Yews (género Taxus)
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Yews (género Taxus) ¿Tienes alguna duda, sugerencia o corrección acerca de este taxón? Envíanosla y con gusto la atenderemos. Ver todas las fotos etiquetadas con Taxus en Banco de Imagénes » Descripción de EOL Ver en EOL (inglés) → National distribution 1 United States Ori gi n : Exotic R egu l ari ty : Regularly occurring Cu rren tl y : Unknown/Undetermined Con fi d en ce : Confident Habitat and ecology 2,3 Hab i tat an d Ecol ogy Taxus baccata is capable of growing under (not entirely closed) canopy of beech (Fagus spp.) as well as other deciduous broad-leaved trees, but it will only develop to large trees in more open situations. In Switzerland, the richest area of Central Europe for yew, it forms a yew-beech wood on cool, steep marl slopes in the Jura and the foothills of the Alps up to 1,400 m a.s.l. (Ellenberg 1988). Under the evergreen Common Yew, nothing else will grow. In England, T. baccata is best developed on chalk downs - again on steep slopes - and can form extensive stands outside the beech woods invading down grassland. In much of Europe where the climate is less oceanic it survives better in mixed forests, coniferous as well as mixed broad-leaved-conifer forests, again mostly on limestone substrates, and often occupying rocky cliffs and slopes. On acid soils yews perform less well under canopy and usually do not develop beyond a sapling stage in woods. Its northern limits in Scandinavia are determined by its sensitivity to severe frost. Its toxicity (all parts except the red arils around the seeds) prevent browsing by cattle and sheep, but not by rabbits and deer, as these animals have developed a level of immunity to the dangerous alkaloids. Apart from seed germination (dispersed by birds), T. baccata readily regenerates from stumps and roots (suckers); ancient hollow trees may rejuvenate constantly in this way. When planted, e.g. in church yards and cemeteries, soil pH seems unimportant; some of the largest and presumably oldest specimen trees in NW Europe, in particular Brittany (France) and the British Isles, are known from such locations and were planted probably since Celtic times Systems Terrestrial Associations 4 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Acrogenospora dematiaceous anamorph of Acrogenospora sphaerocephala is saprobic on rotten wood of Taxus baccata In Great Britain and/or Ireland: Plant / associate fruitbody of Agaricus altipes is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Agaricus augustus is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Agaricus gennadii is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Agaricus phaeolepidotus is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Agaricus subfloccosus is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / epiphyte fruitbody of Aleurodiscus aurantius grows on dead stem of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Amanita gemmata is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Amanita inopinata is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Other: major host/prey Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Amanita singeri is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Plant / epiphyte resupinate fruitbody of Amylostereum laevigatum grows on dead bark of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe immersed perithecium of Anthostomella formosa var. taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9-5 Foodplant / pathogen Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Auricularia mesenterica is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Plant / associate fruitbody of Battarrea phalloides is associated with Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Bjerkandera adusta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / open feeder larva of Blastobasis lignea grazes on leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: autumn-spring Foodplant / saprobe larva of Brachyopa scutellaris is saprobic on sap run of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Brevicellicium exile is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Brevicellicium olivascens is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Calocera pallidospathulata is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 1-12 Fungus / parasite effuse colony of Capnobotrys dematiaceous anamorph of Capnobotrys dingleyae parasitises live twig of Taxus baccata Foodplant / gall Cecidophyopsis psilaspis causes gall of live bud (flower) of Taxus baccata Plant / epiphyte podetium of Chaenothecopsis caespitosa grows on rotten wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 10 Foodplant / saprobe colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria cupulifera is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 12-6 Foodplant / saprobe colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara cylindrica is saprobic on leaf litter of Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Clavaria acuta is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Clavaria incarnata is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Clavaria purpurea is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Clavicorona taxophila is associated with Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Clavulinopsis umbrinella is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Clitocybe ditopa is saprobic on dead, rotting litter of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Clitopilus hobsonii is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Coniophora arida is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Coniophora olivacea is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe usually tufted colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora pruni is saprobic on bark of Taxus baccata Animal / parasite Cryptocline coelomycetous anamorph of Cryptocline taxicola parasitises live Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum condensatum is saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora taxi is saprobic on dead twig of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 11-3 Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Dacrymyces estonicus is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Dacrymyces punctiformis is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Dacryobolus karstenii is saprobic on fallen, decayed, decorticate trunk (large) of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Plant / epiphyte fruitbody of Dendrothele amygdalispora grows on live bark of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe erumpent pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on dead twig of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe amphigenous pycnidium of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9-3 Foodplant / saprobe immersed stroma of Dothiora taxicola is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Fungus / saprobe colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella eboracensis is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata Fungus / saprobe effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 4-5 Foodplant / saprobe hysterothecium of Farlowiella carmichaeliana is saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 2-4 Foodplant / parasite fruitbody of Ganoderma carnosum parasitises live trunk of Taxus baccata Other: sole host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Ganoderma lucidum is saprobic on dead stump of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum campestre is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum fimbriatum is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum fornicatum is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum pectinatum is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum quadrifidum is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Geastrum striatum is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate apothecium of Geopora sumneriana is associated with Taxus baccata Remarks: season: Spring Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Gloeophyllum trabeum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / mycorrhiza / endomycorrhiza sporocarp of Glomus fuegianum is endomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe amphigenous, sometimes in lines, splitting epidermis pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Guignardia philoprina is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Gymnopilus bellulus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Gymnopilus junonius is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hemimycena tortuosa is saprobic on decayed stick of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Hygrophorus penarius is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate epigeous or hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster luteus is associated with Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Plant / associate hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster vulgaris is associated with Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hyphoderma definitum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hyphodontia arguta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hyphodontia pallidula is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hyphodontia rimosissima is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Hypochniciellum subillaqueatum is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Inocybe obscurobadia is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Foodplant / saprobe superficial stroma of Kretzschmaria deusta is saprobic on dead stump of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Lactarius salmonicolor is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Laetiporus sulphureus is saprobic on trunk of old tree of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Lepiota castanea is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Lepiota ochraceofulva is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Lepiota perplexa is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucoagaricus badhamii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed litter of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucoagaricus croceovelutinus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucoagaricus marriagei is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucoagaricus pilatianus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucocoprinus brebissonii is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucogyrophana mollusca is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Leucogyrophana sororia is saprobic on dead, very decayed, brown rotted bark of Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Limacella delicata var. delicata is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Lyophyllum favrei is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Lyophyllum konradianum is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Macrolepiota procera var. pseudo-olivascens is associated with Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe epiphyllous, gregarious or in rows, covered pycnidium of Macrophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Macrophoma taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Marasmius androsaceus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed needle of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe colony of Chloridium dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella preussii is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 11-5 Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Micromphale foetidum is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / saprobe erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9-5 Foodplant / saprobe stromatic perithecium of Nectria pallidula is saprobic on dead twig of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 8-1 Foodplant / saprobe Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Nectria ralfsii is saprobic on dead, cut or fallen branch of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9-1 Foodplant / parasite fruitbody of Neolentinus lepideus parasitises live Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / feeds on adult of Otiorhynchus singularis feeds on live Taxus baccata Foodplant / sap sucker Parthenolecanium pomeranicum sucks sap of live foliage of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Paullicorticium delicatissimum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Peniophora nuda is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / pathogen fruitbody of Phaeolus schweinitzii infects and damages live root of mature tree of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / parasite fruitbody of Phellinus ferreus parasitises living trunk of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / parasite fruitbody of Phlebiella albida parasitises live twig of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Phlebiella pseudotsugae is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Phlebiella sulphurea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Phlebiopsis gigantea is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk (cut end) of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / saprobe immersed, mostly hypophyllous pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma allostoma is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 11-3 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph of Phragmocephala stemphylioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / pathogen mycelium of Phytophthora ramorum infects and damages Taxus baccata Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Polyporus leptocephalus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: Other: uncertain Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia balsamea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia floriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia sericeomollis is saprobic on dead, decayed log (large) of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe Ptychogaster anamorph of Postia sp. ined. (near P. ptychogaster) is saprobic on dead, fallen trunk of Taxus baccata Other: sole host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia stiptica is saprobic on dead, decayed log (large) cut end of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia wakefieldiae is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Pseudobaeospora laguncularis is saprobic on litter of Taxus baccata Foodplant / sap sucker hypophyllous Pulvinaria floccifera sucks sap of live leaf of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Radulomyces rickii is saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata Other: unusual host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Ramaria decurrens is associated with Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Ramaria subbotrytis is associated with Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Ramariopsis crocea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed needle of debris of Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Ramariopsis kunzei is associated with Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Plant / associate fruitbody of Ramariopsis pulchella is associated with Taxus baccata Plant / associate fruitbody of Ramariopsis tenuiramosa is associated with Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Scytinostroma ochroleucum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Sistotremella perpusilla is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella claviformis is saprobic on dead stem of Taxus baccata Fungus / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella coronata is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella longissima is saprobic on decaying, dead leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 5 Fungus / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium larvatum is saprobic on decorticate wood of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 1 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium pedunculatum is saprobic on rotting wood of Taxus baccata Plant / associate epigeous fruitbody of Stephanospora caroticolor is associated with Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sterigmabotrys dematiaceous anamorph of Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpa is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata Other: major host/prey Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Stypella vermiformis is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Other: minor host/prey Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza fruitbody of Suillus tridentinus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata Foodplant / gall larva (2nd year) of Taxomyia taxi causes gall of bud of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Thysanophora dematiaceous anamorph of Thysanophora taxi is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Taxus baccata Remarks: season: 9 Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Trechispora praefocata is saprobic on dead, decayed litter of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe Tubulicrinis accedens is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata Foodplant / feeds on adult of Turdus viscivorus feeds on berry of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Vesiculomyces citrinus is saprobic on dead, decayed bark of Taxus baccata Foodplant / saprobe larva of Xylota xanthocnema is saprobic on rot hole of Taxus baccata Barcode data: taxus baccata 5 The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. Iucn red list assessment 2,3 R ed Li st Category LC Least Concern R ed Li st Cri teri a Versi on 3.1 Year Assessed 2013 Assessor/s Farjon, A. R evi ewer/s Thomas, P. Con tri b u tor/s Ju sti fi cati on The Common Yew (Taxus baccata) has a very extensive range throughout Europe and beyond. Exploitation and attempts at eradication are no longer current. Cultivated rather than wild populations are exploited for chemical compounds to produce Taxol unlike the situation with other yew species. Expansion is observed in many woodlands in recent decades. Hi story 1998 Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) National nature serve conservation status 1 United States R ou n d ed N ati on al Statu s R an k : NNA - Not Applicable Population 2,3 Pop u l ati on The global population is increasing due to changed woodland management, which has become less intensified in many parts of Europe. In Scandinavia, it may be expected to expand inland from coastal areas if the warming climate trend continues. Pop u l ati on Tren d Increasing Threats 2,3 M aj or Th reats Although in past centuries Yew has been 'persecuted' in much of Europe and it had become rare in many areas, with the changes in woodland management and use since the nineteenth century the species has made a remarkable come-back and is not in danger of extinction in the wild. Conservation actions 2,3 Con servati on Acti on s Common Yew is present in numerous protected areas throughout its range. In Europe, several yew dominated communities are covered under the EU Habitats Directive. Additionally there are many societies in various countries devoted to yew conservation, especially older trees. References 1. © NatureServe, some rights reserved 2. Farjon, A. 2013. Taxus baccata. In: IUCN 2014 . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1 . <www.iucnredlist.org> 3. © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, some rights reserved 4. © BioImages, some rights reserved 5. © Barcode of Life Data Systems, some rights reserved
