distorsiones y brechas - Transparencia Mexicana

DISTORSIONES
!"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Y BRECHAS
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Estudiar las compras públicas en México
¿Para qué?
T%/:"0(#"0-#1)F4(0-#4JB"210- #%-#2F4)('0&'%#-2F4"%F%&'%#4)(?:%#*%#%"")#*%4%&*%#?:%#%K%1.,0F%&'%#-%#F0E2F21%&#")-#(%1:(-)-#4JB"21)-=#%-#*%12(=#?:%#
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Metodología de estudio
¿Qué evaluar?
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Metodología de estudio
¿Cómo evaluar?
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Resultados
Valor del dinero
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Resultados
Promover la competencia
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Resultados
Procesos eficientes y efectivos
G2&#:&#4()1%-)# %>12%&'%=#%&#%"#?:%# "0-#(%/"0-#*%"#H:%/)# -%0&#1"0(0-#A# %?:2'0.,0-#40(0#')*)-#")-#40(.1240&'%-=#*2s12"F%&'%#-%#4:%*%#%-4%(0(#?:%#"0-#
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DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Resultados
Integridad y máxima publicidad
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1)((:4123&7#G2#B2%&#0#&2,%"#K%*%(0"=#-%#;0#4:%-')#:&#/(0&#D&K0-2-#%&#0:F%&'0(#"0#'(0&-40(%&120#A#1)&'0(#1)&#4()1%-)-#*%#(%&*2123&#*%#1:%&'0-#%K%1.,)-=#
"0-#%&.*0*%-#K%*%(0.,0-#1)&.&J0&#0"'0F%&'%#(%@0/0*0-#%&#%"#'%F0#%&#")#?:%#0#1)F4(0-#4JB"210-#-%#(%>%(%7
L)-#0,0&1%-#-%#1)&1%&'(0&#%&#'(0&-40(%&'0(#0"/:&0-#40('%-#*%"#4()1%-)#A#4(%,%(#F%10&2-F)-#*%#2F4:/&0123&S
! !&# kk_#*%#"0-#%&.*0*%-#-%#;01%#4JB"21)# %"#K0"")#40(0#')*)-#")-#40(.1240&'%-#*%"#4()1%-)=#0:&?:%#10-2#:&#'%(12)#0J&#&)#4(%,D#"0 #)B"2/0123&# *%#
K:&*0(#A#F).,0(#"0-#4()4:%-'0-#(%1;0@0*0-7
P[_#*%#"0-#"%A%-#1)&'%F4"0&#4()1%*2F2%&')-#A#4"0@)-#40(0#2F4:/&0(#:&#K0"")#A#kk_#4(%,D&#:&#4()1%-)#*%#?:%H0#40(0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#(%1;0@0*)-=#
!
-2#B2%&#-3")#f#%&.*0*%-#0*F2'%&#0(B2'(0H%7
!&#")#?:%#0#)B"2/012)&%-#*%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#%-'0'0"%-#-%#(%>%(%S
! G)"0F%&'%#OZ#%&.*0*%-#4(%,D&#"0#)B"2/0123&#*%#*)1:F%&'0(#%"#4()1%-)#4)(#%"#1:M"#-%#2*%&.>10()&#"0-#&%1%-2*0*%-#%&#10*0#%&.*0*7
! 64%&0-#4)1)#FM-#*%#"0 #F2'0*#*%#"0-#"%A%-#)B"2/0&#0#"0-#%&.*0*%-#0 #4:B"210(#:&#4"0&#0&:0"#*%#1)F4(0-=#A#-)"0F%&'%#%&#`k_#*%#"0- #"%A%-#-%#%E2/%#"0#
4:B"210123&# *%# F)*2>1012)&%-# 0# *21;)# 4"0&7# G2&# :&# *20/&3-.1)# 1"0()=# *2s12"F%&'%# -%# 4:%*%# *%'%(F2&0(# "0# %>10120# *%# "0-# 1)F4(0-#
/:B%(&0F%&'0"%-7
!&#1:0&')#0#(%&*2123&#*%#1:%&'0-=#"0-#%&.*0*%-#K%*%(0.,0-#4%(F0&%1%&#(%@0/0*0-S
! G)"0F%&'%#O#%&.*0*#(%/:"0#"0#>/:(0#*%#'%-./)-#-)120"%-=#%-#*%12(=#4(M1.10F%&'%#&2&/:&0#*%4%&*%&120#-%#-)F%'%#0#:&0#%,0":0123&#4)(#40('%#*%#
"0#-)12%*0*#0J&#1:0&*)#%-'D&#:."2@0&*)#(%1:(-)-#4JB"21)-7
! G3")#k#%&.*0*%-#)B"2/0&#0#2&K)(F0(#%&#%"#K0"")#%"#&)FB(%#A#10(/)#*%"#K:&12)&0(2)#(%-4)&-0B"%#*%#%,0":0(#"0-#4()4:%-'0-7
! L0-#"2-'0- #)#40*()&%- #J&210F%&'%#-%#;01%&#4JB"210- #%&#e#%&.*0*%-=#A#-)"0F%&'%#%&#Z#-%#)B"2/0#0#""%,0(#:&#(%/2-'()#*%#0?:%"")-#4(),%%*)(%- #?:%#
;0&#2&1:F4"2*)#1)&'(0')-7
! 64%&0-#"0# F2'0*# *%# "0-# "%A%-# 4(%,D&# *0(# *%# B0H0#*%"# 40*(3&# 0 #:&# 4(),%%*)(# ?:%# 2&1:F4"%# A# %-'0B"%1%&# :&# 4%(2)*)# *%# 2&;0B2"2'0123&# 40(0#
4(),%%*)(%-#-0&12)&0*)-7
! ]`_#*%#"0-#"%A%-#*%'%(F2&0&#:&#F)&')#%-4%1I>1)#40(0#"0-#F:"'0-#4)(#2&1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#")-#1)&'(0')-=#O`#%&.*0*%-#0J&#&)#")#;01%&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Análisis legal por entidad
Resultados de la evaluación
D40360),7.8$L)-#1:0'()#4(2&1242)- #BM-21)-#(2/%&#%"#4(%-%&'%#%-':*2)#;0&#-2*)#K(0112)&0*)-#%&#10')(1%#-%112)&%-#?:%#1:B(%&#')*)-#")-#0-4%1')- #?:%#*%B%#
'%&%(# :&0#"%A7#6#-:#,%@=#10*0#:&0#*%#%-'0-#-%112)&%-#%-'0#1)F4:%-'0#*%#:&0#B0'%(I0#*%#4(%/:&'0-=#?:%#%&#')'0"#-:F0&#kP#,0(20B"%-=#1)F)# 2":-'(0#"0#
-2/:2%&'%#'0B"0S
I(,.),',"
C0E2F2@0(#%"#,0")(#*%"#
*2&%()
Q()F),%(#"0#
1)F4%'%&120
Q()1%-)-#%>12%&'%-#A#
%>101%-#%#2&'%/(2*0*##
T%&*2123&#*%#1:%&'0-
;*)),".*#
! XFB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0"%-#
! $(2'%(2)-#40(0#%,0":0(#4()4:%-'0! !?:2*0*#%#2/:0"*0*#40(0#
40(.1240&'%-#
! $(2'%(2)-#40(0#1(%0(#"2-'0-#)#
40*()&%-#
! $(2'%(2)-#40(0#:."2@0(#"2-'0-#)#40*()&%! $)&*212)&%-#40(0#40(.1240(#%&#4()1%-)#*%#
1)F4(0
! Q()1%-)## #
! +&,2'0123&#T%-'(2&/2*0
! 6*H:*210123&#52(%1'0#
! !-4%12>1012)&%-#-)B(%#%"#*2-%g)#*%#")-#
1)&'(0')- #
! h).>10123&#*%#"0#*%12-23&#
! N(0&-40(%&120#A#T%&*2123&#*%#$:%&'0! G)":123&#*%#1)&'(),%(-20-#
! G0&12)&%-
M1-*("$+*$
40(,023*#
O]
Z[
Z`
OP
N(@J)"#8#G%#%E;2B%#:&#()FB)#?:%#(%4(%-%&'0#")- #4(2&1242)-#%,0":0*)-7#L)-#"IF2'%-#*%#"0#>/:(0 #1)((%-4)&*%&#0"#2*%0"#&)(F0.,)#8F0(10*)-#%&#0@:"97#X&0#
-%/:&*0#"I&%0#81)")(#,%(*%9#(%4(%-%&'0#"0#-2':0123&#*%#"0#"%/2-"0123&#%-'0'0"#(%-4%1')#*%"#2*%0"7
O0230#8#$0*0#%H%F4")#%&#"0-#'0B"0-#1)((%-4)&*%#0#:&#B(%,%#0&M"2-2-#%"0B)(0*)#40(0#10*0#:&)#*%#")-#%-'0*)-#-)B(%#"0-#2F4"21012)&%-#*%#&)#(%/:"0(#a)#*%#
(%/:"0(#*%#F0&%(0#*%>12%&'%U# 0"/:&)-#0-4%1')-#K:&*0F%&'0"%- #*%#10*0 #4(2&1242)#%,0":0*)7#t0"%#"0#4%&0#(%10"10(#?:%#"0-#1)F4(0-#4JB"210-#*%B%&#-%(#
%&'%&*2*0-#1)F)#:&#-2-'%F0#A#?:%#-2#:&)#*%#")-#42"0(%-#?:%#-)-.%&%#%-%#-2-'%F0#-%#%&1:%&'(0#()')=#")-#*%FM-#-%#*%B2"2'0(M&#&%1%-0(20F%&'%7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Ley Federal
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Oe#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O^7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
u6/:0-10"2%&'%-# A# \:%((%()# :."2@0&# 1)F)# -:# &)(F0.,0# 4(2&1240"# "0# L%A#
Y%*%(0"# *%#6*?:2-212)&%-=#6((%&*0F2%&')-# A#G%(,212)-#QJB"21)-7#Q)(# ")# '0&')=#
%"#0&M"2-2-#40(0#"0#L%A#Y%*%(0"#04"210#'0FB2D&#40(0#0FB)-#%-'0*)-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O^#*%#OP
Ley Federal
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
L0#L%A#Y%*%(0"# %-'M#*2-%g0*0# 40(0#?:%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-#1:%&'%&# 1)&# ')*)-# ")-#
2&1%&.,)-# 40(0#-010(# %"# F0A)(# 4(),%1;)# *%"# *2&%()#4JB"21)#?:%#:."2@0&# %&# -:-#
1)F4(0-7# Q)(# %H%F4")=#"%-# 2F42*%# %E1%*%(# -:# 4(%-:4:%-')# -2&# 0:')(2@0123&=# A#
4();IB%#?:%#%"#1)-')#>&0"#*%#:&0#)4%(0123&#4:%*0#-%(#*2,2*2*)#%&#*)-#40(0#"2B(0(#
*21;)#:FB(0"7#6*%FM-=#*%'%(F2&0#F)&')-#FME2F)-#40(0#(%0"2@0(#0*H:*21012)&%-#
*2(%1'0-# %# 2&,2'012)&%-# (%-'(2&/2*0-# A# )B"2/0# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# (%0"2@0(#
%-':*2)-#*%# K01.B2"2*0*=#0-I#1)F)# %-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#1)&# 1(2'%(2)-#%-4%1I>1)-#
0&'%-# *%# ;01%(# :&0# 2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*07# !-')# (%*:1%# ")-# %-4012)-# *%#
*2-1(%12)&0"2*0*# *2-4)&2B"%-# 0# ")-# K:&12)&0(2)-# 4JB"21)# A# 0:F%&'0# "0#
4()B0B2"2*0*# *%# ?:%# ")-# 4()A%1')-# *%# 1)F4(0# -%0&# ,20B"%-# %&# %"# "0(/)# 4"0@)=#
'0&')#40(0#"0#*%4%&*%&120#1)F)#40(0#"0#-)12%*0*7
G2# B2%&# "0# L%A# Y%*%(0"# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# &)# -%# 4)*(M&# 2F4)&%(# (%?:2-2')-# )#
1)&*212)&%-# 0# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-# ?:%# "2F2'%&# "0# 1)F4%'%&120# )# "0# "2B(%#
1)&1:((%&120=# 0# "0# ;)(0# *%# 4()F),%(# "0# 1)F4%'%&120# %&# ")-# *%'0""%-=# "0# "%A#
1)&.%&%# 0"/:&)-# 1(2'%(2)-# ?:%# &)# 1)")10&# 0# ")-# )K%(%&'%-# %&# %?:2*0*# *%#
1)&*212)&%-7#Q)(# %H%F4")=#"0#0:-%&120#*%# ')4%-# 0#/0(0&b0-# >&0&12%(0-=#A#%"# &)#
(%?:%(2(# ?:%# ")-# )K%(%&'%-# -%# 2&-1(2B0&# %&# :&0# "2-'0# )# 40*(3&# 40(0# 4)*%(#
40(.1240(#%&#")-#*2,%(-)-#4()1%-)-=#0:F%&'0#%"#%-4012)#*%#*2-1(%12)&0"2*0*#40(0#
"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#A#40(.1240&'%-7#6-2F2-F)=#%"# ;%1;)#*%# ?:%#&)# -%#-0&12)&%#"0#
1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# )K%(%&'%-=# A# -3")# -%# -0&12)&%# -:# F0"0# K%=# # %"%,0# ")-#
2&1%&.,)-#0#"0#1)":-23&#%&'(%#40(.1240&'%-7
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0# L%A# Y%*%(0"# -%# 01%(10# 0# ")-# %-'M&*0(%-# 2&'%(&012)&0"%-# %&# F0'%(20# *%#
%>12%&120# A# %>10120# *%# ")-# 4()1%-)-# *%# 1)F4(0-# 4JB"210-7# W:-10# 0/2"2@0(# "0-#
)4%(012)&%-#0"# 4(%,%(# 1)&'(0')-# F0(1)=# 0-I# 1)F)# 0"#(%/:"0(# ")-#-:4:%-')-# 40(0##
*%1"0(0(# :&0# "212'0123&# *%-2%('0# )# 40(0# (%0"2@0(# :&0# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# )#
2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*0=# A# 0"# 4()4)(12)&0(# i%E2B2"2*0*# 40(0# 2&2120(# 4()1%-)-# 1)&#
F%&)-#40(.1240&'%-#*%#")-#4(%,2-')-7
!"#4(2&1242)#*%#2&'%/(2*0*#A#FME2F0#4:B"212*0*#%-#%"#?:%#F%H)(# %-'M#4"0-F0*)#%&#
"0#L%A#Y%*%(0"7#T%/:"0#"0#>/:(0#*%#'%-./)-#-)120"%-=#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#
H:-.>10(# "0#*%12-23&# *%#(%1;0@0(# 4()4:%-'0-# UA#"%-#%E2/%# ?:%#0"#;01%(# 4JB"21)# %"#
K0"")=#D-'%#2&1":A0#%"#&)FB(%#*%"#K:&12)&0(2)#?:%#")#%F2.3#0-I#1)F)#%"#%-':*2)#%&#
%"# 1:0"# -%# B0-0&# "0-# 1)&1":-2)&%-U# A# *%'%(F2&0# F%10&2-F)-# 1"0()-# *%#
2F4:/&0123&7# 6-2F2-F)=# ;01%# 4JB"210-# "0-# "2-'0-# )# 40*()&%-# A# )B"2/0# 0# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-#0#""%,0(# :&# (%/2-'()#*%# 0?:%"")-#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%#&)# 1:F4"0&# ")-#
1)&'(0')-#A#0#-0&12)&0(")-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Baja California
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O`#*%#OP
Baja California
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# :&0# )B"2/0123&# *%# *%>&2(# :&# &)# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%# )#
1)&,%&2%&'%# 40(0#"%#*%4%&*%&120#%&#10*0#:&0#*%#"0-#)4%(012)&%-#?:%#(%0"2@0=#A#
&)# ")#;01%#4)(?:%# '0F4)1)# )B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#(%0"2@0(# ")-#%-':*2)-#*%#
F%(10*)# &%1%-0(2)-#40(0# 4)*%(# *%'%(F2&0(# "0-# 10(01'%(I-.10-#*%"# F%(10*)7#!&#
'0"%-# 12(1:&-'0&120-#")-#4(),%%*)(%-# 4:%*%&# %-'0B"%1%(# A#H:-.>10(#4(%12)-# 0"')-#
%&#4%(H:212)#*%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-7
5%1"0(0(#:&0#"212'0123&#*%-2%('0#4)(?:%#&)#-%#4(%-%&'0&#4()4:%-'0-#01%4'0B"%-#a#
0:&?:%#%&#%-'%# %-'0*)#")-#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#&)# -)&#)B"2/0')(2)-U# A#,)",%(#0#
1)&,)10(# :&0# &:%,0=# 1)&# ")-# F2-F)-# (%?:%(2F2%&')-# '0&')# 'D1&21)-# 1)F)#
%1)&3F21)-# &)# (%-:"'0# %>12%&'%7# L0# *%4%&*%&120# *%B%# 0*%1:0(-%# 0# "0-#
10(01'%(I-.10-#*%"#F%(10*)=#0"#&JF%()#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#A#0#"0-#10(01'%(I-.10-#*%"#
B2%&# ?:%# -%# 4:%*%&# )K(%1%(7# 5%# ")# 1)&'(0(2)=# ")# ?:%# )B-%(,0(%F)-# -)&#
"212'012)&%-#*%-2%('0-#?:%#-3")#-2(,%&#40(0#H:-.>10(#:&0#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'07
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
$)&'0(# 1)&# :&0# &)(F0# ?:%# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# "0# "212'0123&# -%# 0*H:*210(M#
4()4)(12)&0"F%&'%# 0# ')*)-# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 4(%-%&'%&# "0-# F2-F0-#
1)&*212)&%-#%&#1:0&')#0#10"2*0*# A#4(%12)#%-#:&0#2&,2'0123&# 0B2%('0#0#"0#1)":-23&7#
L)-# 1)F4%.*)(%-#.%&%&# FM-#2&1%&.,)-#0#*%'%(F2&0(#:&# 4(%12)#?:%#"%-#(%-:"'%#
1)&,%&2%&'%# ?:%# 0# %>12%&'0(# -:-# 4()1%-)-# %&# 0(0-# *%# ")/(0(# F%&)(%-# 1)-')-7#
!-'0# -2':0123&# -%# 0/:*2@0# 1:0&*)# 1:%&'0-# 1)&# :&# Q0*(3&# *%# Q(),%%*)(%-# -2&#
1(2'%(2)-# 1"0()-# *%# %&'(0*0# 4:%-# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# O9# -%# 1)&)1%&=#Z9# -0B%&# ?:%#
%-'M&#*%&'()# *%#:&#H:%/)# (%4%.*)#a#-2#&)# F%#')10#;)A=#F0g0&0#-IU# #A#`9#.%&%&#
2&1%&.,)-#40(0#&)#*%H0(#%&'(0(#0"#Q0*(3&#0#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%#&)#%-'M&#*2-4:%-')-#
0#1))4%(0(=#%-#*%12(=#0#1)":*2(-%7#
6:&?:%# ')*0-# "0-# 0:')(2*0*%-# %-'M&# )B"2/0*0-# 0# K:&*0(# A# F).,0(# ')*)-# -:-#
01')-=#(%-:"'0#*%# ,2'0"# 2F4)('0&120#?:%#-%# %-'0B"%@10#:&0#1"0(0#(%-4)&-0B2"2*0*#
*%# ")-# K:&12)&0(2)-#?:%# %-':,2%()&# %&10(/0*)-# *%#(%,2-0(# "0-#4()4:%-'0-# A#?:%#
1)&*:H%()&#%&#4()1%-)#*%#"212'0123&7##
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Baja California Sur
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OZ#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Of#*%#OP
Baja California Sur
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6:&?:%# "0# "%A# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# ")-# 1)&'(0')-# -%# 0*H:*210(M&# -2# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-#
)K(%1%&# :&# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%# )# 1)&,%&2%&'%=# &)# (%-:"'0# )B"2/0')(2)# 40(0# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-# (%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)# 4(%,2)-# 0# "0# "212'0123&7# !"# J&21)#
%-':*2)#)B"2/0')(2)#%-#%"#*%#K01.B2"2*0*7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#-2#-%#1)&-2*%(0#"0#,20B2"2*0*#
*%"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#F%'0-#A#)BH%.,)-#1)&#"0#0*?:2-2123&#*%#B2%&%-#)#-%(,212)-7
6:&?:%# "0# "%A#-2# 4(%,D# "0# %E2-'%&120# *%# :&# $)F2'D# *%# 1)F4(0-=#"0# *%12-23&# *%#
)4'0(# 4)(# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# &)# 40-0# 4)(# %-'%#3(/0&)7#G2&# %FB0(/)=# %-'0#%-#
:&0#*%#"0-# 4)10-# %&.*0*%-# ?:%# -I# *%-1(2B%# %"# *%-%F4%g)# ?:%# *%B%(M# '%&%(# %"#
B2%&#)#-%(,212)#A#&)#-3")#-:-#10(01'%(I-.10-#/%&%(0"%-7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
h)# %E2-'%# :&#Q0*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-7#6:&?:%# -%#(%/:"0#"0#1)F:&210123&# %&'(%#
1)&-:"')(%-# A# 4(),%%*)(%-# "0# "%A# %-# )F2-0# -)B(%# "0# 1)F:&210123&# 2"%/0"# %&'(%#
)K%(%&'%-7#6:&?:%#-%#4%(F2'%#"0#40(.1240123&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#%E'(0&H%()-=#&)#-%#
%-'0B"%1%#:&# -)B(%4(%12)# 40(0# -:# 40(.1240123&#A=#%&#10FB2)=#-%#K0,)(%1%# 0#"0-#
%F4(%-0-#")10"%-7#
L0# "%A# )B"2/0# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# 2&1":2(# %&# %"# K0"")# %"# &)FB(%# A# 10(/)# *%"#
K:&12)&0(2)#?:%#""%,3#0#10B)#"0#"212'0123&#A#'0FB2D&#)B"2/0#0#2&1":2(#%"#%-':*2)#4)(#
F%*2)#*%"#1:0"#-%#*%'%(F2&3#:&#4(%12)#01%4'0B"%#)#1)&,%&2%&'%=#1:0&*)# D-'%#-%#
(%0"2@37#!"# 4()B"%F0#%-#?:%#%"# %-':*2)# *%#F%(10*)# -%#(%0"2@0#0#*2-1(%123&#*%#"0-#
*%4%&*%&120-7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Campeche
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
Campeche
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# &)# 1)&'%F4"0# F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# )# 2&,2'0123&#
(%-'(2&/2*0=# 4)(# ")# '0&')=# '0F4)1)# %E2-'%# :&0# &)(F0# ?:%# 2F42*0# *2,2*2(# "0-#
)4%(012)&%-# 40(0# &)# %E1%*%(# ")-# :FB(0"%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0(2)-7# h)# (%-:"'0&#
)B"2/0')(2)-#")-#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#&2#")-#*%#K01.B2"2*0*7
h)# %E2-'%# :&# $)F2'D# *%# 1)F4(0-=#&2# -%# %-'0B"%1%&# -:4:%-')-# %-4%1I>1)-# 40(0#
*%1"0(0(# :&0# "212'0123&# *%-2%('07#Q(%,D# "0# 4)-2B2"2*0*# *%# 1)F4(0-# 1)&-)"2*0*0-#
4%()# &)# %-'0B"%1%# (%?:2-2')-# 40(0# %-'%# 4()1%*2F2%&')7# L0-# 10(01'%(I-.10-#
FI&2F0-#*%#")-#1)&'(0')-#&)#%-'M&#(%/:"0*0-=#4)(# %H%F4")=#"0#"%A#%-#)F2-0#-)B(%#
"0#*%'%(F2&0123&#*%#4(%12)#>H)#)#0"@0*)7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
50*)# ?:%# &)# -)&# )B"2/0')(2)-# ")-# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)=# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# &)#
(%,2-0&# -2# ")-# 4(%12)-# )K(%12*)-# -)&# 4()*:1')# *%# "0# "2B(%# 1)F4%'%&1207# h)# -%#
(%/:"0#"0#1)F:&210123&#2"%/0"#%&'(%#4(),%%*)(%-#&2#"0#1)F:&210123&#%&'(%#D-')-#A#
")-#1)&-:"')(%-7
!"# K0"")# &)# %-# 4JB"21)# 40(0# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-=# '0F4)1)# ")# -)&# "0-# "2'0-# *%#
4(),%%*)(%-7#h)#;0A#:&0#)B"2/0123&#*%#""%,0(#:&# (%/2-'()#-)B(%#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#
?:%#2&1:F4"%&#A#&)#-%#%-'0B"%1%#:&#4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#1)&12"20123&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Chiapas
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
OZ#*%#OP
Chiapas
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0#"%A#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-# 0#(%0"2@0(#%-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)=#4)(#")# '0&')=#
%&#')*)-#")-#4()1%-)-#*%#"212'0123&#-%#.%&%#1)F)#(%K%(%&120#:&#4(%12)#01%4'0B"%#
)# 1)&,%&2%&'%#?:%#4%(F2'%# 1)&-'0'0(# -2# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-=#%K%1.,0F%&'%=#%-'M&#
)K(%12%&*)#-:-#B2%&%-#)#-%(,212)-#0#4(%12)-#*%#F%(10*)7#6:&0*)#0#")#0&'%(2)(=#"0-#
*%4%&*%&120-#*%B%&# ,2&1:"0(# -:-# F%'0-# A# )BH%.,)-# 1)&# "0-# 10(01'%(I-.10-# *%"#
B2%&#?:%# 4(%'%&*%&# 0*?:2(2(=#4)(#")# ?:%# "0#"%A#4%(F2'%#)4'0(#4)(#%"# FD')*)# *%#
4:&')-#A#4)(1%&'0H%-#40(0#%,0":0(#"0-#4()4:%-'0-7#
L0#(%*01123&#*%#"0#"%A#4%(F2'%#0-:F2(# ?:%#%"# 4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#"212'0123&#4JB"210#
%-# "0# %E1%4123&# A# ?:%# "0# 2&,2'0123&# 0# 1:0&*)# F%&)-# '(%-# 4%(-)&0-# )# "0#
0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#-)&#"0#(%/"07#6-2F2-F)=#"0#J&210#H:-.>10123&#?:%#-%#(%?:2%(%#
40(0#?:%#%"#4()1%-)# -%#-2/:0#0#'(0,D-#*%#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#%-#?:%#&)# (%B0-%#
:&# F)&')# %-'0B"%12*)7# 6*212)&0"F%&'%=#")-# 1)&'(0')-# -3")# *%B%&# *%-1(2B2(# "0-#
10(01'%(I-.10-#*%"# B2%&# a#A#&)#%"# *%-%F4%g)# ?:%#*%B%&#'%&%(U# 0*%FM-#*%# ?:%#
&)#-%#4(%,D&#10:-0"%-#1"0(0-#*%#2&1:F4"2F2%&')#)#(%-12-23&7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
h)# %E2-'%# :&# Q0*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-=# '0F4)1)# -%# -0&12)&0# "0# 1)F:&210123&##
2"%/0"# %&'(%# )K%(%&'%-# &2# -%# (%/:"0# "0# 1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# 1)&-:"')(%-# A#
4(),%%*)(%-7# h)# -%# 4%(F2'%# "0# 40(.1240123&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# %E'(0&H%()-# A#-%#
%-'0B"%1%#:&0#4(%K%(%&120#4)(#)K%(%&'%-#")10"%-7
6:&?:%# "0# "%A#)B"2/0# 0#(%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)# A# 0# %-'0B"%1%(# :&# 4(%12)#
01%4'0B"%=# &)# %-# &%1%-0(2)# ?:%# %-%# %-':*2)# -%0# 40('%# *%"# K0"")=# '0F4)1)# %-#
&%1%-0(2)# ?:%# %"# K0"")# ,0A0# 01)F40g0*)# *%# :&# *)1:F%&')# %&# %"# ?:%# -%#
1)&'(0-'%#"0#&%1%-2*0*# *%#"0#*%4%&*%&120#*%#0*?:2(2(#%"# B2%&7#L0#"%A#&)# )B"2/0#0#
""%,0(# :&# (%/2-'()# *%# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 2&1:F4"%&# 4%()# -I# %-'0B"%1%# :&#
4%(2)*)#*%#2&;0B2"2'0123&#40(0#"0-#4%(-)&0-#?:%#10%&#%&#%-'%#-:4:%-')7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Chihuahua
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Oe#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O[#*%#OP
Chihuahua
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
h)# %-# -:>12%&'%# )B"2/0(# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# (%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)=#
'0FB2D&#%-#&%1%-0(2)#%-4%12>10(#"0-#10(01'%(I-.10-#?:%#%"#%-':*2)#*%B%#*%#'%&%(#
40(0# ")/(0(# ?:%# %"# 4(%12)# 1)&,%&2%&'%# )# 01%4'0B"%# ?:%# *%# %"")-# (%-:"'0# -%0=#
%K%1.,0F%&'%=#01%4'0B"%# )# 1)&,%&2%&'%7#6-2F2-F)=#%"# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%# 40(0#"0#
0*?:2-2123&# *%# B2%&%-# *%B%# '%&%(# :&# F0(/%&# *%# i%E2B2"2*0*# 40(0# ?:%=#1:0&*)#
%E2-'0&#-:>12%&'%-#4(),%%*)(%-#*%#:&#B2%&#?:%#1:F4"0&#1)&#")-#(%?:%(2F2%&')-#
'D1&21)-=#"0#"212'0123&#&)#-%0#*%1"0(0*0#*%-2%('07#
h)# -%#(%/:"0#:&# -2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)# *%#1)F4(0-=#-2':0123&# ?:%#%"%,0#")-#1)-')-#
*%#40(.1240(# 40(0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#4%()# '0FB2D&#(%*:&*0#%&# :&#4()1%*2F2%&')#
"%&')#A#4)1)#i:2*)7#v=#0:&?:%#%E2-'%#:&#Q0*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-=#%-'0(#2&-1(2')#&)#
%-# )B"2/0')(2)# 1:0&*)# -%# '(0'0# *%# 0*H:*21012)&%-# *2(%1'0-7# h:%,0F%&'%=# "0#
:."2*0*# *%# :&# Q0*(3&# 4)1)# (%/:"0*)# 1(%0# 2&1%&.,)-# 40(0# ?:%# ")-# 4)-2B"%-#
)K%(%&'%-#)4'%&#4)(#&)#2&-1(2B2(-%7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
T%/:"0(# :&#Q0*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#-2&# (%/:"0(#")-#(%?:%(2F2%&')-#%1)&3F21)-#A#
'D1&21)-#40(0#2&-1(2B2(-%#(%-:"'0#'0&#*2-1(%12)&0"#1)F)#&)#1)&'0(#1)&#:&#Q0*(3&7#
X&0# "%A# ?:%# &)# (%/:"0# "0# 1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# )K%(%&'%-# &2# *%# D-')-# 1)&# ")-#
1)&-:"')(%-#%-#:&# -I&')F0#*%#?:%#&)#%E2-'%#:&#,%(*0*%()#1)F4()F2-)#1)&# ?:%#
%"#(%-:"'0*)#*%"#4()1%-)#*%#1)F4(0#-%0#1)F4%..,)7
G2&#:&# -2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)# *%#1)F4(0-#(%-:"'0#4)1)#K01.B"%#?:%#"0#2&K)(F0123&#
""%/:%# %&# %"# F)F%&')# )4)(':&)# 0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-7# 6-2F2-F)=# "0-# "2-'0-# *%#
4(),%%*)(%-# &)# -)&# 4JB"210-# A# &)# %-# 4)-2B"%# 1)&-:"'0(# 1:0"%-# *%# %"")-# ;0&#
2&1:F4"2*)#:&#1)&'(0')#A#-%#%&1:%&'(0&#2&;0B2"2'0*)-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Coahuila
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
OO#*%#OP
Coahuila
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0#%E2-'%&120#*%#:&0#&)(F0#?:%#2F42*0#?:%#%"# 1)-')#>&0"#&)# -%0#*2,2*2*)#%&#*)-#
)4%(012)&%-# 40(0# %E1%*%(# :FB(0"# 4(%-:4:%-'0(2)# &)# (%-:"'0# J."# 1:0&*)# ")-#
:FB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0(2)-#&)# %-'0B"%12*)-#%&# "0#"%A7#!-')-#:FB(0"%-#4:%*%&# -%(#
*2K%(%&'%-#10*0#0g)7#L0# "%A#&)#)B"2/0#0#"0-# *%4%&*%&120-#0#(%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-#*%#
F%(10*)# &2# *%#K01.B2"2*0*# A#-3")# :."2@0# 1)F)# 1(2'%(2)=#40(0#0*?:2(2(# :&# B2%&# :#
)'()=#%"#*%#F%&)(#1)-')7
!E2-'%# :&# $)F2'D# *%# $)F4(0-=# 4%()# -:-# K:&12)&%-# A# 0'(2B:12)&%-# &)# %-'M&#
(%/:"0*0-#%&# "0#"%A7#Q)(#%H%F4")=#"0#*%12-23&#*%#)4'0(#4)(# "212'0123&=#2&,2'0123&#)#
0*H:*210123&#"%#1)F4%'%#0#10*0#:&0#*%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#A#&)# 0#%-'%#3(/0&)7#L0#
"%A#&)# 4(%,D# 1)&'(0')-#F0(1)=#0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')#)# %"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%#
)K%('0-#-:B-%1:%&'%-#*%# *%-1:%&')-7#6-2F2-F)=#40(0#0*H:*210(# *2(%1'0F%&'%#0#
:&#4(),%%*)(#-3")#%-#&%1%-0(2)#0(/:F%&'0(#:&0#c-2':0123&#%E'(0)(*2&0(20d7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
Q%(F2.(# ?:%#4(),%%*)(%-# %E'(0&H%()-#40(.124%&# %&# :&# 4()1%-)#*%# "212'0123&#%-#
*%-%0B"%#4:%-#)B"2/0#0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#&012)&0"%-#0#F0&'%&%(#4(%12)-#A#10"2*0*#
2&'%(&012)&0"%-7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#1:0&*)#"0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#-%(M&#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#
")10"%-#")-#4(2F%()-#B%&%>120*)-#%&#:&# 4()1%-)#*%#"212'0123&#A#&)#-%#2&1":A%#:&#
4)(1%&'0H%# *%# -)B(%4(%12)# 40(0# 4(),%%*)(%-# 2&'%(&012)&0"%-=# %&')&1%-# "0#
&)(F0=#%&#,%@#*%#2&1":-2,0=#(%-:"'0#%E1":A%&'%7
!"#K0"")#%-#4JB"21)#40(0#")-#40(.1240&'%-=#-2&#%FB0(/)=#-2&#:&#-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)#
4)(# %"# ?:%# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-# 4:%*0&# 1)&)1%(# "0-# %'040-# *%"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# A#
%&'%(0(-%#%&#.%F4)#A#K)(F0#*%#10*0#:&0#*%#"0-#(%-)":12)&%-#*%#"0#*%4%&*%&120=#
%-# 4)1)# 4()B0B"%# ?:%# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-# 4:%*0&# 2F4:/&0(# 0"/J&# 01')# *%# "0#
*%4%&*%&120# 4:%-# -3")# 1:%&'0&# 1)&# O[# *I0-# ;MB2"%-# 40(0# 2F4:/&0(# 0&'%# "0#
$)&'(0")(I07
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Colima
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
^#*%#OP
Colima
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A#%-'0B"%1%# ?:%# %&# ")-# 1(2'%(2)-# 40(0#"0# 0*H:*210123&# *%# -%(,212)-#-%#4)*(M#
:."2@0(# %"# 1(2'%(2)# *%# 1)-')UB%&%>12)7# G2&# %FB0(/)=# "0# "%A# &)# )B"2/0# 0# # "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-#0#%,0":0(#"0#,20B2"2*0*#*%"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#-:-#F%'0-#A#)BH%.,)-7#
!&# %-%# 1)&'%E')=# ")-# B%&%>12)-# *%# :&# -%(,212)# &)# 4)*(I0&# -%(# F%*2B"%-# &2#
*%>&2*)-7#
!"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# "212'0123&=#%&# 1)&'(0-'%# 0# "0# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0=# 2F4"210#
1)-')-#A#.%F4)#0*212)&0"%-#?:%#-)&#1)F4%&-0*)-#1)&#")-#4(%12)-#1)F4%..,)-#
*%# :&0# "212'0123&7# G2&# %FB0(/)=# %-'0# "%A# 4%(F2'%# ?:%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-=# -2&#
&%1%-2*0*# *%# :&0# 0:')(2@0123&# *%"# $)F2'D=# (%0"21%&# 0*H:*21012)&%-# *2(%1'0-#
1:0&*)# H:-.>?:%&# ?:%# %-# "0# J&210# F0&%(0# *%# %,2'0(# 1)-')-# 0*212)&0"%-#
2F4)('0&'%-7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
!&# 0:-%&120# *%# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)=# *%# :&# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# A# *%#
-0&12)&%-# 40(0# "0# 1)":-23&=#%"# J&21)# %"%F%&')# 0# K0,)(# *%# "0# 1)F4%'%&120# ?:%#
1)&.%&%# "0#"%A# %-# "0#4)-2B2"2*0*# *%# ?:%# 4(),%%*)(%-# %E'(0&H%()-# 1)F42'0&# %&#
"212'012)&%-# ")10"%-7#!-'0# "%A#-2#(%/:"0#-:4:%-')-# %-4%1I>1)-#40(0#?:%# %F4(%-0-#
%E'(0&H%(0-# 1)&-2*%(%&# K01.B"%# 40(.1240(=# 1)F)# %"# %-'0B"%12F2%&')# *%# :&#
-)B(%4(%12)#A#*%#1)&'%&2*)#&012)&0"7
!&# %-'0#%&.*0*=#:&# 4(),%%*)(# ?:%# 2&1:F4"%# 4:%*%# -%(# 2&;0B2"2'0*)# ;0-'0#-%2-#
0g)-=#-0&123&#?:%# (%4(%-%&'0#:&0# 0F%&0@0#(%0"# A#-:>12%&'%F%&'%#*2-:0-2,07#!"#
4()B"%F0#%-#?:%#"0-#4(M1.10-#*%#1)":-23&##&)#%-'M&#4(%,2-'0-#%&# "0#"%A#A#?:%#"0-#
-0&12)&%-# -3")# 04"210&# 40(0# 2&1:F4"2F2%&')-# *%# 1)&'(0')# ?:%# *%B%(I0&# -%(#
)BH%')# *%# :&0# F:"'07# L)-# F)&')-# *%# "0-# F:"'0-=# 4)(# )'()# "0*)=# '0F4)1)# -%#
%-'0B"%1%&#%&#"0#"%A7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Distrito Federal
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OZ7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
OZ#*%#OP
Distrito Federal
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6:&?:%#"0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#F)&')-#FME2F)-#40(0#:."2@0(#F%10&2-F)-#*2-.&')-#0#"0#
"212'0123&# 4JB"210=#&)# %E2-'%# :&0#&)(F0# ?:%# 4();IB0# K(0112)&0(# "0-# )4%(012)&%-#
*%# 1)F4(0-7# !&')&1%-=# 0:&?:%# %"# F)&')# *%#"0# )4%(0123&# H:-.>?:%# :&# 4()1%-)#
*%# "212'0123&# 40(0# /0(0&.@0(# "0# 10"2*0*# A# %"# F%H)(# 4(%12)# 4)-2B"%-=# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-# 4:%*%&# K(0112)&0("0-# A# 0*H:*210("0-# *%# F0&%(0# *2(%1'07# !&#
1:0"?:2%(# 10-)=#"0#"%A#'0F4)1)# )B"2/0# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-#0#(%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-#*%#
F%(10*)# 4(%,2)-# 0# "0# 2&,2'0123&=#*%# '0"# -:%('%# ?:%# "0# 4()B0B2"2*0*# *%# ?:%# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-#1)F4(%&#0#,0")(#*%#F%(10*)#-%#(%*:1%#-2/&2>10.,0F%&'%7#
6:&?:%# "0# "%A# -I# 1)&'%F4"0# 4()1%-)-# -2F4"2>10*)-# 1)F)# 1)&'(0')-# F0(1)# )#
0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')=# "0# 0:-%&120# *%# (%/:"0123&# %&# ')(&)# 0# $VCQT6h!N#
(%-:"'0# 4%(H:*2120"# %&# '0&')# ")-#4(),%%*)(%-#&)# 1:%&'0&# 1)&# "0#1%('%@0#H:(I*210#
*%# :&0# 4"0'0K)(F0# %"%1'(3&210# 40(0# %-'0B"%1%(# 1)F:&210123&# 1)&# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-=#40(0#0/2"2@0(#"0-#4()1%-)-7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
$)&'0(# 1)&# :&0# &)(F0# ?:%# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# "0# "212'0123&# -%# 0*H:*210(M#
4()4)(12)&0"F%&'%# 0# ')*)-# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 4(%-%&'%&# "0-# F2-F0-#
1)&*212)&%-#%&#1:0&')#0#10"2*0*# A#4(%12)#%-#:&0#2&,2'0123&# 0B2%('0#0#"0#1)":-23&7#
L)-# 1)F4%.*)(%-#.%&%&# FM-#2&1%&.,)-#0#*%'%(F2&0(#:&# 4(%12)#?:%#"%-#(%-:"'%#
1)&,%&2%&'%#?:%#0#%>12%&'0(#-:-#4()1%-)-#%&#0(0-#*%#")/(0(#F%&)(%-#1)-')-7#
h:%,0F%&'%=#&)#(%/:"0(#:&#-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)#*%#1)F4(0-#/%&%(0#2F4)('0&'%-#
%-4012)-#*%#)4012*0*7#X&0#4"0'0K)(F0#*)&*%#-%#4:%*0&#(%,2-0(#")-#*)1:F%&')-##
U*%# 01"0(012)&%-=#")-# %-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)# (%0"2@0*)-#4)(# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-=#"0-#
F)*2>1012)&%-# 0# -:# 4"0&%-# 0&:0"%-# *%# 1)F4(0-U# # (%-:"'0# K:&*0F%&'0"# %&# :&#
4()1%-)#*%#1)F4(0#4)(?:%#"0-#40('%-#1:%&'0&#1)&#"0#2&K)(F0123&#FM-#1)F4"%'0#
4)-2B"%=#-2':0123&#?:%#(%*:&*0#%&#F%H)(%-#*%12-2)&%-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Durango
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O[#*%#OP
Durango
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6:&?:%#")-#%-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)# &)#-)&# )B"2/0')(2)-=#"0# "%A#;01%#F%&123&# 0#%"#
1)&1%4')#*%#:&# 4(%12)#01%4'0B"%#)#1)&,%&2%&'%7#L0#(%*01123&# *%#"0#"%A#4%(F2'%#
*%*:12(# ?:%=# 0:&?:%# &)# (%-:"'0# 1"0()# 1)F)# -%# )B.%&%# %-'%# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%=#
*%B%# -%(# F%&)(# 0# ")# 4(%-:4:%-'0*)# 40(0# "0# 40(.*0# 1)((%-4)&*2%&'%7# !-)#
%-'0B"%1%# :&# :FB(0"# *%# &%/)120123&# 40(0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# %&'(%# %"# 4(%12)#
01%4'0B"%#A#%"#4(%-:4:%-'0*)7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#&)#(%-:"'0#1"0()#13F)#-%#%-'0B"%1%&#
")-# F)&')-# 40(0# 10*0# 40(.*0# -2# '0F4)1)# ;0A# :&0# )B"2/0123&# *%# 2*%&.>10(#
&%1%-2*0*%-#)#%-'0B"%1%(#F%'0-#A#)BH%.,)-7
!-'0#"%A#1:F4"%# 1)&# (%?:2-2')-# BM-21)-# *%#%K%1.,2*0*#1)F)#"0# %E2-'%&120#*%# :&#
-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)# *%#1)F4(0-#)# :&#$)F2'D#*%#6*?:2-212)&%-=#-2&#%FB0(/)=#&)#
4(%,D# "0# %E2-'%&120# *%# 1)&'(0')-# F0(1)=# *%# 0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')# )# *%#
-:B0-'0-#-:B-%1:%&'%-#*%#*%-1:%&')-7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
5:(0&/)# %-# :&0# *%# "0-# 4)10-# %&.*0*%-# ?:%# -0&12)&0# *%# F0&%(0# %E4(%-0# "0#
1)":-23&=#%-'0B"%1%# ?:%# -%(M# 10:-0#*%# *%-10"2>10123&# "0# 1)F4()B0123&# *%# ?:%#
0"/J&#"212'0&'%#;0A0#01)(*0*)#1)&#)'()#:#)'()-#%"%,0(#")-#4(%12)-#*%#")-#B2%&%-#A#
-%(,212)-7# G2&# %FB0(/)=# "0# "%A# &)# 4(%,D# ")-# F%10&2-F)-# 2*3&%)-# 40(0# ?:%# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-# 4:%*0&# 1)F4()B0(# ?:%# ")-# 4(%12)-# 4(%-%&'0*)-# K:%()&##
%K%1.,0F%&'%=#4()*:1')#*%#"0#"2B(%#1)F4%'%&1207
L0#"%A#&)#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#-%g0"0(#%"# &)FB(%#A#10(/)#*%"# K:&12)&0(2)#
?:%#%"0B)(3# %"# K0"")=#'0F4)1)# )B"2/0#0#F%&12)&0(#%"#%-':*2)#0#'(0,D-#*%"#1:0"#-%#
""%/3# 0#:&#4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%# )# 1)&,%&2%&'%7#G2&# %FB0(/)=#1:%&'0#1)&# :&0#*%#"0-#
F%H)(%-# (%/:"012)&%-# %&# 1:%&')# 0# F).,0123&# *%"# K0"")# 4:%-=#4)(# -%40(0*)=#"0#
*%4%&*%&120#4()4)(12)&0(M#4)(# %-1(2')#0#")-# "212'0&'%-#"0#2&K)(F0123&# 01%(10#*%#
"0-#(0@)&%-#4)(# "0-#1:0"%-=#%&#-:#10-)=#-:#4()4:%-'0#&)#K:%#%"%/2*0R#0-2F2-F)=#-%#
"%,0&'0(M# %"# 01'0# *%# K0"")# *%# "0# "212'0123&=# ?:%# >(F0(M&# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-=# 0#
?:2%&%-#-%#"%-#%&'(%/0(M#1)420#*%#"0#F2-F0=#0"#2/:0"#?:%#0#"0#$)&'(0")(I07
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Guanajuato
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OZ#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O[#*%#OP
Guanajuato
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!&# %-'%#10-)=#-3")# 1:0&*)#-%#'(0'0#*%# "212'012)&%-#2&'%(&012)&0"%-#%"#%-':*2)# *%#
F%(10*)#%-#)B"2/0')(2)7#Q)(# ")#'0&')=#&)# -%#;01%#F%&123&#0#:&#4(%12)#01%4'0B"%#
)#1)&,%&2%&'%#A#%"#J&21)#1(2'%(2)#40(0#0*H:*210(#%-#%"#*%#F%&)(#1)-')7
!-'0#%-#:&0#*%#"0-#4)10-#"%A%-#?:%#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#&).>10(#A#-)"212'0(#
0:')(2@0123&# *%# :&# $)F2'D# *%# $)F4(0-# 40(0# :."2@0(# "0# F)*0"2*0*# *%#
0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'07#6-2F2-F)=#%-#:&0#*%# "0-# 4)10-#"%A%-#?:%# 4(%,D#-:4:%-')-#
%-4%1I>1)-# 40(0#*%1"0(0(# "212'012)&%-#*%-2%('0-# A#%"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# 0#-%/:2(7#Q)(#
%H%F4")=# %-'0B"%1%# 1)F)# 10:-0"# 40(0# *%1"0(0(# :&0# "212'0123&# *%-2%('0# ?:%# -%#
4(%-%&'%&# 4(%12)-#2&K%(2)(%-# 0#")-#*%# F%(10*)7#G2&# %FB0(/)=# 1)F)# A0# ;0# -2*)#
%-'0B"%12*)=#")-# %-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)# -3")# -)&# )B"2/0')(2)-# 1:0&*)# -%# '(0'0# *%#
"212'012)&%-#2&'%(&012)&0"%-7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
!-'0#"%A#1)&'%F4"0#A#(%/:"0#0#*%'0""%#")-#(%?:2-2')-#?:%#*%B%&#*%#1:F4"2(-%#40(0#
2&-1(2B2(-%#%&#%"#Q0*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-=#-2&#%FB0(/)=#%-'0(#2&-1(2')#%&#%"#40*(3&#
&)#%-#&%1%-0(2)#40(0#40(.1240(#%&#:&#4()1%-)#*%#"212'0123&7#G)&#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#
"0-# ?:%# %-'0B"%1%&# ")-# (%?:2-2')-# 'D1&21)-# 40(0# 40(.1240(# A# '0FB2D&# "0-# ?:%#
10"2>10&# -2# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# 1:F4"%&# 1)&# %""0-# )# &)7#!-'%# %&')(&)# %-# 4()4212)#
40(0#?:%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#%"0B)(%&#B0-%-#*%#"212'0123&#0*U;)17
w:%# ')*0# "0# 2&K)(F0123&# 4)-2B"%# -%# %&1:%&'(%# 1)&'%&2*0# %&# %"# -2-'%F0#
%"%1'(3&21)# %-#2F4)('0&'%#4:%-#4%(F2'%#?:%#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#4:%*0&#(%,2-0(#"0-#
01':012)&%-# *%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# A# 4:%*0&# 2&1)&K)(F0(-%# 1:0&*)# D-'0-# ;0&#
01':0*)# %&# 1)&'(0# *%# -:-# 2&'%(%-%-7# !-')# %-# 0-I# 4)(?:%# :&# (%?:2-2')# 40(0#
2&1)&K)(F0(-%# %-# &)# ;0B%(# 1)&-%&.*)# *%# K)(F0# 'M12'0# ")-# 01')-# *%# "0#
*%4%&*%&120=# %-# *%12(=# 2F4:/&0(")-# *%&'()# *%# ")-# *2%@# *I0-# -2/:2%&'%-# 0# "0#
1)F2-23&#*%"#01')#*%#0:')(2*0*#?:%#-%#4(%'%&*%#(%1:((2(7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Hidalgo
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OZ#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O[#*%#OP
Hidalgo
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
G2#B2%&#"0# "%A#%-'0B"%1%# F)&')-#FME2F)-# 40(0#)4'0(# 4)(# 0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#)#
2&,2'0123&#(%-'(2&/2*0=#"0#"%A#K0""0#%&#%-'0B"%1%(#:&0#&)(F0#?:%#4();IB0#*2,2*2(#"0-#
)4%(012)&%-#40(0#?:%#%&1:%&'(%&#*%&'()#*%#%-')-#:FB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0"%-7#L)-#
%-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)# &)# -)&#)B"2/0')(2)-=#'0F4)1)# ")-# *%#K01.B2"2*0*7#!"# J&21)#
1(2'%(2)#40(0#0*H:*210(#%-#%"#*%#F%&)(#1)-')#A=#%&#10-)#*%#?:%# *)-#4(),%%*)(%-#
4(%-%&'%&#")-#F2-F)-#4(%12)-=#%"#/0&0*)(#-%#*%'%(F2&0#0#'(0,D-#*%#:&0#(2K07
X&)# *%# ")-# -:4:%-')-# 40(0# *%1"0(0(# :&0# "212'0123&# *%-2%('0# %&# %-'0# %&.*0*# %-#
?:%# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# &)# 1:F4"0&# 1)&# :&# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# &)#
(%-:"'0# 1"0()# 13F)# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# *%'%(F2&0&# %-%# 4(%12)# ')*0# ,%@# ?:%# ")-#
%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#&)#-)&#)B"2/0')(2)-7#L0#"%A#&)#(%/:"0#:&#-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)#
*%# 1)F4(0-# A=# 0:&?:%# "0# "%A# &)# # )B"2/0# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# -)"212'0(# "0#
04()B0123&# *%"# $)F2'D# *%# 1)F4(0-# 40(0# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# )# 2&,2'0123&#
(%-'(2&/2*0=#%-'0# "%A# 1:%&'0# 1)&# :&0# *%# "0-# F%H)(%-# (%/:"012)&%-# %&# 1:0&')# 0#
-:4:%-')-#40(0#:."2@0(#%-')-#F%10&2-F)-7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0#/(0':2*0*#*%#"0-#B0-%-#&)#%-'M#4(%,2-'0#%&#"%A7#!-')#%-#2F4)('0&'%#4)(?:%#")-#
4(),%%*)(%-# *%B%&# 2&1:((2(# %&# 1)-')-# 0&'%-# *%#-0B%(# -2# 1:%&'0&# 1)&# %"# B2%&# )#
-%(,212)#(%?:%(2*)7#v=#*0*)#?:%#%"#1)-')# 4:%*%#%-'0B"%1%(-%# 0# *2-1(%123&# *%#"0-#
*%4%&*%&120-=#4:%*%#-%(# :."2@0*)#1)F)#:&0#B0((%(0#0#"0#%&'(0*0#0"# 4()1%-)#*%#
"212'0123&7#6-2F2-F)=#"0#"%A#4%(F2'%# >&0&120(# 0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#1:0&*)#-%#'(0'0#
*%# :&0# )4%(0123&# c4(2)(2'0(20d=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# "0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# %&# ?:D#
-:4:%-')-# -%# *%&)F2&0(M# :&0# 1)F4(0# 1)F)# 4(2)(2'0(20=#*%H0&*)# %"# 1(2'%(2)# 0"#
0(B2'(2)#*%# "0-#*%4%&*%&120-7#X&#0B:-)# *%#%-'%#-:4:%-')#4:%*%#2F4"210(# ?:%#"0#
*%4%&*%&120# 0*H:*2?:%# :&# 1)&'(0')# 0# :&# 4(),%%*)(# ?:%# &)# 1:F4"%# 1)&# ")-#
(%?:2-2')-#%1)&3F21)-#?:%#K:%()&#%E2/2*)-#0#")-#*%FM-#1)F4%.*)(%-7
L0# "%A# &)# )B"2/0# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# 0*?:2(2(# B2%&%-# 1)&# B0-%# %&# -:-#
&%1%-2*0*%-=# '0F4)1)# )B"2/0# 0# 4:B"210(# ")-# 4"0&%-# 0&:0"%-# *%# 1)F4(0-# )# -:-#
F)*2>1012)&%-7#G2&#%FB0(/)# %-'0#"%A#-2# 4%(F2'%#?:%#")-# 1)&i21')-# ?:%#-:(H0&#0#
40(.(# *%# "0# %H%1:123&# *%# :&# 1)&'(0')# -%# (%-:%",0&# 0#'(0,D-# *%# 0(B2'(0H%7# #!-'0#
4%(F2-23&# (%-:"'0# K:&*0F%&'0"# 40(0# "0-# "212'012)&%-# 2&'%(&012)&0"%-# 4:%-# # ")-#
1)-')-#?:%# 2F4"210##40(0#:&#4(),%%*)(# %E'(0&H%()#%"#-)F%'%(-%#0#")-#'(2B:&0"%-#
&012)&0"%-#4:%*%#2&;2B2(#-:#40(.1240123&7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Jalisco
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
O#*%#OP
Jalisco
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0#"%A#*%#%-'%#%-'0*)#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#%"# (%/"0F%&')# *%#"0#F0'%(20#%-'0B"%1%(M#")-#
F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# "0-#%E1%412)&%-# 0# "0# "212'0123&# 4JB"2107#L0# *%B2"2*0*# *%"#
(%/"0F%&')# %-# ?:%# 4:%*%# -%(# F)*2>10*)# 4)(# :&# *%1(%')# *%"# %H%1:.,)# *%"#
%-'0*)7# Q)(# )'()# "0*)=# # "0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# :&0# ,2&1:"0123&# 1"0(0# %&'(%# ")-#
)BH%.,)-# A#F%'0-#*%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# A# ")-#B2%&%-#?:%#0*?:2%(%&7#Q0(# ?:D#-%#
0*?:2%(%#:&#B2%&# #)#-%(,212)#A#1:M&')# *%B%#*:(0(#-)&#4(%/:&'0-#?:%#*%B%&#(%/2(#
%"#4()1%-)7
L0# "%A# &)# 4(%,D# 0"# %E2-'%&120# *%# :&# $)F2'D# *%# $)F4(0-7# N0F4)1)# (%/:"0# %"#
-2-'%F0# %"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-# &2# 1)&.%&%# &2&/J&# *2-%g)# *%# 1)&'(0')# 40(0#
%>12%&'0(# 4()1%-)-=# 1)F)# %"# 1)&'(0')# F0(1)# )# %"# 0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')7#
6-2F2-F)=#"0#"%A#K0""0#%&#%-'0B"%1%(#")-#-:4:%-')-#B0H)#")-#1:0"%-#-%#4)*(M#:."2@0(#
%"# 4(%12)# 0"@0*)# %&# ")-# 1)&'(0')-=# *%H0&*)# 1)F4"%'0# *2-1(%12)&0"2*0*# 0#
4(),%%*)(%-#A#*%4%&*%&120-#%&#%"#10"1:")#*%"#4(%12)#>&0"7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
52-F2&:2(# ')*0-#"0-##B0((%(0-#4)-2B"%-#40(0#?:%#:&#4(),%%*)(#4:%*0#1)F4%.(#%&#
:&#4()1%-)#*%#"212'0123&#%-#4)-2B"%#0#'(0,D-#*%#:&#40*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-7#x0"2-1)#
1:%&'0# 1)&# :&# (%/2-'()# *%# %-'0# &0':(0"%@0=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# -:# 4()43-2')# &)# -%#
1:F4"%#*%B2*)# 0#?:%# "0#"%A#&)# %-'0B"%1%#?:D# (%?:2-2')-#'D1&21)-# A#%1)&3F21)-#
-%(M&# -)"212'0*)-# 40(0# (%/2-'(0(-%=# 4)(# ")# '0&')=# %-)-# (%?:2-2')-# 4:%*%&#
F)*2>10(-%#%&#1:0"?:2%(#.%F4)7
!-'0#"%A#&)#(%/:"0#%"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# # &2# "0-#K0-%-#*%#"0# "212'0123&#4JB"2107#Q)(# ")#
'0&')=# '0F4)1)# (%/:"0# %&# ?:D# 1)&*212)&%-# -%# ;0(M# 4JB"21)# %"# K0"")=# "0-#
0:')(2*0*%-# (%-4)&-0B"%-# &2# ")-# 4"0@)-# 40(0# 2F4:/&0(# "0-# *%12-2)&%-7# 6-I# "0-#
1)-0-=# %"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# 4:%*%# 10FB20(# *%# :&0# "212'0123&# 0# )'(0# -2&# F0A)(%-#
(%-'(2112)&%-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
México
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
México
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0#"%A#*%#%-'0#%&.*0*#4%(F2'%=#&)#-3")# *2,2*2(#"0-#)4%(012)&%-#-2&)#0*H:*210("0-#
%&# 4)(1%&'0H%-# *%'%(F2&0*)-#0#")-#1)F4%.*)(%-7#!-')#.%&%#*)-# 2F4"21012)&%-7#
L0# 4(2F%(0# %-# ?:%# ")-# F)&')-# *%# "0-# )4%(012)&%-# 4:%*%&# (%*:12(-%# *%# '0"#
F0&%(0# ?:%# &:&10# H:-.>?:%&# :&0# "212'0123&# A=#"0# -%/:&*0=#%-# ?:%# 1:0&*)# "0#
)K%('0#%-# *2,2*2*0#0#4(2)(2=#%&')&1%-# ")-#4(),%%*)(%-#*%H0&# *%# '%&%(# 2&1%&.,)-#
40(0#1)F4%.(7
L0# "%A#&)# (%/:"0#%"# -2-'%F0# *%# $VCQT6h!N=#&)# 1)&'%F4"0#1)&'(0')-# F0(1)# )#
0B0-'%12F2%&')#-2F:"'M&%)7#6-2F2-F)=#4%(F2'%#0*?:2(2(# 4)(#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#
B2%&%-# *%#:&0#F0(10# *%'%(F2&0*0=# &)# 4();IB%# "0# -:B1)&'(0'0123&# A# .%&%# :&0#
-)F%(0#F%&123&#-)B(%#")-#-:4:%-')-#-)B(%#")-#1:0"%-#-%#*%1"0(0(M#:&0#"212'0123&#
*%-2%('07
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
h)#%E2-'%#:&#40*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#40(0#/0(0&.@0(#?:%#')*)-#")-#1)F4%.*)(%-#
*%B0&# 1:F4"2(# 1)&# ")-# F2-F)-# (%?:%(2F2%&')-=# &)# %E2-'%# :&0# &)(F0# ?:%#
-0&12)&%# ")-# 01:%(*)-# %&'(%# 1)F4%.*)(%-# ?:%# 0K%1'%&# "0# 1)F4%'%&120=#&)# -%#
(%/:"0#'0F4)1)#"0# (%"0123&#%&'(%# ")-#1)&-:"')(%-# A#")-#4(),%%*)(%-7#L0#"%A#-3")#
-0&12)&0#"0#F0"0#K%=#1)&1%4')#H:(I*21)#*%#%&)(F%#1)F4"%H2*0*#4()B0')(207
L0#"%A#&)# )B"2/0#0#2&K)(F0(# %&# %"#K0"")# %"#&)FB(%#A#%"#10(/)# *%"#K:&12)&0(2)# ?:%#
%,0":3# "0-# 4()4:%-'0-=#'0F4)1)# )B"2/0#0# F%&12)&0(# ")-#%-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)#0##
'(0,D-#*%#")-# 1:0"%-#-%#*%'%(F2&3#:&#4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%7#h)# )B"2/0#0#F).,0(# "0-#
4()4:%-'0-#(%1;0@0*0-#A#'0F4)1)# )B"2/0#0#""%,0(#:&# (%/2-'()#*%#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#
?:%#2&1:F4"%&7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Michoacán
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
`#*%#OP
Michoacán
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6:&?:%#&)#%-#4)-2B"%#(%0"2@0(#)4%(012)&%-#?:%#&)#-%#%&1:%&'(%&#%-'0B"%12*0-#%&#
%"# 4(%-:4:%-')=# "0# "%A# &)# 1)&'%F4"0# F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# :."2@0(# 2&,2'0123&#
(%-'(2&/2*0# )# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0#&2# 4();IB%#*2,2*2(# "0-# )4%(012)&%-7# !&')&1%-=#
")-#1(2'%(2)-#10FB20&# 10*0#0g)# A#&)#%E2-'%#/0(0&b0#*%#?:%#%"#4)(1%&'0H%#F0A)(#
*%#"0-#)4%(012)&%-#-%#(%0"21%#0#'(0,D-#*%#"212'012)&%-#4JB"210-7#
!-'0(# %&# :&# 40*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#%-#&%1%-0(2)#40(0#40(.1240(# %&#:&# 4()1%-)#
*%# 1)F4(0-#4JB"210-# %&# %-'0#%&.*0*=#A#%-#'0FB2D&# %"# $)F2'D# %"# %&10(/0*)# *%#
*%'%(F2&0(# ")-# (%?:%(2F2%&')-# 'D1&21)-# A# %1)&3F21)-# 40(0# 2&-1(2B2(-%7# G2&#
%FB0(/)=#"0#"%A#&)# 4();IB%# 0# ")-#4(),%%*)(%-#-:B0((%&*0(# -:-# -%(,212)-=#*%# '0"#
K)(F0#?:%#"0#%>12%&120#A#%>10120#?:%#")/(0&#")-#$)F2'D-#4:%*%# -%(# F%(F0*0#-2#
%"#4(),%%*)(#1)&'(0'0*)#&)#%-#?:2D&=#0"#>&0"=#%H%1:'0#%"#1)&'(0')7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
Y0,)(%1%(# 0# "0-# %F4(%-0-# ")10"%-# A=# %&# %-'%# 10-)# %H2*0"%-# A# -)12%*0*%-#
1))4%(0.,0-=# %&# ")-# 4()1%-)-# *%# "212'0123&# (%-4)&*%# 0# :&0# 4)"I.10# *%# %-'0*)#
?:%=#0:&?:%#B:-10#2F4:"-0(#%"#*%-0(()"")#*%#"0#(%/23&=#F%(F0#")-#(%-:"'0*)-#?:%#
-%# 4:%*%&# )B'%&%(# %&# 1:0&')# 0# 10"2*0*# A# 4(%12)# *%&'()# *%# :&# 4()1%-)#
1)F4%..,)7##
!-'0#"%A# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%#"0# V>120"I0# C0A)(# -%(M#%"# 3(/0&)# %&10(/0*)# *%#,%(2>10(#
"0-#1)F4(0-#?:%#(%0"2@0&#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#A#*%#""%,0(#%"#(%/2-'()#*%#4(),%%*)(%-7#
G2&# %FB0(/)=# -)&# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# "0-# ?:%# %-'M&# %&10(/0*0-# *%# %H%1:'0(# "0#
1)F4(07#L0#"%A#-3")#%-'0B"%1%#4()1%*2F2%&')-#40(0#2F4:/&0(#"0-#*%12-2)&%-#*%#"0#
V>120"I0#C0A)(=#4%()##")-#01')-#*%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#&)#-)&#2F4:/&0B"%-7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Morelos
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
Morelos
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0-# J&210-# 1%('%@0-# ?:%# )K(%1%# %-'0# "%A=# %&# %-'%# (:B()=# -)&# ?:%# %E1%*%(# %"#
4(%-:4:%-')# 04()B0*)# -3")# %-# 4)-2B"%# -2# %-# 0:')(2@0*)# 4)(# "0# G%1(%'0(I0# *%#
6*F2&2-'(0123&# A# ?:%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# (%0"2@0(M&# 1)&'(0')-# *2K%(%&120*)-# *%#
01:%(*)#1)&#%"#.4)#*%#)4%(0123&#?:%#,0&#0#(%0"2@0(7#
L0#"%A#4%(F2'%#?:%#%&#12%(')-#-:4:%-')-#A#4(%,20#0:')(2@0123&#*%#"0#G%1(%'0(I0#*%#
6*F2&2-'(0123&=#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#1)&'(0'0*)-#-:B0((2%&*%&#")-#1)&'(0')-#?:%#"%-#
K:%()&#0*H:*210*)-7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#"0#"%A#&)#%-'0B"%1%#-2#"0#4%(-)&0#?:%#(%0"2@0(M#
")-#'(0B0H)-# *%B%# %-'0(# 2&-1(2'0# %&# %"# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-=#4)(# ")# '0&')=#&)#
%E2-'%#&2&/:&0#/0(0&b0#-)B(%#"0-#104012*0*%-#*%"#&:%,)#4(),%%*)(#&2#-)B(%#-:-#
4)-2B2"2*0*%-#*%#'%(F2&0(#%&#B:%&0-#1)&*212)&%-#:&#1)&'(0')7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0# "%A# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# *%B%(M# *0(-%# 4(%K%(%&120# 0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# %-'0'0"%-# -2#
1:F4"%&# 1)&# ")-# (%?:%(2F2%&')-#%-'0B"%12*)-#4)(# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-7#6-2F2-F)=#
4%(F2'%# *2,2*2(# "0# 0*H:*210123&# *%# :&# 4%*2*)# )# 1)&'(0')# -2# -%# 1)&-2*%(0#
1)&,%&2%&'%7# !&# 1:A)# 10-)# -%# -%g0"0(M&# 4()4)(12)&0"F%&'%# ")-# 4)(1%&'0H%-# *%#
10*0# :&)# *%# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-=# 0# %K%1')# *%#c-%# %,2'%# "0#%E1%-2,0# *%4%&*%&120d7#
!-'0#&)(F0=#4(%-%&'%#%&#)'(0-#%&.*0*%-#'0FB2D&=#%-#:&0#2&,2'0123&#0B2%('0#0#"0#
1)":-23&7
L0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#L0#0*H:*210123&#*%>&2.,0#*%#:&#4%*2*)#)#1)&'(0')#%&#K0,)(#
*%"#4(),%%*)(# -%"%112)&0*)#-%(M#*%1"0(0*0#4)(#%"#1)F2'D=#-2&# %FB0(/)=#'0FB2D&#
%-'0B"%1%#*%#F0&%(0#%E4(%-0#?:%#1)&'(0#"0-#(%-)":12)&%-#?:%#-%#4()&:&12%&#%&#
F0'%(20# *%# '(MF2'%# A# K0"")# *%# ")-# 1)&1:(-)-# &)# 4()1%*%(M# (%1:(-)# 0"/:&)7#
6*%FM-=#-2# :&# 4(),%%*)(# 2&1:F4"%=#%"# 4%(2)*)#FME2F)# *%#2&;0B2"2'0123&#%-# :&#
0g)7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Nayarit
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
^#*%#OP
Nayarit
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!&# %-'%# (:B()=# "0#%E2-'%&120#*%#%-':*2)-# *%# K01.B2"2*0*# (%-:"'0&# 1(:120"%-# 4:%-#
4%(F2'%&#%,0":0(# -2#"0#*%4%&*%&120#(%?:2%(%#%E1%*%(#-:#4(%-:4:%-')#04()B0*)#)#
&)=#-2# (%?:2%(%&# %"# B2%&# -)")# 4)(# :&# 4%(2)*)# *%'%(F2&0*)# A# -2# (%-:"'0# %&# :&#
F%&)(# 1)-')# )4'0(# 4)(# 0((%&*0F2%&')# ?:%# 4)(# 1)F4(0# *%"# B2%&7# # $)&'0(# 1)&#
%-':*2)-# *%# %-'0# &0':(0"%@0# %-# *%-%0B"%# 4)(?:%# *0&# 1:%&'0# *%# ?:%# "0#
*%4%&*%&120#%-'M#1)&-2*%(0&*)# "0#:."2*0*#*%#")-#B2%&%-##%&#%"#.%F4)#A#*%#?:%#
-:#4"0&%0123&#"%-#4%(F2'%#;01%(#%-'%#.4)#*%#1M"1:")-7#
V'()# -:4:%-')#%&#%"#?:%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#%-'M&#)B"2/0*0-#0#(%0"2@0(#:&#%-':*2)#
*%# F%(10*)# a# A# *)1:F%&'0(")U# %-# 1:0&*)# -%# *%12*%# )4'0(# 4)(# 0*H:*210123&#
*2(%1'0#)#2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*07#v# 0"/:&)-#1(2'%(2)-# ?:%#%-'0B"%1%#%-'0#"%A=#40(0#
")-#4()1%*2F2%&')-#*%#%E1%4123&=#(%0"F%&'%#B:-10&#%>12%&'0(#")-#4()1%-)-7#Q)(#
%H%F4")=#1:0&*)# %"# %-':*2)# *%#F%(10*)# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# &)# %E2-'%&# FM-# *%# '(%-#
4(),%%*)(%-# *%# :&# B2%&# *%'%(F2&0*)=# %&')&1%-# -%# )4'0# 4)(# 2&,2'0123&#
(%-'(2&/2*07# G2&# %FB0(/)=# # "0# "%A# 4%(F2'%# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0*H:*210(#
*2(%1'0F%&'%#-2#H:-.>10&#?:%#-%#(%?:2%(%#:&0#F0(10#*%'%(F2&0*07#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
h)# %E2-'%#:&#40*(3&#*%# 4(),%%*)(%-=#-)&# "0-#*%4%&*%&120-#"0-#?:%# *%'%(F2&0&#
"0-# 1:0"2*0*%-# 'D1&210-# A# %1)&3F210-# ?:%# *%B%&# '%&%(# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-7# L0#
0:-%&120#*%#(%/:"0123&#%&#%-'%#(:B()#4%(F2'%#?:%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#1)&-'(:A0&#
B0-%-# *%# "212'012)&%-# 0*# ;)17# 6*%FM-# "0# "%A# &)# (%/:"0=# *%# &2&/:&0# K)(F0=# "0#
1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# 4(),%%*)(%-# )# *%# D-')-# 1)&# ")-# 1)&-:"')(%-7# Q%(F2'%# "0#
40(.1240123&#%E'(0&H%(0#4%()#&)#%-'0B"%1%#B0H)#?:D#-:4:%-')-7
50*)#?:%#&)# %E2-'%#:&#-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)#*%#1)F4(0-=#%"#K0"")#-3")#%-#1)&)12*)#
4)(#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%#-)&#1)&,)10*)-#0#"0#H:&'0#*)&*%#D-'%#-%#;01%#4JB"21)7#
G2#:&#4(),%%*)(#*%-%0#2F4:/&0(")#4%()#&)#-%#"%#1)F:&210#%&#.%F4)# 1:0&*)#-%#
(%0"2@3# %"# K0"")=# %&')&1%-# -%# %&.%&*%# ?:%# ")# 1)&-2&.3# *%# F0&%(0# 'M12'07#
6-2F2-F)=# 0"# &)# %E2-.(# :&# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-=# "0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# ")-#
-:4:%-')-# %&# ")-# 1:0"%-# :&# 4(),%%*)(# ?:%# 2&1:F4"%# -%(M# 2&;0B2"2'0*)# &2#
'0F4)1)#%"#4%(2)*)#?:%#*:(0(M#*21;0#-0&123&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Nuevo León
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O]#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O`7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Of#*%#OP
Nuevo León
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6:&?:%# "0#"%A# )B"2/0#0# (%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-#*%# F%(10*)=#&)# ;01%# (%K%(%&120# 0#"0-#
10(01'%(I-.10-# 1)&# "0-# ?:%# D-')-# *%B%&# 1:F4"2(7# N0F4)1)# %-'0B"%1%# F)&')-#
FME2F)-# 40(0# :."2@0(# ")-# F%10&2-F)-# *%# 2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*0# A# 0*H:*210123&#
*2(%1'0=# -2':0123&# ?:%# 2&1%&.,0#%"# :-)# %E1%-2,)# %#2&0*%1:0*)# *%# %-'0-#>/:(0-7#
6-2F2-F)=# 0:&?:%# "0#"%A#4();IB%#*2,2*2(# %"# F)&')# *%# "0-#)4%(012)&%-#40(0# ?:%#
%&'(%&# *%&'()# *%# ")-# :FB(0"%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0"%-# %-'0B"%12*)-=# "0# "%A# K0""0# %&#
%-'0B"%1%(#*21;)-#:FB(0"%-7
!-'0#"%A#1:%&'0#1)&# :&0#*%# "0-#F%H)(%-#(%/:"012)&%-# %&# 1:0&')#0#K:&12)&%-# *%"#
$)F2'D# *%# $)F4(0-7# Q(%,D=# 4)(# %H%F4")=# ?:%# "0# *%12-23&# *%# )4'0(# 4)(# :&0#
0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# *%B%# 40(0# 4)(# %-'%# 3(/0&)7# 6-2F2-F)=# "0# "%A# (%/:"0# "0-#
)K%('0-#-:B-%1:%&'%-#*%#*%-1:%&')-=#%"#0B0-'%12F2%&')#1)&H:&')#A#%-.4:"0#?:%#
")-#1)&'(0')-#*%B%&#%-4%12>10(#&)#-3")#"0-#10(01'%(I-.10-#*%"#B2%&#)#-%(,212)#?:%#
;0#*%#0*?:2(2(-%#-2&)#'0FB2D&#-:#*%-%F4%g)#%&#%"#.%F4)7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0# "%A# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# %-# &%1%-0(2)# %-'0(# 2&-1(2')# %&# %"# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-#
40(0#4)*%(#40(.1240(# %&#")-#4()1%-)-#*%#"212'0123&7#6-2F2-F)=#10-./0#*%#F0&%(0#
%E4(%-0#"0#1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# 4(),%%*)(%-#?:%# 4:%*0#(%-:"'0(# %&#:&# 4(%H:212)#
40(0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# ?:%# "212'0&# A=# 0*%FM-=# 10-./0# "0# 1)F:&210123&# %&'(%#
1)&-:"')(%-#A#4(),%%*)(%-7#
!-'0#"%A#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#%-'0B"%1%(#%"#&)FB(%#A#10(/)#*%"#K:&12)&0(2)#
(%-4)&-0B"%#*%#%,0":0(#A#*%12*2(# -)B(%#%"#4(),%%*)(# 0"#?:%#-%#"%#0*H:*210(M&#")-#
1)&'(0')-=#A#1)&#%"")=#"0#%&.*0*#*%F:%-'(0#:&# 1)F4()F2-)#FM-#-3"2*)#(%-4%1')#
*%# "0# (%&*2123&# *%# 1:%&'0-7# 6*%FM-=#"0-# "2-'0-# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# -)&# 4JB"210-# A#
%-'0B"%1%# 1(2'%(2)-# 1"0()-# -)B(%# 13F)# -%# 2&;0B2"2'0(M# 0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# A# 4)(#
1:%&')# .%F4)7# !"# K0"")# *%# "0-# "212'012)&%-# -%# 1)F:&210# *%# F0&%(0# %-1(2'0# A#
4%(-)&0"2@0*0#0# 10*0#:&)# *%#")-# 4(),%%*)(%-#%-'0B"%12%&*)#"0-#(0@)&%-#4)(# "0-#
?:%#K:%()&#*%-10"2>10*)-#*%"#4()1%-)#A#%-'0B"%1%#")-#.%F4)-#A#F%10&2-F)-#4)(#
F%*2)#*%#")-#1:0"%-#")-#40(.1240&'%-#4:%*%&#04%"0(#%-'0-#*%12-2)&%-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Oaxaca
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
]#*%#OP
Oaxaca
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# &)# 1)&'%F4"0# F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# )4'0(# 4)(# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# )#
2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*0=#'0F4)1)#)B"2/0#0#"0-# *%4%&*%&120-#0#(%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-#*%#
F%(10*)#&2#-%#1)&-2*%(0#"0#,20B2"2*0*#*%"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#F%'0-#:#)BH%.,)-#1)&#
"0# 0*?:2-2123&# *%# B2%&%-# )# -%(,212)-7# !"# J&21)# %-':*2)# ?:%# -%# (%0"2@0# %-# %"# ?:%#
*%'%(F2&0# 0"# K01.B2"2*0*# *%# 1)&'(0'0(# 0# '(0,D-# *%# 0((%&*0F2%&')# 4:()# )# 1)&#
)4123&#0#1)F4(07#
h)# %E2-'%#:&#$)F2'D#*%#1)F4(0-#(%/:"0*)# %&#"%A=#'0F4)1)#-%#;01%#F%&123&#*%"#
-2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)#*%#1)F4(0-7#6-2F2-F)=#&)#4(%,D&#"0#%E2-'%&120#*%#1)&'(0')-#
F0(1)# )# *%# 0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')7# Y2&0"F%&'%=# %"# J&21)# (%?:2-2')# 40(0# "0#
0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# %-# ?:%# %"# F)&')# &)# H:-.>?:%# %"# 4()1%-)# *%# "212'0123&#
4JB"210=#-2&# %FB0(/)=#")-#F)&')-#FME2F)-# )# FI&2F)-#&)#%-'M&# %-'0B"%12*)-#%&#
"0#"%A7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0#2&-1(24123&#%&# :&#Q0*(3&# *%#Q(),%%*)(%-#%-#:&# (%?:2-2')# 2&*2-4%&-0B"%#40(0#
40(.1240(#%&#")-#4()1%-)-#*%#1)F4(0#A#")-#(%?:2-2')-#'D1&21)-#A#%1)&3F21)-#40(0#
2&-1(2B2(-%# %-'M&# B2%&# *%"2F2'0*)-# %&# "%A7# G2&# %FB0(/)=# &)# -%# (%/:"0# "0#
1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# )K%(%&'%-# &2# '0F4)1)# %&'(%# 1)&-:"')(%-# A# )K%(%&'%-7# L0-#
B0-%-#*%#"0#"212'0123&#&)#-)&# /(0':2'0-#A#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#&)#(%,2-0&# -2# %"# 4(%12)#
)K%('0*)#%-#1)&/(:%&'%#1)&#%"#4(%12)#*%#F%(10*)7#
L0#"%A#&)#4(%,D#:&#4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#1)&12"20123&7#N0F4)1)#%-'0B"%1%#-0&12)&%-#
1"0(0-# 40(0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 2&1:F4"%&=# 4)(# %H%F4")=# &)# %-'0B"%1%# :&#
4%(2)*)#*%#2&;0B2"2'0123&7#!&#1:0&')#0#"0#(%&*2123&#*%#1:%&'0-=#"0#"%A#&)#)B"2/0#0#
"0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# 2&1":2(# %&# %"# K0"")# %"# &)FB(%# A# 10(/)# *%"# K:&12)&0(2)#
(%-4)&-0B"%#*%"#4()1%-)#*%#"212'0123&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Puebla
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
^#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
^#*%#OP
Puebla
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# 4%(F2'%# ?:%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# %E1%*0&# %"# 4(%-:4:%-')# 04()B0*)# A# &)#
%-'0B"%1%# &2&/J&# F%10&2-F)# *%# 1)&'()"# ')*0# ,%@# ?:%# &)# %-# &%1%-0(20# "0#
0:')(2@0123&#*%# "0#G%1(%'0(I0#*%# >&0&@0-#a# )# -:# 0&M")/)7#v=#0:&?:%#")-#%-':*2)-#
*%# F%(10*)# &)# -)&# )B"2/0')(2)-# A# &)# -%# %-'0B"%1%# :&# 4(%12)# 01%4'0B"%=# "0-#
*%4%&*%&120-=# 1:0&*)# -%# %-'M# 0&'%# %"# (2%-/)# *%# :&0# "212'0123&# *%-2%('0=# %-'M&#
K01:"'0*)-# 40(0# &%/)120(=# 0# "0# 0"@0=# ")-# 4(%12)-# 4()4:%-')-7# !-'0# &)(F0# -%(I0#
*%-%0B"%# 1:0&*)# %E2-'%&# %-':*2)-# )B"2/0')(2)-# *%# F%(10*)# A# 1:F4"%&# 1)&#
(%?:2-2')-# FI&2F)-# 4:%-# *%# %-0# F0&%(0# -%# 4:%*%# %-'0B"%1%(# :&# -)B(%4(%12)#
(0@)&0B"%7# G2# ")-# %-':*2)-# &)# %E2-'%&=# "0# &)(F0# -3")# %-# :&# F%10&2-F)# 40(0##
%&10(%1%(#"0-#)4%(012)&%-7
X&)# *%# ")-# -:4:%-')-# ?:%# %-'0# "%A# %-'0B"%1%# 40(0# 0*H:*210(# *2(%1'0F%&'%# :&#
1)&'(0')# %-# ?:%# -%# '(0'%# *%# -%(,212)-# *%# 1)&-:"')(I0# 1:A0# *2K:-23&# 4:%*0#
1)F4()F%'%(# %"# 2&'%(D-# 4JB"21)# a# -:4:%-')# %&# %"# ?:%# %&'(0&# ")-# %-':*2)-# *%#
F%(10*)7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#0:&?:%# %"# "%/2-"0*)(# ':,)#4(%-%&'%# "0#/(0,%*0*#*%# ?:%#
%-'0# 2&K)(F0123&# -%0# 1)F:&210*0# 0# ")-# 4)-2B"%-# 4(),%%*)(%-=# &)# -0&12)&0# "0#
1)F:&210123&#%&'(%#1)&-:"')(%-#A#4(),%%*)(%-7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
G3")# 1:0&*)# -%# '(0'0# *%# "212'012)&%-# 2&'%(&012)&0"%-# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# %-'M&#
)B"2/0*0-# 0# (%,2-0(# -2# ")-# 4(%12)-# K:%()&# 4()*:1')# *%# "2B(%# 1)F4%'%&1207# G2&#
%FB0(/)# =#"0# "%A#&)# 4(%,D#:&# -)B(%4(%12)# 40(0#")-# 40(.1240&'%-# %E'(0&H%()-#A=#
1)&#%"")=#2&;2B%#-:#40(.1240123&7##6*%FM-=#0:&?:%#%-'0(#2&-1(2')#%&#:&#Q0*(3&#*%#
4(),%%*)(%-# %-# )B"2/0')(2)# %&# :&# 4()1%-)# *%# "212'0123&=# "0# 2&-1(24123&# &)# %-#
)B"2/0')(20# 40(0# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 40(.1240&# %&# 4()1%-)-# *%# 0*H:*210123&#
*2(%1'0#)#2&,2'0123&#(%-'(2&/2*07
L0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# :&# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# 1)&12"20123&=# -3")# %E2-'%# :&#
4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#2&1)&K)(F2*0*# #A#1)&'(0#*%#"0#(%-)":123&# *%#"0#2&1)&K)(F2*0*#
?:%#*21'%#"0#0:')(2*0*#1)F4%'%&'%=#&)#4()1%*%#(%1:(-)#0*F2&2-'(0.,)#0"/:&)7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Querétaro
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
Querétaro
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#"0#,20B2"2*0*# *%"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#F%'0-#A#)BH%.,)-#*%B%#
-%(# :&# 1(2'%(2)# 40(0# %,0":0(# "0-# 4()4:%-'0-=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# "0# "%A# &)# )B"2/0# 0#
V>120"I0-#C0A)(%-#0#(%0"2@0(#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#&2# %-':*2)-#*%#K01.B2"2*0*=#*%#
'0"# -:%('%# ?:%#D-'0-#&)# 4:%*%&# 1)&)1%(#"0-#10(01'%(I-.10-#*%# ")-#B2%&%-#?:%#-%#
)K(%1%&#%&# :&#F%(10*)# *%'%(F2&0*)# &2#-:#4(%12)7#$)&)1%(# 1:M&')-#B2%&%-# A#*%#
?:%#10"2*0*# -%#(%?:2%(%&#40(0#")/(0(# :&0#F%'0=#-2&# %-':*2)-#*%#F0(10*)# -%(2)-=##
-%#1)&,2%('%#%&#:&#0"B:(7#
6:&?:%#")-#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#&)#-)&#)B"2/0')(2)-#40(0#')*0-#"0-#)4%(012)&%-=#
-2#")#-)&#1:0&*)#"0-#V>120"I0-#C0A)(%-#*%12*%&#(%0"2@0(#:&0#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'07#
X&)#*%#")-#-:4:%-')-#40(0#H:-.>10(# :&0#)4%(0123&#*%#%-'0#&0':(0"%@0#%-#?:%#-%#
*%'%(F2&%#?:%#&)#%E2-'%&#FM-#*%#'(%-#4(),%%*)(%-#*%"# B2%&#(%?:%(2*)=#4%()# &)#
-3")# %-)=#%"#%-':*2)#*%#F%(10*)#A#"0#H:-.>10123&#*%#V>120"I0-#C0A)(%-#40(0#:-0(#
0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0#*%B%# -%(# 04()B0*0#4)(# %"#$)F2'D# *%#$)F4(0-7#!-'0#&)(F0#
0B)&0# 0# ")/(0(# %>12%&120# %&# ")-# 4()1%-)-# 4:%-=# %&# %K%1')=# &)# .%&%# -%&.*)#
2&1:((2(# %&#")-#1)-')-#*%#:&0#"212'0123&#1:0&*)#&)#;0A#-:>12%&'%-#)K%(%&'%-#%&#%"#
F%(10*)7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
6:&?:%# (%-:"'0# 4%(K%1'0F%&'%# 4)-2B"%# ?:%# %&# :&# F%(10*)# 1)F4%..,)# *)-#
4(),%%*)(%-#)K%('%&#:&#B2%&#*%#"0-#F2-F0-#10(01'%(I-.10-#%&#1:0&')#0#10"2*0*#A#
4(%12)=#"0#'%&*%&120#&0':(0"#-%(I0#?:%#:&0#*%#%""0-#")/(0(0#)K(%1%(#:&#4(%12)# FM-#
B0H)# 40(0# 104'0(# "0# F0A)(# 40('%# 4)-2B"%# *%"# F%(10*)7# $:0&*)# )B-%(,0F)-#
&)(F0-# # ?:%# %-'0B"%1%&# ?:%# %&# ")-# 10-)-# ?:%# (%-:"'0(%# ?:%# *)-# )# FM-#
4()4)-212)&%-#1:F4"%&#%&#2/:0"*0*#*%#12(1:&-'0&120-#1)&#')*)-#")-#(%?:2-2')-=#%"#
4%*2*)#)#1)&'(0')#-%#)K(%1%(M#0*H:*210(#0#")-#"212'0&'%-#%&#40('%-#4()4)(12)&0"%-=#
%&')&1%-# -%# %"2F2&0&# ")-# 2&1%&.,)-# 40(0# 1)F4%.(7# !&')&1%-=# "0-# V>120"I0-#
C0A)(%-# &)# -)")# &)# (%,2-0&# ?:%# %"# 4(%12)# -%0# :&)# *%# F%(10*)=#-2&)# ?:%# -:-#
(%/"0-#4()F:%,%&#4(%12)-#&)#1)F4%..,)-7
Q)(# :&# "0*)=#*0*)# ?:%#"0#"%A#&)# (%/:"0#:&# -2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)# *%#1)F4(0-=##"0-#
V>120"I0-#C0A)(%-#&)# .%&%&#"0#)B"2/0123&#*%#-:B2(# *)1:F%&')-#(%"%,0&'%-#)#-:-#
F)*2>1012)&%-#A=#4)(#%"#)'()=#%&# 1:0&')#0#2&'%/(2*0*#-%#(%>%(%=#"0#"%A=#0:&?:%#-I#
%-'0B"%1%# -0&12)&%-# A# 10:-0"%-# 40(0# "0-# F2-F0-=# &)# 4(%,D# :&# 4%(2)*)# *%#
2&;0B2"2'0123&#40(0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%#2&1:F4"%&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Quintana Roo
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
^#*%#OP
Quintana Roo
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0B"%1%(# "2F2'%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0"%-# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# ?:%# *%B%&# (%0"2@0(# "0-#
1)F4(0-# %-# &%1%-0(2)# 4:%-# %-# %"# 4(2F%(# F%10&2-F)# 40(0# -010(# %"# F%H)(#
4(),%1;)# *%# ")-# (%1:(-)-# %-10-)-7# G2# ")-# :FB(0"%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0"%-# 4:%*%&# -%(#
(%B0-0*)-# %&')&1%-# -%# (%?:2%(%&# F%10&2-F)-# 0"'%(&0.,)-# 40(0# )B"2/0(# 0# "0#
*%4%&*%&120#0# )B'%&%(# %"# F0A)(# ,0")(# *%"# *2&%()=#'0"%-# 1)F)# ")-# %-':*2)-# *%#
F%(10*)=# K01.B2"2*0*=# 1)&'(0')-# *2K%(%&120*)-# %'17#!-'%# %-'0*)# 4:%*%# %E1%*%(#
-:-#:FB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0"%-#-2&#&2&/:&0#1"0-%#*%#1)&'()"%-#4)-'%(2)(%-7
!-'0B"%1%(#")-#(%?:2-2')-#FI&2F)-#1)&# ")-#?:%#*%B%&# 1)&'0(# ")-#1)&'(0')-=#'0"%-#
1)F)# "0-#10:-0"%-##A#4%(2)*)-#40(0#1)&-2*%(0(##2&1:F4"2F2%&')#*%"#4(),%%*)(#A=#
4)-'%(2)(F%&'%=#"0# # (%-12-23&# *%# ")-# 1)&'(0')-=#(%*:1%=#*%# F0&%(0# 2F4)('0&'%=#
")-#1)-')-#*%#'(0&-01123&# %&'(%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#A#")-# 4(),%%*)(%-7#!-#*%12(=#-2#
"0-#10:-0"%-#A#.%F4)-#%-'M&#B2%&# *%>&2*)-=#%&')&1%-#"0-#)B"2/012)&%-#-)&#1"0(0-#
A#"0-#1)&-%1:%&120-#*%#2&1:F4"2("0-#'0FB2D&# ")#-%(M&7#6-I=#%"#:-)# *%#(%1:(-)-#*%#
?:%H0#-%#*2-F2&:A%#A#")-#4()1%-)-#*%#%H%1:123&#*%#1)&'(0')#-%#1:F4"%&7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0#%E2-'%&120#*%#:&#Q0*(3&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-=#0*%FM-#*%#;01%(#FM-#%>12%&'%-#")-#
4()1%-)-=#%-#:&# F%10&2-F)# 40(0#/0(0&.@0(# ?:%#')*)-#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#4:%*0&#
40(.1240(# %&# "0-# F2-F0-# 1)&*212)&%-# A# 1)&# ")-# F2-F)-# (%?:%(2F2%&')-# %&# :&#
4()1%-)# *%#1)F4(0-# 4JB"210-7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#-2# %-0-#1)&*212)&%-# A#(%?:2-2')-# &)#
%-'M&#%-'0B"%12*0-#%&#"%A=#)#%&#:&# (%/"0F%&')#%&# %"# 4%)(#*%#")-#10-)-=#-%(M&#"0-#
*%4%&*%&120-#"0-#?:%=#%&#:".F0#2&-'0&120=#*%12*0&#?:D#(%?:2-2')-#*%B%&#1:F4"2(#
")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# 40(0# 40(.1240(R# %&# %-%# 10-)=# "0# %E2-'%&120# *%"# Q0*(3&# %-#
2((%"%,0&'%7
Y:&*0(# A# F).,0(# "0-# (0@)&%-# 4)(# "0-# 1:0"%-# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# (%1;0@0*)-# &)#
)B':,2%()&# %"# 1)&'(0')# %-# :&# F0&*0')# 1)&-.':12)&0"=#-2&# %FB0(/)=# %E2-'%# :&#
*%B0'%# -)B(%# "0# 10&.*0*# A#10"2*0*# *%# 2&K)(F0123&# ?:%# *%B%# -%(# 4JB"210# 40(0#
')*)-#")-#40(.1240&'%-7#!-'0#"%A#%E;2B%# :&0#B:%&0# 4(M1.10#%&#%-'%# (:B()#4:%-=#
0:&?:%#)B"2/0#0#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#0#K:&*0(#A#F).,0(# "0-#4()4:%-'0-#(%1;0@0*0-#
%-'0B"%1%# ?:%# D-'0-# 4()4)(12)&0(M&# 4)(# %-1(2')# 0#")-# "212'0&'%-=#"0# 2&K)(F0123&#
01%(10#*%#"0-#(0@)&%-#4)(# "0-#1:0"%-#-:# (%-4:%-'0=#%&#-:#10-)=#&)# K:%#%"%/2*07#!-#
*%12(=# %&'(%/0&# 2&K)(F0123&# 4%(-)&0"2@0*07# !-')# %-# *%-%0B"%# 4)(?:%# %E2-'%#
2&K)(F0123&# %1)&3F210#A#'D1&210#?:%=#*%# %-'0(# *2-4)&2B"%=#0K%1'0(I0#%"# 4()1%-)#
*%#1)F4%'%&1207#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
San Luis Potosí
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
`#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
f#*%#OP
San Luis Potosí
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#=#%&#"0#4"0&%0123&=#4()/(0F0123&# A#4(%-:4:%-'0123&# *%#"0-#
0*?:2-212)&%-=#0((%&*0F2%&')-#A#-%(,212)-=#"0-# 2&-.':12)&%-#*%B%(M&#0H:-'0(-%#0#
"0# )B-%(,0&120# A# 1:F4"2F2%&')# *%# ")-# )BH%.,)-=# F%'0-# A# 4(%,2-2)&%-# *%#
04"210123&$ *%# ")-# (%1:(-)-# >&0&12%()-# %-'0B"%12*)-# %&# ")-# 4(%-:4:%-')-# *%#
%/(%-)-# *%# 10*0# :&0# *%# "0-# 2&-.':12)&%-7# G2&# %FB0(/)=# %"# 1:F4"2F2%&')# *%#
)BH%.,)-# A# F%'0-# 0# '(0,D-# *%# "0-# 1)F4(0-# 4JB"210-# %-'M# I&.F0F%&'%# 1)&# "0#
10"2*0*# ?:%#%"# 4()*:1')# 0*?:2(2*)# *%B%#'%&%(# A# &)# -3")# %,0":0(# -2# %"#4(%12)# %-#
B0H)#)#&)#")#%-7#
5%&'()# *%# ")-# (%?:2-2')-#?:%# "0#"%A# %-'0B"%1%# 1)F)# )B"2/0')(2)-# 40(0#')*)-# ")-#
1)&'(0')-=# &)# %E2-'%# &2&/:&0# 0":-23&# 0# "0# 10"2*0*# ?:%# *%B%# '%&%(# %"# B2%&#
0*?:2(2*)7#Q)(# -:4:%-')=#"0#"%A#&)# 4:%*%#1)&'%&%(# :&# 0&M"2-2-#*%'0""0*)# *%# ")-#
B2%&%-=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# "0# "%A# -I# 4:%*%# )B"2/0(# 0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# 0# ;01%(# :&0#
*%-1(24123&#*%'0""0*0#-)B(%#"0#10"2*0*#A#%"# K:&12)&0F2%&')#?:%#%-4%(0&# )B'%&%(#
*%"# B2%&7# $:0&*)# %-'0-# %-4%12>1012)&%-# &)# %-'M&# 4(%-%&'%-# (%-:"'0# F:A#
1)F4"210*)#40(0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-#%-'0B"%1%(#1:M&*)# ")-#4(),%%*)(%-# %-'M&# %&#
2&1:F4"2F2%&')#A#1:M&*)#&)7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
L0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#%"#1)-')#*%#"0-#B0-%-#-%(M#>H0*)#%&#(0@3&#*%#"0#(%1:4%(0123&#
*%#"0-#%()/012)&%-#?:%#4)(#4:B"210123&#*%#"0#1)&,)10')(20#A#(%4()*:1123&#*%#")-#
*)1:F%&')-7# T%-:"'0# ,0"2)-)=# %&# %-'%# 4:&')=# (%1:4%(0(# ?:%# "0# %E4%(2%&120#
2&'%(&012)&0"# 4()F:%,%# ?:%# "0-# B0-%-# *%# 1)&,)10')(20-# -%0&# /(0':2'0-# A# -%#
%&1:%&'(%&# *2-4)&2B"%-# %&# ")-# -2-'%F0-# %"%1'(3&21)-# *%# 1)F4(0-7# !-'0# "%A# &)#
1:F4"%#1)&#&2&/:&)#*%#")-#*)-#1(2'%(2)-=#4%(F2.%&*)#0-I#?:%# "0-#*%4%&*%&120-#
%"%,%&# ")-# 1)-')-# *%# "0-# B0-%-# 1)&-.':A%&*)# B0((%(0-# 0# "0# %&'(0*0# 40(0#
4)'%&120"%-#4(),%%*)(%-7
L0# "%A# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%=# "0-# 2&-.':12)&%-# )# %"# 1)F2'D=# 0# '(0,D-# *%# ")-# -%(,2*)(%-#
4JB"21)-# -%# 0B-'%&*(M&=# -)# 4%&0# *%# 2&1:((2(# %&# (%-4)&-0B2"2*0*=# *%# 0:')(2@0(#
F)*2>1012)&%-# 0# 4(%12)-=# 0&.124)-=# 40/)-# 4()/(%-2,)-=# %-4%12>1012)&%-# A=# %&#
/%&%(0"=# (%-4%1')# 0# ')*)# 0?:%"")# ?:%# 2F4"2?:%# )')(/0(# 1)&*212)&%-# FM-#
,%&'0H)-0-# 0# "0-# %-'0B"%12*0-# )(2/2&0"F%&'%=# 1)&# %"# 4(),%%*)(# )# "212'0&'%# 1)&#
?:2%&# -%# 1)&'(0'37# !-'0# &)(F0=# 0:&?:%# *%-%0B"%# A# &%1%-0(20=# (%?:2%(%# *%# :&#
-2-'%F0# %"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-# 40(0# ,)",%(-%# K01.B"%# 4:%-=# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-#
'%&*(I0&# :&0# 4"0'0K)(F0# 011%-2B"%# *)&*%# 1)&-:"'0(# "0-# F)*2>1012)&%-# ;%1;0-#
4)(#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Sinaloa
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Ok7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Ok#*%#OP
Sinaloa
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# *%# %-'0# %&.*0*=# 0"# ;0B%(# -2*)# (%K)(F0*0# 1)&# 4)-'%(2)(2*0*# 0# "0# L%A#
Y%*%(0"=#1:F4"%#1)&#"0# F0A)(I0#*%#")-#1(2'%(2)-# %&# %-'%#(:B()=#4)(# %H%F4")=#")-#
%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#-)&#)B"2/0')(2)-=#%E2-'%&#*%>&212)&%-#*%#4(%12)-#01%4'0B"%-#
A#1)&,%&2%&'%-#A#-%#1)&-2*%(0#"0#:."2@0123&#*%#FD')*)-#*%#%,0":0123&#*%#4:&')-#
A# 4)(1%&'0H%-7#G2&# %FB0(/)=# 0:&?:%# -%# '(0'0# *%# 0,0&1%-# 2F4)('0&'%-=# -2/:%&#
4%&*2%&'%-# '%F0-# K:&*0F%&'0"%-# 1)F)# %"# %-'0B"%12F2%&')# *%# (%?:2-2')-#
'D1&21)-#%-4%1I>1)-#40(0#")-#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)7
!"#:-)#*%#*2,%(-0-#>/:(0-#H:(I*210-#40(0#%,0*2(#"0#H:(2-*21123&#*%#:&0#"%A#-:%"%#-%(#
:&0#4(M1.10#1)FJ&=#%-#4)(# %"")#?:%#(%-:"'0#2&*2-4%&-0B"%#4();2B2(=#*%-*%#"0#"%A=#
%-'%# .4)# *%# 4(M1.10-7# !&# %-%# -%&.*)=# %-'0# "%A# %-# %E2')-0# %&# %-'0B"%1%(# :&0#
&)(F0#0"#(%-4%1')# ?:%# )(*%&0#0# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-#A#%&.*0*%-#0#0B-'%&%(-%#*%#
1(%0(# >*%21)F2-)-=# )')(/0(# F0&*0')-# )# 1%"%B(0(# 01')-# )# 1:0"?:2%(# .4)# *%#
1)&'(0')-=#?:%#%,0*0&#")#4(%,2-')#%&#%-'%#)(*%&0F2%&')7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
6:&?:%# "0# "%A# -I# 1)&'%F4"0# :&# T%/2-'()# r&21)# *%# Q(),%%*)(%-=# D-'%# &)# %-#
1)&-.':.,)#*%#*%(%1;)-#:#)B"2/012)&%-=#4)(#")#'0&')=#"0#"%A#)F2'%#%-'0B"%1%(# ")-#
(%?:2-2')-# 'D1&21)-# A# %1)&3F21)-# ?:%# *%B%&# 1:F4"2(# ")-# )K%(%&'%-# 0# >&# *%#
2&-1(2B2(-%7#G2&#%FB0(/)=#0:&?:%#-3")#-%#'(0'0#*%#:&#(%/2-'()=#(%-:"'0#J."#1:0&*)#
-%# 1:%&'0# 1)&# :&# -2-'%F0# %"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-# 4:%-# -%# 1)&,2%('%# %&# :&#
,%;I1:")#2&K)(F0.,)#40(0#')*)-#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#A=#*%#%-0#F0&%(0=#-%#")/(0#?:%#
')*)-#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#2&'%(%-0*)-#%&'(%&#%&#:&#4()1%-)#1)F4%..,)7
6*%FM-# *%# 2&1":2(# "0# 1)&12"20123&# A# %"# 0(B2'(0H%# 1)F)# F%*2)-# *%# -)":123&# *%#
1)&'(),%(-20-=#"0# "%A# =#%&# 0(0-# *%# 4()F),%(# "0# 2&'%/(2*0*# *%# ")-# 40(.1240&'%-=#
K01:"'0# 0# ")-# '%-./)-# -)120"%-# ?:%# *%'%1'%&# 2((%/:"0(2*0*%-# %&# ")-#
4()1%*2F2%&')-#*%#1)&'(0'0123&# 40(0##(%F2.(# -:#'%-.F)&2)#0"#M(%0#*%#?:%H0-#*%#
"0# $)&'(0")(I07# G2&# %FB0(/)=# %-'%# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# ?:%H0# &)# -%# %&1:%&'(0#
4(%,2-')# %&# "0# "%A7#Q)(# J".F)=#%-#:&)#*%# ")-# 4)1)-#%-'0*)-#?:%# (%/2-'(0&# 0# ")-#
4(),%%*)(%-#-0&12)&0*)-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Sonora
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
P#*%#OP
Sonora
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0#"%A=#0:&?:%#K:%# (%K)(F0*0#%&#Z[O[=#&)#%-.4:"0# ?:%#-%(M&# )B"2/0')(2)-#")-#
%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#4(%,2)-#0#"0#(%0"2@0123&#*%#1:0"?:2%(#)4%(0123&#*%#1)F4(07#
N0F4)1)# *%>&%# 4(%12)-# 01%4'0B"%-# )# 1)&,%&2%&'%-7#G2&# %FB0(/)=#%&# 1:0&')# 0#
4"0&%0123&# -%# (%>%(%=# -2# ;0A# :&# ,I&1:")# %&'(%# "0-# 1)F4(0-# (%0"2@0*0-# A# -:#
,20B2"2*0*#%&#%"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#F%'0-#%&#%"#1)(')=#F%*20&)#A#"0(/)#4"0@)7
6:&?:%# "0# "%A# &)# %-'0B"%1%# "0-# K:&12)&%-# %-4%1I>10-# ?:%# *%B%(M&# (%0"2@0(# ")-#
$)F2'D-#*%#$)F4(0-#&2#-:-#K01:"'0*%-#a#4:%-#(%F2'%#0"#(%/"0F%&')U#%-#:&0#*%#"0-#
12&1)# %&.*0*%-# ?:%# (%/:"0&# "0# 1(%0123&# *%# $)F2-2)&%-# $)&-:".,0-# C2E'0-# *%#
6B0-'%12F2%&')=# %&# K:&123&# *%"# ,)":F%&# %# 2F4)('0&120# *%# "0-# 0*?:2-212)&%-=#
0((%&*0F2%&')-# A# -%(,212)-=# *%# 4()1%*%&120# %E'(0&H%(0# ?:%# ""%,%&# 0# 10B)# )#
1)&'(0'%&#0?:%""0-7#!-'0#&)(F0#(%-:"'0#K:&*0F%&'0"#40(0#"0#1)((%1'0#%"0B)(0123&#
*%#")-#1)&'(0')-#*%#0B0-'%12F2%&')#1)&H:&')#4:%-#4%(F2'%#?:%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#
2&,)":1(0*0-#%-.F%&=#*%#F0&%(0#1)&H:&'0=#-:-#&%1%-2*0*%-#(%0"%-7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
50*)# ?:%# &)# %E2-'%&# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)# )B"2/0')(2)-=# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-# &)#
4:%*%&# 1)&-'0'0(# -2# ")-# 4(%12)-# )K%('0*)-# K:%()&=# )# &)=# 4()*:1')# *%# "0# "2B(%#
1)F4%'%&120#A#-2# -%# 01%(10&#0"# 4(%12)#(%0"# *%#F%(10*)7#!&# 10FB2)=#"0#"%A#4(%,D#
:&#F0&*0')#1"0()# *%#4()F)123&# *%#"0-#4%?:%g0-#A#F%*20&0-#%F4(%-0-#0#'(0,D-#
*%# 1(2'%(2)-# *%# 4(%K%(%&120# 0#"0-# F2-F0-7#G2&# %FB0(/)=# "0#"%A# %-# 1)&/(:%&'%# 0"#
(%/:"0(#"0#40(.1240123&#*%#4(),%%*)(%-# %E'(0&H%()-#4:%-#1)&'%F4"0#:&#F0(/%&#
;0-'0#*%"#?:2&1%#4)(#12%&')#*%#4(%K%(%&120#%&#%"#4(%12)#(%-4%1')#*%#")-#B2%&%-#*%#
2F4)('0123&7
V'()# *%#")-#0-4%1')-# ?:%# "0#(%12%&'%#(%K)(F0# 0#"0# "%A#;0# *%H0*)# *%#"0*)# %-# %"#
K)('0"%12F2%&')#*%#1(2'%(2)-#?:%#2F4:"-%&# "0#2&'%/(2*0*#*%#")-#40(.1240&'%-7#Q)(#
%H%F4")=#&)# %E2-'%# :&# (%/2-'()#*%# ")-#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%# 2&1:F4"%&# A=#FM-# /(0,%#
0J&=# &)# -%# 2&1":A3# :&0# -0&123&# K:&*0F%&'0"# ?:%# %-# "0# 2&;0B2"2'0123&# *%# ")-#
4(),%%*)(%-#1)F)#-0&123&#4)(#2&1:F4"2F2%&')7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Tabasco
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O`#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OO7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
Tabasco
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0#"%A#-I#%-'0B"%1%#")-#F)&')-#FME2F)-#40(0#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#%#2&,2'0123&#
(%-'(2&/2*07#G2&# %FB0(/)=#&)# %E2-'%# :&0#&)(F0# ?:%# 2F42*0# 0#"0-# *%4%&*%&120-#
*2,2*2(# "0-#)4%(012)&%-# 40(0#?:%#&)# 4:%*0&# %E1%*%(# %"# :FB(0"# 4(%-:4:%-'0(2)7#
h)# -%# 1)&-2*%(0# "0# ,20B2"2*0*# *%# 1:F4"2F2%&')# *%# F0'0-# A# )BH%.,)-# A=# 4)(# ")#
'0&')=# %"# J&21)# 1(2'%(2)# ?:%# :."2@0# "0# "%A#40(0#%,0":0(# 4()4:%-'0-# %-# %"# F%&)(#
1)-')=#*%H0&*)#*%#"0*)#"0#10"2*0*#A#%"#*%-%F4%g)#*%"#B2%&#)#-%(,212)#0*?:2(2*)7#
!-'0# "%A# 1)&'%F4"0# "0# %E2-'%&120# *%# $)F2'D-# *%# $)F4(0-# A# (%/:"0# -:#
K:&12)&0F2%&')=# 4%()# &)# (%/:"0# "0# %E2-'%&120# *%# $)F2'D-# F2E')-# 40(0# ")-#
4()1%*2F2%&')-# *%# 0B0-'%12F2%&')# 1)&H:&')7# L0# "%A# &)# 1)&'%F4"0# -:4:%-')-#
%-4%1I>1)-# 40(0# *%1"0(0(# :&0#"212'0123&# *%-2%('0=#4)(# ")# '0&')=#"0-#4)-2B2"2*0*%-#
*%#:."2@0(#%"#F%10&2-F)#*%#0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#-%#0F4"2>10&7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
GI# %E2-'%# :&# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# %&# %-'0# %&.*0*=# -2&# %FB0(/)=# &)# # -%#
%-'0B"%1%&#")-#(%?:2-2')-#%1)&3F21)-#&2#'D1&21)-#40(0#2&-1(2B2(-%7#L0#"%A=#0:&?:%#
-I#(%/:"0#"0#1)F:&210123&#%&'(%#1)&-:"')(%-#A#4(),%%*)(%-=#%-#)F2-0#%&#1:%&')#0#
"0# 1)F:&210123&# 2"%/0"# %&'(%# ")-# 4(),%%*)(%-# ?:%# 40(.1240&# %&# :&# 4()1%-)# *%#
"212'0123&7
!-'0#"%A#&)# (%/:"0#"0#%'040-#*%"# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%#"212'0123&=#4)(# ")#'0&')=#&)#%-#
4)-2B"%#1)&)1%(# %&#?:D# 1)&*212)&%-#-%# ;01%#4JB"21)# %"# K0"")#&2# ?:D#*%B%# 2&1":2(7#
h)# -%# 1)&'%F4"0# :&# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# 1)&12"20123&# &2# :&# 4%(2)*)# *%#
2&;0B2"2'0123&#&2#%"#F)&')#*%#"0-#F:"'0-#40(0#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#)#K:&12)&0(2)-#?:%#
01'J0&#%&#1)&'(0#*%#")#*2-4:%-')#%&#%-'0#"%A7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Tamaulipas
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Of7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
OZ#*%#OP
Tamaulipas
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0#"%A#%-#)F2-0#(%-4%1')#0#"0#4)-2B2"2*0*#*%#(%B0-0(#")-#:FB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0"%-#
%-'0B"%12*)-=#%&# ")# /%&%(0"# A# %&# ")# 40(.1:"0(=# 4:%-=# 0:&?:%# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# %"#
F)&')# *# %# "0# )4%(0123&# *%'%(F2&0(M# "0# %"%1123&# *%"# F%10&2-F)# *%# 1)F4(0#0#
:."2@0(-%=# # &)# %-'0B"%1%# F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# "0# 0*?:2-2123&# *%# B2%&%-# 4)(#
F%*2)# *%# 0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0# )# 2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*07# 6#4%-0(# *%# "0# (%12%&'%#
(%K)(F0#0#"0# "%A=#&)# K:%#2&1":2*0#:&0#*2-4)-2123&# ?:%#)B"2/0(0#0#"0-#%&.*0*%-#0#
(%0"2@0(#%-':*2)-#*%#F%(10*)#)B"2/0')(2)-7
L0# %E2-'%&120# *%# :&# -2-'%F0# %"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-# (%-:"'0# %>12%&'%# A# J."#
1:0&*)#-%#(%/:"0#?:%#.4)#*%#*)1:F%&'0123&#*%B%(M#1)&'%&%(=#%&#?:D#.%F4)#A#
%&# ?:D# K)(F07# 6"# (%-4%1')=# "0# "%A# -3")# %-'0B"%1%# ?:%# "0-# "212'012)&%-# 4JB"210-#
4)*(M&# ""%,0(-%#0#10B)#0#'(0,D-#*%#F%*2)-#%"%1'(3&21)-=#%&# ")-#'D(F2&)-#?:%#-%#
%-'0B"%@10&#%&#%"#T%/"0F%&')#*%#%-'0#"%A7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
G0&12)&0(# # A#(%/:"0(# "0# 1)F:&210123&# 2"%/0"# %&'%#)K%(%&'%-# A#%&'(%#)K%(%&'%-# A#
1)&-:"')(%-# (%-:"'0# K:&*0F%&'0"# 40(0# 4()F),%(# :&# 4()1%-)# 1)F4%..,)7# h)#
-0&12)&0(# )# (%/:"0(# %-'0-#4(M1.10-#4:%*%# -%(# :&# 2&*210*)(# *%# ?:%#%"# "%/2-"0*)(#
&)# 4(%,D#"0-#1)&-%1:%&120-# &%/0.,0-#*%#?:%#")-#4(),%%*)(%-# 01:%(*%&# 4(%12)-#
%&# *%'(2F%&')# *%# "0-# *%4%&*%&120-7# G2# ")-# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)# &)# -)&#
)B"2/0')(2)-#A=#4)(# ")#'0&')=#&)#-%#1)&)1%&#")-#4(%12)-#*%#F%(10*)=#(%-:"'0#4)1)#
4()B0B"%#?:%#"0-#*%4%&*%&120-#4:%*0&#2*%&.>10(#4(M1.10-#*%#1)":-23&7
6:&?:%# "0# "%A# 1:F4"%# 1)&# 0-4%1')-# K:&*0F%&'0"%-# 1)F)# "0# )B"2/0123&# *%#
2&K)(F0(# %&# %"# K0"")# %"# &)FB(%# A# %"# 10(/)# *%"# K:&12)&0(2)# ?:%# %,0":3# "0-#
4()4:%-'0-=# &)# 4(%,D#0"# )B"2/0123&# *%# 4:B"210(# ")-#(%/2-'()-# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# &2#
")-#(%/2-'()-#*%#4(),%%*)(%-#?:%#2&1:F4"%&=#*%#'0"#-:%('%#?:%#:&# 12:*0*0&)# &)#
4:%*%# 1)&-:"'0(# -2# "0#*%4%&*%&120#?:%#4(),%%# :&# -%(,212)# ;0# 1)&'(0'0*)# 0# :&#
4(),%%*)(# 1)&# :&# ;2-')(20"# *%# 2&1:F4"2F2%&')# )# -2# D-'%# -%# %&1)&'(0B0#
2&;0B2"2'0*)7#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Tlaxcala
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Z#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
OZ7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
k#*%#OP
Tlaxcala
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0-# 1)&-2*%(012)&%-# -)B(%# "IF2'%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0"%-# -)&# ")-# J&21)-# 1(2'%(2)-# ?:%#
%-'0# "%A# #4(%,D# 40(0# F0E2F2@0(# %"# ,0")(# *%"# *2&%()=#0*%FM-#*%# ?:%# ,2&1:"0# ")-#
)BH%.,)-# *%# 1)(')=# F%*20&)# A# "0(/)# 4"0@)# 1)&# "0-# 1)F4(0-# ?:%# (%0"2@0&7# G2&#
%FB0(/)=#%-'%#F0(1)#(%/:"0')(2)#(%-:"'0=#4)(#F:1;)=#2&-:>12%&'%7
T%/:"0(# :&#4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#"212'0123&# %"%1'(3&210#&)#%-#")#F2-F)# 0#1)&'0(#1)&#
:&# -2-'%F0# %"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-7# h:%,0F%&'%=#"0# %E2-'%&120# *%# :&# -2-'%F0#
%"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-# (%-:"'0# %>12%&'%# A# J."# 1:0&*)# -%# (%/:"0# ?:%# .4)# *%#
*)1:F%&'0123&#*%B%(M#1)&'%&%(=#%&#?:D#.%F4)#A#%&#?:D#K)(F07#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
!"# J&21)# %"%F%&')# ?:%# "0# # "%A#(%-10'0# 0# K0,)(# *%#"0# 1)F4%'%&120#%-# (%/:"0(# "0#
1)F:&210123&# %&'(%#4(),%%*)(%-# A#1)&-:"')(%-# %&# -:-#1(2'%(2)-# *%#%E1":-23&# *%#
40(.1240&'%-=#4:%-=# 0"# (%-4%1')# %-'0B"%1%#?:%#"0-# *%4%&*%&120-# -%# 0B-'%&*(M&#
*%# 1)&'(0'0(# 1)&# %F4(%-0-# ?:%# 4(%'%&*0&# 40(.1240(# %&# :&# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%#
1)&'(0'0123&#A#4(%,20F%&'%#;0A0&#(%0"2@0*)#)#-%#%&1:%&'(%&#(%0"2@0&*)=#4)(#-I#)#
0#'(0,D-#*%#%F4(%-0-#?:%#K)(F%&#40('%#*%"#F2-F)#/(:4)#%F4(%-0(20"=#%&#,2(':*#
*%# )'()# 1)&'(0')=# '(0B0H)-# *%# 0&M"2-2-# A# 1)&'()"# *%# 10"2*0*=# 4(%40(0123&# *%#
%-4%12>1012)&%-=# 4(%-:4:%-')# )# "0# %"0B)(0123&# *%# 1:0"?:2%(# *)1:F%&')#
,2&1:"0*)#1)&#%"#4()1%*2F2%&')#*%#?:%#-%#'(0'%#A#4(%'%&*0&#40(.1240(
L0# 2&K)(F0123&# %-#:&# *%(%1;)# 12:*0*0&)# ?:%# 4%(F2'%#"0# (%&*2123&#*%# 1:%&'0-7#
$:0&*)# ")-# 4()1%-)-# *%#1)F4(0-# ?:%# (%0"2@0&# "0-#*%4%&*%&120-#-%# (%0"2@0&# %&#
')'0"#)4012*0*=#")-#12:*0*0&)-#a#)=#4)(#")#F%&)-=#")-#40(.1240&'%-#%&#%"#4()1%-)U#
.%&%&# 4)10-# 4)-2B2"2*0*%-# *%# 1)&)1%(# ")-# 01')-# *%# 0:')(2*0*# ?:%# 0K%1'0&# -:#
%-K%(0# H:(I*2107# G2&# :&0# (%/:"0123&# %E;0:-.,0# *%"# 1)&'%&2*)# *%"# -2-'%F0#
%"%1'(3&21)#*%#1)F4(0-=#")-#)4%(0*)(%-#*%"#-2-'%F0#1:%&'0&#1)&#:&#F0(/%&#FM-#
0F4"2)#*%#*2-1(%12)&0"2*0*#-)B(%#?:D#2&K)(F0123&#%-#4JB"210#A#1:M"#&)#")#%-7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Veracruz
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
O[7f#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
P#*%#OP
Veracruz
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
!-'0B"%1%(# F)&')-# FME2F)-# 40(0# "0# 1)F4(0# *%# B2%&%-# )# -%(,212)-# 0#'(0,D-# *%#
0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#)#2&,2'0123&#(%-'(2&/2*0#4()F:%,%#"0#F0E2F2@0123&#*%"#,0")(#
*%"# *2&%()# 4:%-# %-# :&0# K)(F0# *%# /0(0&.@0(# ?:%# "0# F0A)(# 40('%# *%"# /0-')# -%#
(%0"2@0(M#0#'(0,D-# *%#4()1%-)-# 1)F4%..,)-7#G2&# %FB0(/)=#%-'0#&)(F0#*%B%#*%#
%-'0(# 1)F4"%F%&'0*0#*%# )'(0# ?:%# 4();IB0# "0# *2,2-23&# *%# "0-# )4%(012)&%-# 40(0#
%&'(0(# *%&'()# *%# ")-# :FB(0"%-# 4(%-:4:%-'0"%-7# # !-'0# "%A=# 0*%FM-# # *%# 4();2B2(#
%-'0#*2,2-23&=#-0&12)&0#0#")-#K:&12)&0(2)-#?:%#"0-#%H%1:'%&7
X&# 4()1%-)# *%# "212'0123&# %>12%&'%# 40-0#4)(# '%&%(# 1(2'%(2)-# 1"0()-# -)B(%#1:M&*)#
)4'0(# 4)(# :&# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# 1)F4(0# :# )'()7# 6*%FM-# *%"# *0g)# 0# "0#
1)F4%'%&120# ?:%# 4:%*0# 10:-0(=# 1)&'0(# 1)&# %E1%412)&%-# 40(0# H:-.>10(# :&0#
0*H:*210123&#*2(%1'0#1)F)##?:%#c!E2-'0&#(0@)&%-#H:-.>10*0-#40(0#"0#1)&'(0'0123&#
*%#-%(,212)-#%-4%120"2@0*)-d#(%-:"'0#")#-:>12%&'%F%&'%#,0/0#1)F)#40(0#?:%#')*0#
1)F4(0#-%#4:%*0#%&1:0*(0(#%&#%-'%#-:4:%-')7
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
G)"212'0(# 1)420-# K)')-'M.10-# *%"# 01'0# *%# &012F2%&')=# 2*%&.>10123&# )>120"# A#
(%/2-'()# *%# 1)&'(2B:A%&'%-# &)# 1:F4"%# 1)&# %"# (%?:2-2')# *%# -)"212'0(# 0# ")-#
4(),%%*)(%-# :&0#-%(2%# *%#*)1:F%&')-#?:%#4(:%B%&# -:-#104012*0*%-# 'D1&210-#A#
%1)&3F210-7# !"# )BH%')# *%# (%/:"0(# :&# Q0*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-# %-# *2-F2&:2(# ")-#
1)-')-#40(0#?:%#4)-2B"%-#4(),%%*)(%-#%&'(%&#0"#F%(10*)#*%#"212'012)&%-#4JB"210-#
0"# %-'0B"%1%(# 1(2'%(2)-# %-'0&*0(2@0*)-# 40(0# -:# 40(.1240123&7#L)-# (%?:2-2')-# ?:%#
-)"212'0#%-'0#"%A=#1"0(0F%&'%#&)#0B)&0&#0"#1:F4"2F2%&')#*%#%-'%#)BH%.,)7
6:&?:%#"0#"%A#1:%&'0#1)&# :&#()B:-')#104I':")#*%#-0&12)&%-=#"0#%K%1.,2*0*#*%#"0-#
4%&0"2@012)&%-#*2-F2&:A%#0"#&)#1)&'0(# 1)&# :&# -2-'%F0#%"%1'(3&21)# *%# 1)F4(0-7#
Q)(# %H%F4")=#"0#"%A#%-'0B"%1%#?:%#%"#4(),%%*)(#?:%=#%&#K)(F0#(%2'%(0*0=#2&K(2&H0#
"0-#*2-4)-212)&%-#*%#%-'0#L%A=#-%#"%#10&1%"0(M#-:# (%/2-'()#*%#F0&%(0#*%>&2.,0#%&#
%"# 40*(3&# *%# 4(),%%*)(%-=# ;012D&*)")# *%"# 1)&)12F2%&')# *%# "0-# *%FM-#
2&-.':12)&%-7#X&#40*(3&# 4JB"21)# *%#4(),%%*)(%-# -0&12)&0*)-#*2-4)&2B"%#%&# :&#
-2-'%F0# ")10"# *%# 1)F4(0-# -%(I0# %"# F%10&2-F)# 2*3&%)# 40(0# "0# 1)F4"%'0#
%K%1.,2*0*#*%#"0#&)(F07
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Yucatán
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
f#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
]#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
Z#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
f#*%#OP
Yucatán
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
6"#-%(#"0#"%A#*%#F0A)(# 0&./{%*0*#%&#"0#K%*%(0123&=#(%-:"'0#&0':(0"#)B-%(,0(# ?:%#
10(%1%# *%# ")-# F%10&2-F)-# &%1%-0(2)-# 40(0# %,0":0(# -2# :&0# 4()4:%-'0# ")(0#
F0E2F2@0(# %"# ,0")(# *%"# *2&%()# %()/0*)# 4)(# "0-#*%4%&*%&120-7# L0# ,2(':*# *%#%-'0#
(%/:"0123&=# (%-4%1')# 0# %-'%# (:B()=# %-# ?:%# 1)&.%&%# *2-4)-212)&%-# 1"0(0-# A#
*%'0""0*0-#%&#1:0&')#0#4"0&%0123&#-%#(%>%(%7
L0#:(/%&120#*%# (%K)(F0(#A#F)*%(&2@0(# %-'0#"%A#&)# %-# )'(0#?:%#%"# :-)#(012)&0"# A#
(%-4)&-0B"%# *%# ")-# (%1:(-)-# 4JB"21)-7# L0-# %&.*0*%-# A# -:-# *%4%&*%&120-#
K)(F:"0&#-:-#4%.12)&%-#*%#4(%-:4:%-')#0#40(.(#*%#")-#?:%#/0-'0&#A#%"#1M"1:")#*%#
"0-#1)&'(2B:12)&%-#%#2F4:%-')-#?:%#*%B%&#40/0(#")-#12:*0*0&)-##%-'M#%&#K:&123&#
*%#%-0#4()A%1123&7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
+&-1(2B2(-%# %&# %"# Q0*(3&# %-# :&# (%?:2-2')# 2&*2-4%&-0B"%# 40(0# 40(.1240(# %E1%4')#
1:0&*)#-%#'(0'0#*%#)4%(012)&%-#*%#1:0&b0#F%&)(# 0#%"# F)&')#%-'0B"%12*)# %&# %"#
4(%-:4:%-')#)#?:%=#-2%&*)#F0A)(%-=#")-#4(),%%*)(%-#1:%&'%&#1)&#104012*0*#*%#
(%-4:%-'0# 2&F%*20'07# !-'0# &)(F0# (%-:"'0# 2*3&%0# 40(0# :&0# *%4%&*%&120# ?:%#
4"0&%0# 1)&-'(:2(# # B0-%-# # !"# $%&# *%# "0# 2&,2'0123&# (%-4%1.,0=# 4:%-# -)")# ?:2%&#
4()*:1%#*%#K)(F0#1)&-:%':*2&0(20#")-#B2%&%-#?:%#-%#*%'0""0&#%&#"0-#B0-%-#-%(M#%"#
?:%#4:%*0#(%-4)&*%(#0"#4%*2*)7
!"# J&21)# (%?:2-2')# ?:%# 1:F4"%# "0# "%A# %&# %-'%# (:B()# %-# K:&*0(# A# F).,0(# -:-#
(%-)":12)&%-#A#%-'0B"%1%(# %"#F)&')#*%#"0-#-0&12)&%-7#G%#'(0'0=#-2F4"%F%&'%=#*%"#
%-'0B"%12F2%&')# *%"# 4(2&1242)# *%#"%/0"2*0*# ?:%# %-'0B"%1%# "0#1)&-.':123&# %&# -:-#
0(b1:")-#Oe#A#O]7#y0#%-1040*)#*%#"0#0'%&123&#*%"#"%/2-"0*)(#*%#%-'0#%&.*0*=#?:%#
"0# F2-F0# 1)&-.':123&# ;0# -2*)# (%K)(F0*0# %&# -:# 0(b1:")# ]z# 40(0# %-'0B"%1%(# 0#
K0,)(#*%#")-#12:*0*0&)-#:&#*%(%1;)#0#"0#2&K)(F0123&#?:%#(%-:"'0#,2&1:"0&'%#40(0#
')*0-#"0-#0:')(2*0*%-#*%#"0#K%*%(0123&7
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
Zacatecas
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
e#*%#O]
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
k#*%#Z[
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
P#*%#Z`
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
t0(20B"%-#1:F4"2*0-
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'
f#*%#OP
Zacatecas
Algunos aspectos relevantes
G0<,-,=0($*3$403"($+*3$+,.*("
DJ)0),0$9$*J),*.),0$*.$*3$'(")*#"
L0# "%A# &)# 1)&'%F4"0# %-':*2)-# *%# F%(10*)# )B"2/0')(2)-=# 4)(# ")# '0&')# &)#
1)&'%F4"0#%"#1)&1%4')#*%#4(%12)#01%4'0B"%#)#1)&,%&2%&'%7#N0F4)1)#)B"2/0#0#"0-#
*%4%&*%&120-# 0# (%0"2@0(# %-':*2)-# *%# K01.B2"2*0*# A# %"# J&21)# 1(2'%(2)# ?:%# -%#
1)&-2*%(0#40(0#%,0":0(#4()4:%-'0-#%-#%"#*%#F%&)(#1)-')7
X&# 4()1%-)# *%# "212'0123&# %>12%&'%# 40-0#4)(# '%&%(# 1(2'%(2)-# 1"0()-# -)B(%#1:M&*)#
)4'0(# 4)(# :&# 4()1%*2F2%&')# *%# 1)F4(0# :# )'()7# !&# %-'0# %&.*0*# %-# 4)-2B"%#
(%B0-0(# ")-#:FB(0"%-#4(%-:4:%-'0"%-#%-'0B"%12*)-#40(0#"0#0*H:*210123&# *2(%1'0#)#
2&,2'0123&# (%-'(2&/2*0# A# *%# ')*0-# K)(F0-# :."2@0(# %-')-# F%10&2-F)-# -2# -%#
0(/:F%&'0# ?:%# # %"# 4(),%%*)(# ?:%# )K(%123# "0-# F%H)(%-# 1)&*212)&%-=# 4(%12)=#
10"2*0*# A#)4)(':&2*0*# %&# %"# 1:F4"2F2%&')7#N)*)# %-')# -2&# %-':*2)-# *%#F%(10*)#
)B"2/0')(2)-7#
I("-"4*($30$)"-'*/*.),0
K./*>(,+0+$9$-@<,-0$'623,),+0+
T%/:"0(# A# -0&12)&0(# "0# 1)F:&210123&# %&'(%# 4(),%%*)(%-# )# *%# D-')-# 1)&# ")-#
1)&-:"')(%-# &)#%-# ")#F2-F)# ?:%# -0&12)&0(# %"# #*)")#)# F0"0#K%#1)&#%"# ?:%# 01'J%#
0"/J&#4(),%%*)(#%&#0"/:&0#"212'0123&#40(0#"0#0*H:*210123&#*%"#4%*2*)#)#1)&'(0')=#
%&# -:# 1%"%B(0123&# )# %&# -:# 1:F4"2F2%&')7#!"# *)")# A# "0# F0"0#K%# -)&# ,212)-# *%# "0#
,)":&'0*# /%&D(21)-# ?:%# 1:%&'0&# 1)&# :&0# 2F4)('0&'%# *2>1:"'0*# 4()B0')(207#L0#
1)F:&210123&# 2"%/0"# %&'(%#")-#4(),%%*)(%-=#4)(# )'()#"0*)=#%-#:&# ;%1;)# )BH%.,)#
?:%#4:%*%#4()B0(-%# 4)(# *2,%(-)-#F%*2)-=#*%#0;I# "0#2F4)('0&120#*%# (%/:"0(")#*%#
F0&%(0#%E4(%-07
6# 4%-0(# *%# ?:%# "0# J".F0# (%K)(F0# ?:%# (%4)('0# %-'0# "%A# -%# (%0"2@3# 1)&#
4)-'%(2)(2*0*#0#"0#(%K)(F0#1)&-.':12)&0"#%&#F0'%(20#*%#011%-)#0#"0#2&K)(F0123&=#
"0# "%A# &)# 4(%,D# &2&/:&0# *2-4)-2123&# %&# 1:0&')# 0# ")-# F%10&2-F)-# ?:%# ;0&# *%#
:."2@0(-%# 40(0# 4:B"212'0(# ")-# 4()1%-)-# %# 2&K)(F0(=# B0H)# %"# 1(2'%(2)# *%# FME2F0#
4:B"212*0*=#"0#2&K)(F0123&#(%"%,0&'%#40(0#")-#4)-2B"%-#4(),%%*)(%-#*%#"0#%&.*0*#
4%()#'0FB2D&#40(0#-:#12:*0*0&I07#
DISTORSIONES Y BRECHAS !"#$%&'($)*+,!&'(-.(+"'(-'/&0"'