What color do we see when get angry?

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a r c h s o c e s p o f t a l m o l . 2 0 1 5;9 0(9):448–454
We report the case of a 23-year-old male patient who was
diagnosed with severe anterior uveitis and mild vitritis at
an emergency department. He did not have synechia, iris
atrophy or corneal sensitivity alterations. The fundoscopic
eye examination was normal. Ocular pressure was normal.
An anamnesis of organs and devices only reported lumbago, for which he was referred to the rheumatology unit.
Clinical symptoms corresponding to sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Behçet’s disease or other autoimmune systemic disease
were dismissed. His chronic lumbago had an inflammatory rhythm. He denied having had arthritis, dactylitis or
episodes of enthesitis. He had no personal or family history
of psoriasis, uveitis or inflammatory bowel disease. Routine
blood tests were required, with HLA B27 and LUES serology,
and chest and sacroiliac X-rays. Since he did not show any
symptoms of alarm he was called for a check-up and an
assessment of the complementary tests the following month.
During his check-up, he reported having being diagnosed with
an acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a study performed by his primary care physician (PCP) with profound
asthenia, coupled with an increase of transaminase levels
that were triple the normal levels, which had started 15 days
prior to the onset of the uveitis. The rest of the tests that
were required had normal results, HLA B27 (−), LUES (−) and
chest and sacroiliac X-rays were normal. The CMV serology
conducted by the PCP evidenced positive IgM and IgG, and
negative HIV serology. A new ophthalmological check-up was
performed to verify if there had been a complete healing of
the uveitis, which did not occur.
This was, then, an immunocompetent patient who 15 days
after developing a bilateral anterior uveitis, developed a condition compatible with an acute CMV infection, due to the
existence of anti-CMV IgM and IgG in the initial analysis.
Given the predominance of the CMV infection, we contemplated if the presence of both diseases was a temporary
coincidence or if there was a causal association. No molecular
biology techniques were performed due to the benign evolution of the case. Among the several series of anterior uveitis in
immunocompetent individuals, the cases involved unilateral
uveitis with ocular hypertension and sometimes with other
symptoms, such as iris atrophia or keratic precipitates. It is
true that in all these cases, research into the CMV caused by
a PCR in the aqueous humor was performed where there was
ocular inflammation with ocular hypertension in those cases
of uveitis that were usually recurring or chronic.2,3 Just as prior
to the use of this technique, a lot of cases were diagnosed as
PS syndrome and considered idiopathic; immunocompetent
individuals could be suffering from a mild self-limiting anterior uveitis due to the CMV infection, which given its favorable
evolution, was not researched in more depth. We propose that
in cases of acute uveitis with symptoms that point to a systemic viral infection, even where these do not exhibit the usual
clinical features of a viral uveitis, the CMV serological blood
count should be examined, in order to diagnose the viral infection at an early stage, since its evolution can be torpid with a
risk of developing ocular hypertension and glaucoma.1
references
1. Jap A, Chee SP. Viral anterior uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol.
2011;22:483–8.
2. Chee SP, Bacsal K, Jap A, Se-Thoe SY, Cheng CL, Tan BH.
Clinical features of cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis
inimmunocompetent patients. Am J Ophthalmol.
2008;145:834–40.
3. van Boxtel LA, van der Lelij A, van der Meer J, Los LI.
Cytomegalovirus as a cause of anterior uveitis
inimmunocompetent patients. Ophtalmology.
2007;114:1358–62.
R. Sánchez Parera a,∗ , F.J. Auriguiberry González b ,
L. Muñoz Medina c , E. Raya Alvarez a
a
Unidad de Gestión Clínica Reumatología, Hospital Universitario
San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
b Unidad de Gestión Clínica Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario
San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
c Unidad de Gestión Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital
Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
∗ Corresponding
author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Sánchez Parera).
2173-5794/© 2014 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología.
Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
What color do we see when get angry?夽
¿De qué color vemos cuando nos enfadamos?
Dear Editor:
Humans enjoy trichromatic vision allowing us to differentiate
about 3,000,000 colors, which we use very much like what
we observe in animals, i.e., to communicate with each other.
The ability of the eye to perceive colors is because the retina
comprises 3 types of cones: one type perceives red, another
type green and the third type perceives blue.1 Depending
夽
Please cite this article as: Asensio-Sánchez VM, Ramoa-Osorio R. ¿De qué color vemos cuando nos enfadamos? Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol.
2015;90:450–451.
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 19/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
a r c h s o c e s p o f t a l m o l . 2 0 1 5;9 0(9):448–454
on the type of cones being excited, we perceive the corresponding color. Different cone types can become excited at
the same time and in varying degrees, thus producing the
perception of color and its shades. The retina ganglion cells
encode information about the relative amount of light in the
center and periphery of their receptive fields and in many
cases on its wavelength. Sequentially, the striated cortex
and the visual association cortex additionally process this
information. The energy of each color stimulates the pineal
and pituitary glands, influencing the production of hormones
that have effects on a range of physiological processes. This
explains why color has a direct influence on thoughts, moods
and behavior patterns. Red light stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system whereas white and blue light stimulates the
parasympathetic nervous system. When our mood is of anger,
we tend to change the perception of the color in our environment. Accordingly, when people become irritated of furious
they tend to see everything red. This is due to the amount of
testosterone in circulation which enhances red tones. Testosterone is a hormone related to superiority and category. In a
recent study, Fetterman et al.2 asked several subjects to view
mostly reddish or bluish images. The subjects who were angry
tended to choose the images with reddish hues and discarded
the blue ones. In nature, poisonous plants and some insects
have reddish tones because red is associated to supremacy
and mating selection in multiple species. Red is deeply rooted
in the human mind and it brings up contradictory emotions
such as danger, alarm, passion, heat, violence, intensity. It is
the color we associate with feelings of energy, anger and upset.
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In addition, red has other associations related to hostility:
when we are angry, our cheeks get red. When something
turns red, our senses become alert, like a red traffic light. The
conclusions of this study2,3 have demonstrated that our brain
is programmed for alerting the body the instant it becomes
convenient to flee from danger. The association of red with
anger matches the association of our ancestors with danger.
references
1. Hofer H, Carroll J, Neitz J, Neitz M, Williams DR. Organization
of the human trichromatic cone mosaic. J Neurosci.
2005;25:9669–79.
2. Fetterman AK, Robinson MD, Gordon RD, Elliot AJ. Anger as
seeing red: perceptual sources of evidence. Soc Psychol
Personal Sci. 2011;2:311–6.
3. Fetterman AK, Robinson MD, Meier BP. Anger as seeing red:
evidence for a perceptual association. Cogn Emot.
2012;26:1445–58.
V.M. Asensio-Sánchez ∗ , R. Ramoa-Osorio
Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid,
Spain
∗ Corresponding
author.
E-mail address: victor [email protected]
(V.M. Asensio-Sánchez).
2173-5794/© 2014 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología.
Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Retinal folds as a non-reported secondary effect
of darunavir in a 20 year-old HIV patient夽
Pliegues retinianos como efecto adverso no descrito del darunavir
en paciente con VIH de 20 años de edad
Dear Editor:
The rapid appearance of new medications and their generalised use on the population fosters the appearance of a low
incidence of adverse effects that have not been described in
the drug data sheet but which the ophthalmologist should be
aware of. Darunavir (Prezista, Janssen-Cilag SpA, Italy) is a relatively recent introduced antiretroviral, as it was approved in
Europe in February 2007. It is used for the treatment of the
human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV-1), in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, and co-administered
with 100 mg of Ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer. It is
a non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor of the sulphonamide
type, developed to overcome the commonest resistances to
the protease inhibitors.1
In the Ophthalmology Department her at the General
Valencia Hospital, we saw a 20-year-old HIV+ patient infected
by vertical transmission, who was admitted into pneumology due to pneumococcal pneumonia. The patient was under
highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with therapeutic non-compliance; therefore, on her admission, treatment
was re-established with tenofovir + emtricitabine, etravirine,
夽
Please cite this article as: Hernández Bel L, Cabrera A, Domenech N, Moratal B, Cervera E. Pliegues retinianos como efecto adverso no
descrito del darunavir en paciente con VIH de 20 años de edad. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2015;90:451–453.