDVWDTXHIXHUDGH
VtDEUD]yWRGRVXFXHUSRDOGHpOPLHQWUDVFRQGLVLPXORFRPHQ]y
DEDMDUVHODVJUDQGHV\EODQFDVEUDJDVGHDOJRGyQ
/DH[FLWDFLyQHQODTXHVHHQFRQWUDEDVXPLGDKL]RTXHQRVH
SHUFDWDUDGHOVXDYHPRYLPLHQWRGHVFHQGHQWHGHODVFHQVRU\GH
FRPRXQRVPLQXWRVPiVWDUGHVHDEUtDODSXHUWDGHOPLVPRHQOD
SODQWDEDMDGHODHVFDOHUD
1DGLHGHORVSUHVHQWHVGDEDFUpGLWRDORTXHHVWDEDQYLHQGR
8QDEULJDGDGHGRFHERPEHURVLQFOXLGRHOFDERODSRUWHUD
ORV RQFH YHFLQRV TXH HVWDEDQ GH YDFDFLRQHV \ KDEtDQ YXHOWR HQ
HVHPRPHQWRVXPDULGR\XQPHQGLJRPLUDEDQHQHOLQWHULRU
GHODVFHQVRUHOFXORGHVQXGR\HQSRPSDGH&DPLOD&ODPRUHVFRQ
ODVEUDJDVDPHGLRPXVORPLHQWUDVVXFDEH]DVHSHUGtDHQWUHORV
SDQWDORQHVYDTXHURVGHOFDUWHUR
&$1$/,//2
6LQRIXHUDSRUORVGRVQRPEUHVTXHORVGLVWLQJXtDQKXELHUD
SDUHFLGR TXH HUD XQ VROR SXHEOR $ &DQDOLOOR GH $UULED XQ
SRFR PiV DOWR TXH &DQDOLOOR GH $EDMR VyOR ORV VHSDUDED XQ
VHQGHURGHDSHQDVXQPHWURGHDQFKR6XVFDVDVFRPSHWtDQHQ
EODQFXUDDXQTXHQRHUDVyORHQHVRHQORTXHFRPSHWtDQ$PERV
SXHEORV FXOWLYDEDQ WRPLOOR WHQtDQ YHLQWH KDELWDQWHV FDGD XQR
FHOHEUDEDQVXV¿HVWDVHQODPLVPDIHFKD\HOKDELWDQWHGHPiV
HGDGGH&DQDOLOORGH$UULEDWHQtDODPLVPDTXHHOGH&DQDOLOOR
GH$EDMR
/RVGH&DQDOLOORGH$UULEDVHFRQVLGHUDEDQVXSHULRUHVSXHV
DXQTXH DKRUD HO QRPEUH GH ORV GRV SXHEORV HPSH]DED SRU
&DQDOLOORQRVLHPSUHKDEtDVLGRDVt+DFtDPXFKRVDxRVFXDQGR
HO DJXD KDEtD VLGR PiV DEXQGDQWH HQ OD FRPDUFD HO SXHEOR GH
&DQDOLOORGH$UULEDKDEtDVLGRFRQRFLGRFRPR³&DxRIXHUWH´HVWR
GHMDEDHQLQIHULRULGDGDORVGH&DQDOLOORGH$EDMRTXHVLHPSUH
VHKDEtDOODPDGRDVt\ORVGH$UULEDQRSHUGtDQODRFDVLyQSDUD
UHFRUGDUOR\HFKDUOHVHQFDUDVXVXSHULRULGDG
/DULYDOLGDGHUDODWHQWHHQWUHDTXHOORVGRVSXHEORVORVYHLQWH
KDELWDQWHVGHFDGDXQRHUDQHQHPLJRVHWHUQRVGHORVYHLQWHGHO
RWUR (UDQ SXHEORV GH JHQWH ORQJHYD SXHV OD HGDG GH ORV PiV
MyYHQHVGHFDGDSXHEORVXSHUDEDORVRFKHQWDDxRV(OPiVYLHMR
DFDEDEDGHFXPSOLUORVFLHQWRGRFH\KDEtDXQRHQFDGDSXHEOR
SXHVORVGRVDQFLDQRVKDEtDQQDFLGRHQHOPLVPRDxRDXQTXHORV
GRVVHHQFRQWUDEDQ\DHQPX\PDODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHVDOXG
'LVSXHVWRVVLHPSUHDFRPSHWLUYLHURQHQODVDOXGGHORVGRV
DQFLDQRVXQPRWLYRPiVSDUDKDFHUOR/RVGRVSXHEORVTXHUtDQ
TXHQRIXHUD³VXYLHMR´HOSULPHURHQPRULUVH\DXQTXHORVGRV
HVWDEDQ\DPX\PDOWUHFKRV\HQIHUPRVHUDQFROPDGRVSRUVXV
SDLVDQRV FRQ WRGD FODVH GH FXLGDGRV SXHV KDEtDQ WRPDGR HVWD
FDUUHUDFRPRXQDFXHVWLyQGHKRQRU/RVGH&DQDOLOORGH$UULED
TXHUtDQ GHPRVWUDUOHV D VX HQHPLJR YHFLQR GHO SRUTXp HUDQ
-XOLR1DGDO*DOiQ
VXSHULRUHV\ORVGH&DQDOLOORGH$EDMRQRHVWDEDQGLVSXHVWRVD
VXIULURWUDDIUHQWDGHORWURSXHEOREDVWDQWHWHQtDQFRQWHQHUTXH
RLUOHVGHFLUFRQWLQXDPHQWHTXHHUDQRULXQGRVGH³&DxRIXHUWH´
$QWROtQHUDHOQRPEUHGHO³YLHMR´GH&DQDOLOORGH$UULEDWRGD
VX YLGD KDEtD WUDEDMDGR HQ HO FDPSR \ KDVWD KDFtD VyOR FLQFR
DxRV D~Q OR KDEtD HVWDGR KDFLHQGR D SHVDU GH VX DYDQ]DGD
HGDG \ GH VX GHWHULRUDGR HVWDGR ItVLFR 1XQFD KDEtD DSUHQGLGR
DOHHUQLDHVFULELU1LGHQLxRQLOXHJRPiVWDUGHVXSRQXQFD
ORTXHHUDXQFROHJLR7DPSRFRQXQFDWXYRYDFDFLRQHVQLSDUD
pOH[LVWLHURQORVGtDVIHVWLYRVRORVGRPLQJRV6XYLGDKDEtDVLGR
VLHPSUH OD PLVPD WUDEDMDU FXOWLYDQGR WRPLOOR WRPLOOR \ PiV
WRPLOOR\HUDHQHVRHQORTXHFDVLVHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRVXFXHUSR
³HQXQDUDPDVHFD\DUUXJDGDGHWRPLOOR´1LYHtDQLRtDQLSRGtD
GRUPLU\DSHQDVFRPtD$UUXJDGRFRPRXQDSDVDVHSDVDEDORV
GtDVVHQWDGRHQXQVLOOyQ$QWROtQHUDVRPHWLGRGLDULDPHQWHDORV
PHMRUHVFXLGDGRV\UHPHGLRVTXHDTXHOORVSDLVDQRVVX\RVSRGtDQ
GLVSHQVDUOH FRQ OD ~QLFD LQWHQFLyQ GH TXH GXUDVH PiV WLHPSR
³YLYR´TXHHOGH&DQDOLOORGH$EDMR
0DULDQRHUDHODQFLDQRGH&DQDOLOORGH$EDMR7DPELpQGHVGH
VLHPSUHVHKDEtDGHGLFDGRDOFXOWLYRGHOWRPLOORVXYLGDDXQTXH
HUDSDUHFLGDDODGH$QWROtQVXIUtDXQFDPELRHQORFXOWXUDOSXHV
pOVtVHKDEtDSUHRFXSDGRGHDSUHQGHUDOHHU/RKL]R\DPD\RU
FRQRFKHQWD\VLHWHDxRVLQFOXVRXQDYH]VLHQGRMRYHQVHGHVSOD]y
D OD FDSLWDO TXH DVt OODPDEDQ DO SXHEOR GH GRV PLO KDELWDQWHV
TXHKDEtDDVHVHQWDNLOyPHWURVGHDOOt$TXHOODVFRVDVOHKDEtDQ
GDGRD0DULDQRIDPDGHLQWHOHFWXDO\YLDMHURSDUDRUJXOORGHORV
GH &DQDOLOOR GH $EDMR TXH $QWROtQ QR WHQtD 6H HQFRQWUDED GH
VDOXGWDQPDORSHRUTXH$QWROtQSHURDOLJXDOTXHDORWURYLHMR
VXVSDLVDQRVOHKDFtDQWRGDFODVHGHUHPHGLRVSDUDPDQWHQHUOR
YLYRFRPRIXHUD<DKDFtDDxRVTXHKDEtDSHUGLGRWRWDOPHQWHOD
YLVWDSHURDXQDVtORWHQtDQVHQWDGRMXQWRDXQDYHQWDQDDELHUWD
FRQXQDVJDIDVEODQFDVVXSXHVWDPHQWHJUDGXDGDVHQVXVRMRV
SDUDTXHSXGLHUDVHUYLVWRSRUORVGH&DQDOLOORGH$UULED(QVXV
URGLOODV FRPR VL HVWXYLHUD OH\HQGR OH KDEtDQ SXHVWR XQ JUDQ
OLEURDELHUWRSRUODPLWDGFRQODVREUDVFRPSOHWDVGH&HUYDQWHV
LQFOX\HQGR(O4XLMRWH
8QVDOyQVLQFRUWLQDV
/RVKDELWDQWHVGHDPERVSXHEORVLQWHQWDEDQGHVPRUDOL]DUVH
XQRVDRWURVFRQWDQGRODVFRVDVTXHKDFtDQ$QWROtQR0DULDQR
(UDQDYHQWXUDVGLJQDVGHYHLQWHDxHURVTXHVHODVDFKDFDEDQD
ORVGRVSREUHVHLQPyYLOHVYLHMRVDMHQRVDDTXHOODOXFKD
$XQ FRQ ORV DxRV TXH KDQ SDVDGR GHVGH OD PXHUWH GH ORV
GRV DQFLDQRV QDGLH KD SRGLGR H[SOLFDUVH WRGDYtD OD H[WUDxD
GHVDSDULFLyQ HQ OD PLVPD QRFKH GH ORV ³GRV YLHMRV´ QL FRPR
GXUDQWH WDQWR WLHPSR SXGLHURQ $QWROtQ \ 0DULDQR RFXOWDU VX
SDUHQWHVFR
'HVDSDUHFLHURQ GH VXV FDVDV HQ OD PLVPD QRFKH HQ TXH
VXSLHURQTXHLEDQDPRULUVH\IXHURQHQFRQWUDGRVDTXLQLHQWRV
PHWURV GH ORV GRV SXHEORV WLUDGRV HQWUH XQRV PDWRUUDOHV GH
WRPLOORPXHUWRV\IXQGLGRVHQXQDEUD]RPLHQWUDVGHXQDGHODV
PDQRVGH0DULDQRDVRPDEDXQDKRMDDPDULOOHQWD
$TXHODUUXJDGR\YLHMRSDSHOHUDXQDSDUWLGDGHQDFLPLHQWR
TXHFRPXQLFDEDDTXLHQORTXLVLHUDVDEHUTXH$QWROtQ\0DULDQR
KDEtDQ QDFLGR GH OD PLVPD PDGUH KDEtDQ HVWDGR GHQWUR GH VX
YLHQWUHHQODPLVPDEROVDJHVWDO\TXHFRPRKHUPDQRVJHPHORV
TXHHUDQKDEtDQHVWDGRWDQMXQWRV\DEUD]DGRVHQVXQDFLPLHQWR
FRPRMXQWRV\DEUD]DGRVKDEtDQDSDUHFLGRHQHOGtDGHVXPXHUWH
DRULOODVGHODFDUUHWHUDGH&DQDOLOOR³SDUDHOORVQLGH$UULEDQLGH
$EDMR´