// BRIEF STATISTICS 2014

//
BRIEF
STATISTICS 2014
//
TAXATION IN FINLAND
• Finland’s taxation is subject to decisions by the Finnish Parliament,
the European Union and the municipalities of Finland. It is governed
by tax legislation, which is prepared by the Ministry of Finance and
enacted by the Parliament.
•The Tax Administration collects two thirds of all taxes and tax-like
charges. In addition to the Tax Administration, taxes and charges
are collected by the Customs and Trafi, the Transport Safety Agency.
The Customs collects excise duties and import duties, whereas Trafi
collects motor vehicle taxes.
•Income received by individual taxpayers is divided in earned income
and capital income. Earned income consists of pay from employment,
pensions and social benefits. Capital income consists of sources such
as dividends, rental income and income from selling property.
Capital income and earned income are taxed differently: capital
income is taxed according to a fixed rate and earned income
according to a progressive tax scale, where the rate increases as
income increases.
•Taxpayers may deduct any costs incurred when acquiring or
maintaining the income.
•The income tax rate for incorporated companies and other entities is
fixed.
• Value added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax which the consumer pays
when buying goods or services. The rate of VAT is fixed. Businesses
pay VAT on their sales to the State each month.
2
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CONTENTS
Income of public bodies, 2012................................................................................... 4
Expenses of public bodies, 2012................................................................................ 5
Finland’s taxes, 2012............................................................................................. 6–7
Net accruals 2012 and 2013 of tax revenue............................................................... 8
GDP, taxes, net taxes and central government debt, 1995–2012................................ 9
Different tax types as percentages of tax revenues, 1995–2012................................ 10
Taxes and tax-like charges, breakdown of taxes by taxpayer category, 2011 and 2012....... 11
State income tax and its breakdown by taxpayer category, 2011 and 2012............... 12
Municipal income tax and its breakdown by taxpayer category, 2011 and 2012........ 13
Direct taxes and tax-like charges imposed on the basis of income 1995 - 2012 ........ 14
Tax refunds and back taxes, by taxpayer category, 2012.......................................... 15
Tax arrears by tax type, 2011–2013......................................................................... 16
Results of tax examinations, 2011–2013.................................................................. 17
Income tax scale for 2014........................................................................................ 18
Breakdown of wage earners, by basic withholding rates, 2014.................................. 19
Breakdown of pension recipients, by basic withholding rates, 2014.......................... 19
Incomes of individuals in 2012 state taxation............................................................ 20
Direct taxes as percentages of taxable income, 2011 and 2012................................ 21
Income earners, taxable income and individuals taxes imposed,
by classification, 2012 ............................................................................................. 22
Maximum deductions, 2011–2014 .......................................................................... 23
Important tax deductions, 2009–2012 .............................................................. 24–25
Taxes as percentages of GDP by country ................................................................. 26
Tax structures by country......................................................................................... 27
Maximum marginal income tax rates 2012–2013, by country................................... 28
Proportions of VAT, 2011 and 2012, in percentages................................................. 29
VAT rates in the EU, international comparison 2014................................................. 30
3
//
INCOME OF PUBLIC BODIES, 2012
Public finances is what is made up by the State of Finland, Finnish
municipalities, the Provincial Government of Åland Islands, employment
pension and other social security institutions.
Largest types of income, 2012
e 20,7
e 30,8
€104,8
billion
e 25,5
e 27,8
Direct income tax: earned, capital, corporate Taxes on production and on imports: VAT, energy,
car tax, alcoholic beverages Social security contributions from employers
and employees
Other, including interest income
29,4 %
Total
100 %
Source: Statistics Finland, 2012
4
26,5 %
24,3 %
19,7 %
//
EXPENSES OF PUBLIC BODIES, 2012
e 6,0 e 3,8
e 9,3
e 12,2
€109,0
billion
e 47,7
e 14,3
e 15,7
Social security
Medical care
Public administration
Education
Expenses relating to the economy
National security, defence, law and order Housing, utilities, recreation, culture and environment
Total
43,7 %
14,4 %
13,1 %
11,2 %
8,6 %
5,5 %
3,5 %
100 %
Source: Statistics Finland, 2012
5
//
FINLAND´S TAXES, 2012
State taxes and other similar fees
Taxes levied on the basis of income and capital
Taxes on income
Inheritance and gift tax
Tax withheld at source from interest income
Taxes on goods and services
Value added tax
Tax on insurance premiums
Pharmacy fees
Excise duty
Excise duty on tobacco
Excise duty on alcoholic beverages
Excise duty on soft drinks
Excise duty on fuels
Environmental tax on beverage bottles and
cans
Other taxes
Transfer tax
Car tax
Tax on lottery prizes
Tax on certain vehicles
Tax on waste
Tax on rails
Other tax-like charges
Seafarers’ welfare and rescue levy 1)
State share of lottery profits and the profits of the
Slot Machine Association
Forest management fees, hunting and fishing
licences
Penalty interests, other sanctions and tax
increases
1) Collected in the shipping sector.
6
€ million
% of
total
taxes
40 110
11 542
10 796
509
237
18 509
17 705
660
144
6 337
763
1 393
197
3 969
15
46,8
13,5
12,6
0,6
0,3
21,6
20,7
0,8
0,2
7,4
0,9
1,6
0,2
4,6
0,0
2 633
586
1 006
211
758
56
16
1 004
1
901
3,1
0,7
1,2
0,2
0,9
0,1
0,0
1,2
0,0
1,1
23
0,0
75
0,1
€ million
% of
total
taxes
Oil waste duty
Tax revenue from outside the state budget
Oil damage levy
Fire insurance duty
Strategic stockpile fee
Nuclear energy research fee
Municipal taxes
Municipal tax
Tax on dogs
Real property tax
Other taxes
Insurance and social security contributions to the
Social Insurance Institution
National pension contributions
Employers’ national pension schemes
Employers’ national health insurance
contributions
For employment pension schemes
Employees’
Employers’
For unemployment schemes
Employees’
Employers’
Taxes and levies paid forward to the EU
Taxes paid to church
Church tax of corporate entities
4
85
24
10
44
7
19 342
18 070
1
1 270
1
3 449
0,0
0,1
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,0
22,6
21,1
0,0
1,5
0,0
4,0
1 791
0
1 658
2,1
0,0
1,9
19 531
5 261
14 270
2 120
466
1 654
185
991
97
22,8
6,1
16,6
2,5
0,5
1,9
0,2
1,2
0,1
Church tax of individuals
Taxes total
894
85 728
1,0
100,0
Source: Statistics Finland
7
//
NET ACCRUALS 2012 AND 2013 OF
TAX REVENUE
2012
€ million
Income tax; individuals
Income tax; corporate taxpayers
VAT
Social security contributions
Real estate tax
Other taxes
Totals
8
26 600,6
4 210,4
12 996,6
1 656,1
1 277,6
3 020,9
49 762,2
2013
€ million
%
change
27 658,9
4 770,4
14 027,9
1 615,2
1 353,4
3 255,7
52 681,5
4,0
13,3
7,9
-2,5
5,9
7,8
5,9
Income tax; individuals VAT
Income tax;
corporate taxpayers
Other taxes Social security
contributions
Real estate tax
52,5 %
Totals 100 %
26,6 %
9,1 %
6,2 %
3,1 %
2,6 %
//
GDP, TAXES, NET TAXES AND CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT DEBT, 1995–2012
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012*
GDP
€ million
96 064
99 131
107 380
116 631
122 321
132 195
139 288
143 646
145 531
152 266
157 429
165 765
179 830
185 670
172 318
178 724
188 679
192 541
Taxes 1)
%
45,7
47,0
46,4
46,3
45,9
47,2
44,8
44,7
44,1
43,5
43,9
43,8
43,0
42,9
42,8
42,5
43,7
44,1
Net taxes 2)
%
14,8
18,5
20,7
22,3
22,1
25,4
23,3
22,7
21,6
21,1
21,4
21,9
22,2
21,5
17,8
17,3
18,8
18,3
Central
government
debt 3)
%
62,6
66,7
65,0
59,8
55,6
48,0
44,3
41,3
43,5
41,9
38,1
35,5
31,2
29,3
37,3
42
42
43,6
Source: Statistics Finland
1) Taxes as % of GDP.
2) The difference between taxes and income transfers by public
authorities as % of GDP.
3) Central government debt, % of GDP.
9
//
DIFFERENT TAX TYPES AS PERCENTAGES
OF TAX REVENUES, 1995–2012 Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Public
sector
tax revenue
€ million
43 855
46 639
49 780
53 951
56 166
62 415
62 335
64 187
64 187
66 191
69 120
72 615
77 269
79 648
73 835
75 968
82 416
84 878
Income and
property
tax 1)
%
39,5
41,3
40,5
41,1
40,6
44,7
42,3
41,8
40,0
39,8
39,6
39,8
40,8
40,2
37,3
37,9
37,2
37,1
Social
security
contr. 2)
%
26,9
25,7
25,0
25,2
25,5
23,6
25,2
24,9
25,2
25,3
25,9
25,9
25,7
26,1
27,7
27,1
26,7
27,6
Consumption
taxes etc.
%
33,6
33,0
34,5
33,8
33,9
31,7
32,5
33,3
34,9
34,8
34,6
34,4
33,5
33,6
35,0
35,0
36,1
35,2
Source: Statistics Finland
1) Includes national pension and health insurance contributions.
2) Includes employment pension and other social security contributions;
does not include national pension and health insurance contributions. 10
//
TAXES AND TAX-LIKE CHARGES, BREAKDOWN OF TAXES BY TAXPAYER CATEGORY,
2011 AND 2012
Wage earners
Corporate entities, total
Pensioners
Business and self-employed and farmers
Other individuals Taxpayer category
Individuals, total
Wage earners
Pensioners
Farmers and forestry taxpayers
Business and self-employed
Other individuals
Estates of deceased persons
Corporate entities, total
Limited companies
Cooperative societies
Associations, institutions, etc.
Housing companies
Other legal persons
All taxpayers, total
2011
84,5
59,0
12,2
4,8
4,6
3,6
0,3
15,5
14,5
0,3
0,1
0,5
100
% of
total tax
amount
2012
85,2
59,0
12,8
4,7
4,7
3,7
0,3
14,8
13,9
0,3
0,2
0,0
0,4
100
59 %
15 %
13 %
9%
4%
Taxes
total
2012
million €
26 814
18 575
4 020
1 495
1 471
1 150
101
4 676
4 377
97
62
10
129
31 490
11
//
STATE INCOME TAX AND ITS BREAKDOWN
BY TAXPAYER CATEGORY, 2011 AND 2012
Wage earners
46 %
Corporate entities, total
31 %
Pensioners
11 %
Business and self-employed
and farmers
7%
Other individuals 4%
Taxpayer category
Individuals, total
Wage earners
Pensioners
Farmers and forestry taxpayers
Business and self-employed
Other individuals
Estates of deceased persons
Corporate entities, total 1)
Limited companies
Cooperative societies
Associations, institutions, etc.
Housing companies
Other legal persons
All taxpayers, total
2011
69,9
47,4
6,6
6,3
5,1
3,6
1,0
30,1
28,3
0,6
0,3
0,1
0,8
100
% of
total
state tax
State
income
tax
2012
2012
million €
7 087
4 750
731
622
533
356
96
3 219
3 024
67
42
7
79
10 306
68,8
46,1
7,1
6,0
5,2
3,5
0,9
31,2
29,3
0,7
0,4
0,1
0,8
100,0
1) The part of corporate income tax going to the state.
12
//
MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX AND ITS
BREAKDOWN BY TAXPAYER CATEGORY,
2011 AND 2012
Wage earners
65 %
Corporate entities, total
16 %
Business and self-employed
and farmers
8%
Pensioners
7%
Other individuals 4%
% of total
Municipal municipal
income tax income tax
Taxpayer category
Individuals, total
Wage earners
Pensioners
Farmers and forestry taxpayers
Business and self-employed
Other individuals
Estates of deceased persons
Corporate entities, total 1)
Limited companies
Cooperative societies
Associations, institutions, etc.
Housing companies
Other legal persons
All taxpayers, total
2011
91,4
64,0
15,3
4,1
4,4
3,6
0,0
8,6
8,0
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,3
100,0
2012
92,8
64,6
15,9
4,1
4,4
3,8
0,0
7,2
6,7
0,1
0,1
0,0
0,2
100,0
2012
million €
17 022
11 848
2 914
745
813
698
5
1 330
1 236
27
19
3
44
18 352
1) The part of corporate income tax going to municipal recipients.
13
//
DIRECT TAXES AND TAX-LIKE CHARGES
IMPOSED ON THE BASIS OF INCOME
1995–2012
Municipal tax
Income tax and and municipal
portion of
state portion
corporate
of corporate
income tax
income tax
Year
€ million
€ million
1995
6 839
9 492
1996
7 624
10 038
1997
8 352
10 660
1998
9 437
11 159
1999
11 298
12 219
2000
13 312
13 155
2001
11 214
12 915
2002
11 605
12 553
2003
11 795
12 728
2004
12 100
13 023
2005
12 421
13 655
2006 1)
12 984
14 545
2007
14 047
15 800
2008
12 346
16 345
2009
9 504
16 497
2010
9 931
17 152
2011
10 376
17 977
2012
10 306
18 351
Church tax
Health
and church
portion of insurance
contricorporate
bution
income tax
€ million € million
619
1 440
654
1 444
697
1 311
722
1 141
730
1 076
766
1 066
767
1 062
790
1 006
805
966
821
984
849
1 019
896
1 492
953
1 539
964
1 542
957
1 610
974
1 980
992
1 714
1 002
1 797
Total
€ million
18 390
19 760
21 020
22 459
25 323
28 299
25 958
25 954
26 294
26 928
27 944
29 917
32 339
31 197
28 568
30 037
31 059
31 456
1) Wealth tax is not included since 2006.
14
//
TAX REFUNDS AND BACK TAXES,
BY TAXPAYER CATEGORY, 2012
Quantities
of refund
recipients
Individuals and estates, total 3 336 050
Wage earners
2 027 249
Farmers and forestry taxpayers 117 047
Business and self-employed
89 345
Pensioners
809 797
Other individuals
279 050
Estates of deceased persons
13 562
Corporate entities total
42 441
Limited companies
38 773
Cooperative societies
502
Associations, institutions,
1 974
etc.
Housing companies
289
Other corporate entities
903
Taxpayers total
3 378 491
Quantities
Tax of payers of
refunds back taxes
€ million
2 285
1 670
131
153
204
120
8
422
386
7
15
1
13
2 707
Back
taxes
total
Quantities € million
740 952 1 048
358 178
454
58 606
134
69 373
220
144 075
74
86 291
141
24 429
26
45 037
389
39 409
348
434
2
2 346
4
896
1 952
787 330
4
31
1 437
15
//
TAX ARREARS BY TAX TYPE, 2011–2013
2011
2012
€ million
€ million
31.12.2011 31.12.2012
Income tax and prepayements
VAT
Employers’ contributions and
withheld tax
Tax on inheritance and gifts
Real property tax
Other taxes
Tax arrears, total
2013
€ million
31.12.2013
1 499
1 537
794
1 547
1 618
840
1 438
1 482
728
18
16
35
3 898
24
20
35
4 084
27
22
33
3 730
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Tax debts transfered for enforcement, Billion €
Tax arrears, Billion €
16
//
RESULTS OF TAX EXAMINATIONS,
2011–2013
2011
€ million
Direct taxes
Indirect taxes
Withheld taxes
Total
2012
€ million
2013
€ million
146
26
38
210
128
54
27
209
219
47
45
311
million €
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Direct
taxes
2011
Indirect
taxes
2012
Withheld
taxes
2013
17
//
INCOME TAX SCALE FOR 2014
Scale
Taxable income €
16 300–24 300
24 300–39 700
39 700–71 400
71 400–100 000
100 000–
Basic tax
€
8,00
528,00
3 223,00
10 038,50
18 547,00
Rate within
brackets
%
6,5
17,5
21,5
29,8
31,8
- For corporate taxpayers, income tax rate is 20 %. - Capital-income tax rate is 30,0 %. If the taxpayer receives more than
€ 40,000 in capital income, the tax rate is 32,0 %.
- ”Basic health insurance contribution 1,32 %,
(for pensioners and social benefit recipients 1,49 %).”
- Earned income contribution 0,84 %, (0,97 % for the self-employed).
- The employee’s pension contribution is 5,55 % or 7,05 % and the unemployment insurance premium 0,5 %, all withheld on paid
wages. - Average rate of municipal tax for 2014 is 19,74 %.
- Average Church Tax rate is 1,37 %.
18
//
BREAKDOWN OF WAGE EARNERS,
BY BASIC WITHHOLDING RATES, 2014
Basic rate
0–10
11–20
21–25
26–30
31–40
41–50
51–
Total
Quantities
1 010 583
964 281
592 430
342 314
163 937
12 032
110
3 085 687
%
32,8
31,3
19,2
11,1
5,3
0,4
0,0
100,0
//
BREAKDOWN OF PENSION RECIPIENTS,
BY BASIC WITHHOLDING RATES, 2014
Basic rate
0–5
6–10
11–15
16–20
21–30
31–35
36–40
41–50
51–
Total
Quantities
358 598
165 796
201 113
222 890
390 528
48 966
16 126
5 984
1 058
1 411 059
%
25,4
11,8
14,3
15,8
27,7
3,5
1,1
0,4
0,1
100,0
19
//
INCOMES OF INDIVIDUALS
IN 2012 STATE TAXATION
Type of income
Earned income
Employment income
Pension income
Maternity and social
benefits
Unemployment benefits
Child home care allowance
Capital icome
Taxable capital income
Dividend income
Capital gains
Total
income
€ million
117 657
80 459
26 183
1 332 Average
income
€
26 324
28 416
17 181
4 168
3 484
391
561 698
135 466
6 202
2 889
10 016
6 847
3 793 2 641
2 631 196
1 317 237
2 257 154
286 756
3 807
5 198
1 681
9 211
1 367
2 214 271 750
-
5 029
-
127 672 124 503 4 616 777
4 567 899
27 654
27 256
115 268
138 939
111 380
9 204
21 603
11 553
Rental income
Other capital income
Total income
of which taxable
Number
of
earners
4 469 521
2 831 420
1 523 920
319 575
Enterprise and partnership incomes
Agricultural income
Business income
Income from general and
limited partnerships
20
1 061
3 002
1 287
//
DIRECT TAXES AS PERCENTAGES OF TAXABLE INCOME, 2011 AND 2012
State income
taxes
Taxpayer category
Wage earners
Pensioners
Farmers and
forestry taxpayers
Business operators
and the
self-employed
Individuals total
Other direct
taxes
Direct taxes
total
2011
6,0
3,2
10,0
2012
5,7
3,2
9,8
2011
16,4
14,4
13,2
2012
16,5
14,5
13,7
2011
22,4
17,6
23,2
2012
22,2
17,8
23,5
9,3
9,2
16,1
16,1
25,4
25,3
6,0
5,7
15,7
15,8
21,7
21,5
21
//
INCOME EARNERS, TAXABLE INCOME
AND INDIVIDUALS TAXES IMPOSED,
BY CLASSIFICATION, 2012
Taxable
income €
1–4 999
5 000–9 999
10 000–14 999
15 000–19 999
20 000–24 999
25 000–34 999
35 000–54 999
55 000–74 999
75 000–99 999
100 000–149 999
150 000–299 999
300 000–
Total
22
Income
Income
earner earners %
quantities distribution
430 462
489 679
609 016
510 432
457 945
881 757
813 064
223 385
84 493
43 711
16 384
3 681
4 564 009
9,4
10,7
13,3
11,2
10,0
19,3
17,8
4,9
1,9
1,0
0,4
0,1
100
Taxable Taxes %
income %
of
distribution income
0,6
3,2
6,1
7,1
8,3
21,1
28,0
11,3
5,8
4,2
2,5
1,8
100
4,2
5,9
7,9
13,4
16,0
18,3
23,4
28,5
32,0
35,5
37,9
35,8
21,5
//
MAXIMUM DEDUCTIONS, 2011–2014
2011
€
2012
€
2013
€
2014
€
Deductions and allowances on earned
income, both in state and municipal taxation
Discretionary allowance for circum1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400
stantial incapacity to pay taxes
Standard deduction for work620
620
620
620
related expenses
Deduction for temporary quarters
3 000 3 000 3 000 3 000
Deduction for commuting expenses
7 000 7 000 7 000 7 000
Taxpayer`s own liability
600
600
600
600
Deductions and allowances granted on capital income
Voluntary pension insurance premiums
5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000
Deductions and allowances granted in state taxation
Pension allowance
11 150 11 660 12 630 12 610
Deduction granted to sailors
6 650 6 650 6 650 6 650
Deductions and allowances granted in municipal taxation
Disabled person’s allowance
440
440
440
440
Deduction granted to sailors
11 350 11 350 11 350 11 350
Deduction from earned income
3 570 3 570 3 570 3 570
Student grant allowance
2 600 2 600 2 600 2 600
Pension allowances
8 170 8 530 8 880 8 950
Basic allowance
2 250 2 850 2 880 2 930
Credits from tax in state taxation
Maintenance credit
80
80
80
80
Disabled person’s allowance
115
115
115
115
Credits from tax on earned income
Earned income allowance
650
945
970 1 010
Credit for the deficit in capital
1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400
income
One child
400
400
400
400
At least two children
800
800
800
800
Credit for domestic work
3 000 2 000 2 000 2 400
23
//
IMPORTANT TAX DEDUCTIONS 2009–2012
Deduction
State and municipal taxation
Standard deduction of work-related
expenses
Deduction of commuting expenses
Membership fees in labour market
organisations
Home loan interest
Student loan interest
Deduction for pension insurance
State taxation
Pension allowance
Municipal taxation
Basic allowance
Disabled person's allowance
Student grant allowance
Earned income allowance
Pension allowance
Credit for the deficit in capital income
For home loan interest
For first-time homebuyers' loan interest
Tax credits
Earned income credit
Tax credit for domestic costs
Disabled persons' credit
24
2009
€ million
2010
€ million
2011
€ million
1 644
1 641
1 669
1 328
556
1 401
589
1 526
603
2 320
3 832
1 179
4 175
1 447
4 608
12 229
10 793
10 804
806
75
218
6 515
5 221
567
433
108
1 796
71
210
6 442
5 471
374
279
71
1 842
69
190
6 494
5 550
445
340
80
1 208
391
76
1 293
408
75
1 509
476
75
Deduction
2012
€ million
State and municipal taxation
1 676
Standard deduction of work-related
expenses
Deduction of commuting expenses 1 545
619
Membership fees in labour market
organisations
1 424
Home loan interest
39
Student loan interest
5 073
Deduction for pension insurance
State taxation
11 270
Pension allowance
Municipal taxation
2 763
Basic allowance
66
Disabled person's allowance
181
Student grant allowance
6 433
Earned income allowance
5 685
Pension allowance
418
Credit for the deficit in capital
income
318
For home loan interest
67
For first-time homebuyer's loan
interest
Tax credits
1 972
Earned income credit in state
taxation
302
Tax credit for domestic costs
72
Disabled persons' credit
1 000
persons
Average
€
2 787
602
831
1 975
1 860
313
1 244
339
2 639
1 144
116
1 922
1 412
7 979
1 957
196
179
2 586
1 145
1 547
1 412
337
1 011
2 488
4 963
270
1 309
197
243
343
2 624
751
360
680
839
105
25
//
TAXES AS PERCENTAGES
OF GDP BY COUNTRY
2010
Denmark
France
Belgium
Italy
Sweden
Finland
Austria
Norway
Luxembourg
Germany
Iceland
United Kingdom
Greece
Spain
Portugal
Estonia
Canada
Ireland
Switzerland
United States
47,6
42,9
43,5
42,9
45,5
42,5
42,0
42,9
37,1
36,1
35,2
34,9
30,9
32,3
31,3
31,0
27,6
28,1
24,8
Taxes, % of GDP
2012
2011
48,1
44,2
44,0
42,9
44,5
43,4
42,1
43,2
37,1
37,1
36,0
35,5
31,2
31,6
31,0
28,5
25,1
48,0
45,3
45,3
44,4
44,3
44,1
43,2
42,2
37,8
37,6
37,2
35,2
33,8
32,9
32,5
32,5
30,7
28,3
28,2
24,3
Source: OECD
-) No data available.
26
//
TAX STRUCTURES BY COUNTRY
The contribution of different tax types to tax revenue, %
Income
taxes
Denmark
Norway
United States
Canada
Switzerland
Iceland
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Sweden
Belgium
Finland
Italy
Germany
Spain
Austria
Greece
France
Estonia
61,7
48,0
47,7
47,2
46,1
45,8
35,7
35,5
34,9
34,7
34,4
32,8
30,4
30,1
29,1
24,7
23,6
20,9
Consumption
taxes
Other
taxes
31,6
26,4
17,9
24,4
21,7
34,8
32,8
28,0
28,8
24,9
32,8
25,5
28,4
26,6
27,5
37,3
24,4
42,2
6,7
25,6
34,4
28,4
32,2
19,4
31,5
36,5
36,3
40,4
32,8
41,7
41,2
43,3
43,4
38,0
52,0
36,9
Source: OECD
27
//
MAXIMUM MARGINAL INCOME TAX RATES 2012–2013, BY COUNTRY
Individuals
2012
Belgium
Greece
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
Portugal
United Kingdom
Ireland
Spain
France
Holland
Canada
Norway
Japan
Germany
Australia
Italy
Iceland
Austria
United States
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Estonia
59,4
57,4
56,6
56,1
55,5
54,6
52,0
52,0
52,0
51,2
49,3
48,0
47,8
47,8
47,5
47,5
47,3
45,3
43,7
43,2
42,7
41,8
23,2
Corporate
2013
34,0
26,0
22,0
25,0
24,5
31,5
23,0
12,5
30,0
34,4
25,0
26,1
28,0
37,0
30,2
30,0
27,5
20,0
25,0
39,1
29,2
21,1
21,0
Source: OECD
28
//
PROPORTIONS OF VAT, 2011 AND 2012,
IN PERCENTAGES GENERAL CONSUMPTION
TAXES, BY COUNTRY
Consumption taxes, Consumption taxes,
% of taxes
% of GDP
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Iceland
Germany
Belgium
Austria
Luxembourg
France
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Ireland
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Canada
USA
Japan
2011
20,6
21,5
18,0
20,7
21,6
19,8
16,1
18,6
17,0
16,4
12,7
20,6
22,4
14,5
16,7
14,3
8,1
16,3
2012
20,7
21,2
18,3
20,7
22,3
19,4
15,9
18,6
17,9
16,0
12,4
20,9
21,6
13,7
16,6
26,1
14,6
7,8
-
2011
8,9
9,6
7,8
9,9
7,8
7,3
7,1
7,8
6,3
7,3
3,6
7,3
6,2
6,2
5,3
4,4
2,0
2,7
2012
9,1
9,4
7,7
9,9
8,3
7,3
7,2
8,0
6,8
7,2
3,5
7,4
6,1
6,1
5,4
8,5
4,5
1,9
2,7
Source: OECD
-) Information not available.
29
//
VAT RATES IN THE EU, INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISON 2014
VAT rates on tax-free price %
Reduced
General
rates
rates
Hungary
Sweden
Denmark
Romania
Finland
Ireland
Greece
Portugal
Poland
Italy
Holland
Belgium
Spain
Latvia
Lithuania
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Austria
France
Slovakia
Estonia
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Germany
Malta
Luxemburg
Source: OECD
30
27
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
18
15
5/18
6/12
5/9
10/14
9/13,5
6,5/13
6/13
5/8
10
6
6/12
10
12
5/9
15
9
10
5,5/10
10
9
5
5/9
7
5/7
6/12
//
NOTES
31
32
33
34
TAX.FI
Finnish Tax Administration publication 352e.14
35
Finnish Tax Administration
PO Box 325, 00052 VERO
tax.fi