Subject Model Who or what does the action of the verb
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1 Spanish Vowel Sounds The 5 vowel sounds are very important to learn! a – sounds like the “a” when you sing “la-la-la” e – sounds like the “a” in the word “chaos” i – sounds like the “e” in “tee” o – sounds like the “o” in “nose”, but short & crisp u – sounds like the “oo” in “soon”, again short & crisp Interrogatives (Question Words) ¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? - who? ¿Qué? - what? ¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? - Which? / What? ¿Cuánto? / ¿Cuánta? - How much? ¿Cuántos? / ¿Cuántas? - How many? ¿Cuándo? - when? ¿Adónde? - To where? ¿Dónde? - where? ¿Por qué? - why? ¿Cómo? – how? ¿De dónde? - From where? ¿Para qué? - For what reason? 2 3 Conjunctions (words that join 2+ words, phrases, or clauses) “y” = and (sometimes “e”) “ni” = nor, neither “pero” = but (in the negative = sino) “o” = or, either (sometimes “u”) Back of Conjunctions • libros y revistas - books and magazines • Ni Juan ni su padre lo superion hasta ayer. - Neither John nor his father found out until yesterday. • O me dices la verdad o vas a sentirlo. - Either you tell me the truth or you're going to regret it. • Juan no bebe café pero bebe leche. - John does not drink coffee, but he drinks milk. • Juan no bebe café sino leche.-John does not drink coffee, but milk. Prepositions • • • • • • a = at, to antes de = before con = with sin = without de = of, from después de = after 4 • en = in, on • hasta = until • para = in order to, by, for • por = through, by means of, for Por v. Para • Por – in exchange for – measures a duration of time – expresses rate (%, mph) – movement through space, by means of 5 • Para – indicates a destination – means “intended for” – indicates a deadline, a time by which something will be completed – before an infinitive it means “in order to” Other Helpful Words • • • • • • • • • allí - there aquí - here antes - before después - after hoy - today mañana - tomorrow ayer - yesterday bien - fine mal - poorly • • • • • • • • • • • mucho - a lot muy - very siempre - always nunca - never poco - a little pronto - soon también - also tan - so tanto - so much tarde - late temprano - early 6 7 Common Negative Words nada = nothing nadie = no one ni = neither, nor no = no, not nunca = never Back of card #7 Affirmative Words • • • • • • algo alguien algún/alguno(a) o… o siempre también Negative Words something • nada • some, any • either… or • always • also • someone nothing nadie no one, nobody ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any ni… ni neither… nor nunca never tampoco neither, not either Numbers (0-19) 0 = cero 1 = uno 2 = dos 3 = tres 4 = cuatro 5 = cinco 6 = seis 7 = siete 8 = ocho 9 = nueve 10 = diez 11 = once 12 = doce 13 = trece 14 = catorce 15 = quince 16 = dieciséis 17 = diecisiete 18 = dieciocho 19 = diecinueve 8 Numbers (20-39) 20 = veinte 21 = veintiuno 22 = veintidós 23 = veintitrés 24 = veinticuatro 25 = veinticinco 26 = veintiséis 27 = veintisiete 28 = veintiocho 29 = veintinueve 30 = treinta 31 = treinta y uno 32 = treinta y dos 33 = treinta y tres 34 = treinta y cuatro 35 = treinta y cinco 36 = treinta y seis 37 = treinta y siete 38 = treinta y ocho 39 = treinta y nueve 9 Benchmark Numbers 40 = cuarenta 50 = cincuenta 60 = sesenta 70 = setenta 80 = ochenta 90 = noventa 100 = cien 101 = ciento uno 115 = ciento quince 171 = ciento setenta y uno 200 = doscientos 300 = trescientos 400 = cuatrocientos 500 = quinientos 600 = seiscientos 700 = setecientos 800 = ochocientos 900 = novecientos 1,000 = mil 2,000 = dos mil 500,000 = quinientos mil 1,000,000 = millón 1,000,000,000 = billón 10 11 Ordinal Numbers 1st - primero 2nd - segundo 3rd - tercero 4th - cuarto 5th - quinto 6th - sexto 7th - séptimo 8th - octavo 9th - noveno 10th - décimo 12 Days of the Week Monday = lunes Tuesday = martes Wednesday = miércoles Thursday = jueves Friday = viernes Saturday = sábado Sunday = domingo • To say that you do something “on Monday”, you say “el lunes” • To say that you do something “on every Monday”, you say “los lunes” 13 Months of the Year January = enero February = febrero March = marzo April = abril May = mayo June = junio July = julio August = agosto September = septiembre October = octubre November = noviembre December = diciembre Saying Dates 14 December 25 = el veinticinco de diciembre January 1 = el primero de enero April 15 = el quince de abril June 4, 2015 = el cuatro de junio de dos mil quince 1986 = mil novecientos ochenta y seis 1504 = mil quinientos cuatro 15 Adjectives • is a word that describes a noun • comes after the noun in Spanish • matches the noun in # & gender • a good book = un libro bueno • the tall girl = la chica alta • three new cars = tres carros nuevos Subject Pronouns Who or what does the action of the verb English I you (informal) he she it name noun you (formal) 1 4 Spanish we ______ and I y’all (Spain ONLY: informal plural) 2 5 ______ and you 3 6 they --names nouns you all (informal & formal plural) _____ and ______ yo 4 nosotros nosotras ______ y yo 2 5 vosotros vosotras ______ y tú 3 6 1 tú él ella -nombre sustantivo usted ellos ellas -nombres sustantivos ustedes _____ y ______ 16 17 Verbs • words that narrate the action; they tell you what is going on • INFINITIVE = verb in its simplest form • (end in -ar/-er/-ir) • ending lets you know who is doing the action 18 Present Tense -ar o 1 as 2 a 3 4 5 6 amos áis an action happens now -ir -er o 1 2 es e 3 4 5 6 emos éis en o 1 es 2 e 3 Meanings in English (example = to eat) Yo como el desayuno. = I eat breakfast. I do eat breakfast. I am eating breakfast. 4 5 6 imos ís en Irregular Present Tense (DIVES) dar doy 1 das2 da 3 damos 5 dais 6 dan 4 action happens now voy 1 2 vas va 3 4 5 6 vamos vais van estar estoy 1 estás 2 está 3 4 5 6 ver ir estamos estáis están veo 1 4 vemos ves 2 5 veis ve 3 6 ven ser soy 1 eres 2 es 3 4 5 6 somos sois son 19 ser v. estar • ser – – – – – – – – 20 (to be) descriptions origin time or date possession profession, nationality, religion, political affiliation where an event is taking place what something is made of math calculations • estar – conditions or feelings – locations (but not of an event) – identify a change from the norm or emphasize the special state or nature of something – certain weather conditions • ser examples of ser v. estar 21 – – – – – – Los ojos de mi hijo son azules. - My son’s eyes are blue. Ella es de Colombia. - She is from Colombia. Hoy es el dos de febrero. - Today is February 2nd. La guitarra es de Shakira. - The guitar is Shakira’s. Mi abuelo es peruano. - My grandfather is Peruvian. La fiesta de Año Nuevo es en Times Square. - The New Year’s party is in Times Square. – Mi casa es de madera. - My house is made out of wood. – Tres y uno son cuatro. (3 + 1 = 4) • estar – Estoy enfermo y voy al hospital. - I’m sick, and I’m going to the hospital. – Mis amigos están en la cocina ahora. - My friends are in the kitchen now. – ¡Estás muy guapo hoy! - You look great today! – Está soleado esta tarde en la playa. - It’s sunny this afternoon on the beach. saber v. conocer 22 (to know) • saber – facts or giving information – to say that someone knows how to do something sé sabes sabe sabemos sabéis saben • conocer – to be familiar with a place – to be acquainted with a person conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocéis conocen Simple Future Tense action is going to happen a ir voy 1 vas 2 va 3 4 5 6 vamos vais van infinitive -ar -er -ir All 3 words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Los estudiantes van a estudiar mucho. 23 Present Progressive Tense action is happening right now estar estoy estás está Note: 1 4 estamos 2 5 3 6 estáis están present participle -ar = ando -er = iendo -ir 1. If a word is an “-ir” stem changing verb in the present tense, there is a single letter stem change in the present participle: e = i; o = u dormir = durmiendo; vestir = vistiendo 2. If there are 3 vowels together and the middle one is an unaccented “i”, that “i” changes to “y”: leer = leyendo; destruir = destruyendo 24 Simple Past Tense action has just happened acabar acabo 1 acabas2 acaba 3 4 5 6 acabamos acabáis acaban de infinitive -ar -er -ir All 3 words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Acabamos de comer el almuerzo. 25 Preterite Tense 26 action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed -ar é 1 aste 2 ó 3 4 5 6 amos asteis aron -er/ -ir í 1 iste 2 ió 3 4 5 6 imos isteis ieron Preterite (back side) Some indicators of specific times in the past ayer anteayer la semana pasada el mes pasado el año pasado anoche yesterday day before yesterday last week last month last year last night Irregular Preterite Tense 27 action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed ser/ir fui 1 fuiste 2 fue 3 4 5 6 fuimos fuisteis fueron ver dar di 1 diste2 dio 3 4 dimos 5 disteis 6 dieron vi viste vio 1 4 2 5 3 6 vimos visteis vieron Irregular Preterite (back side) Examples: No fui muy inteligente. I wasn’t very smart. No fui al cine ayer. I didn’t go to the movies yesterday. Le diste demasiado dinero. You gave him too much money. Vimos al gobernador la semana pasada. We saw the governor last week. i-stem Preterite Verbs HQDV (He Quit Doing Verbs) hacer querer hice 1 4 hicimos hiciste2 5 hicisteis hizo 3 6 hicieron quise 1 quisiste 2 quiso 3 decir dije 1 dijiste 2 dijo 3 4 5 6 dijimos dijisteis dijeron 4 5 6 quisimos quisisteis quisieron venir vine viniste vino 1 4 2 5 3 6 vinimos vinisteis vinieron 28 i-Stem Preterite (back side) These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite: querer – to try (without necessarily succeeding) no querer – to refuse u-stem Preterite Verbs 29 EAT SPP (EAT Sweet Potato Pie) estar estuve andar 1 4 estuvimos anduve 1 4 anduvimos estuviste 2 5 estuvisteis anduviste 2 5 anduvisteis estuvo estuvieron anduvo 3 6 anduvieron 3 6 tener tuve saber 1 4 tuvimos tuviste 2 5 tuvisteis 3 6 tuvieron tuvo supe poder supo supiste 2 5 supisteis 1 4 pudimos pudiste 2 5 pudisteis pudo pudieron pude 3 6 1 4 supimos 3 6 supieron poner puse pusiste 1 4 pusimos 2 5 pusisteis puso 3 6 pusieron u-Stem Preterite (back side) These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite: tener – to get; to receive saber – to find out; to discover poder – to manage to do; to succeed in doing no poder – to be unable to (and not do) j-stem Preterite Verbs TCDT (Tom Conjugates During Track) traer conducir traje 1 4 trajimos trajiste 2 5 trajisteis 3 6 trajo trajeron conduje condujiste condujo decir dije 1 dijiste 2 dijo 3 4 5 6 dijimos dijisteis dijeron 1 4 2 5 3 6 condujimos condujisteis condujeron traducir traduje 1 tradujiste 2 tradujo 3 4 5 6 tradujimos tradujisteis tradujeron 30 Preterite v. Imperfect Preterite • single, completed event • beginning or ending of an action • when you tell how long an action has lasted Imperfect • incomplete, ongoing event • descriptions • telling time in the past • habitual actions 31 Imperfect Tense 32 action was happening; action used to happen; ongoing, recurring or incomplete action in the past -er/-ir -ar ía ías ía aba 1 4 ábamos abas 2 5 abais aba 3 6 aban ser ir iba 1 4 íbamos ibas 2 5 ibais iba 3 6 iban era 2 5 3 6 íais ían ver 1 4 éramos eras2 era 1 4 íamos erais eran veía 1 4veíamos veías 2 5 veíais veía 3 6 veían Imperfect (back side) This verb tense has specific applications: 1. It indicates the continuance of a past action or event or to describe a situation in the past. Neither the beginning nor the end is indicated. 2. It is used to describe persons or things in the past. 3. It describes a state of mind in the past with verbs like: creer, pensar, querer and saber 4. It expresses the time of day in the past. 5. When used with “hacía + expression of time + que + the imperfect tense”, it describes an action or event that began in the past and continued in the past. 6. It is used with the preterite to describe a situation that was going on (imperfect) when an action/event occurred (it was begun or ended) 33 Pronouns (PN) Direct Object DOP me 1 te 2 lo, la 3 4 5 6 Possessive Adjective mi,mis nuestro(s) 1 4 nuestra(s) tu, tus2 5 vuestro(s) vuestra(s) su, sus3 6 su, sus Indirect Object IOP me te le nos os los, las Reflexive PN me te se 1 4 2 nos os se 1 4 2 5 3 6 nos os les Prepositional PN mí conmigo nosotros 1 4 nosotras ti contigo2 5 vosotros vosotras 3 6 él ellos ella ellas usted ustedes 34 Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs are indicated by the reflexive pronoun “se” attached to the infinitive. (ie: despertarse, ducharse, divertirse, etc. 1. To conjugate, remove the –se and place it in front of the conjugated verb. 2. Change the –se to match the subject (boxes MUST match!!!!) 3. Conjugate the infinitive as normal. 4. Remember, all boxes must agree: Subject/Reflexive Pronoun/Verb ending – all must come from the SAME box. 5. Once the –se is removed, look at your infinitive, that is what determines which group of endings to use! 6. If the reflexive verb is part of a two verb tense (Simple Future, Simple Past, etc.), you can leave it on the infinitive, but it still MUST match the box of the subject. 35 Stem Changing Verbs – Present tense Stem – changing verbs in the present tense (aka: Boot Verbs) 1. Have one of four possible stem changes: e – ie o - ue e–i o–u 2. Changes occur only in Boxes 1, 2, 3, and 6 (yo, tú, él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes) 3. Stem change the next to the last vowel 4. Stem changing verbs CAN also be Irregular verbs (spelling change in Box 1). When this is the case, make the spelling change in Box 1 and then stem change in Boxes 2, 3, and 6 as usual 36 Stem Changing Verbs – Preterit tense Stem – changing verbs in the preterite tense (aka: sandal Verbs) 1. Have one of two possible stem changes: e–i o–u 2. Changes occur only in Boxes 3, and 6 (él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes) 3. Stem change the next to the last vowel 4. Stem changing verbs in the preterite are only –ir verbs that stem changed in the present tense Irregular Verbs 37 1. Irregular verbs have a spelling change in Box 1 only. 2. If a word is stem changing, the stem changes occur in the Present tense, Boxes 2, 3, and 6. 3. There are Irregular verbs in Present, Preterite and Present Subjunctive. Spelling changes occur due to sound needs: g + a/o/u has a hard g sound (like ‘g’ in ‘guy’) g + i/e has a soft h sound (like ‘h’ in ‘hairy’) c + a/o/u has a hard k sound (like ‘c’ in ‘cat’) c + i/e has a soft s sound (like ‘s’ in ‘sister’) 4. Every attempt is made to retain the original sound of the verb in the infinitive. So, when conjugation changes the sound of the original. Sometimes they completely change the sound (think –go verbs: hacer, tener, venir, salir, traer, oír, decir, etc.) Other times they add a ‘u’ after the ‘g’ to keep the hard sound, or a ‘z’ in front of a ‘c’ to keep the ‘s’ sound. Present Subjunctive Mood 38 *action in subjunctive clause may or may not occur or be true *speaker/writer is expressing uncertainty, doubt, emotion, desire, hope, recommendation, denial, or disbelief -er/ -ir -ar e es e 1 4 2 5 3 6 emos éis en a as a 1 4 2 5 3 6 amos áis an The Subjunctive To use: 1. You must have 2 clauses. 2. Each clause has a different Subject (doer of the action) 3. Clauses are usually separated by “que” 4. Verb in the 1st clause is a WEIRDO verb. To form: 1. Use the “yo” form of the verb (This includes the stem-change form and the Irregular form, i.e. “quiero” or “tengo”) 2. Drop the “o” and add “opposite” endings: -ar e es emos éis e en a as a -er/-ir amos áis an 39 Commands --- Tú forms 40 1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is use for most forms of command. 2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”) 3. Positive Tú commands use the BOX 3 present tense form of the verb: ¡Camina! ¡Corre! ¡Escribe! 1. There are some exceptions: hacer - ¡Haz!, decir - ¡Di!, salir ¡Sal!, tener- ¡Ten!, ir - ¡ve!, poner - ¡pon!, venir - ¡ven!, ser ¡sé! 4. Negative Tú commands use the BOX 2 form of the Subjunctive ¡No camines! ¡No corras! ¡No escribas! 1. There are four irregular forms: dar - ¡No des!, estar - ¡No estés!, ir - ¡No vayas!, ser - ¡No seas! Commands --- Ud. & Uds. forms 41 1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is used for most forms of command. 2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”) 3. Positive Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or BOX 6 present subjunctive form of the verb: ¡Camine(n)! ¡Corra(n)! ¡Escriba(n)! 1. There are some exceptions: saber - ¡sepa(n)!, ser - ¡sea(n)!, ir ¡vaya(n)!, estar - ¡esté(n)! 4. Negative Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or Box 6 form of the Subjunctive with the Word “no” in front of it. ¡No camine(n)! ¡No corra(n)! ¡No escriba(n)! 1. There are the same four exceptions listed above. Future Tense 42 action will happen Infinitive + endings Infinitive + é ás á 1 4 2 5 3 6 emos éis án Exceptions: haber poder querer saber habrpodrquerrsabr- poner salir tener venir pondrsaldrtendrvendr- decir dirhacer har- Conditional Tense 42 action would happen Infinitive + endings Infinitive + ía ías ía 1 4 2 5 3 6 íamos íais ían Exceptions: haber poder querer saber habrpodrquerrsabr- poner salir tener venir pondrsaldrtendrvendr- decir dirhacer har- Present Perfect Tense action has happened haber he has ha Past participle hemos 5 habéis 6 han -ar = ado -er = ido -ir = ido 1 4 2 3 Both words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto 43 Past Perfect Tense action had happened haber había habías había 1 4 2 5 3 6 Past participle habíamos habíais habían -ar = ado -er = ido -ir = ido Both words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto 44 Future Perfect Tense action will have happened haber Habré habrás habrá 1 4 2 5 3 6 Past participle habremos habráis habrán -ar = ado -er = ido -ir = ido Both words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto 44 Conditional Perfect Tense action would have happened haber Habría 1 Habrías 2 habría 3 Past participle 4 habríamos 5 6 habríais habrían -ar = ado -er = ido -ir = ido Both words MUST be present to be grammatically correct. Exceptions: Hacer = hecho decir = dicho escribir = escrito Romper = roto abrir = abierto cubrir = cubierto 45 46 Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs • dar las gracias - to thank • de repente - suddenly • de hoy en adelante - from now on • echar al correo - to mail • estar de acuerdo (con) - to agree (with) • extrañar el nido - to be homesick • sano y salvo - safe and sound • volverse loco - to go crazy • tener cuidado - to be careful • tener en cuenta - to keep in mind • La práctica hace al maestro. - Practice makes perfect. • Más vale tarde que nunca. Better late than never. • llover a cántaros - to rain a lot • No hay mal que por bien no venga. - Every cloud has a silver lining.
