Diapositiva 1 - MOVIDA - MOVing from Inspection to Domestic

Curso Instalaciones Térmicas
Elementos
15-26 de Octubre 2012
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Elementos de las Instalaciones
térmicas
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Calderas
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Calderas
La caldera es elemento generador
de calor en una instalación
térmica.
Se produce
combustible.
la
quema
del
El calor se transmite al agua.
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Calderas
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Calderas
• Componentes calderas:
- Quemador. Inyección/alimentación de combustible y producción
de la llama.
- Hogar. Lugar donde se produce la combustión.
- Tubos intercambio calor. Circula el agua que capta el calor del
hogar.
- Entrada/salida de agua fría/caliente.
- Salida de los gases de escape.
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Calderas
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Calderas
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Calderas
• Combustibles
–
–
–
–
–
Gas natural
Gas propano
Gas butano
Gasoil
Biomasa
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Calderas
• Combustión
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O + CALOR
CO2  Efecto invernadero
Otros productos de la combustión:
- SOx, NOx, inquemados.
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Calderas
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Calderas
• Precio del combustible
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Calderas
• Biomasa: balance de carbón neutro.
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Calderas
• Biomasa
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Calderas
• Caldera de pellets - alimentación
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Calderas
• Caleras de condensación
– Recuperan el calor de evaporación del vapor
generado en la combustión, aumentando el
rendimiento.
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Calderas
• Rendimiento
– η = Calor/(mcomb· PCI)
– Calor: calor extraído de la caldera por el agua caliente.
– mcomb: masa de combustible
– PCI: poder calorífico inferior del combustible
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Calderas
• Rendimiento
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Calderas
• Rendimiento
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Calderas
• Calderas atmosféricas
Las calderas atmosféricas son aquellas que
toman el oxígeno necesario para producir la
combustión desde el interior del recinto en el
que se encuentran instaladas y evacuan los gases
producidos sin ninguna ayuda adicional.
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Calderas
• Calderas estancas
Las estancas por el contrario lo cogen del
exterior mediante la chimenea formada por dos
tubos concéntricos: uno de entrada y otro de
salida de aire, incorporando un extractor que
fuerza la entrada y salida del oxígeno.
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Calderas
• Regulación
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Energía solar
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Energía solar
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Energía solar
Orientación: SUR
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Energía solar
• Depósitos ACS
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Intercambiadores
• Intercambian el calor
de un fluido a otro.
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Vasos de expansión
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Vasos de expansión
• El vaso de expansión es
un recipiente que para
recoger el fluido sobrante
de la expansión y
devolverla cuando se
enfría el caloportador.
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Equipos de medición
Temperatura
Presión
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Aislamiento
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Aislamiento
Aislamiento
depósito ACS
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Aislamiento
Aislamiento bomba
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Bombas
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Bombas
• Bombas de velocidad variable: adaptan la
velocidad (la potencia) a las necesidades de
caudal. Esto permite significativos ahorros de
energía eléctrica en bombas de gran potencia y
que estén en continuo funcionamiento.
– Consumo: 15 – 30% respecto las convencionales.
(Normalmente en verano la potencia está
sobredimensionada en las bombas convencionales).
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Sistemas de control - válvulas
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Válvulas
• Válvulas de 3/4 vías
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Válvulas
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Filtros
Eliminan
impurezas
que pueden afectar al
circuito
y
a
la
circulación del fluido.
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Distribución del calor
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Distribución del calor
• Una única conducción, instalaciones pequeñas.
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Distribución del calor
• Una conducción ida, otra conducción retorno.
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Distribución del calor
• Mejor control.
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Entrega de calor
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Entrega de calor
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Entrega de calor
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Entrega de calor
Suelo radiante
Tsuelo<24ºC
- Mayor confort
- Mayor eficiencia
(temperatura necesaria
es menor)
- Mucha inercia
- Mayor inversión
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Entrega de calor
Pared radiante
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Entrega de calor
Control
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ACS
Agua Caliente Sanitaria
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ACS
• Depósito. Si existe depósito, el calor puede
producirse en cualquier momento, p. ej. con
un sistema solar y almacenarse. Si no existe,
se necesita mayor potencia para la generación
del calor necesario.
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ACS
• Legislación de
legionela.
– Tdepósito >60ºC
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Mantenimiento
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Mantenimiento
Según
RITE
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