Diferentes Diferenças - Ministério da Educação

`ÕV>XKœÊ`iʵÕ>ˆ`>`iÊÊ
«>À>Ê̜`œÃ
ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœ
`>Ê`ÕV>XKœ
Ó
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
Â;1602
0LQLVWURGD(GXFDomR
)HUQDQGR+DGGDG
6HFUHWiULR([HFXWLYR
ˆviÀi˜ÌiÃÊ`ˆviÀi˜X>ÃÊqÊi`ÕV>XKœÊ
`iʵÕ>ˆ`>`iÊ«>À>Ê̜`œÃ
iÃ>wœÃÊ`œÊÃÌ>`œÊvÀi˜ÌiÊÊ
DÊ`iÈ}Õ>`>`i
ʈ˜Ìi}À>XKœÊiÃVœ>‡Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊÃiÝÕ>ˆÃÊÊ
ÃKœÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÃʅՓ>˜œÃÊ
*œÀÊՓÊÀ>ȏÊ>v>Lïâ>`œÊ
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊՓ>˜œÃ]ÊÊ
Փ>ʘœÛ>Ê>LœÀ`>}i“Ê
}Õ>`>`iʵÕiÊÃiÊ>«Ài˜`iÊÊ
˜>ÊiÃVœ>Ê
-RVp+HQULTXH3DLP
6HFUHWiULRGH(GXFDomR&RQWLQXDGD
$OIDEHWL]DomRH'LYHUVLGDGH
5LFDUGR+HQULTXHV
3URGX]LGDSHOD(GLWRUD3XEOLVKHU%UDVLO
5XD%UXQR6LPRQL±3LQKHLURV6mR3DXOR
7HO
ZZZSXEOLVKHUEUDVLOFRPEU
,PSUHVVRQD*Ui¿FDH(GLWRUD%UDVLO
ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœ
`>Ê`ÕV>XKœ
ÊÌiÀÀ>Êi˜Ãˆ˜>
"ÊÃ>LiÀÊVœ“«>À̈…>`œ
"Êi˜Ãˆ˜œÊµÕiÊ`ˆ>œ}>ÊÊ
Vœ“Ê>ÃÊÌÀ>`ˆXªiÃ
«Ài˜`ˆâiÃÊ`>ÊÃÕÃÌi˜Ì>Lˆˆ`>`i
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
Î
0.:6;5<@
ˆviÀi˜ÌiÃÊ
`ˆviÀi˜X>Ã
,,"Ê<<,
i`ÕV>XKœÊ`iʵÕ>ˆ`>`iÊ
«>À>Ê̜`œÃ
{{Ê-iV>`
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
*
RUVHUXPGRVSDtVHVFRPSLRUGLVWULEXLomRGH
UHQGDGRPXQGRFRPFRQWUDVWHVHQWUHULFRV
HSREUHVTXHVDOWDPDRVROKRVR%UDVLODLQGD
WHPVpULDVGLILFXOGDGHVSDUDVHFRQWUDSRUDXPD
UHDOLGDGHTXHYHPSHUGXUDQGRKiVpFXORVD
GHVLJXDOGDGH)LQFDGDHPUDt]HVKLVWyULFDVHVVDTXHVWmR
HVWUXWXUDOpHQFDUDGDSRUPXLWRVFRPRDOJRQDWXUDO
ID]HQGRFRPTXHDVRFLHGDGHHR3RGHU3~EOLFRGLULMDP
VXDVDWHQo}HVDRFRPEDWHjSREUH]DRTXHpIXQGDPHQWDO
PDVLQVXILFLHQWHSDUDUHYHUWHUXPPRGHORGHH[FOXVmRTXH
SHUSHWXDDLQMXVWLoDVRFLDO
1HVVHFRQWH[WRDHGXFDomRGHVHPSHQKRXXPSDSHO
GHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDDSUHVHUYDomRGRVWDWXVTXR'XUDQWH
PXLWRWHPSRDPDLRULDGRVEUDVLOHLURVQmRWHYHVHTXHU
DFHVVRjHVFRODHPHVPRTXDQGRHVWHIRLDPSOLDGR
IRUDPSRXFRVRVTXHWLYHUDPGLUHLWRDXPDHGXFDomR
GHTXDOLGDGH$HVFRODTXHGHYHULDVHFRQVWLWXLUQR
SULQFLSDOHVSDoRS~EOLFRGDVRFLHGDGHWRUQRXVHXP
DJHQWHGDH[FOXVmR
(PJHUDORDPELHQWHHGXFDFLRQDOFRQVROLGDD
LGHDOL]DomRGHXPDYLVmRGHIDPtOLDHGHFRPXQLGDGHTXH
QmRH[LVWHQDUHDOLGDGHXPDIDPtOLDSDGUmRFRPSDLPmH
HILOKRVXQLGRVYLYHQGRHPKDUPRQLDHXPDFRPXQLGDGH
LJXDOPHQWHVHPFRQIOLWRV
1HVVHFHQiULRLPDJLQiULRWXGRDTXLORTXHQmRHVWLYHU
GHDFRUGRFRPRSDGUmRpWUDWDGRFRPHVWUDQKH]D
HPXLWDVYH]HVUHFXVDGR$HVFRODDFDEDSRULVRODU
VHJPHQWRVHVHWRUHVTXHQmRFRUUHVSRQGHPDHVVD
LPDJHPeGHVVDIRUPDTXHDGLIHUHQoDDGTXLUHXP
FRQWH~GRQHJDWLYRUDWLILFDQGRDIDOVDVLQRQtPLDHQWUH
GHVLJXDOGDGHHGLIHUHQoD2SURFHVVRGHH[FOXVmRQmR
DJHGHIRUPDDOHDWyULDSDVVDDWHUURVWRHLGHQWLGDGHe
pWQLFRUDFLDOUHJLRQDOHFXOWXUDOSXQHGHIRUPDGLVWLQWD
SUHFLVDHIRFDOL]DGDRVTXHVmRGLIHUHQWHV²LQGtJHQDV
TXLORPERODVSHVVRDVGRFDPSRMRYHQVQHJURVGD
SHULIHULDSHVVRDVFRPGHILFLrQFLDHWDQWRVRXWURV
(PYLVWDGLVVRWRUQDVHHYLGHQWHDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGH
S~EOLFDGR(VWDGRIUHQWHjGtYLGDVRFLDOHHPSDUWLFXODU
HGXFDFLRQDOGRSDtV+RMHRPDLRUGHVDILRGHTXDOTXHU
LQVWkQFLDJRYHUQDPHQWDOpUHGX]LUGHIRUPDHVWiYHODV
GHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDLV(pFRPHVVHIRFRTXHRJRYHUQR
IHGHUDOSRUPHLRGR0LQLVWpULRGD(GXFDomR0(&
FULRXD6HFUHWDULDGH(GXFDomR&RQWLQXDGD$OIDEHWL]DomR
H'LYHUVLGDGH6HFDGHP$6HFDGWUDEDOKDFRP
XPDVpULHGHDo}HVTXHWHPSRUILQDOLGDGHFRQVWUXLUXPD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFDTXHWUDQVIRUPHHPUHDOLGDGHDSULQFLSDO
GLUHWUL]GD8QHVFRSURSRUFLRQDUHGXFDomRGHTXDOLGDGH
SDUDWRGRVDRORQJRGDYLGD
º
1“Ê`œÃÊ«œ˜ÌœÃÊ>ÌœÃÊ`>Ê«œ‰ÌˆV>Êi`ÕV>‡
Vˆœ˜>ÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀ>ÊjÊ>ʈ˜VÕÃKœ°Ê iÃÃiÊÃi˜Ìˆ`œ]Ê
>ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ`>Ê-iV>`ÊVœ˜w}ÕÀ>‡ÃiÊVœ“œÊՓ>Ê
}À>˜`iʈ˜œÛ>XKœ°ÊLÀˆ˜`œÊië>XœÃÊ«>À>Ê>Ê
`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊVÀˆ>`œÀ>Ê`œÊ«>‰Ã]Êi>Ê«œÃÈLˆˆÌ>Ê
µÕiÊ Ãi}“i˜ÌœÃÊ …ˆÃ̜ÀˆV>“i˜ÌiÊ iÝVÕ‰`œÃÊ
Ìi˜…>“Ê«i>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ>ʜ«œÀÌ՘ˆ`>`iÊ`iÊ
Vœ˜µÕˆÃÌ>ÀÊՓ>Êۈ`>ʓ>ˆÃÊ`ˆ}˜>°
»
6ˆ˜Vi˜ÌÊivœÕÀ˜Þ]Ê,i«ÀiÃi˜Ì>˜ÌiÊ`>Ê1˜iÃVœÊ˜œÊÀ>ȏ
3DUDLVVRWUDEDOKDVHFRPDSHUVSHFWLYDGH
FRPSDWLELOL]DURFRQWH~GRXQLYHUVDOGDHGXFDomRFRP
RFRQWH~GRSDUWLFXODULVWDGLUHFLRQDQGRVHDVDo}HV
SDUDJUXSRVUHJL}HVHUHFRUWHVHVSHFtILFRV$QWHVGH
WXGRWUDWDVHQmRDSHQDVGHOHYDUDHGXFDomRGH
TXDOLGDGHDWRGRVPDVID]HULVVRFRPYHORFLGDGHPDLRU
SDUDDTXHOHVTXHHVWmRHVWUXWXUDOPHQWHH[FOXtGRVGRV
VLVWHPDVGHHQVLQR
(VVHHVIRUoRH[LJHWDPEpPXPDDJHQGDTXHUHGHILQDR
FRQWH~GRGDVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVQRFDPSRHGXFDFLRQDOD
SDUWLUGDGHGLFDomRHGRIRFRVREUHDVGHVLJXDOGDGHV3DUD
WDQWRDTXHVWmRGDGLYHUVLGDGHpWQLFRUDFLDOFXOWXUDO
UHJLRQDOGHJrQHURDPELHQWDOJHUDFLRQDOHGHRULHQWDomR
VH[XDOWHPTXHVHUWUDWDGDQRGLDDGLDGDVDODGHDXOD
eDSDUWLUGRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRHGDYDORUL]DomRGD
GLYHUVLGDGHTXHVHWRUQDSRVVtYHOLQFRUSRUDUQRVVLVWHPDV
GHHQVLQRQDVUHGHVPXQLFLSDLVHHVWDGXDLVDLGpLDGH
TXHQmRpDGPLVVtYHOPDQWHURVSDGU}HVGHGHVLJXDOGDGH
YHULILFDGRVQR%UDVLO6RPHQWHFRPDYDORUL]DomRGD
GLIHUHQoDpSRVVtYHOUHGX]LUDGHVLJXDOGDGH
'HYHPRVDVVXPLUFRPUDGLFDOLGDGHDUHFXVDGH
XPPRGHORGHFUHVFLPHQWRHFRQ{PLFREDVHDGRQD
H[FOXVmRHQDVGHVLJXDOGDGHV3RULVVRpSULRULWiULDXPD
RXWUDYLVmRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRRULHQWDGDSHODLGpLDGD
GHPRFUDFLDGRUHVSHLWRjVLQGLYLGXDOLGDGHVGDHTLGDGH
HGDMXVWLoDVRFLDO
(VWDUHPRVDVVLPFRQWULEXLQGRGHIRUPDUHDO
VXEVWDQWLYDHHIHWLYDSDUDWHUQRLPHGLDWRFRPLPSDFWRV
GHFXUWRPpGLRHORQJRSUD]RVXPDDJHQGDGHSROtWLFD
S~EOLFDTXHDVVHJXUHHGXFDomRGHTXDOLGDGHSDUDWRGRV
FRPRXPGLUHLWRXQLYHUVDOGDVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUD 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
x
2;A?2C6@A.
iÃ>wœÃÊ `œÊ ÃÌ>`œÊ
vÀi˜ÌiÊDÊÊ
`iÈ}Õ>`>`i
"ÊÃiVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÊ,ˆV>À`œÊi˜ÀˆµÕiÃÊ>«ÀiÃi˜Ì>Ê>Ê>ÌÕ>XKœÊ`>Ê
-iV>`Ê«>À>Êv>âiÀÊVœ“ʵÕiÊ>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊÛ>œÀˆâiÊ>ÃÊ`ˆvi‡
Ài˜X>ÃÊiÊ>ÌÕiʘœÊVœ“L>ÌiÊDÊiÝVÕÃKœÊiÊDÊ`iÈ}Õ>`>`i
º
Ê-iV>`Ê>ÌÕ>ÊÜLÀiÊÌi‡
“>ÃʵÕiÊÃKœÊœÊÀiyiݜÊ`>Ê
Vœ“«i݈`>`iÊ iÊ `>Ê `ˆÛiÀ‡
È`>`iʓ>}˜‰wV>ÊiÊ`iÈ}Õ>Ê
µÕiÊ V>À>VÌiÀˆâ>Ê œÊ À>ȏ°Ê
ՓÊViÀ̜ÊÃi˜Ìˆ`œ]ÊVœ˜Ã‡
̈ÌՈ]Ê `iÃ`iÊ œÊ «œ˜ÌœÊ `iÊ
ۈÃÌ>Ê`>ÃÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ«ÖLˆV>Ã]Ê
ՓʓˆVÀœVœÃ“œÊiÊՓÊiÇ
«i…œÊ`iÊ}À>˜`iÊ«>ÀÌiÊ`œÃÊ
˜œÃÜÃÊ`iÃ>wœÃÊÜVˆ>ˆÃ°
»
`Ü˜Ê ՘iÃ]Ê«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊ`œÊ
œ˜Ãi…œÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê`iÊ`ÕV>XKœÊ
È
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
ULDGDSDUDHQIUHQWDUXPKLVWyULFRTXDGURGHLQMXV
WLoD VRFLDO H[LVWHQWH QR SDtV D 6HFDG WHP KRMH R
GHVDILRGHSDUWLFLSDUGDHODERUDomRGHSROtWLFDVS~
EOLFDVTXHSRVVDPFRPEDWHUDGHVLJXDOGDGHHUHWLUDU
GRFRQFHLWRGHGLIHUHQoDRFRQWH~GRQHJDWLYRTXH
HOHFDUUHJD3DUDRVHFUHWiULR5LFDUGR+HQULTXHVpIXQGDPHQWDO
TXHWRGRVWHQKDPDFHVVRjHGXFDomRPDVTXHVHMDXPDHGXFD
omRGHTXDOLGDGHKRMHUHVWULWDDSRXFRV´$6HFDGpFRQVWUXtGD
FRPDSHUVSHFWLYDGHID]HUFRPTXHDSROtWLFDS~EOLFDFRQVLJD
FRPSDWLELOL]DURFRQWH~GRXQLYHUVDOGDHGXFDomRFRPRFRQWH~GR
GLIHUHQFLDOLVWDµH[SOLFD
œ“œÊÃÕÀ}ˆÕÊ>ʈ`jˆ>Ê`iʈ“«i“i˜Ì>ÀÊՓ>ÊÃiVÀiÌ>Àˆ>ÊVœ“ʜʫiÀwÊ
`>Ê-iV>`¶Ê
2SRQWRGHSDUWLGDPDLVLPSRUWDQWHpDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHS~
EOLFDGHHODERUDUXPDDJHQGDGH(VWDGRIUHQWHjGtYLGDVRFLDOH
HPSDUWLFXODUHGXFDFLRQDOGRSDtV2TXHRUJDQL]DHVVDDJHQGD
pRJUDQGHGHVDILRVRFLDOTXHWHPRVUHGX]LUGHIRUPDHVWiYHODR
ORQJRGRWHPSRDVGHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDLV3RUWDQWRWHPRVXP
GLOHPDTXHpFRQVHJXLUHQIUHQWDUDSREUH]DGHIRUPDLPHGLDWD
PDVHQWHQGHUTXHGHGLFDUHVIRUoRVVyQRFRPEDWHjSREUH]DQmR
DWLQJH R FHUQH GR QRVVR SURFHVVR GH H[FOXVmR VRFLDO TXH HVWi
DVVRFLDGRjGHVLJXDOGDGHHQmRjSREUH]D2UJDQL]DUDSROtWLFD
VRFLDOVRPHQWHDSDUWLUGDSREUH]DRFXOWDDFHQWUDOLGDGHGDGH
VLJXDOGDGHHFULDXPDUDFLRQDOLGDGHQDVSROtWLFDVVRFLDLVFRPR
XPWRGRLQFOXLQGRDtDHGXFDFLRQDOTXHWHPFRPRSDUkPHWUR
XPDYLVmRUHGXFLRQLVWDGRTXHpH[FOXVmR
,,"Ê<<,
/HPEUDPGDLPDJHPTXHVHWRUQRXXVXDOGHTXHGHYHULD
FUHVFHU R EROR SDUD GHSRLV GLVWULEXLU" 2 TXH p HVVD HTXDomR"
4XDQGRFUHVFHDHFRQRPLDGLPLQXLDSREUH]DHPHOKRUDSDUD
WRGR PXQGR $t GHSRLV SRGHPRV GLVFXWLU D GLVWULEXLomR (VVH
WLSR GH SHQVDPHQWR HVWi QD GLUHLWD H QD HVTXHUGD 2 TXH VH
HVTXHFH p TXH QD UHDOLGDGH EUDVLOHLUD D GHVLJXDOGDGH SURGX]
SREUH]D(PSRXFRVPRPHQWRVGDKLVWyULDVHFDPLQKRXHPGL
UHomRDHQIUHQWDUDGHVLJXDOGDGH
ʵÕ>ÊÃiÀˆ>ʜʫ>«iÊ`>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ«>À>ÊÀiÛiÀÌiÀÊiÃÃiÊ«ÀœViÃܶ
3DUD ´GHVQDWXUDOL]DUµ HVVD UHODomR FRP D GHVLJXDOGDGH H
WHQWDU HQIUHQWiOD GRLV PRYLPHQWRV VmR IXQGDPHQWDLV 3UL
PHLURUHFRQKHFHUXPSURFHVVRGHGHWHUPLQDomRRQGHVHLGHQ
WLILFDTXHDHGXFDomRHVWiQDRULJHPHQDSHUSHWXDomRGHVVD
GHVLJXDOGDGH 3HOD IRUPD KHWHURJrQHD FRP TXH VH GLVWULEXLX
HGXFDomR GH TXDOLGDGH FULRXVH XPD FLGDGDQLD GH SULPHLUD
FODVVHHRXWUDGHVHJXQGD(LVVRWHPUDt]HVKLVWyULFDVQmRp
FRQMXQWXUDO 0DQWpPVH HVVD WHQGrQFLD KLVWyULFD GH GL]HU R
VHJXLQWH Ki XPD DJHQGD PRGHUQD PDV Vy SDUD DTXHOHV TXH
Mi WrP SUpFRQGLo}HV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SUHWpULWDV DFXPXODGDV
4XHP SRGH LQJUHVVDU QR PXQGR IRUPDO GR WUDEDOKR WHP XP
WUDWDPHQWR DTXHOHV TXH QmR SRGHP HVWmR j PDUJHP 2 TXH
SDVVDDVHUHVWUDWpJLFRpDWXDUQDGLPHQVmRGDHGXFDomRSRU
HVVDSRVLomRSULYLOHJLDGDTXHWHPGLDQWHGDVFRQGLo}HVPtQL
PDVPDVSOHQDVHLQWHJUDLVGHFRQVWLWXLUXPDFLGDGDQLDQDVR
FLHGDGHFRQWHPSRUkQHD$TXHVWmRGDDOLPHQWDomRHGDIRPH
pSUHWpULWDPDVQmRJDUDQWLPRVFLGDGDQLDSOHQDHLQWHJUDOVH
QmRFRQVHJXLUPRVDYDQoDUQDHGXFDomR
2 VHJXQGR PRYLPHQWR p PDLV FRPSOH[R H HP XP FHUWR
VHQWLGRWHPDYHUFRPDLGpLDGHQDWXUDOL]DomRGDGHVLJXDO
GDGH H FRP D UHMHLomR GLVVR QD HGXFDomR &RQVWUXLXVH XP
SHUYHUVRVLQ{QLPRQDVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUDHQWUHGHVLJXDOHGL
IHUHQWH $ JUDQGH RSHUDomR SROtWLFRFRQFHLWXDO TXH RFRUUH H
p DVVLPLODGD SHORV yUJmRV GH JHVWmR H GH SRGHU p FULDU XPD
VLQRQtPLD HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV H GHVLJXDLV HQWUH GLIHUHQoD H GH
VLJXDOGDGH2TXHRFRUUHQHVVHSURFHVVR"&RPRpYLVWRFRPR
XPVLQ{QLPRDGLIHUHQoDDVVXPHRFRQWH~GRQHJDWLYRTXHp
SUySULRGDGHVLJXDOGDGH'LDQWHGLVVRWHPVHPXLWRSRXFRD
ID]HU VREUH HOD SRUTXH D GHVLJXDOGDGH p JLJDQWHVFD ( ILFD D
LPSUHVVmR GH TXH VHPSUH IRL DVVLP SRUWDQWR QmR Ki R TXH
ID]HU $VVLP Vy SRGHPRV HQIUHQWDU R TXH VHULD QRVVR PDLRU
SUREOHPDDSREUH]DDVFULDQoDVQDUXDDJUDQGHPLVpULD(
DGHVLJXDOGDGHSDVVDFRPRVHIRVVHDOJRQDWXUDOTXHVHPSUH
RFRUUHXHTXHQXQFDYDLGHL[DUGHH[LVWLU
Ê>Ê-iV>`Ê>ÌÕ>Ê«>À>ÊVœ“L>ÌiÀÊiÃÃiÊ̈«œÊ`iÊVœ˜ViˆÌœ¶Ê
2TXHD6HFDGWHQWDH[HFXWDUpXPDDJHQGDTXHSHUPLWD
FRQVWUXLU EDVHV SDUD XPD SROtWLFD S~EOLFD HP HGXFDomR TXH
Yi QD GLUHomR GH WUDQVIRUPDU HP FRQWH~GRV UHDLV XPD EHOD
WHVHGHIHQGLGDSHOD8QHVFRDWHVHGD´HGXFDomRGHTXDOLGDGH
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
Ç
"ÕÊ Ãi>]Ê >Ê Õ˜ˆÛiÀÃ>ˆâ>XKœÊ `œÊ i˜Ãˆ˜œ]Ê …œi]Ê ˜KœÊ ÃiÀˆ>Ê ÃÕwVˆi˜ÌiÊ
«>À>ÊÀi`ÕâˆÀʜʵÕ>`ÀœÊ`iÊ`iÈ}Õ>`>`i°
$XQLYHUVDOL]DomRVWULFWRVHQVXDRORQJRGDKLVWyULDGHVVHSDtV
VHPSUHVHGHXDSDUWLUGDSHUSHWXDomRGDVGHVLJXDOGDGHVHGXFD
FLRQDLV&RPRWHPSRWRGRVRVPDLVMRYHQVHVWmRPDLVHVFROD
UL]DGRVGRTXHRVPDLVYHOKRV$IOHFKDGRWHPSRYHPVHPSUH
FRPPHOKRULDVSDUDDVJHUDo}HVIXWXUDVPDVDVGLVWkQFLDVHQWUH
EUDQFRVHQHJURVIUHQWHDRVLQGtJHQDVDVGLVWkQFLDVLQWUDHVSDoR
XUEDQRQDVPHWUySROHVROKDQGRHVSHFLILFDPHQWHRVMRYHQVGHSH
ULIHULDHHPSDUWLFXODURVQHJURVDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHHVVHVMRYHQVHRV
RXWURVVHPDQWpPHjVYH]HVDXPHQWDDRORQJRGDKLVWyULD
$ TXHVWmR HVWUDWpJLFD p JDUDQWLU XPD HGXFDomR SDUD WRGRV
VDEHQGRTXHLVVRpXPDPXGDQoDGHYHWRUFRPLPSDFWRVGHPp
GLRHORQJRSUD]RPDVTXHSRGHHGHYHVHUIHLWDKRMH$6HFDGp
FRQVWUXtGDFRPDSHUVSHFWLYDGHFRQWULEXLUSDUDHVVDPXGDQoDQD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFDFRQVHJXLUFRPSDWLELOL]DURFRQWH~GRXQLYHUVDOGD
HGXFDomRFRPRFRQWH~GRSDUWLFXODULVWDGLIHUHQFLDOLVWDSRUWDQWR
GHDo}HVDILUPDWLYDVSDUDJUXSRVUHJL}HVHUHFRUWHVHVSHFtILFRV7H
PRVTXHDFHOHUDUDYHORFLGDGHGDRIHUWDGHHGXFDomRGHTXDOLGD
GHSDUDWRGRVHID]HULVVRFRPYHORFLGDGHPDLRUSDUDDTXHOHVTXH
HVWmRHVWUXWXUDOPHQWHH[FOXtGRVGRVLVWHPDGHHQVLQR'DUFRQWD
SRUWDQWRGHFRORFDUQRFHQWURGDSROtWLFDS~EOLFDHPHGXFDomRR
YDORUGDVGLIHUHQoDVHDGLYHUVLGDGHFRPVHXVFRQWH~GRVpWQLFR
UDFLDOJHUDFLRQDOGHSHVVRDVFRPGHILFLrQFLDGHJrQHURGHRULHQ
WDomRVH[XDOUHJLRQDOUHOLJLRVRFXOWXUDOHDPELHQWDO
,,"Ê<<,
SDUDWRGRVµ3DUDTXHDHGXFDomRVHMDGHWRGRVHSDUDWRGRV
pSUHFLVRTXHWRGRVOiHVWHMDPHTXHDHOHVVHMDJDUDQWLGDXPD
HGXFDomR GH TXDOLGDGH DFHVVtYHO HP TXDOTXHU PRPHQWR GD
YLGD3DUDLVVRWHPRVTXHFRQVHJXLUUHVJDWDUDHVFRODFRPRR
SULQFLSDOHVSDoRS~EOLFRGHVVHSDtV2PDLRUGHVDILRpFRPR
UHSXEOLFDQL]DU R VLVWHPD GH HQVLQR VHMD SDUD FULDQoDV VHMD
SDUDMRYHQVHDGXOWRV7HPRVTXHFRQVHJXLUDXPHQWDUDHIHWL
YLGDGHGDVHVFRODVGRSRQWRGHYLVWDGDSROtWLFDSHGDJyJLFD
GDDSUHQGL]DJHPGDIRUPDomRGHSURIHVVRUHVGRVFRQWH~GRV
FXUULFXODUHV GRV SURFHGLPHQWRV GH DYDOLDomR H GRV VLVWHPDV
GHJHVWmR
$VHVFRODVSURGX]HPHYDVmRHVFRODUSRUTXHHPJUDQGHPH
GLGDQmRVmRFDSD]HVGHDWUDLUHQFDQWDUHVHGX]LURVMRYHQV
0DVVmRVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHHPSRWrQFLDDTXLORTXHWHPPDLRU
FRQWH~GRUHSXEOLFDQRQDVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUD$SROtWLFDS~
EOLFDGHHGXFDomRWHPTXHHQIUHQWDUHVVDVLWXDomRTXHpWHQ
VDPDVTXHHQFRQWUDQHVVHWHQVLRQDPHQWRDSRVVLELOLGDGHGH
VROXomR3RULVVRVHUHFRQKHFHTXHDHGXFDomRpXPGLUHLWRGH
WRGRVHQmRSRGHVHUVHJPHQWDGD(VWiQRFDPSRGDWHUFHLUD
JHUDomRGRVGLUHLWRVKXPDQRVQmRKiFRPRGL]HUTXHKiPDLV
GLUHLWRVSDUDXQVGRTXHSDUDRXWURV0DVDWHVHGHVHDVVHJXUDU
DHGXFDomRFRPRXPGLUHLWRGHWRGRVVRPHQWHSRUHVWUDWpJLDV
XQLYHUVDLVpIDOVD1HFHVVLWDPRVSURGX]LUXPDDJHQGDGHDo}HV
DILUPDWLYDVTXHYiDRHQFRQWURGHFRPSDWLELOL]DURVFRQWH~GRV
XQLYHUVDLVFRPRVGLIHUHQFLDOLVWDV
n
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
,
"-Ê,/"ÊÉÊ61"
2@0<9../2?A.=.?..061.1.;6.
ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ
ˆ˜Ìi}À>XKœ
Ê iÃVœ>‡
Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i
"Ê ÃVœ>Ê LiÀÌ>Ê Vœ˜ÌÀˆLÕˆÊ «>À>Ê >Ê “i…œÀ>Ê `œÊ Ài˜`ˆ‡
“i˜ÌœÊ`œÃÊ>Õ˜œÃÊiÊ`œÊ>“Lˆi˜ÌiÊiÃVœ>À]Ê>j“Ê`iʜvi‡
ÀiViÀÊ«œÃÈLˆˆ`>`iÃÊ`iʈ˜VÕÃKœÊÜVˆ>
1
PDHVFRODTXHID]SDUWHGRGLDDGLDGHWRGDDFR
PXQLGDGHDEUHDRVViEDGRVHGRPLQJRVHRIHUHFH
DOWHUQDWLYDVGHOD]HUHFXOWXUDDMRYHQVHDGXOWRV
GHiUHDVXUEDQDVFRPSRXFDVRSo}HVGHDSUHQGL
]DJHPHHQWUHWHQLPHQWReFRPHVVHFRQFHLWRTXH
RSURJUDPD(VFROD$EHUWDWUDEDOKD)UXWRGHXPDFRUGRHQWUHR
0LQLVWpULRGD(GXFDomRHD8QHVFRRSURMHWRYLVDDFRQWULEXLU
SDUDDPHOKRULDGDTXDOLGDGHGDHGXFDomRDOpPGHSURPRYHUD
LQFOXVmRVRFLDOHFRODERUDUSDUDDIRUPDomRGHXPDFXOWXUDGH
SD]SRUPHLRGDLQWHJUDomRHQWUHHVFRODHFRPXQLGDGH
´2REMHWLYRGRSURJUDPDpFRQWULEXLUSDUDDFRQVWUXomRGD
FLGDGDQLDFRQVFLHQWHUHVSRQViYHOHSDUWLFLSDQWHIDYRUHFHQGR
DLQFOXVmRVRFLRFXOWXUDODGLPLQXLomRGDYLROrQFLDHGDYXOQH
UDELOLGDGHVRFLRHFRQ{PLFD2TXHVHSUHWHQGHpWUDQVIRUPDUD
HVFROD HP XP DPELHQWH PDLV DWXDQWH H SUHVHQWH QD YLGD GDV
SHVVRDVµH[SOLFDDFRRUGHQDGRUDGRSURMHWR1DWiOLD'XDUWH
3DUD HOD R (VFROD $EHUWD FRQWULEXL SDUD UHGX]LU R DEDQGRQR
HVFRODUHDYLROrQFLDHQWUHRVMRYHQVDRFULDUXPDPELHQWHGHPDLRU
SURWHomRVRFLDO(RLPSDFWRDFUHGLWDpGLUHWRQDVFRPXQLGDGHV
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
™
2SURMHWRGD8QHVFRTXHVHUYLXGHUHIHUrQFLDSDUDDFULDomR
GR(VFROD$EHUWDIRLLPSODQWDGRLQLFLDOPHQWHHPHVFRODVPX
QLFLSDLVHHVWDGXDLVGDUHJLmRPHWURSROLWDQDGH5HFLIHHP
8PD DQiOLVH FRPSDUDWLYD HQWUH FROpJLRV EHQHILFLDGRV SHOR
SURJUDPD FRP RXWURV TXH QmR ID]LDP SDUWH FRQVWDWRX TXH
DH[SHULrQFLDKDYLDVLGREHPVXFHGLGD+RXYHUHGXomRHPDWp
QRQ~PHURGHGHOLWRVHQWUHMRYHQVGDSHULIHULDGH5HFLIH
´&RQVWDWDPRVFRPDSHVTXLVDTXHDPpGLDDQXDOGHKRPL
FtGLRVQHVVDIDL[DHWiULDHUDGHjVWHUoDVTXDUWDVHTXLQ
WDVHQTXDQWRDRVGRPLQJRVFKHJDYDD4XDQGRSDUWLPRV
SDUD XPD DQiOLVH GR FRPSRUWDPHQWR GRV MRYHQV HOHV UHVSRQ
GLDPTXDVHVHPSUH¶QDGD·SDUDGHILQLURTXHID]LDPQRILPGH
VHPDQD2XWURVHQXPHUDYDPRERWHFRDEHELGDDGURJDRXR
URXERµOHPEUDRFRRUGHQDGRUGDSHVTXLVD0DSDGD9LROrQFLD
-~OLR-DFRER:DLVHOILV]´2WHPSRHQWUHRyFLRHDYLROrQFLDHUD
PXLWRFXUWRµFRQFOXLHOH
+RMHR*RYHUQR)HGHUDOMiOHYRXR(VFROD$EHUWDDHVWD
GRVPXQLFtSLRVHPDLVGHHVFRODV
´2SURJUDPDMiQmRpXPDDWLYLGDGHjSDUWH(OHFRPS}HR
SURMHWRSROtWLFRSHGDJyJLFRGDSUySULDHVFRODHVHWRUQRXXPD
SURSRVWDHVWUDWpJLFDGHSUHYHQomRjYLROrQFLDµDILUPD9DOpULD
)HUQDQGHVGD6HFUHWDULDGH(GXFDomRGH3HUQDPEXFR
2GLUHWRUGRFROpJLR&RQVHOKHLUR6DPXHO0DF'RZHOOQDUH
JLmRPHWURSROLWDQDGH5HFLIH&OiXGLR0DUWLQVFRQWDTXHGHSRLV
GDLQLFLDWLYDRVHVWXGDQWHVSDVVDUDPDYDORUL]DUPDLVDHVFROD
´(OHVWrPKRMHPDLVFRQVFLrQFLDGHVXDVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVµ
GL]1RFROpJLRRVMRYHQVWrPDXODVGHGDQoDFDSRHLUDIXWVDO
KLSKRSHDFHVVRJUDWXLWRDLQWHUQHW
ºÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ`>Ê-iV>`Êv>ۜÀiViÕʜÊÌÀ>L>…œÊiʜÊ
i“«i˜…œÊ `œÃÊ }iÃ̜ÀiÃÊ `iÊ i`ÕV>XKœ]Ê Ì>˜ÌœÊ
“Õ˜ˆVˆ«>ˆÃʵÕ>˜ÌœÊiÃÌ>`Õ>ˆÃ]Ê«>À>Êi˜vÀi˜Ì>ÀÊ>ÃÊ
ˆ˜ÕÃ̈X>ÃÊÜVˆ>ˆÃÊiÊÛ>œÀˆâ>ÀÊ̜`>Ê>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ
LÀ>ȏiˆÀ>°Ê*>À>Ê>Ê1˜`ˆ“i]Ê>Ê«>ÀViÀˆ>ÊiÃÌ>Lii‡
Vˆ`>ÊVœ“Ê>Ê-iV>`Êi“Ê`ˆÛiÀÃ>ÃÊ>XªiÃÊiÊ«Àœ}À>‡
“>Ã]ʓ>ˆÃÊiëiVˆwV>“i˜Ìiʘ>µÕi>ÃÊۜÌ>`>ÃÊDÊ
i`ÕV>XKœÊ`œÊV>“«œ]Ê>“Lˆi˜Ì>]Ê>v>Lïâ>XKœ]Ê
i`ÕV>XKœÊ `iÊ œÛi˜ÃÊ iÊ >`Տ̜ÃÊ iÊ `ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ
j̘ˆVœ‡À>Vˆ>]Ê jÊ v՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê «>À>Ê iÃ̈“Տ>ÀÊ >Ê
vœÀ“Տ>XKœÊ`iÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ«ÖLˆV>ÃʵÕiÊÛi˜…>“Ê>Ê
ÀiëiˆÌ>ÀÊiÊ}>À>˜ÌˆÀʜÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÊ`iÊ̜`œÃÊDÊi`ÕV>‡
XKœ]ʜLïۜʫÀˆ“iˆÀœÊ`iʘœÃÃ>Êi˜Ìˆ`>`i°»
>Àˆ>Ê`œÊ*ˆ>ÀÊ>ViÀ`>ʏ“iˆ`>ÊiÊ-ˆÛ>]Ê`ˆÀˆ}i˜Ìiʓ՘ˆVˆ«>Ê
`iÊ`ÕV>XKœÊ`iÊiœÊœÀˆâœ˜ÌiÊiÊ«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊ`>Ê1˜`ˆ“iÊ
­1˜ˆKœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê`œÃʈÀˆ}i˜ÌiÃÊ՘ˆVˆ«>ˆÃÊ`iÊ`ÕV>XKœ®
£ä 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
2VSDLVGHDOXQRVWDPEpPVmRFRQYLGDGRVDSDUWLFLSDUGDV
DWLYLGDGHV´(XYLYLDSHODUXDHQmRVHLRQGHHVWDULDVHPR(V
FROD$EHUWD0LQKDYLGDPXGRXDSUHQGLDQmRILFDUjWRDµGL]
%UXQR*RPHVGHDQRV
1DJUDQGH%HOR+RUL]RQWHRQGHRSURJUDPDHVWiSUHVHQWH
HPPXQLFtSLRVDH[SHULrQFLDWDPEpPWHPVHPRVWUDGREHP
VXFHGLGD
6HJXQGR&RQVXHOR6LOYDFRRUGHQDGRUDGR1~FOHRGH$FRP
SDQKDPHQWRGD5HGHSHOD3D]QDV(VFRODV1DUSHIRUDP
PLOSDUWLFLSDQWHVQRSULPHLURDQRHDH[SHFWDWLYDpDPSOLDUHVVH
Q~PHURSDUDDPLODWHQGLPHQWRVHP$FRRUGHQD
GRUDUHVVDOWDTXHJUDoDVDRHQYROYLPHQWRGHDOXQRVHGDFRPX
QLGDGHHPDo}HVHGXFDWLYDVIRLSRVVtYHOSURPRYHUJHUDomRGH
UHQGDHSRVWRVGHWUDEDOKR´1RYRVQ~PHURVLQGLFDPWDPEpP
XPDVHQVtYHOUHGXomRQRVFDVRVGHYLROrQFLDQRDPELHQWHHVFR
ODUµFRPHPRUD
"ÃʜwVˆ˜iˆÀœÃÊ`>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ
&RQWDQGRFRPXPDHTXLSHORFDOHPFDGDHVFRODFRPSRVWD
SRUXPFRRUGHQDGRUHWUrVRILFLQHLURVGDFRPXQLGDGHDVDWLYL
GDGHVRIHUHFLGDVSHORSURJUDPDWDPEpPWrPFRPRPHWDDPH
OKRULDGRUHODFLRQDPHQWRHQWUHSURIHVVRUHVDOXQRVHIDPLOLDUHV
)UXWRGROHYDQWDPHQWRGDVGHPDQGDVHSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHDWHQ
GLPHQWRDVRILFLQDVVmRPLQLVWUDGDVSRUYROXQWiULRVSURIHVVR
UHVPHPEURVGDFRPXQLGDGHHSHORVMRYHQVTXHVmRFDSDFLWDGRV
SHORSUySULR(VFROD$EHUWD
$WpRPRPHQWRRSURJUDPDMiRIHUHFHXHPWRUQRGHPLO
RILFLQDVDOFDQoDQGRPLOEHQHILFLiULRVGLUHWRVSRUILQDOGH
VHPDQD 3HVTXLVDV GD 8QHVFR WrP GHPRQVWUDGR D FDSDFLGDGH
GRSURJUDPDHPFDXVDULPSDFWRQDYLGDGDVSHVVRDVHQRFRWL
GLDQRGDHVFRODSRVVLELOLWDQGRRH[HUFtFLRGRGLUHLWRjHGXFDomR
HRDFHVVRDSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV2VGDGRVPRVWUDPTXHpSUHFLVR
GDUDOWHUQDWLYDVDRVMRYHQVSDUDTXHHOHVSRVVDPWURFDURULVFR
GDYLROrQFLDQDVUXDVSRUDWLYLGDGHVFULDWLYDVHSURGXWLYDVTXH
SHUPLWDPVXDLQFOXVmRVRFLDO
´1RDWRGHDEULURVSRUW}HVGDHVFRODSDUDDFRPXQLGDGHQR
ILQDOGHVHPDQDVHTXHEUDRPXURGRLVRODPHQWRLQVWLWXFLRQDO
2TXHSRUDQRVIRLXPHVSDoRGLVWDQWHDJRUDVHWUDQVIRUPDHP
XP OXJDU SDUD PDQLIHVWDomR GH WDOHQWRV GH LQFHQWLYR j FDSD
FLGDGH GH SURMHWDU H VH SURMHWDU GH H[SUHVVDU SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV
FDSDFLGDGHV VDEHGRULDV H FXOWXUDµ JDUDQWH 0DUORYD 1ROHWR
FRRUGHQDGRUDGD8QHVFR
2VUHVXOWDGRVGDDYDOLDomRGRSURJUDPDQD%DKLDWDPEpP
FRQILUPDPHVVDWHQGrQFLDGRVGLUHWRUHVGDVHVFRODVSDU
WLFLSDQWHVDILUPDPTXHRPHVPRWHPLPSDFWRVSRVLWLYRVVREUHR
UHODFLRQDPHQWRHVFRODFRPXQLGDGHHQTXDQWRDFUHGLWDP
TXHHOHFRQWULEXLSDUDDGLPLQXLomRGDYLROrQFLDQDHVFROD
1D RSLQLmR GRV EHQHILFLiULRV R LPSDFWR GR SURJUDPD HVWi
HPIDFLOLWDUDUHODomRHVFRODFRPXQLGDGHRIHUHFHUDO
WHUQDWLYDV GH OD]HU PHOKRUDU D YLGD SHVVRDO GRV SDU
WLFLSDQWHV H FRODERUDU SDUD D UHGXomR GD VLWXDomR GH
YLROrQFLD
1“ÊL>ˆÀÀœ
µÕiÊۈÀœÕÊ
iÃVœ>
“Ê œÛ>Ê }Õ>XÕ]Ê “Õ˜ˆV‰«ˆœÊ `>Ê >ˆ‡
Ý>`>ʏՓˆ˜i˜Ãi]Ê>Ê«ÀiviˆÌÕÀ>ʈ˜Ìi‡
}ÀœÕÊ>ÊiÝ«iÀˆk˜Vˆ>Ê`œÊÃVœ>ÊLiÀ‡
Ì>Ê>œÊ«Àœ}À>“>Ê>ˆÀÀœÊÃVœ>°ÊÊ"Ê«Àœi̜]Ê
µÕiÊvœˆÊˆ“«>˜Ì>`œÊ˜œÊˆ˜‰VˆœÊ`œÊ>˜œÊ«>ÃÃ>‡
`œ]Ê «Àœ“œÛiÊ >Ê ˆ˜Ìi}À>XKœÊ `>Ê Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>‡
`iÊVœ“Ê>ÊiÃVœ>]ÊÌi˜`œÊ>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊVœ“œÊ
iˆÝœÊVi˜ÌÀ>°ÊÊ
ºÊ Õ“Ê «>˜œÊ Vœ˜Õ˜ÌœÊ `>Ê «ÀiviˆÌÕÀ>Ê
Vœ“ÊœÃÊ>̜ÀiÃÊ`œÊL>ˆÀÀœÊµÕiÊ>“«ˆ>ʜÊië>‡
XœÊ`>ÃÊ>̈ۈ`>`iÃÊi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃ]Ê>«ÀœÛiˆÌ>˜‡
`œÊœÃÊiµÕˆ«>“i˜ÌœÃʜVˆœÃœÃÊiÊi˜ÛœÛi˜`œÊ
̜`>Ê>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i»]Ê`iw˜iÊ>Àˆ>ʘ̞˜ˆ>Ê
œÕ>ÀÌ]ÊVœœÀ`i˜>`œÀ>‡}iÀ>Ê`iÊiÃi˜Ûœ‡
ۈ“i˜ÌœÊ-œVˆ>°Ê
*>À>ʈÃÜ]ʜʫÀœ}À>“>Ê>À̈VՏ>Ê̜`>ÃÊ>ÃÊ
ÃiVÀiÌ>Àˆ>ÃÊ`iÊ}œÛiÀ˜œÊiÊiÃÌ>LiiViÊVœ˜Ûk‡
˜ˆœÃÊVœ“ÊœÀ}>˜ˆâ>XªiÃÊÜVˆ>ˆÃʏœV>ˆÃʵÕiʍ?Ê
Ài>ˆâ>“Ê>}ՓÊ̈«œÊ`iÊÌÀ>L>…œÊ˜>ÊVœ“Õ‡
˜ˆ`>`iʘ>ÃÊ?Ài>ÃÊ`iÊiëœÀÌi]Ê>ÀÌiÃ]ÊVՏÌÕÀ>]Ê
ˆ˜vœÀ“?̈V>]ʏ>âiÀÊiÊ>«Ài˜`ˆâ>`œ°Ê
-i}՘`œÊ >Àˆ>Ê ˜Ìž˜ˆ>]Ê œÊ œLïۜÊ
«Àˆ˜Vˆ«>Ê `œÊ >ˆÀÀœÊ ÃVœ>Ê jÊ ÌÀ>L>…>ÀÊ >Ê
i`ÕV>XKœÊi“Ê«iÀ‰œ`œÊˆ˜Ìi}À>]Ê>“«ˆ>˜`œÊ>Ê
œÀ˜>`>Ê`œÃÊ>Õ˜œÃ°ÊºœÊ“iӜÊÌi“«œÊi“Ê
µÕiÊ >Փi˜Ì>“œÃÊ œÊ ˜Ö“iÀœÊ `iÊ …œÀ>ÃÊ i“Ê
µÕiÊ>ÃÊVÀˆ>˜X>ÃÊwV>“ÊÜLÊ>ÊÀi뜘Ã>Lˆˆ`>‡
`iÊ `>Ê iÃVœ>]Ê µÕ>ˆwV>“œÃÊ œÊ ÌÀ>L>…œÊ µÕiÊ
œÃÊ >}i˜ÌiÃÊ œV>ˆÃÊ v>âi“Ê ˜>µÕiiÊ L>ˆÀÀœ»]Ê
>VÀiÃVi˜Ì>°Ê
Ê VœœÀ`i˜>`œÀ>Ê >wÀ“>Ê µÕiÊ œÊ ÃVœ>Ê
LiÀÌ>ÊvœˆÊv՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê«>À>Ê>ʈ`i˜ÌˆwV>XKœÊ
`œÃÊ «œÌi˜Vˆ>ˆÃÊ `œÊ L>ˆÀÀœ°Ê ºœˆÊ œÊ «Àˆ“iˆÀœÊ
«>ÃÜʫ>À>ÊÌÀ>âiÀÊ>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ«>À>Ê`i˜‡
ÌÀœÊ`>ÊiÃVœ>»]ÊVœ“«iÌ>°Ê
<Ê8"ÊÉÊ61"
"ÊL>ˆÀÀœÊ`iÊ/ˆ˜}Õ?]ÊVœ“Ê£ÎʓˆÊ…>LˆÌ>˜‡
ÌiÃ]ÊvœˆÊ>Ê«Àˆ“iˆÀ>ÊiÝ«iÀˆk˜Vˆ>Ê`œÊ>ˆÀÀœÊÇ
Vœ>ʘœÊ“Õ˜ˆV‰«ˆœ°ÊÊÃVœ>Ê՘ˆVˆ«>Ê>ÀKœÊ
`iÊ/ˆ˜}Õ?Ê>Ìi˜`iÊxÇäÊ>Õ˜œÃÊ`iÊVˆ˜VœÊ>Ê£nÊ
>˜œÃʵÕiʍ?ÊÀi>ˆâ>“Ê>̈ۈ`>`iÃÊi“Ê`ˆÛiÀÜÃÊ
Õ}>ÀiÃÊ `œÊ L>ˆÀÀœ°Ê ºÃÊ VÀˆ>˜X>ÃÊ «>ÃÃ>À>“Ê >Ê
iÝ«œÀ>ÀʜʏÕ}>Àʜ˜`iÊۈÛi“]ÊVœ“«Àii˜`i˜‡
`œÊ>ÊÃÕ>ʈ“«œÀÌ@˜Vˆ>ÊiÊ`>˜`œÊÛ>œÀÊDÊiÃVœ>]Ê
>œÊVÕLi]ÊDÊv>âi˜`>ÊiÌV°»]ÊÀiÛi>ʘ>Ê*>Տ>Ê
œL>ÌœÊ œ“iÃ]Ê «i`>}œ}>Ê iÊ VœœÀ`i˜>`œÀ>Ê
`œÊ «Àœ}À>“>°Ê º"Ê …œÀ?ÀˆœÊ ˆ˜Ìi}À>Ê ÌÀœÕÝiÊ
˜œÛ>ÃÊ>«Ài˜`ˆâ>}i˜Ã]Ê>ÃÊVÀˆ>˜X>ÃʘKœÊwV>“Ê
“>ˆÃʜVˆœÃ>ÃÊiÊ«>ÃÃ>À>“Ê>Êv>âiÀÊՓ>ʏiˆÌÕÀ>Ê
`ˆviÀi˜ÌiÊ`œÊL>ˆÀÀœ»]Êi˜v>̈â>°Ê
iÊ>VœÀ`œÊVœ“Êi>]Ê/ˆ˜}Õ?ÊvœˆÊiÃVœ…ˆ‡
`œÊVœ“œÊ«Àœi̜ʫˆœÌœÊ«œÀµÕiÊ>ˆÊ?ÊiÃÌ>Û>Ê
L>ÃÌ>˜ÌiÊ>`ˆ>˜Ì>`œÊœÊ`ˆ?œ}œÊVœ“Ê>ÊVœ“Õ‡
˜ˆ`>`i°Ê Ê œV>ˆ`>`iÊ jÊ Vœ˜…iVˆ`>Ê «œÀÊ ÃÕ>Ê
ÀiÃiÀÛ>Ê >“Lˆi˜Ì>Ê iÊ «œÀÊ ÌiÀÊ œÀˆ}ˆ˜>`œÊ œÊ
“Õ˜ˆV‰«ˆœÊ`iÊ œÛ>Ê}Õ>XÕ°Ê
ÃÊ>Õ˜>Ãʏ?ۈ>Ê"ˆÛiˆÀ>Ê6ˆ`iˆÀ>ÊiÊ/>̈>‡
˜iÊiÀÀiˆÀ>Ê`>Ê-ˆÛ>]Ê`iÊ£ÎÊiÊ£{Ê>˜œÃ]ÊÀiÇ
«iV̈Û>“i˜Ìi]Ê >«ÀœÛiˆÌ>“Ê œÊ …œÀ?ÀˆœÊ ˆ˜Ìi‡
}À>Ê˜>ÊLˆLˆœÌiV>ÊiʘœÊÌiiVi˜ÌÀœÊ`>Ê" Ê
"˜`>Ê6iÀ`i]ÊՓ>Ê`>ÃÊ«>ÀViˆÀ>ÃÊ`œÊ«Àœi̜°Ê
ºœÊˆ˜ÛjÃÊ`iʈÀ“œÃÊ`ˆÀi̜ʫ>À>Ê>ÊV>Ã>ÊiʘKœÊ
v>âiÀÊ ˜>`>]Ê «ÀiviÀˆ“œÃÊ «>ÃÃ>ÀÊ œÊ ÀiÃÌœÊ `œÊ
`ˆ>ʏi˜`œÊœÕʘ>ʈ˜ÌiÀ˜iÌÊv>âi˜`œÊ«iõՈÃ>]Ê
i˜Ûˆ>˜`œÊi‡“>ˆÃÊiÊÌÀœV>˜`œÊˆ˜vœÀ“>Xªiû]Ê
`ˆâʏ?ۈ>°Ê
"Ê >ˆÀÀœÊ ÃVœ>Ê `iÊ /ˆ˜}Õ?Ê Ì>“Lj“Ê
«Àœ“œÛiʘœÃÊw˜>ˆÃÊ`iÊÃi“>˜>ʜwVˆ˜>ÃÊ`iÊ
Ìi>ÌÀœ]Ê >ÀÌiÃ>˜>̜]Ê V>«œiˆÀ>]Ê “ÖÈV>]Ê ˆ˜‡
}kÃ]Ê ÀiVÀi>XKœÊ iÊ iëœÀÌiÃ°Ê ÃÊ >̈ۈ`>`iÃÊ
ÃKœÊ}À>ÌՈÌ>ÃÊiÊ>LiÀÌ>ÃÊ>Ê̜`>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i°Ê
ՈâÊiÀ˜>˜`œÊ->˜ÌœÃ]ʓœÀ>`œÀÊ`iÊ/ˆ˜‡
}Õ?]Ê vÀiµØi˜Ì>Ê >ÃÊ œwVˆ˜>ÃÊ Õ˜ÌœÊ Vœ“Ê ÃiÕÃÊ
ÌÀkÃÊw…œÃ]ÊՓÊ`iiÃÊ>Õ˜œÊ`>ÊiÃVœ>°Ê*>À>Ê
ii]ʜʓ>ˆÃʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÊ`œÊ«Àœ}À>“>ÊjÊ>ʈ˜‡
Ìi}À>XKœÊVœ“Ê>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊiÊ>ʓÕ`>˜X>Ê
`>ÊۈÃKœÊÜLÀiʜÊië>XœÊiÃVœ>À°ÊºiÕÊw…œÊ
iÊiÕʓÕ`>“œÃʘœÃÜʜ…>ÀÊÜLÀiÊ>ÊiÃVœ>ÊiÊ
>«Ài˜`i“œÃÊ>Ê`>Àʓ>ˆÃÊÛ>œÀ]Ê«œˆÃ]ÊÃi“Êi>]Ê
>ÃÊ>̈ۈ`>`iÃʘKœÊ>Vœ˜ÌiViÀˆ>“»]Ê`ˆâÊii°Ê
?Ê«>À>Ê>Ê>ÌÕ>Ê`ˆÀi̜À>Ê`>ÊiÃVœ>]ÊÕVˆ>‡
˜>Ê
œÃÌ>Ê>À̈˜Ã]ʜÊ>ˆÀÀœÊÃVœ>Ê«iÀ“ˆÌiÊ
ՓÊۉ˜VՏœÊ“>ˆœÀÊVœ“Ê>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i°ÊºÊ>Ê
Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ ˆ˜ÃiÀˆ`>Ê ˜>Ê iÃVœ>Ê iÊ >Ê iÃVœ>Ê
ˆ˜ÃiÀˆ`>Ê ˜>Ê Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i»]Ê >wÀ“>°Ê ºÊ ˆÃ̜Ê
}iÀ>ÊՓÊâiœÊ“>ˆœÀÊ«iœÊië>XœÊ`>ÊiÃVœ‡
>»]ÊVœ˜VÕˆ°Ê
/œ`>ÃÊ >ÃÊ >̈ۈ`>`iÃÊ `œÊ >ˆÀÀœÊ ÃVœ>Ê
ÃKœÊ>Vœ“«>˜…>`>ÃÊ«œÀʓœ˜ˆÌœÀiÃÊ`>Ê«Ài‡
viˆÌÕÀ>°Ê“Ê/ˆ˜}Õ?]Ê>ÃÊÀi՘ˆªiÃÊVœ“Ê>ÊVœ‡
“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ>Vœ˜ÌiVi“Ê̜`>ÊÌiÀX>‡viˆÀ>ÊiʜÃÊ
«ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊ Ì>“Lj“Ê «>À̈Vˆ«>“°Ê jLœÀ>Ê
`iÊ "ˆÛiˆÀ>Ê œi…œ]Ê «ÀœviÃÜÀ>Ê `>Ê µÕ>ÀÌ>Ê
ÃjÀˆi]Ê }>À>˜ÌiÊ µÕiÊ œÊ «Àœ}À>“>Ê iÃ̈“Տ>Ê >Ê
ÜVˆ>ˆâ>XKœ°ÊÊ«ÀœviÃÜÀ>ʈ˜Ã̈}>ʜÃÊ>Õ˜œÃÊ
>ÊÕÃ>Ài“ÊœÃÊië>XœÃÊ`>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`i]ÊVœ“œÊ
>ÊLˆLˆœÌiV>ÊiʜÊVÕLi°ÊÊÃi}ÕÀ>˜X>Ê>ˆ“i˜‡
Ì>ÀÊÌ>“Lj“ÊjÊ}>À>˜Ìˆ`>ʘœÊ«Àœ}À>“>°Ê œÊ
…œÀ?ÀˆœÊˆ˜Ìi}À>]Ê>ÃÊVÀˆ>˜X>ÃÊÀiViLi“ʵÕ>‡
ÌÀœÊÀiviˆXªiÃÊ`ˆ?Àˆ>ÃÊ`iÃ`iʜÊV>vjÊ`>ʓ>˜…KÊ
>Ìjʜʍ>˜Ì>À°
"Ê “Õ˜ˆV‰«ˆœÊ `iÊ œÛ>Ê }Õ>XÕÊ «œÃÃՈÊ
…œiÊ£xʓˆÊ>Õ˜œÃʘ>ÊÀi`iʓ՘ˆVˆ«>]Êië>‡
…>`œÃÊi“Ê™™ÊiÃVœ>Ã°Ê >ÃÊÓäÊiÃVœ>ÃʵÕiÊ
«>À̈Vˆ«>“Ê`œÊ«Àœi̜]ʅœÕÛiÊՓ>ÊÀi`ÕXKœÊ
`iÊÇx¯Ê`>ÊiÛ>ÃKœÊiÃVœ>À°Ê
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ££
GHILQHR(VFROD$EHUWDFRPRVLPSOHVSUiWLFRHEDUDWR´2FXVWR
PpGLRGHFDGDSDUWLFLSDQWHJLUDHPWRUQRGH5D5
GHSHQGHQGR GD DWLYLGDGH LPSOHPHQWDGDµ DILUPD 3DUD HOD DV
HVFRODVHVXDVFRPXQLGDGHVQHFHVVLWDPXOWUDSDVVDURVPXURVHV
FRODUHVHHVWUHLWDUDVSDUFHULDV´eXPGHVHMRUHFtSURFRHDQWLJR
DJRUDYLDELOL]DGRµ
$SDUWLUGHVVHDQRDVHVFRODVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGRSURJUDPDSDV
VDUDP D SRGHU JHUHQFLDU GLUHWDPHQWH VHXV SUySULRV UHFXUVRV
&DGDHVFRODUHFHEH5PLOSRUDQRSDUDFDSLWDOHFXVWHLR
$DGRomRGRSURMHWRWHPFRPREDVHH[SHULrQFLDVHPRXWURV
SDtVHVFRPR(VWDGRV8QLGRV)UDQoDH(VSDQKDQRVTXDLVRWUD
EDOKRFRPMRYHQVQDViUHDVDUWtVWLFDFXOWXUDOHHVSRUWLYDWHPVH
PRVWUDGRHILFD]SDUDDPXGDQoDGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRRDXPHQWR
GDDXWRHVWLPDHDPHOKRULDGDUHODomRGRVMRYHQVFRPDVRFLH
GDGHHGDVRFLHGDGHFRPDHVFROD
<Ê8"ÊÉÊ61"
4XDQGRTXHVWLRQDGRVVREUHRTXHPDLVJRVWDPQRSURJUDPD
DRSomRPDLVDSRQWDGDSHORVEHQHILFLiULRVp´HQFRQWUDUDPLJRV
HFRQKHFHUSHVVRDVµ(PPXLWDVHVFRODVpIUHTHQWHDSUHVHQoD
GHIDPtOLDVLQWHLUDVQRVILQDLVGHVHPDQD
1DIDODGRVEHQHILFLiULRVDSDUHFHWDPEpPRVHQWLGRGDYDOR
UL]DomRVRFLDOHFXOWXUDOGDFRQGLomRMXYHQLOWUDGX]LGDHPPX
GDQoDVGHDWLWXGHIUHQWHjYLGDFRQVWUXtGDVQDPHGLGDHPTXH
VHVHQWHPUHVSHLWDGRV
´$HOHYDomRGDDXWRHVWLPDVHGiQDH[DWDPHGLGDGDSRV
VLELOLGDGH GH SURGX]LU H SDUWLOKDU FRQKHFLPHQWRV H IRUPDV
GHH[SUHVVmRQRVFDPSRVGDDUWHGDFXOWXUDHGRHVSRUWHR
TXH FRQVHTHQWHPHQWH LPSOLFD R VHX DXWRUHFRQKHFLPHQ
WRFRPRSURGXWRUHVGHFXOWXUDµDILUPDRVHFUHWiULR5LFDUGR
+HQULTXHV
(RSURJUDPDQmRpFDUR$FRRUGHQDGRUD1DWiOLD'XDUWH
£Ó 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
612;A61.12124¾;2?<2<?62;A.n©<@2EB.9
,,"Ê<<,
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊÃiÝÕ>ˆÃÊ
ÃKœÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÃʅՓ>˜œÃÊ
ÊiÃVœ>Ê«œ`iÊ`iÃi“«i˜…>ÀÊՓʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÊ«>«iÊ˜œÊVœ“L>ÌiÊ>œÊÃi‡
݈ӜÊiÊDʅœ“œvœLˆ>]ʵÕiÊVÀˆ>“Ê“>‡iÃÌ>À]ʈ˜Ãi}ÕÀ>˜X>Êiʈ܏>“i˜ÌœÊiÊ
>viÌ>“Ê>Ê>Õ̜‡iÃ̈“>Ê`iÊiÃÌÕ`>˜ÌiÃÊiÊ`iÊ«ÀœwÃȜ˜>ˆÃÊ`iÊi`ÕV>XKœ
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ £Î
,,"Ê<<,
"
VH[LVPR H D KRPRIRELD VmR
SUREOHPDV UHDLV TXH SUR
GX]HP H DOLPHQWDP SUH
FRQFHLWRV GLVFULPLQDo}HV
H YLROrQFLDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH
FRQWUD PXOKHUHV JD\V OpVELFDV ELVVH[X
DLVWUDYHVWLVHWUDQVH[XDLV*/7%0DV
VHXV HIHLWRV DIHWDP WRGDV DV SHVVRDV ID
]HP SDUWH GR QRVVR GLDDGLD H VH HVSD
OKDPHPWRGDDVRFLHGDGHLQFOXVLYHQDV
HVFRODV$6HFDGWUDEDOKDFRPRFRQFHLWR
GHTXHGLUHLWRVVH[XDLVWDPEpPVmRGLUHL
WRVKXPDQRVHTXHpWDUHIDIXQGDPHQWDO
GR(VWDGREUDVLOHLURUHFRQKHFHUDGLYHUVL
GDGHVH[XDOHHQIUHQWDURVH[LVPRDKR
PRIRELDHVHXVHIHLWRV
1HVVH DVSHFWR D HVFROD GHVHPSHQKD
SDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOQDIRUPDomRGDLGHQ
WLGDGHHQDDWXDomRGHWRGDVDVSHVVRDV
eXPORFDOSULYLOHJLDGRSDUDGHVHQYROYHU
£{ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
DFRQVFLrQFLDFUtWLFDDOpPGHSUiWLFDVGH
UHVSHLWRjGLYHUVLGDGHHGHIHVDGRVGLUHL
WRVKXPDQRV
3RU LVVR p LPSRUWDQWH SURPRYHU D
IRUPDomRFRQWLQXDGDGHSURILVVLRQDLVGD
HGXFDomR SDUD RIHUHFHUOKHV LQVWUXPHQ
WRVDGHTXDGRVSDUDOLGDUFRPDVGLYHUVL
GDGHVVH[XDLVHGHJrQHUR$SHUVLVWrQFLD
GHGHVLJXDOGDGHVHQWUHKRPHQVHPXOKH
UHVDSHVDUGDPHOKRULDGDIRUPDomRHGX
FDFLRQDOHGDTXDOLILFDomRPRVWUDDIRUoD
GDGLVFULPLQDomRHGDYLROrQFLD
e SUHFLVR UHFRQKHFHU H DGRWDU PHGL
GDV QHFHVViULDV SDUD HQIUHQWDU R IDWR GH
TXH D HVFROD EUDVLOHLUD FRQILJXUDVH HP
XP LPSRUWDQWH OXJDU GH RSUHVVmR RQGH
H[LVWH XP SUHRFXSDQWH TXDGUR GH YLR
OrQFLD D TXH HVWmR VXEPHWLGRV PXOKHUHV
HMRYHQV*/7%
8PDSHVTXLVDUHDOL]DGDHPSHOD
8QHVFR´2SHUILOGRVSURIHVVRUHVEUDVLOHL
URVµ UHYHORX TXH TXDVH GHOHV MXOJD
VHU LQDGPLVVtYHO TXH XPD SHVVRD WHQKD
UHODo}HVKRPRVVH[XDLV
2XWUD SHVTXLVD ´-XYHQWXGHV H VH[X
DOLGDGHµ FRQVWDWRX TXH HQWUH SURIHVVR
UHVQmRVmRSRXFRVRVTXHSDUHFHPGHV
FRQVLGHUDU R TXH D FLrQFLD DILUPD VREUH
D KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH SRLV R Q~PHUR GRV
TXHFKHJDPDSHQVDUVHUHODXPDGRHQoD
SRGHFKHJDUDHPDOJXPDVFDSLWDLV
EUDVLOHLUDV 2 &HQWUR /DWLQR$PHULFDQR
HP6H[XDOLGDGHH'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVGD
8QLYHUVLGDGH(VWDGXDOGR5LRGH-DQHLUR
&ODP8HUM HP SDUFHULD FRP GLYHUVRV
SHVTXLVDGRUHVFHQWURVGHHVWXGRVHJUX
SRV GH GHIHVD GRV GLUHLWRV GD SRSXODomR
*/7%YrPUHDOL]DQGRSHVTXLVDVGXUDQWH
DV 3DUDGDV GR 2UJXOKR */7% QDV FLGD
GHV GH 5LR GH -DQHLUR 6mR 3DXOR H 3RU
WR$OHJUH5HYHODUDPVHDOWRVtQGLFHVGH
PDQLIHVWDomRKRPRIyELFDQDVHVFRODV
3RU H[HPSOR HP QR 5LR PDLV
GHGDVSHVVRDVGHDDQRVHQ
WUHYLVWDGDV GHFODUDUDP WHU VLGR GLVFULPL
QDGDVQDHVFRODSRUVHUHPKRPRVVH[XDLV
RX WUDQVJrQHURV 1HVVDV SHVTXLVDV D HV
FRODHDXQLYHUVLGDGHDSDUHFHPFRPRXP
GRV SLRUHV HVSDoRV GH PDUJLQDOL]DomR H
H[FOXVmRGH*/7%
´3DUDHQWHQGHUFRPRRVH[LVPRHDKR
PRIRELDGHVHGXFDPHSUHMXGLFDPDIRUPD
omRGHKRPHQVHPXOKHUHVKRPRVVH[XDLV
H KHWHURVVH[XDLV EDVWD QRWDU TXH LQGLYt
GXRVGHVH[RPDVFXOLQRSDUDPHUHFHUHP
VXDVLGHQWLGDGHVGH¶KRPHQVGHYHUGDGH·
GHYHP GHPRQVWUDUVH YLULV DJUHVVLYRV
PDFKLVWDVHKRPRIyELFRVµREVHUYD5RJp
ULR 'LQL] -XQTXHLUD WpFQLFR UHVSRQViYHO
SHOD LPSOHPHQWDomR GR 3URJUDPD %UDVLO
VHP+RPRIRELDQD6HFDG(OHOHPEUDTXH
R VH[LVPR H D KRPRIRELD WrP HIHLWRV QR
IUDFDVVRHVFRODUGRVPHQLQRVQDGHILQLomR
GDVFDUUHLUDVSURILVVLRQDLVQDLQFDSDFLGD
GH GH GHPRQVWUDU DIHWR QD SURGXomR GD
SDWHUQLGDGH LUUHVSRQViYHO H QD ´PDVFXOL
QL]DomRGDYLROrQFLDµ
2VH[LVPRHDKRPRIRELDFULDPPDO
HVWDU LQVHJXUDQoD DQJ~VWLD LVRODPHQWR
VRIULPHQWR H LQMXVWLoD ,QFLGHP QR SD
GUmRGDVUHODo}HVVRFLDLVHQWUHHVWXGDQWHV
H SURIHVVRUHV SUHMXGLFDP R UHQGLPHQWR
HVFRODU JHUDP GHVLQWHUHVVH SHOD HVFROD
SURGX]HPHYDVmRSUHMXGLFDPDLQVHUomR
QRPHUFDGRGHWUDEDOKRWDQWRGHKRPHQV
TXDQWRGHPXOKHUHVDXPHQWDPDYXOQH
UDELOLGDGHDIHWDPDDXWRHVWLPDGHHVWX
GDQWHVHGHSURILVVLRQDLVGDHVFROD6H[LV
PRHKRPRIRELDFDXVDPH[FOXVmRHYDVmR
HHPFDVRVH[WUHPRVDWpDPRUWH9DOH
OHPEUDU TXH VHJXQGR OHYDQWDPHQWRV
UHDOL]DGRVSHOR*UXSR*D\GD%DKLDQR
%UDVLOHQWUHHSHVVRDV
IRUDP DVVDVVLQDGDV SRU VHUHP KRPRVVH
[XDLV RX WUDQVJrQHURV (P IRUDP
UHJLVWUDGRVDVVDVVLQDWRVKRPRIyELFRV
QRSDtV$PpGLDEUDVLOHLUDILFDHPWRUQR
GHXPDVVDVVLQDWRKRPRIyELFRUHJLVWUDGR
DFDGDWUrVGLDV
1“>Ê>XKœÊi“Êv>ۜÀÊ`iÊ̜`œÃÊ
$RIDODUHPGLYHUVLGDGHVH[XDOD6H
FDGSURFXUDDQWHVGHWXGRVLWXDUTXHV
W}HVUHODWLYDVDJrQHURRULHQWDomRVH[XDO
HVH[XDOLGDGHQRWHUUHQRPDLVDPSORGD
pWLFDGRV'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVHGDHPDQ
FLSDomR $VVLP ID]HQGR SURFXUD HYLWDU
GLVFXUVRVTXHSDUWDPGHXPSDWDPDUHP
TXH WDLV TXHVW}HV VHMDP WUDWDGDV FRPR
GRHQoDVRXDPHDoDVDXPDVXSRVWDQRU
PDOLGDGH
(P D 6HFDG0(& DEULX FRQ
FRUUrQFLDSDUDILQDQFLDU3URMHWRVGH&D
SDFLWDomR)RUPDomR GH 3URILVVLRQDLV GD
(GXFDomR SDUD D &LGDGDQLD H D 'LYHUVL
GDGH6H[XDOFRPRLQWXLWRGHDSRLDUH[
SHULrQFLDVSLORWR SDUD FDSDFLWDU PDLV GH
PLOSURILVVLRQDLVHDRPHVPRWHPSRGH
FROKHUVXEVtGLRVSDUDDIRUPXODomRGHSR
OtWLFDVHGXFDFLRQDLVGHUHVSHLWRjGLYHUVL
GDGHVH[XDOHGHFRPEDWHjKRPRIRELD
)RUDP UHFHELGDV HP PHQRV GH WUrV
VHPDQDVSURSRVWDVGDVTXDLVSX
GHUDPVHUDSRLDGDV&RPVXDVDWLYLGDGHV
HPDQGDPHQWRHGLVWULEXtGRVHPGH]XQL
GDGHVGDIHGHUDomRRVSURMHWRVHQYROYHP
HVFRODVVHFUHWDULDVHVWDGXDLVHPXQLFLSDLV
GH(GXFDomRXQLYHUVLGDGHVRUJDQL]Do}HV
QmRJRYHUQDPHQWDLVDPDLRUSDUWHGHODV
OLJDGD DR PRYLPHQWR /*%77 VLQGLFD
WRV0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFROLGHUDQoDVFRPX
QLWiULDVHQWUHRXWURV(PD6HFDG
DEULXQRYDVFRQFRUUrQFLDVSDUDILQDQFLDU
SURMHWRVGHIRUPDomRSDUD(GXFDomRFRP
IRFR QD *UDYLGH] QD $GROHVFrQFLD H GH
3URPRomRGD&XOWXUDGH5HFRQKHFLPHQ
º
`ÕV>ÀÊ«>À>Ê>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iʘKœÊÈ}˜ˆwV>Ê>«i˜>ÃÊÀiVœ˜…iViÀʜÃʜՇ
ÌÀœÃÊVœ“œÊ`ˆviÀi˜ÌiÃ]ʓ>ÃÊ«Àœ“œÛiÀÊՓ>Ê«œÃÌÕÀ>ÊVÀ‰ÌˆV>ʵÕiÊ>ÃÃi‡
}ÕÀiÊ>Ê`ˆÃ̈˜XKœÊi˜ÌÀiÊ>ÃÊVœ˜ÛˆVXªiÃÊ«ÀˆÛ>`>ÃÊiÊVÀi`œÃÊ«>À̈VՏ>ÀiÃÊ
i“ÊÀi>XKœÊ>œÃÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊ«ÖLˆVœÃÊiÊ՘ˆÛiÀÃ>ˆÃ° ÊÊ
»
>Àˆ>ÊՈâ>ÊiˆLœÀ˜]Ê
i˜ÌÀœÊ>̈˜œ‡“iÀˆV>˜œÊi“Ê-iÝÕ>ˆ`>`iÊiʈÀiˆÌœÃÊՓ>˜œÃÊÉÊ
˜Ã̈ÌÕ̜Ê`iÊi`ˆVˆ˜>Ê-œVˆ>ÊÉÊ1iÀ
WR GD 'LYHUVLGDGH 6H[XDO H D ,JXDOGDGH
GH*rQHUR)RUDPUHFHELGDVUHVSHFWLYD
PHQWH H SURSRVWDV GH WRGDV DV
UHJL}HVGRSDtV
$R PHVPR WHPSR D 6HFDG Gi SURV
VHJXLPHQWRjRUJDQL]DomRHH[HFXomRGH
RXWURVFXUVRVGHHGXFDomRDGLVWkQFLDTXH
WDPEpPFRQWHPSODPDDJHQGDGHYDORUL
]DomRGDGLYHUVLGDGHVH[XDOHGHJrQHUR
(QWUH HOHV YDOH FLWDU R *rQHUR H 'LYHU
VLGDGHQD(VFRODFRPRREMHWLYRGHSUH
SDUDUSURILVVLRQDLVGDHGXFDomRSDUD
DWXDUHPHPVXDVHVFRODVFRPRPXOWLSOL
FDGRUHV QR FRPEDWH LQWHJUDGR DR UDFLV
PR DR VH[LVPR H j KRPRIRELD 2 FXUVR
pUHDOL]DGRHPSDUFHULDFRPD6HFUHWDULD
(VSHFLDO GH 3ROtWLFDV SDUD 0XOKHUHV D
6HFUHWDULD (VSHFLDO GH 3ROtWLFDV GH 3UR
PRomR GD ,JXDOGDGH 5DFLDO R &RQVHOKR
%ULWkQLFRHR&ODP8HUM
(P SDUFHULD FRP RXWURV PLQLVWpULRV
IRL ODQoDGR HP H R SUrPLR
´&RQVWUXLQGR D ,JXDOGDGH GH *rQHURµ
XPFRQFXUVRGHUHGDo}HVSDUDHVWXGDQWHV
GR HQVLQR PpGLR H GH DUWLJRV FLHQWtILFRV
SDUDHVWXGDQWHVGHJUDGXDomRHSyVJUD
GXDomR
$OpP GLVVR R 0(& LQVWLWXLX XP
*UXSR GH 7UDEDOKR SDUD DFRPSDQKDU D
LPSOHPHQWDomR GR SURJUDPD %UDVLO VHP
+RPRIRELDQRPLQLVWpULR´$6HFDGYHP
SURFXUDQGR HVWUHLWDU VXD UHODomR FRP D
FRPXQLGDGH DFDGrPLFD H FLHQWtILFD QDV
iUHDV GH JrQHUR VH[XDOLGDGH H HGXFD
omRµGHVWDFD)UDQFLVFR3RWLJXDUDGLUHWRU
GR'HSDUWDPHQWRGH'HVHQYROYLPHQWRH
$UWLFXODomR,QVWLWXFLRQDOGD6HFDG
´$ 6HFDG WHP FRQVFLrQFLD GH TXH
HVWDPRV QR LQtFLR H GH TXH SUHFLVDPRV
FRQWDU FRP R FRQKHFLPHQWR DFXPXODGR
SHORV VHWRUHV VRFLDLV TXH QHVWHV ~OWLPRV
DQRV YrP GLVFXWLQGR QD HVFROD DOWHU
QDWLYDV SHGDJyJLFDV QR HQIUHQWDPHQWR
GRVH[LVPRHGDKRPRIRELDµHVFODUHFHR
VHFUHWiULR5LFDUGR+HQULTXHV´6DEHPRV
WDPEpP TXH WHPRV XP JUDQGH GHVDILR
SHOD IUHQWH FRQVHJXLU ID]HU FRP TXH D
GLVFXVVmRGDDJHQGDGDGLYHUVLGDGHVH[X
DOHGHFRPEDWHDRVH[LVPRHjKRPRIRELD
VHHVWDEHOHoDMXQWRDRVVLVWHPDVGHHQVLQR
HQDVRFLHGDGHµFRPSOHWD
7UDEDOKDU SDUD HOLPLQDU R VH[LVPR H
D KRPRIRELD GR FRWLGLDQR HVFRODU p WUD
EDOKDU SRU XPD HVFROD H XPD VRFLHGDGH
PHOKRUSDUDWRGDVDVSHVVRDV
º
Ê ˆ˜ÃÌ>>XKœÊ `>Ê -iV>`Ê ˜œÊ
ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ`>Ê`ÕV>XKœÊÛiˆœÊ
ÌÀ>âiÀÊ >ÀiÃÊ Ài˜œÛ>`œÀiðÊ
*œÃÈLˆˆÌœÕÊ >Ê «Àœ“œXKœÊ iÊ
`ˆÃVÕÃÃKœÊ`>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊi“Ê
̜`œÃʜÃÊÃiÕÃÊ@“LˆÌœÃÊiÊ>Õ‡
`œÕÊ>ÊVœ˜ÃÌÀՈÀÊiʈ˜ÛiÃ̈ÀʘœÃÊ
Ì>i˜ÌœÃʵÕiÊ>ˆ˜`>ʅœiÊ`iÇ
«iÀ`ˆX>“œÃÊ`iÊvœÀ“>ÊÛiÀ}œ‡
˜…œÃ>Ê `iۈ`œÊ >œÃÊ «ÀiVœ˜‡
ViˆÌœÃÊ>ÀÀ>ˆ}>`œÃʘœÊÈÃÌi“>Ê
i`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>°Ê Ê -iV>`Ê ÌÀ>âÊ
œÊ ˜œÛœÊ >œÊ i݈}ˆÀÊ vœÀ“>XKœÊ
`œÃÊ œ«iÀ>`œÀiÃÊ `œÊ ÈÃÌi“>Ê
`iÊ i˜Ãˆ˜œÊ i“Ê «Àœ“œXKœÊ iÊ
}iÃÌKœÊ `>Ê `ˆÛiÀÈ`>`i]Ê i݇
«œÀ>˜`œÊ̜`>ÃÊ>ÃÊÃÕ>ÃÊ«œÃ‡
ÈLˆˆ`>`iÃ]Ê«œÌi˜Vˆ>ˆ`>`iÃÊiÊ
Û>˜Ì>}i˜Ã°
»
i̜Ê`iÊiÃÕÃ]ÊÃiVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÊ«>À>ʓjÀˆV>Ê
>̈˜>ÊiÊ
>ÀˆLiÊ`>ʏ}>Êiʓi“LÀœÊ`>Ê
iÝiVṎÛ>Ê`>Ê/Ê
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ £x
,,"Ê<<,
.93./2A6G.n©<
*œÀÊՓÊÀ>ȏ
>v>Lïâ>`œÊÊ
*Àœ}À>“>Ê`œÊœÛiÀ˜œÊi`iÀ>ÊVÀˆ>`œÊi“ÊÓääÎʍ?Ê
Li˜iwVˆœÕʓˆ…ªiÃÊ`iÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀœÃÊiÊ>«œÃÌ>ʘœÊ«Àœ‡
ViÃÃœÊ `iÊ Vœ˜Ìˆ˜Õˆ`>`iÊ `œÃÊ iÃÌÕ`œÃÊ `iÊ œÛi˜ÃÊ iÊ
>`Տ̜ÃÊiʘœÊÀiëiˆÌœÊDÊ`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`i
£È 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
GHEUDVLOHLURV(OHVVHVRPDPDPDLV
PLOK}HVDWHQGLPHQWRVGHVGHVXDFULDomR
HP
2 SURJUDPD DEULX YiULDV IUHQWHV GH
FRPEDWH DR DQDOIDEHWLVPR YROWDGDV SDUD
UHJL}HVRXJUXSRVHVSHFtILFRVFRPRHP
SUHJDGDV GRPpVWLFDV SHVFDGRUHV DIUR
GHVFHQGHQWHVHSUHVLGLiULRV8PWUDEDOKR
TXHD6HFDGYHPID]HQGRFRPSDFLrQFLD
H DEQHJDomR DR ORQJR GHVWHV WUrV DQRV
6HJXQGR7LPRWK\,UHODQGRJUDQGHGHVD
ILRTXHXPDSHVVRDMRYHPRXDGXOWDWHP
SHODIUHQWHpSURVVHJXLUHVWXGDQGRRXHV
WDUOLJDGRGHDOJXPDIRUPDjDWLYLGDGHGH
DSUHQGHUGHSRLVGHDOIDEHWL]DGR
$ H[SHULrQFLD FRP SHVFDGRUHV GD
%DKLDLQLFLDGDHPQRYHPEURGHp
HPEOHPiWLFD(QFHUURXVXDVHJXQGDIDVH
HPMXQKRGHDWLQJLQGRFHUFDGH
PLOSHVFDGRUHVHPWXUPDVHPTXDWUR
PXQLFtSLRV jV PDUJHQV GR ULR 6mR )UDQ
FLVFR²QDVFLGDGHVGH;LTXH;LTXH%DU
UD3LOmR$UFDGRH5HPDQVR
2PDLRUQ~PHURGHWXUPDVIRLR
GH ;LTXH;LTXH XP PXQLFtSLR IRUPDGR
SRU LOKDV RQGH D SHVFD p D SULQFLSDO
DWLYLGDGHHFRQ{PLFD
%DWL]DGRGH6DEHUHVGDVÉJXDVHVWH
SURMHWR XWLOL]RX UHFXUVRV GR %UDVLO $O
IDEHWL]DGR GD 6HFUHWDULD (VSHFLDO GH
,,"Ê<<,
-
HJXQGRR~OWLPRFHQVRGR,%*(
UHDOL]DGR QR DQR D WD[D
GHDQDOIDEHWLVPRQR%UDVLOFKH
JDDGDSRSXODomR(QWUH
DTXHOHVFRQVLGHUDGRVFRPRDQDO
IDEHWRVDEVROXWRVFRPDQRVRXPDLV
HVWDYDPFHUFDGHPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDV
2DFHVVRGHVVHVEUDVLOHLURVDRHVWXGRIRL
PLQDGR SHOD SREUH]D SHOD DXVrQFLD GH
HVFRODVSHORWUDEDOKRSUHFRFH
$WUDLU XP MRYHP RX DGXOWR j VDOD GH
DXODGHDOIDEHWL]DomRQmRpXPDWDUHIDGDV
PDLVIiFHLVeSUHFLVRTXHDHVFRODGHDO
JXPDIRUPDYiDWpHOHHVHMDHVWDEHOHFLGD
XPDVLQWRQLDTXHYLDGHUHJUDILFRXSHUGL
GDQRSDVVDGRRXMDPDLVFKHJRXDH[LVWLU$
DSUHQGL]DJHPYDLGLVSXWDUFRPRFDQVDoRH
FRPRWHPSRGHOD]HUTXHMipHVFDVVR
'XUDQWHPXLWRWHPSRRFRQFHLWRGH
DOIDEHWL]DomRFRPSUHHQGLDSRXFRPDLVGR
TXHHQVLQDUDOHUDOJXPDFRLVDHHVFUHYHU
RQRPH´$SROtWLFDS~EOLFDHUDGHVHQYRO
YLGDPDLVFRPRVHQWLGRGHFDPSDQKDe
XPFRQFHLWRDWUDVDGR7DQWRTXHPXLWRV
DOXQRV GR H[WLQWR 0REUDO SRU H[HPSOR
DFDEDUDPYROWDQGRSDUDDSUHQGHUDOHUµ
DILUPD 7LPRWK\ ,UHODQG GLUHWRU GR 'H
SDUWDPHQWR GH -RYHQV H $GXOWRV GD 6H
FUHWDULDGH(GXFDomR&RQWLQXDGD$OID
EHWL]DomRH'LYHUVLGDGH0(&
+RMH FRP XP RXWUR FRQFHLWR R
SURJUDPD%UDVLO$OIDEHWL]DGRDWLQJLXVy
QHVWH DQR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PLOK}HV
º
-i“Ê`Öۈ`>]Ê>ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ`>Ê-iV>`ÊvœˆÊՓ>ʈ˜ˆVˆ>‡
̈Û>Ê«ˆœ˜iˆÀ>ÊiÊ>ViÀÌ>`>Ê`œÊˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ`>Ê`ÕV>‡
XKœ°Ê “«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÃÊ «œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ vœÀ>“Ê ˆ“«i“i˜Ì>`>ÃÊ
˜>Ê ?Ài>Ê `>Ê ˆ˜VÕÃKœÊ i`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>Ê «>À>Ê œÃÊ «œÛœÃÊ
ˆ˜`‰}i˜>ÃÊiʵՈœ“Lœ>ðÊÊi`ÕV>XKœÊ˜œÊV>“«œÊ
Ì>“Lj“ÊÛi“Ê“iÀiVi˜`œÊՓʏÕ}>ÀÊ`iÊ`iÃÌ>µÕi]Ê
Ãi“Ê iõÕiViÀÊ `œÃÊ «Àœ}À>“>ÃÊ `iÊ >v>Lïâ>XKœÊ
«>À>Ê œÛi˜ÃÊ iÊ >`ÕÌœÃ°Ê Ê ÛiœVˆ`>`iÊ Vœ“Ê µÕiÊ
iÃÌ>ÃÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊÛk“ÊÃi˜`œÊVœ˜ÃÌÀՉ`>ÃÊjÊÌ>“Lj“Ê
vÀÕ̜Ê`>ÊLœ>Ê>À̈VՏ>XKœÊµÕiÊ>Ê-iV>`Ê`iÃi˜ÛœÛiÊ
»Ê
Vœ“ÊœÊ
œ˜Ãi`ÊiÊ>Ê1˜`ˆ“i°
œâ>ÀÌÊ iÛiÃÊ,>“œÃ]ÊÃiVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÊ`iÊ`ÕV>XKœÊiÊ
ՏÌÕÀ>Ê`iÊ
*iÀ˜>“LÕVœÊ­-i`ÕV‡*®ÊiÊ«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊ`œÊ
œ˜Ãi…œÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê
`iÊ-iVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÃÊ`iÊ`ÕV>XKœÊ­
œ˜Ãi`®
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ £Ç
QDWDOLGDGH TXDQWR PHQRU R WHPSR GH
HVWXGR PDLRU R Q~PHUR GH ILOKRV H PDLV
GLItFLO D DVFHQVmR SURILVVLRQDO (P VHJXQGRR,%*(DSUREDELOLGDGHGHXPD
PXOKHUTXHHVWXGRXRLWRDQRVRXPDLVYLU
DWHUXPWHUFHLURILOKRHUDGHSRXFRPDLV
GH-iQRFDVRGHXPDPXOKHUFRP
DWpWUrVDQRVGHHVWXGRDFKDQFHGHXP
WHUFHLURILOKRVXELDSDUD
$ (VFROD (VWDGXDO -RUJH )HUQDQGHV
QR EDLUUR GH /DJRD 1RYD ]RQD 6XO GD
FDSLWDOGR5LR*UDQGHGR1RUWHGiXPD
GHPRQVWUDomR GD HILFiFLD FRPELQDGD
HQWUHR%UDVLO$OIDEHWL]DGRHRSURJUDPD
GH(-$
1HVVD HVFROD SRU LQLFLDWLYD GD SUR
IHVVRUD *UDoD $PRULP XPD WXUPD GH
DOXQDVGHHPSUHJDGDVGRPpVWLFDVID]jV
VHJXQGDVIHLUDV XP DSUHQGL]DGR SUiWLFR
H VDERURVR e R GLD HP TXH YmR SDUD D
FDQWLQDGDHVFRODFRPUHFHLWDVFXOLQiULDV
QDPmRSUHSDUDUTXLWXWHV
´3HUFHELTXHDVVLPSRGHUtDPRVWUDED
OKDU FRQWH~GRV GH SRUWXJXrV PDWHPiWL
FD FLrQFLDV KLVWyULD JHRJUDILD QRo}HV
GH KLJLHQH H OLPSH]D LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH
YDOLGDGHHLQGXVWULDOL]DomRGRVSURGXWRV
HQTXDQWRVHSUHSDUDYDXPERORRXXPD
WRUWDµH[SOLFDDSURIHVVRUD
*UDoD $PRULP FRPR VXDV DOXQDV
WDPEpP SDVVRX PXLWR WHPSR ORQJH GDV
VDODVGHDXOD&RPHoRXDOHFLRQDUDRV
DQRVPDVDIDVWRXVHGDGRFrQFLDGXUDQWH
DQRV SDUD DFRPSDQKDU R PDULGR HP
YLDJHQV SURILVVLRQDLV +RMH QmR HVFRQGH
VXDDOHJULDFRPRUHWRUQRjVDODGHDXODH
DUHFHSWLYLGDGHGDVDOXQDV´$WpDVSDWUR
DVLQFHQWLYDP/LJDPSDUDDHVFRODGDQGR
SDUDEpQVµFRQWD*UDoD$PRULP
$ SURIHVVRUD TXH IH] DSHQDV R FXUVR
GRPDJLVWpULRHKRMHLQWHJUDDVWXUPDVGH
FDSDFLWDomR SDUD IRUPDomR FRQWLQXDGD
GH(-$WHYHVHXSURMHWRHQWUHRVGHV
WDFDGRV SDUD R SUrPLR ´9HU SDUD &UHUµ
HQWUHJXHHP
ÊÊVՏÌÕÀ>ʏœV>Ê
8WLOL]DULQVWUXPHQWRVGDFXOWXUDORFDO
HHVWDUSUy[LPRjUHDOLGDGHGRHGXFDQ
GRpXPGRVVHJUHGRVGRSURJUDPD%UDVLO
$OIDEHWL]DGR
$Wp R DQR SDVVDGR R SURJUDPD Mi
KDYLDWRWDOL]DGRDWHQGLPHQWRVD
DOIDEHWL]DQGRV(PIRUDPDWHQGLGRV
,,"Ê<<,
$TLFXOWXUDH3HVFD6HDSHGD$JrQ
FLD (VSDQKROD GH &RRSHUDomR ,QWHUQD
FLRQDO $HFL 2 SURJUDPD WHYH D FR
RUGHQDomR GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GR (VWDGR
GD %DKLD 8QHE H GHOH SDUWLFLSDUDP
DOIDEHWL]DGRUHV
$DERUGDJHPGRVFRQWH~GRVOHYRXHP
FRQWD WHPDV GR FRWLGLDQR GR SHVFDGRU
2 ULR R WHPSR DV IDVHV GD OXD R PHLR
DPELHQWHDFRQIHFomRGHUHGHVDFRPHU
FLDOL]DomRGRVSHL[HVHRGHIHVRHDpSRFD
GHUHSURGXomRGRVSHL[HV
1D SUy[LPD IDVH GR SURMHWR R 0(&
SUHWHQGH RIHUHFHU D HVVHV SHVFDGRUHV D
HGXFDomR EiVLFD LQWHJUDGD j HGXFDomR
SURILVVLRQDOHPWXUPDVGH(-$(GXFDomR
GH-RYHQVH$GXOWRV
2 VXFHVVR GD H[SHULrQFLD EDLDQD VHUi
OHYDGR D RXWURV HVWDGRV $ILQDO HQWUH RV
SHVFDGRUHV EUDVLOHLURV R DQDOIDEHWLVPR
DWLQJHXPtQGLFHDOWtVVLPR
$VLWXDomRQmRpPXLWRPHOKRUTXDQ
GRVHWUDWDGHXPDFDWHJRULDFXMDDWLYLGD
GHpDSDUHQWHPHQWHPXLWRGLYHUVDDGDV
HPSUHJDGDVGRPpVWLFDV
1RFDVRSRUpPDLQGDKiDDJUDYDQ
WHTXHUHODFLRQDHVFRODULGDGHjVWD[DVGH
£n 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
ÃVœ> ˜>ÃÊ«ÀˆÃªiÃ
iÊ>VœÀ`œÊVœ“ʜʈ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ`>ÊÕÃ̈X>]Êi˜ÌÀiÊ£™™ÓÊiÊ
Óää{Ê>Ê«œ«Õ>XKœÊV>ÀViÀ?Àˆ>ÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀ>ÊÃÕLˆÕÊ`iÊ££{Ê
“ˆÊ«>À>ÊÎääʓˆÊ«iÃÜ>ð
Ê-i}՘`œÊœÊi«>ÀÌ>“i˜ÌœÊ*i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?ÀˆœÊ >Vˆœ˜>]ʝÀ}KœÊ
`œÊ ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ `>Ê ÕÃ̈X>]Ê Çä¯Ê `œÃÊ «ÀiÜÃÊ ˜KœÊ Ìk“Ê i˜Ãˆ˜œÊ
v՘`>“i˜Ì>ÊVœ“«i̜°ÊÊÝʣn¯ÊÌk“Ê>}Փ>Ê>̈ۈ`>`iÊi`Շ
V>Vˆœ˜>Ê˜>ÃÊ«ÀˆÃªið
œ˜ÃÌ>Ì>`>ÊiÃÃ>ÊÀi>ˆ`>`i]ʜʫÀœ}À>“>ʺÀ>ȏʏv>Lïâ>‡
`œ»]Ê i“Ê «>ÀViÀˆ>Ê Vœ“Ê œÊ ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ `>Ê ÕÃ̈X>]Ê «œÀÊ “iˆœÊ `œÊ
i«>ÀÌ>“i˜ÌœÊ*i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?ÀˆœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê­i«i˜®]Ê>ÃÃi}ÕÀ>À>“Ê
,f£]Óʓˆ…KœÊ«>À>Ê>̈ۈ`>`iÃÊۜÌ>`>ÃÊ>œÃÊ«ÀiÈ`ˆ?ÀˆœÃ°
-iˆÃÊiÃÌ>`œÃÊ«>À̈Vˆ«>À>“Ê`iÃÌ>Ê«Àˆ“iˆÀ>Êv>Ãi\Ê,ˆœÊ`iÊ>‡
˜iˆÀœ]Ê
i>À?]Ê,ˆœÊÀ>˜`iÊ`œÊ-Տ]Ê*>À>‰L>]Ê/œV>˜Ìˆ˜ÃÊiʜˆ?ð
"Ê>Ìi˜`ˆ“i˜ÌœÊ>V>˜X>ÊÓnʓˆÊ`iÌi˜ÌœÃÊiʜviÀiViÊ>v>Lï‡
â>XKœÊiÊÃÕ>ÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜Õˆ`>`iÊ>œÊ«Àˆ“iˆÀœÊÃi}“i˜ÌœÊ`>Ê°
“ÊÓääÈ]ʜÕÌÀœÃÊÃiˆÃÊiÃÌ>`œÃÊqÊVÀi]Êë‰ÀˆÌœÊ->˜Ìœ]Ê>‡
À>˜…Kœ]Ê>̜ÊÀœÃÜÊ`œÊ-Տ]Ê*>À?ÊiÊ*iÀ˜>“LÕVœÊqÊwÀ“>À>“Ê
Vœ˜Ûk˜ˆœÃÊ Vœ“Ê >Ê -iV>`É
]Ê }>À>˜Ìˆ˜`œÊ Õ“Ê “œ˜Ì>˜ÌiÊ `iÊ
,f™ääʓˆÊ«>À>ʜÊ>Ìi˜`ˆ“i˜ÌœÊ>ÊΙʓˆÊ«ÀiÈ`ˆ?ÀˆœÃ°
“Ê -KœÊ *>Տœ]Ê œÊ ˜Ã̈ÌÕÌœÊ *>ՏœÊ ÀiˆÀiÊ `iÃi˜ÛœÛiÊ «>À‡
ViÀˆ>Ê Vœ“Ê >Ê Õ˜`>XKœÊ *Àœv°Ê À°Ê >˜œiÊ *i`ÀœÊ *ˆ“i˜Ìi]Ê >Ê
V…>“>`>Ê Õ˜>«°Ê ÃÃiÊ >VœÀ`œÊ ?Ê «iÀ“ˆÌˆÕÊ >Ê >ÌÕ>XKœÊ i“Ê ™äÊ
«i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?Àˆ>ÃÊ`œÊiÃÌ>`œ]ʘœÊ>˜œÊ«>ÃÃ>`œ]ÊiÊn£Ê˜iÃÌiÊ>˜œ°Ê"ÃÊ
«ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊiÃÌKœÊÌ>“Lj“ÊVՓ«Àˆ˜`œÊ«i˜>°
œÊ,ˆœÊ`iÊ>˜iˆÀœ]Ê>ÊÃVœ>ÊÃÌ>`Õ>Ê*>`ÀiÊÀ՘œÊ/Àœ“‡
LiÌÌ>Ê>Û>˜XœÕÊ>}՘ÃÊ«>ÃÜÃÊ>`ˆ>˜ÌiʘiÃÃ>Ê`ˆÀiXKœ°ÊœV>ˆâ>‡
`>ʘ>Ê
>Ã>Ê`>Ê
ÕÃ̝`ˆ>Ê7ˆÃœ˜Ê?ۈœÊ>À̈˜Ã]ʘœÊ
œ“«iݜÊ
*i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?ÀˆœÊ>˜}ÕÊ6]Ê>ÊiÃVœ>ʍ?Ê̈˜…>ÊÓnÓʈ˜ÃVÀˆÌœÃʵÕ>˜`œÊ
vœˆÊˆ˜>Õ}ÕÀ>`>Êi“Ê“>ÀXœÊ`iÊÓääÈ°
j“Ê`iÊ>“«ˆ>ÀʜÊ>Ìi˜`ˆ“i˜ÌœÊiÃVœ>À]ÊiÃÃiÊië>XœÊÌÀ>âÊ
Vœ“œÊ«iVՏˆ>Àˆ`>`iʜÊv>̜Ê`iÊÌiÀÊÈ`œÊVœ˜ÃÌÀՉ`œÊ«iœÃÊ«À‡
«ÀˆœÃÊ`iÌi˜ÌœÃ]Ê`œÃÊ̈œœÃÊDÊ`iVœÀ>XKœ°
œ“ÊÃiˆÃÊÃ>>ÃÊ`iÊ>Տ>ÊiÊV>«>Vˆ`>`iÊ«>À>ÊÎääÊiÃÌÕ`>˜ÌiÃ]Ê
VÕÃ̜ÕÊ,fÊÈxʓˆÊ>œÃÊVœvÀiÃÊ«ÖLˆVœÃ°Ê"ÃÊ̈œœÃÊvœÀ>“Ê«Àœ‡
`Õâˆ`œÃÊ «œÀÊ «ÀiÜÃÊ ˜>Ê *i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?Àˆ>Ê ˜`ÕÃÌÀˆ>Ê ÓiÀ>`ˆ˜œÊ
>˜`iˆÀ>]Ê œÊ µÕiÊ L>À>ÌiœÕÊ œÊ VÕÃÌœÊ `œÊ i“«Àii˜`ˆ“i˜Ìœ°Ê "Ê
ÌÀ>L>…œÊvœˆÊviˆÌœÊi“Ê`œˆÃʓiÃiÃÊ«œÀÊәÊ`iÌi˜ÌœÃ°
ºÃÌ>ÊiÃVœ>ʓœÃÌÀ>ʵÕiÊÃKœÊ«œÃÉÛiˆÃÊ܏ÕXªiÃÊVÀˆ>̈Û>ÃÊ
Vœ“Ê«œÕVœÃÊÀiVÕÀÜû]Ê>wÀ“œÕÊ`ÕÀ>˜ÌiÊ>ʈ˜>Õ}ÕÀ>XKœÊ,ˆV>À‡
`œÊi˜ÀˆµÕiÃ]ÊÃiVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÊ`>Ê-iV>`É
°
ÊÀ՘œÊ/Àœ“LiÌÌ>ÊjÊ>Ê`jVˆ“>ÊÃi}՘`>ÊiÃVœ>Ê`>µÕiiÊ
œ“«iݜÊ*i˜ˆÌi˜Vˆ?Àˆœ]ʵÕiÊ>œÊ̜`œÊˆ˜VÕˆÊۈ˜ÌiÊiʵÕ>ÌÀœÊ
՘ˆ`>`iÃÊ«ÀˆÃˆœ˜>ˆÃ°
œ“Êi>]Ê>Ê«œ«Õ>XKœÊiÃVœ>ÀʘœÊ
œ“«iݜÊ`iÊ>˜}ÕÊVÀiÇ
ViÊ«>À>ÊxʓˆÊ>«i˜>`œÃ°Ê>ÃÊ>ʜviÀÌ>Ê`iÊVÕÀÜÃÊjÊ>ˆ˜`>ÊLi“Ê
“i˜œÀʵÕiÊ>Ê`i“>˜`>]Ê>ˆÊiÊi“ÊœÕÌÀ>ÃÊ՘ˆ`>`iÃÊ«ÀˆÃˆœ˜>ˆÃ°
*>ՏœÊ i˜ÀˆµÕiÊ ,ˆLiˆÀœÊ `>Ê -ˆÛ>]Ê ÓÇÊ >˜œÃ]Ê ÌÀ>L>…œÕÊ
Vœ“œÊۜÕ˜Ì?ÀˆœÊ˜>ʜLÀ>ÊiÊ>œÊ“iӜÊÌi“«œÊÃiʈ˜ÃVÀiÛiÕÊ
«>À>Ê iÃÌÕ`>À°Ê º6>ˆÊ ÃiÀÊ Lœ“°Ê Ê Õ“Ê iÝi“«œÊ «>À>Ê ˜ÃÊ “iÇ
“œÃ»]Ê>wÀ“œÕÊ*>Տœ]ʵÕiÊVœ˜VÕˆÕÊ>Ê{§ÊÃjÀˆiÊiÊ}>À>˜ÌiʵÕiÊ
Û>ˆÊvÀiµØi˜Ì>ÀÊ>ÃÊ>Տ>ÃÊi˜µÕ>˜ÌœÊvœÀÊ«œÃÉÛi°
ÌÕ>“i˜Ìi]ʜÊ
i>À?ÊjʜÊiÃÌ>`œÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀœÊVœ“Ê“>ˆœÀʘև
“iÀœÊ`iÊ«ÀiÜÃÊiÃÌÕ`>˜`œ°Ê-KœÊx°ÈȣʫÀiÈ`ˆ?ÀˆœÃ\Ê£°Ó£ÈÊiÇ
ÌKœÊi“Êx£ÊÌÕÀ“>ÃÊ`iÊ>v>Lïâ>XKœÊiÊ{°{{xÊi“ÊÌÕÀ“>ÃÊ`iÊÊ
i“Ê«ÀiÉ`ˆœÃʘœÃʓ՘ˆV‰«ˆœÃÊ`iʜÀÌ>iâ>]ʵՈÀ>âÊiÊÌ>ˆÌˆ°
º
Ê i`ÕV>XKœÊ «ÀˆÃˆœ˜>Ê jÊ œÊ «Àˆ˜Vˆ«>Ê `iÃ>wœÊ
«>À>ʜÃÊi`ÕV>`œÀiÃÊ`iÊ>`Տ̜ÃʵÕiÊ>ÌÕ>“ʘœÊ
@“LˆÌœÊ`>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ>œÊœ˜}œÊ`>Êۈ`>°ÊÃÊ«iÇ
Ü>ÃÊ«ÀˆÛ>`>ÃÊ`iʏˆLiÀ`>`iʘKœÊÌk“ʘiViÃÈ`>‡
`iÊ`iÊi`ÕV>XKœÊ`ˆviÀi˜Vˆ>`>]ʓ>ÃÊÌk“ÊœÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÊ
`iÊ>ViÃÜÊDÃʓiÓ>ÃÊ«œÃÈLˆˆ`>`iÃÊi`ÕV>̈Û>ÃÊ
µÕiʜÕÌÀœÃÊ>`ÕÌœÃ°Ê iÃÃ>Ê«iÀëiV̈Û>]ʜÊÃÌ>‡
`œÊ`iÛiÊ`iÃi“«i˜…>ÀÊÃÕ>Êv՘XKœÊ`iÊ«Àœ“œ‡
̜ÀÊ iÊ VœœÀ`i˜>`œÀÊ `>ÃÊ `ˆÛiÀÃ>ÃÊ ˆ˜ˆVˆ>̈Û>ÃÊ i“Ê
i`ÕV>XKœ°Ê Ê -iV>`É
Ê >«œˆœÕÊ iÊ `iÃi˜Ûœ‡
ÛiÕ]Ê i“Ê «>ÀViÀˆ>Ê Vœ“Ê œÊ ˜Ã̈ÌÕÌœÊ `>Ê 1˜iÃVœÊ
«i>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ>œÊœ˜}œÊ`>Êۈ`>]Ê>̈ۈ`>`iÃÊ`iÊ
Vœ˜ÃVˆi˜Ìˆâ>XKœ]Ê`iÊVœœÀ`i˜>XKœÊiÊ`iʈ˜Vi˜Ìˆ‡
ۜÊV>«>âiÃÊ`iÊÀi>wÀ“>ÀÊ>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊVœ“œÊՓÊ
`ˆÀiˆÌœÊµÕi]ÊՓ>ÊÛiâÊÀiVœ˜…iVˆ`œ]Ê«iÀ“ˆÌˆÀ?ÊDÃÊ
«iÃÜ>ÃÊ«ÀˆÛ>`>ÃÊ`iʏˆLiÀ`>`iÊiÊDÃÊÃÕ>ÃÊv>“‰ˆ>ÃÊ
ÃiÊ ÀiVœ˜Vˆˆ>Ài“Ê Vœ“Ê œÊ >ÌœÊ `iÊ >«Ài˜`iÀ]Ê >ÌjÊ
“iӜÊVœ“ʜʫÀ>âiÀÊ`iÊ>«Ài˜`iÀ°
»
>ÀVÊi“>iÞiÀ]ʘÃ̈ÌÕ̜Ê`>Ê1˜iÃVœÊ«i>ÊÊ
i`ÕV>XKœÊ>œÊœ˜}œÊ`>Êۈ`>
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ £™
HPWRUQRGHPLOK}HVGHMRYHQVDFLPD
GHDQRVHDGXOWRV)RUDPDOID
EHWL]DGRUHVFDGDVWUDGRVSRUPXQLFt
SLRVHHVWDGRV
$PHWDGHDWHQGLPHQWRLQFOXLDDWXD
omRGHSDUFHLURVRUJDQL]Do}HVGDVRFLHGD
GHFLYLOHLQVWLWXLo}HVGHHQVLQRVXSHULRU
(VVDV SDUFHULDV DVVRFLDGDV HP SHUVSHFWL
YDVGHSURVVHJXLPHQWRGHHVWXGRVID]HP
FRPTXHHVSHFLDOLVWDVHPHGXFDomRFRPR
3HGUR3RQWXDODYDOLHPRSURJUDPD%UD
VLO$OIDEHWL]DGRHRVFXUVRVGH(-$FRPR
´PXLWRSRVLWLYRVµ
6HJXQGR 3RQWXDO GRXWRU HP (GXFD
omR SHOD 38&63 SUHVLGHQWH GR &RQVH
OKR GH (GXFDomR GH $GXOWRV GD $Pp
ULFD /DWLQD &HDDO GDU FRQWLQXLGDGH
D XPD YLGD HVFRODU p URPSHU FRP D
LGpLD GDV FDPSDQKDV GH DOIDEHWL]DomR
VHPSUHLQHILFLHQWHV
3DUDHOHRSRQWRSULQFLSDODRFKDPDU
RDGXOWRQRYDPHQWHSDUDDVDODGHDXODp
ID]rORYROWDUDWHUFRQILDQoDHPVXDSRV
VLELOLGDGHGHDSUHQGHU
2GHVDILRGDFRQWLQXLGDGHQRHVWXGR
WDPEpPpGHVWDFDGRSHORSURIHVVRU0R
DFLU *DGRWWL GLUHWRU GR ,QVWLWXWR 3DXOR
)UHLUH HQWLGDGH TXH SDUWLFLSD GR %UDVLO
$OIDEHWL]DGR *DGRWWL p PHVWUH HP )LOR
VRILDGD(GXFDomRSHOD38&63HGRXWRU
ºÊ -iV>`Ê ÌÀœÕÝiÊ >Ê `ÕV>XKœÊ `iÊ `Տ̜ÃÊ «>À>Ê œÊ
V>“«œÊ `>ÃÊ «œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ Õ˜ˆÛiÀÃ>ˆÃ]Ê Vœ˜Ìi“«>˜`œÊ >ÃÊ
`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÃÊiÊÀiÃ}>Ì>˜`œÊVˆ`>`>˜ˆ>ð»Ê
HP&LrQFLDVGD(GXFDomRSHOD8QLYHUVL
GDGH GH *HQHEUD IRL FKHIH GH JDELQHWH
GD 6HFUHWDULD 0XQLFLSDO GH (GXFDomR
GD3UHIHLWXUDGH6mR3DXORHQWUHH
QDJHVWmR3DXOR)UHLUH
(OHOHPEUDTXHPXLWRVMRYHQVHDGXOWRV
QmR FRQWLQXDP D DSUHQGHU SRU FDXVD GD
PHWRGRORJLD H GD FRQFHSomR HTXLYRFDGD
TXHPXLWDVHVFRODVDGRWDP3RULVVRDFUHGL
WDTXHpWDPEpPLPSUHVFLQGtYHOLQYHVWLUQD
IRUPDomR GRV SURIHVVRUHV SDUD TXH WUDED
OKHPDUHDOLGDGHGHVVHVMRYHQVHDGXOWRV
2SURIHVVRU*DGRWWLLQVLVWHTXHRSUR
JUDPD%UDVLO$OIDEHWL]DGRSUHFLVDDWLQJLU
RVUHGXWRVPDLVUHPRWRVVHTXLVHUOLYUDU
R %UDVLO GR DQDOIDEHWLVPR (QWUH HVWHV
HOHLQFOXLREYLDPHQWHD]RQDUXUDOPDV
YDLPDLVORQJH$ILUPDTXHR%UDVLO$O
-jÀ}ˆœÊ>``>`]ÊVœœÀ`i˜>`œÀÊ}iÀ>Ê`>ÊXKœÊ`ÕV>̈Û>
"Ê«À>âiÀÊ`>ʏiˆÌÕÀ>
«>À>Ê̜`œÃ
Ê
˜iViÃÈ`>`iÊ`iÊiÃ̈“Տ>ÀÊ>Ê«Àœ`ÕXKœÊ`iʏˆÛÀœÃÊiÃVÀˆÌœÃÊ«>À>ʍœÛi˜ÃÊiÊ>`Տ̜ÃÊÀiVj“‡
>v>Lïâ>`œÃʓœÌˆÛœÕÊ>ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ`œÊ«Àˆ“iˆÀœÊVœ˜VÕÀÜʺˆÌiÀ>ÌÕÀ>Ê«>À>Ê/œ`œÃ»]Ê«Àœ“œÛˆ`œÊ
«iœÊ-iV>`É
]ÊVՍœÊÀiÃՏÌ>`œÊvœˆÊ`ˆÛՏ}>`œÊœwVˆ>“i˜ÌiʘœÊˆ˜‰VˆœÊ`œÊ“kÃÊ`iʍ՘…œÊ`iÊÓääÈ°
Ê œÊ̜Ì>]ÊvœÀ>“ÊÓ°ä™xʜLÀ>ÃÊÀiViLˆ`>ðʏ>ÃÊvœÀ>“ÊÃiiVˆœ˜>`>ÃÊ«œÀÊV>Ìi}œÀˆ>Ã\ÊVœ˜ÌœÃÊiʘœÛi>Ã]Ê
VÀž˜ˆV>Ã]Ê«œiÈ>Ã]ÊLˆœ}À>w>Ã]ÊÌÀ>`ˆXKœÊœÀ>ÊiÊÌi>ÌÀœ°Ê
/>“Lj“ÊvœÀ>“ÊviˆÌ>ÃÊ`Õ>Ãʈ˜`ˆV>XªiÃÊ`iʓi˜XªiÃʅœ˜ÀœÃ>Ãʘ>ÃÊV>Ìi}œÀˆ>ÃÊ«œiÈ>ÃÊiÊVœ˜ÌœÃ°Ê
œÕÛiÊ>ˆ˜`>Ê>ÊÀiVœ“i˜`>XKœÊ`iÊՓ>ʜLÀ>Ê«>À>ʜʫÀœ}À>“>Ê`iÊvœÀ“>XKœÊ`iÊ>v>Lïâ>`œÀiÃÊiÊ
i`ÕV>`œÀiÃÊ`iʍœÛi˜ÃÊiÊ>`Տ̜ÃÊ­®°
ÊVœ“ˆÃÃKœÊÕ}>`œÀ>Ê`œÊVœ˜VÕÀÜ]ÊvœÀ“>`>Ê«œÀÊiÃVÀˆÌœÀiÃ]Ê«ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊiÊ«iõՈÃ>`œÀiÃ]Ê
`iÃÌ>VœÕÊ>ʵÕ>ˆ`>`iÊ`>ÃʜLÀ>ÃÊiʜʫÀ«ÀˆœÊ«ÀœViÃÜÊÃiïۜ°Ê
º ՘V>ʅœÕÛiʘ>ʓˆ˜…>Êۈ`>ÊՓÊ}ÀÕ«œÊ`iʍÕÀ>`œÃÊVœ“ÊÌ>˜Ì>Êۜ˜Ì>`iÊ`iÊ`iL>ÌiÀÆÊ̜`>ÃÊ>ÃÊ`iVˆÃªiÃÊ
iÀ>“Ê̜“>`>ÃÊi“Ê}ÀÕ«œ»]ʏi“LÀ>ʘ̜˜ˆœÊ/œÀÀiÃ]ÊVœ˜…iVˆ`œÊiÃVÀˆÌœÀÊL>ˆ>˜œÊ«Ài“ˆ>`œÊ«i>Ê°Ê
>`>ÊՓÊ`œÃÊ«Ài“ˆ>`œÃÊÀiViLiÕÊ,f£äʓˆÊ>j“Ê`>ʈ“«ÀiÃÃKœÊiÊ`ˆÃÌÀˆLՈXKœÊ`œÃÊÎääʓˆÊ
iÝi“«>ÀiÃÊ`œÊÃiÕʏˆÛÀœÊ«>À>Ê>ÃÊÌÕÀ“>ÃÊ`œÊÀ>ȏʏv>Lïâ>`œ°
"ÃÊÌiÝ̜ÃÊÛKœÊÃiÀۈÀÊVœ“œÊ“œÌˆÛ>XKœÊ«>À>Ê>ÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜Õ>XKœÊ`œÊ…?LˆÌœÊ`>ʏiˆÌÕÀ>Ê«œÀÊ«>ÀÌiÊ`œÃÊ
ÀiVj“‡>v>Lïâ>`œÃ°
Óä 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
º
“ÊՓʫ>‰ÃÊ`iÊ`ˆ“i˜ÃKœÊVœ˜Ìˆ˜i˜Ì>]Ê>v>Lïâ>ÀÊiÊi`ÕV>Àʘ>Ê}À>˜‡
`iÊ`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ`œÊ˜œÃÜʫœÛœÊÃKœÊ`iÃ>wœÃÊ}ˆ}>˜ÌiÃVœÃ°ÊÊ-iV>`ÊjÊ
ՓÊ`œÃÊV>“ˆ˜…œÃʘiViÃÃ?ÀˆœÃÊ«>À>Ê>ÊVœ˜ÃÌÀÕXKœÊ`iÊՓʘœÛœÊÀ>ȏ]Ê
Vœ“Êۈ`>Ê`ˆ}˜>Ê«>À>Ê̜`œÃÊiÊ̜`>ð
»
ii˜œÊÀ>֍œ]ÊÃiVÀiÌ?ÀˆœÊ`iÊÃÃ՘̜ÃÊ`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃÊ`>Ê
/Ê
GDPHQWDO$PDLRUHYDVmRDFRQWHFLDQD
TXLQWDVpULH
eSDUDHVWLPXODUHWRUQDUSRVVtYHORUH
WRUQRjHVFRODTXHRSURJUDPD%UDVLO$O
IDEHWL]DGRHD(-$GHVHQYROYHPDo}HVHV
SHFtILFDVSDUDJUXSRVWDPEpPHVSHFtILFRV
(PVHJXQGRR,%*(RSDtVWLQKD
GRVPRUDGRUHVHPiUHDVUXUDLVTXH
VHGHFODUDYDPDQDOIDEHWRVRTXHMXVWLILFD
DPSODPHQWHDVDo}HVGLULJLGDVDRKRPHP
GRFDPSR
(QWUHSDUGRVHQHJURVDWD[DGHDQDO
IDEHWLVPRHUDVXSHULRUDRGREURGDSRSX
ODomREUDQFDFRQWUD²GDGRV
GR,%*(3QDG'DtDVDo}HVHVSH
FtILFDVGHVWLQDGDVDRVDIURGHVFHQGHQWHV
$OpPGHVWHVJUXSRVWDPEpPKiWUD
EDOKRV VHQGR UHDOL]DGRV MXQWR DRV SRYRV
LQGtJHQDV FRP D FDSDFLWDomR GH SURIHV
VRUHV H GLVWULEXLomR GH PDWHULDO GLGiWLFR
GH DXWRULD LQGtJHQD HP OtQJXDV QDWLYDV
ELOtQJHVHHPSRUWXJXrV
,,"Ê<<
,
IDEHWL]DGR SUHFLVD FKHJDU DWp R VLVWHPD
SULVLRQDO
1R DQR SDVVDGR R 0(& UHSDVVRX jV
HQWLGDGHV SDUFHLUDV UHFXUVRV SDUD SD
JDPHQWRV GH EROVDV DRV DOIDEHWL]DGRUHV
H SDUD D IRUPDomR LQLFLDO H FRQWLQXDGD
TXH VRPDUDP HP WRUQR GH 5 PL
OK}HV'HVWHWRWDO5PLOK}HVIRUDP
LQYHVWLGRV HP SURMHWRV GH DOIDEHWL]DomR
HPHVWDGRVHPXQLFtSLRVGRVUHFXU
VRVH5PLOK}HVGRVUHFXUVRV
UHSDVVDGRV D RUJDQL]Do}HV QmRJRYHUQD
PHQWDLVHLQVWLWXLo}HVGHHQVLQRVXSHULRU
'DGRV GR 0(& VREUH R DEDQGRQR
HVFRODU QR DQR GH GmR FRQWD TXH
PDLVPLOKmRGHEUDVLOHLURVGHL[DYDP
DVDODGHDXODHQWUHDSULPHLUDHTXDUWD
VpULHV 2XWUR PLOKmR GD TXLQWD DWp
DRLWDYDTXDQGRVHHQFHUUDRFLFORIXQ
œÀ>“Ê«Ài“ˆ>`œÃ\
œ˜ÌœÃÊiʘœÛi>ÃÊ
>`>i˜>]Ê`iÊ
ÀˆÃ̈>˜iÊ>˜Ì>ÃÊ
œÃÌ>ÊqÊ,ˆœÊ
`iÊ>˜iˆÀœ
/i>ÌÀœÊÊ
>“‰ˆ>ÊVœ“«œÃÌ>]Ê`iʜ“ˆ˜}œÃÊ*ii}Àˆ˜ˆÊ
qÊ*>À>˜?
œLÀ>ÃÊi“ÊVœ“«œÌ>]Ê`iʘ>Ê
ÀˆÃ̈˜>ÊÀ>֍œÊ
ÞiÀÊ"ˆÛiˆÀ>ɘ`ˆ}œÊqÊ-KœÊ*>Տœ
Êi˜XªiÃʅœ˜ÀœÃ>Ã\
Àž˜ˆV>ÃÊÊÊÊÊÊ
+Õ>˜`œÊœÊ}œÃ̜ʫi>ʏiˆÌÕÀ>]Ê`iÊ*>ՏœÊ
jÃ>ÀÊ
ˆ>ÃÊ,œ`Àˆ}ÕiâÊqÊ,ˆœÊÀ>˜`iÊ`œÊ-Տ
*œiÈ>Ã
LÀ>KœÊiÊ>ÃÊvÀÕÌ>Ã]Ê`iÊÕVˆ>˜>ÊÊ
6°*°Êi˜`œ˜X>ÊqÊ,ˆœÊ`iÊ>˜iˆÀœ
Ê*œiÈ>Ã
>À>Ûi>Ê­,i`iÃVœLÀˆ“i˜Ìœ®]Ê`iÊ>LÀˆiÊ
ˆV>…œÊqʈ˜>ÃÊiÀ>ˆÃ
˜ÌÀiÊ>Ãʍ՘ÌÕÀ>ÃÊ`œÃʜÃÜÃ]Ê`iÊ6iÀ>ÊÖVˆ>ÊÊ
`iÊ"ˆÛiˆÀ>ÊqÊ«ÀœviÃÜÀ>ÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀ>ʵÕiÊÊ
“œÀ>ʘ>ÊÌ?ˆ>
Ê
ˆœ}À>w>Ã
jœ]ʜʫ>À`œ]Ê`iÊ,ˆ˜>`œÊ->˜ÌœÃÊ/iˆÝiˆÀ>Ê
qÊ-KœÊ*>Տœ
œ˜ÌœÃ
>LiœÃʓœ…>`œÃ]Ê`iÊՉÃÊ*ˆ“i˜ÌiÊqÊ,ˆœÊÊ
`iÊ>˜iˆÀœ
"LÀ>ÊÀiVœ“i˜`>`>Ê«>À>ʜʫÀœ}À>“>ÊÊ
`iÊvœÀ“>XKœÊ`iÊ>v>Lïâ>`œÀiÃÊÊ
iÊ«ÀœviÃÜÀ>ÃÊ`iÊ
*œÀʵÕiÊi˜Ãˆ˜>ÀʏˆÌiÀ>ÌÕÀ>Ê«>À>ʵÕi“ÊÊ
V>ÀÀi}>ÊÃ>VœÊ˜>ÃÊVœÃÌ>ö]Ê`iÊ-ž˜ˆ>ÊÊ
«>ÀiVˆ`>ʍ>˜œÊ>̈ÃÌ>ÃÊiÊ>Àˆ>ÊÖVˆ>ÊÊ
`iʓœÀˆ“Ê-œ>ÀiÃÊ­Vœ‡>Õ̜À>®ÊqÊ-KœÊ*>Տœ
/À>`ˆXKœÊœÀ>
>Ì>Ì>ÊVœâˆ`>]ʓˆ˜}>ÕÊ`iÊV>À?]Ê`iʏœ‰Ê
ˆÃ>LiÌiʜV…iVœÊqÊ->˜Ì>Ê
>Ì>Àˆ˜>
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ Ó£
16?26A<@5B:.;<@
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊ
Փ>˜œÃ]
Ê ˆ˜ÌiÀVՏÌÕÀ>ˆ`>`iÊ >LÀiÊ
V>“ˆ˜…œÃÊ «>À>Ê œÊ `ˆ?œ}œÊ
i˜ÌÀiʜÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÊDʈ}Õ>`>`iÊ
iʜÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÊDÊ`ˆviÀi˜X>
Փ>ʘœÛ>Ê>LœÀ`>}i“
ÓÓ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
61"
'HFODUDomR8QLYHUVDOGRV'L
UHLWRV+XPDQRVDSURYDGDHP
HRFRQMXQWRGHLQVWUX
PHQWRVOHJDLVGHILQLGRVSRVWH
ULRUPHQWHQRkPELWRLQWHUQD
FLRQDOUHSUHVHQWDUDPXPQRYRPRPHQWR
HPGLUHomRjXQLYHUVDOL]DomRGRVGLUHLWRV
SULQFLSDOPHQWH j HGXFDomR FRQVLGHUD
GRXPGLUHLWRKXPDQRIXQGDPHQWDO1R
%UDVLOD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOGHUH
SUHVHQWRX R PDUFR MXUtGLFR GD WUDQVLomR
GHPRFUiWLFDHGDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomRGRV
GLUHLWRVKXPDQRVQDVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUD
DRJDUDQWLUDRVFLGDGmRVRVGLUHLWRVFLYLV
SROtWLFRVVRFLDLVHFRQ{PLFRVHFXOWXUDLV
+RMHDHGXFDomRHP'LUHLWRV+XPD
QRVpFRQVLGHUDGDXPDGDVFKDYHVSDUD
UHIRUoDU D PDWUL] GH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR H
YDORUL]DomR GR RXWUR QR VLVWHPD GH HQ
VLQRDSUHQGL]DJHP $ DJHQGD GR 0(&
WHP VLGR HVWUXWXUDGD SDUD FULDU LQVWUX
PHQWRVTXHYmRQHVVDGLUHomRSRUPHLR
GHXPGLiORJRSHUPDQHQWHFRPRVPRYL
PHQWRVVRFLDLVHFRPDVXQLYHUVLGDGHV
$6HFDG0(&DWXDQDIRUPDomRGRV
SURILVVLRQDLVGDHGXFDomRHQDSURGXomR
GHPDWHULDOGLGiWLFRSDUDFULDUXPFDP
SRSRWHQFLDOGHLQWHUFXOWXUDOLGDGH(Q
WUHRVSURJUDPDVTXHIRUDPGHVHQYROYL
GRVQDiUHDHVWmRR(VFRODTXH3URWHJH
R5HFRQKHFHUHR(GXFDomRHP'LUHLWRV
+XPDQRV
ÃVœ>ʵÕiÊ*ÀœÌi}i
'HDFRUGRFRPD2UJDQL]DomR0XQ
GLDOGH6D~GH206DYLROrQFLDItVLFDp
DVHJXQGDFDXVDGHPRUWHHQWUHFULDQoDV
QD IDL[D GH XP D TXDWUR DQRV GH LGDGH
SHUGHQGRDSHQDVSDUDDVGRHQoDVGRDSD
UHOKRUHVSLUDWyULR'HQWURGHVVHFHQiULR
VHJXQGRUHFHQWHSHVTXLVDGD$VVRFLDomR
%UDVLOHLUD 0XOWLSURILVVLRQDO GH 3URWHomR
j ,QIkQFLD H $GROHVFrQFLD $EUDSLD RV
SDUHQWHVGDVFULDQoDVVmRRVUHVSRQViYHLV
SRUGRVFDVRVGHDJUHVVmRGRPpV
WLFD QR %UDVLO VHQGR TXH GHODV VmR
PROHVWDGDVGHQWURGHVXDVSUySULDVFDVDV
3HODSUR[LPLGDGHGRDJUHVVRUHVVHWLSRGH
YLROrQFLDpGLItFLOGHVHUGHWHFWDGD
$ HVFROD SRU VHU XP HVSDoR RQGH D
FULDQoD H R DGROHVFHQWH SDVVDP PXLWDV
KRUDVGHVXDVYLGDVWHPXPSDSHOIXQ
º
"ÊÌÀ>L>…œÊi“Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊiʈ˜VÕÃKœÊjÊՓÊ`œÃʓ>ˆÃʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÃÊi“Ê
µÕiʘÃ]Êi`ÕV>`œÀiÃ]Ê«œ`i“œÃʘœÃÊi˜ÛœÛiÀ°ÊÃ̜ʫœÀµÕiÊiÃÌ?ÊÀi>Vˆœ˜>‡
`œÊVœ“ÊœÃÊ«Àœ«ÃˆÌœÃÊv՘`>“i˜Ì>ˆÃÊ`iÊՓÊÈÃÌi“>Êi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ÊVˆÛˆˆâ>‡
`œÀÊqÊ>µÕiiÃÊ`iÊ`iÃi˜ÛœÛiÀÊ̜`>Ê>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊiÊÃiÕÃʓi“LÀœÃÊ«>À>Ê
µÕiÊÃi>“ʈ˜`ˆÛ‰`՜ÃÊ«i˜œÃ]ʵÕiÊ>«ÀiVˆi“ÊiÊVœ“«Àii˜`>“Ê>ʘ>ÌÕÀiâ>Ê
`ˆÛiÀÃ>Ê`>ʅՓ>˜ˆ`>`i°
»
->À>…Ê7…ˆÌi>Ü]ÊV…iviÊ`œÊ`i«>ÀÌ>“i˜ÌœÊ`iʓiÃÌÀ>`œÊi“Ê}k˜iÀœÊÊ
GDPHQWDOQRHQIUHQWDPHQWRGHVVDIRUPD
GH YLROrQFLD HP FRQMXQWR FRP DV GH
PDLV LQVWLWXLo}HV S~EOLFDV GH SURWHomR
GHGLUHLWRVSRUPHLRGDVHQVLELOL]DomRH
FDSDFLWDomR GRV SURILVVLRQDLV GH HGXFD
omR 3RU HVVD UD]mR R *RYHUQR )HGHUDO
GHFLGLX LPSODQWDU R SURJUDPD (VFROD
TXH 3URWHJH TXH EXVFD LQFOXLU D HVFROD
QD5HGHGH3URWHomR,QWHJUDOj&ULDQoD
HDR$GROHVFHQWH
6HJXQGR /HDQGUR )LDOKR FRRUGHQD
GRUJHUDO GH $o}HV (GXFDFLRQDLV &RP
SOHPHQWDUHV GD 6HFDG R SURJUDPD YLVD
RULHQWDU RV HGXFDGRUHV SDUD DWXDUHP QR
VHQWLGR GH LGHQWLILFDU VLQDLV FRPR PX
GDQoDV GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR GRV DOXQRV
HQFDPLQKDUSDUDDWHQGLPHQWRHVSHFLDOL
]DGR H SUHYHQLU FDVRV GH YLROrQFLD ItVLFD
RX SVLFROyJLFD DEDQGRQR RX QHJOLJrQ
FLDDEXVRHH[SORUDomRVH[XDOFRPHUFLDO
SRUQRJUDILDWUiILFRGHVHUHVKXPDQRVH
WXULVPR SDUD ILQV VH[XDLV H H[SORUDomR
GRWUDEDOKRLQIDQWLO
2 SURJUDPD p HVWUXWXUDGR HP WUrV
HL[RV LQWHUOLJDGRV R SULPHLUR FRQVLVWH
QD IRUPDomR GH SURILVVLRQDLV GD UHGH GH
HQVLQRHSURILVVLRQDLVGD5HGHGH3URWH
iÊi`ÕV>XKœÊ`>Ê1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ`iÊii`Ã
omR,QWHJUDORVHJXQGRWHPFRPRIRFRD
DUWLFXODomRFRPHVVD5HGHGH3URWHomRH
RWHUFHLURWUDEDOKDDLQWHJUDomRGDVXQL
YHUVLGDGHV
(P GH]HPEUR GH R SURMHWR SL
ORWRGR(VFRODTXH3URWHJHIRLLPSODQWD
GRHPHVFRODVPXQLFLSDLVGHWUrVFDSLWDLV
EUDVLOHLUDVSHOR0(&SRUPHLRGD6HFDG
)RUDP TXDOLILFDGRV SURIHVVRUHV H
DWHQGLGRVFHUFDGHFULDQoDVHDGROHV
FHQWHVHSDLVHP%HOpP3$)RUWD
OH]D&(H5HFLIH3($SDUWLUGHPDLR
GHRSURMHWRIRLDPSOLDGRSDUD
PXQLFtSLRV HP HVWDGRV FRP D SHUV
SHFWLYDGHIRUPDomRGHPLOSURIHVVR
UHVHSURILVVLRQDLVGD5HGHGH3URWH
omR,QWHJUDO
(P VXD IDVH GH H[SDQVmR R (VFROD
TXH 3URWHJH HVWi SULRUL]DQGR DV UHJL}HV
PHWURSROLWDQDV GH FDSLWDLV RQGH Mi HVWi
HVWUXWXUDGR R SURJUDPD (VFROD $EHUWD
-iQRVORFDLVDWHQGLGRVSHOR3URJUDPDGH
$o}HV ,QWHJUDGDV H 5HIHUHQFLDLV GH (Q
IUHQWDPHQWRj9LROrQFLD6H[XDO3DLUR
SURMHWR VH UHDOL]D HP SDUFHULD FRP D RU
JDQL]DomR QmRJRYHUQDPHQWDO ,QVWLWXWR
3DUWQHUV RI $PHULFD (P XP SURJUDPD
º
Ê-iV>`ÊjÊՓÊ`œÃʓ>ˆÃʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÃÊ«>ÀViˆÀœÃÊ`>Ê"/ʘœÊVœ“L>ÌiÊ
>œÊÌÀ>L>…œÊˆ˜v>˜Ìˆ°Ê՘Vˆœ˜>ÊVœ“œÊՓÊ>À̈VՏ>`œÀÊiÃÌÀ>Ìj}ˆVœÊ`i˜ÌÀœÊ
`œÊ}œÛiÀ˜œÊiÊ`>ÊÜVˆi`>`iÊVˆÛˆÊœÀ}>˜ˆâ>`>]Ê«>À>Ê>Ê«Àœ“œXKœÊ`iÊ>XªiÃÊ
i`ÕV>̈Û>ÃÊVœ“«i“i˜Ì>ÀiÃÊiÊ«Àœ}À>“>ÃÊi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃÊvœV>`œÃʘ>Ãʘi‡
ViÃÈ`>`iÃÊ`iʓi˜ˆ˜>ÃÊiʓi˜ˆ˜œÃÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀœÃÊiÝVÕ‰`œÃʘœÊÈÃÌi“>Ê`iÊ
i˜Ãˆ˜œ°
»
*i`ÀœÊ“jÀˆVœÊÕÀÌ>`œÊ`iÊ"ˆÛiˆÀ>]ÊVœœÀ`i˜>`œÀʘ>Vˆœ˜>Ê`œÊ*Àœ}À>“>ʘÌiÀ˜>Vˆœ˜>Ê«>À>Ê>Ê
ˆ“ˆ˜>XKœÊ`œÊ/À>L>…œÊ˜v>˜ÌˆÊqÊ"/
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ÓÎ
DX[LOLDUGR(VFROD$EHUWDFKDPDGR(VFR
ODGRV3DLVTXHIXQFLRQDDRVViEDGRVVmR
DERUGDGRVWHPDVFRPRGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
LQIDQWLODGROHVFrQFLDXVRGHGURJDVHVXD
UHODomRFRPDYLROrQFLDHR(VWDWXWR GD
&ULDQoDHGR$GROHVFHQWH
+RMH D PHWRGRORJLD GH LPSOHPHQWD
omRVHGiSHODDUWLFXODomRFRPRSRGHUOR
FDOSRUPHLRGD&RPLVVmR*HVWRUD/RFDO
IRUPDGDSRUUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGDVVHFUHWDULDV
HVWDGXDLV H PXQLFLSDLV GH (GXFDomR GDV
SUyUHLWRULDV GH H[WHQVmR FRQVHOKRV GRV
GLUHLWRV WXWHODUHV FRQVHOKRV PXQLFLSDLV
GH(GXFDomRFRRUGHQDGRUHVGR6HQWLQHOD
HGR(VFROD$EHUWDGR3DLUHRXWURVVHJ
PHQWRVGD5HGHGH3URWHomR,QWHJUDO
(VVD&RPLVVmRGLVFXWHDGHPDQGDGH
VHQFDGHDGDSHODHGXFDomRHDYDOLDDVSR
OtWLFDV S~EOLFDV H RV VHUYLoRV GLVSRQtYHLV
HPFDGDPXQLFtSLRVXEVLGLDQGRDHVFROD
QDV Do}HV GH HQIUHQWDPHQWR j YLROrQFLD
FRQWUDFULDQoDVHDGROHVFHQWHV
*Àœ}À>“>Ê,iVœ˜…iViÀ
1RVGLDVHGHQRYHPEURGH
R0(&HPSDUFHULDFRPR0LQLVWpULRGD
-XVWLoDUHDOL]RXXPVHPLQiULRGRTXDOIR
UDPH[WUDtGDVDVGLUHWUL]HVSDUDRSURJUDPD
5HFRQKHFHU 'DV GLVFXVV}HV IRL SRVVtYHO
DSUHHQGHUTXHDFXOWXUDMXUtGLFDGLIXQGL
GDQDVIDFXOGDGHVGH'LUHLWRGR%UDVLOWHP
GDGRSRXFDDWHQomRjVGHPDQGDVVRFLDLVH
FROHWLYDV3RUFRQWDGLVVRXPGRVFRQVHQ
VRVIRLDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVHSURPRYHUXPD
QRYD FXOWXUD QHVVDV IDFXOGDGHV HVWDEHOH
FHQGRXPDIRUPDomRGRVHVWXGDQWHVTXH
WDPEpPFRQWHPSOHRV'LUHLWRV+XPDQRV
25HFRQKHFHUWUDEDOKDMXVWDPHQWHQR
VHQWLGRGHDSRLDUDFRQVWLWXLomRGHXPD
º
FXOWXUD MXUtGLFD TXH LQFHQWLYH RV FXUVRV
GH'LUHLWRDUHIOHWLUVREUHDVXDHVWUXWXUD
FXUULFXODU H FRQWHPSODU HVSDoRV GH IRU
PDomRTXHVHGHGLTXHPjVQHFHVVLGDGHV
GRV JUXSRV PDLV YXOQHUiYHLV GD SRSXOD
omREUDVLOHLUDHjDXWRQRPLDHVXVWHQWD
ELOLGDGHGDVFRPXQLGDGHV
2SURJUDPDEXVFDJDUDQWLUTXHDSUiWLFD
MXUtGLFDFRQWHPSOHDVGLIHUHQoDVGRVDIUR
GHVFHQGHQWHVSRYRVLQGtJHQDVSRSXODomR
SULVLRQDOSHVVRDVFRPGHILFLrQFLDSHVVR
DVYLYHQGRFRP+,9$LGVJD\VOpVELFDV
ELVVH[XDLVWUDQVH[XDLVWUDQVJrQHURVHWUD
YHVWLV $OpP GLVVR WHP FRPR PHWD SULR
UL]DUTXHVW}HVUHODWLYDVjH[HFXomRSHQDO
DJUiULDVGRPHLRUXUDOXUEDQDVOLJDGDVj
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊ Õ“>˜œÃÊ ÃKœÊ >Ê >wÀ“>XKœÊ `œÊ ˆ`i>Ê `iÊ ˆ}Õ>`>`iÊ
Vœ“œÊՓʫÀˆ˜V‰«ˆœÊj̈Vœ‡«œ‰ÌˆVœ°
»
œÃjÊ-jÀ}ˆœÊœ˜ÃiV>Ê`iÊ
>ÀÛ>…œ]Ê1-*Ê
,,"Ê<<,
Ó{ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
,,"Ê<<,
PRUDGLD H DR WUDEDOKR WUDEDOKR HVFUDYR
GLUHLWRVGDFULDQoDHGRDGROHVFHQWH
(PVXDSULPHLUDHGLomRIRUDPUHFHEL
GRVSURMHWRVGHXQLYHUVLGDGHVS~EOLFDV
HFRPXQLWiULDVHDSURYDGRVSRUXPD
FRPLVVmRFRQVWLWXtGDSRUHVSHFLDOLVWDV2
GHVDILRSRVWRSHOR5HFRQKHFHUpSURPR
YHUR'LUHLWRFRPRUHOHYDQWHLQVWUXPHQWR
GHPXGDQoDHLVVRH[LJHLQYHVWLPHQWRQD
IRUPDomRGHHVWXGDQWHVGHJUDGXDomRGRV
FXUVRVMXUtGLFRVHGHVHXVIRUPDGRUHV
*Àœ}À>“>Ê `iÊ `ÕV>XKœÊ i“Ê
ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊՓ>˜œÃÊ
$ (GXFDomR HP 'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV
QR kPELWR GR 0(& p IXQGDPHQWDGD QR
3ODQR1DFLRQDOGH(GXFDomRHP'LUHLWRV
+XPDQRV 31('+ H QRV GRFXPHQWRV
LQWHUQDFLRQDLV HP SDUWLFXODU QDV UHFR
PHQGDo}HVIRUPXODGDV QR &RQJUHVVRGH
9LHQDHQDVSURSRVWDVGR3URJUDPD0XQ
GLDO GH (GXFDomR HP 'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV
30('+ SURSRVWR SHOD $VVHPEOpLD
*HUDO GD 218 HP SDUD R WULrQLR
1HVVHFRQWH[WRR3URJUDPD
GH(GXFDomRHP'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVGH
VHQYROYLGRHPSDUFHULDFRPD6HFUHWDULD
(VSHFLDOGH'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVFRQVWLWXL
XPD SROtWLFD GLUHFLRQDGD j LPSOHPHQWD
omRGHDo}HVSURPRWRUDVGRVGLUHLWRVKX
PDQRVQDHGXFDomREUDVLOHLUD
&RPR HVWUDWpJLD SDUD JDUDQWLU D LQ
FRUSRUDomRGRV'LUHLWRV+XPDQRVHVXD
GLVVHPLQDomRQDVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHVWD
GXDLVHPXQLFLSDLVIRLSXEOLFDGRXPHGL
WDOSDUDVHOHFLRQDUSURMHWRVYROWDGRVSDUD
DHVWUXWXUDomRHIRUWDOHFLPHQWRGRV&R
PLWrV(VWDGXDLVGH(GXFDomRHP'LUHLWRV
+XPDQRV H D IRUPDomR GH SURILVVLRQDLV
GDHGXFDomREiVLFDHPGLUHLWRVKXPDQRV
$DomRIRLGHVHQYROYLGDHPSDUFHULDFRP
XQLYHUVLGDGHVS~EOLFDVIHGHUDLVHHVWDGX
DLVTXHVHUHVSRQVDELOL]DUDPSHODH[HFX
omRGRVSURMHWRV
1HVWH DQR GH IRUDP DSURYDGRV
HDSRLDGRVSURMHWRVHPHVWDGRVGD
IHGHUDomR SURYHQLHQWHV GH XQLYHUVLGDGHV
S~EOLFDVVHQGRIHGHUDLVHTXDWURHVWD
GXDLV&RPHVVHVSURMHWRVHVWiSUHYLVWDD
IRUPDomRHDFDSDFLWDomRGHSURILVVLRQDLV
GDHGXFDomREiVLFDHDHVWUXWXUDomRHP
HVWDGRV GR FRPLWr HVWDGXDO GH (GXFDomR
HP'LUHLWRV+XPDQRV
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ Óx
.3?<12@02;12;A2@
}Õ>`>`iÊ µÕiÊ
ÃiÊ>«Ài˜`iʘ>ÊiÃVœ>
XªiÃʵÕiÊÛ>œÀˆâ>“ÊœÃÊ>vÀœ‡`iÃVi˜‡
`i˜ÌiÃÊiÊÃÕ>ÊVՏÌÕÀ>ÊÃiÊië>…>“Ê«œÀÊ
̜`œÊœÊÌiÀÀˆÌÀˆœÊ˜>Vˆœ˜>ÊiÊ«ÀœVÕÀ>“Ê
>}ˆÀÊ ˜Õ“Ê «œ˜ÌœÊ v՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê «>À>Ê
“Õ`>˜X>ÃÊ`ÕÀ>`œÕÀ>Ã\Ê>Êi`ÕV>XKœ
KLVWyULD IRL LQMXVWD H p EDVWDQ
WH FRQKHFLGD SHOD VRFLHGDGH
EUDVLOHLUD(PIRUDPVH
THVWUDGRV RV SULPHLURV FDWL
YRVDIULFDQRVHOHYDGRVSDUDR
%UDVLO (P XP WHUoR GD SRSXODomR
²FHUFDGHWUrVPLOK}HV²MiHUDFRPSRVWD
SRUQHJURVHPXODWRV(DWpHVWLPD
VHTXHPDLVGHPLOK}HVGHVHUHVKXPDQRV
YLHUDPSDUDR%UDVLOFRPRVHIRVVHPPHU
FDGRULDFRPRHVFUDYRV(UDXPPXQGRGH
QHJURVVREGRPtQLREUDQFR
$ HVFUDYDWXUD Vy IRL RILFLDOPHQWH
H[WLQWD HP FRORFDQGR R %UDVLO QD
YHUJRQKRVDSRVLomRGHVHUR~OWLPRSDtV
GRPXQGRDDEROLUHVVDSUiWLFD8PDYH]
OLEHUWRVRV QHJURV WRUQDUDPVH FLGDGmRV
GH WHUFHLUD FODVVH SUHWHULGRV SHOR PHU
FDGR GH WUDEDOKR ORQJH GRV VLVWHPDV GH
HQVLQRHVHQGRHPSXUUDGRVHPGLUHomRj
PDUJHP)RUDPVXEVWLWXtGRVSRULPLJUDQ
WHV HXURSHXV H MDSRQHVHV ² UHVXOWDGR GR
UDFLVPRGDHOLWHEUDVLOHLUDHPUHODomRDRV
GHVFHQGHQWHVGH DIULFDQRV ² TXH JDQKD
UDPWHUUDVHDFHVVRDRPHUFDGRGHWUDED
OKRIRUPDOGRSDtV
'LDQWH GDV GLILFXOGDGHV VRFLRHFRQ{
PLFDV UHVWDUDP DRV QHJURV DV IDYHODV H
SHULIHULDV GXDV ´LQVWLWXLo}HVµ QDFLRQDLV
TXH Mi FRPSOHWDUDP XP VpFXOR H FRQWL
QXDPFRPRPRUDGDGDPDLRULDGRVDIUR
GHVFHQGHQWHV
ÓÈ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
$WD[DGHPRUWDOLGDGHLQIDQWLOGHFULDQ
oDVQHJUDVDWpFLQFRDQRVpGHSRUPLO
FRQWUD SRU PLO GH FULDQoDV EUDQFDV
1mRpDEVROXWDPHQWHXPDKLVWyULDMXVWD
²HIRLSDUDVHUHVJDWDUHVVDGtYLGDKLVWyULFD
HUHYHUWHUHVVHTXDGURGHVRODGRUTXHDSRU
WDUDPSRUDTXLDVDo}HVDILUPDWLYDV
'HVVDVDPDLVUHFHQWHHXPDGDVPDLV
IDPRVDVHSROrPLFDVpRVLVWHPDGHFRWDV
QDV XQLYHUVLGDGHV 8PDV GDV SLRQHLUDV
QHVVDiUHDIRLD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH%UDVtOLD
8Q% TXH UHVHUYRX GDV YDJDV GR
,,"Ê<<,
2'RVVLr$VVLPHWULDV5DFLDLVQR%UDVLO
$OHUWDSDUDDHODERUDomRGHSROtWLFDVS~EOL
FDVGD5HGH)HPLQLVWDGH6D~GHHODERUD
GRSHODSHVTXLVDGRUD:kQLD6DQW·$QQD
PRVWUDTXHHPRUHQGLPHQWRGDV
IDPtOLDV EUDQFDV HUD YH]HV VXSHULRU
5 DR GDV IDPtOLDV DIURGHVFHQ
GHQWHV5
1RPHVPRDQRDVWD[DVGHDQDOIDEH
WLVPR SDUD PHQLQDV DIURGHVFHQGHQWHV
HQWUHHDQRVHUDPGHHQTXDQ
WRSDUDPHQLQDVEUDQFDVHUDGH
º
iÃ`iÊ>ÊÃÕ>ÊVÀˆ>XKœ]Ê>Ê-iV>`É
Ê Ìi“Ê È`œÊ Փ>Ê «>ÀViˆÀ>Ê Ài‡
iÛ>˜Ìiʘ>Ê«œ‰ÌˆV>Ê`iʈ˜VÕÃKœÊ`iÊ
iÃÌÕ`>˜ÌiÃʘi}ÀœÃÊiʈ˜`‰}i˜>ÃÊ`>Ê
1˜°
»
/ˆ“œÌ…ÞÊՏ…œ>˜`]Ê,iˆÌœÀÊ`>Ê
1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ`iÊÀ>ɏˆ>Ê
YHVWLEXODU SDUD RV DIURGHVFHQGHQWHV D
SDUWLUGRVHJXQGRVHPHVWUHGH0H
QRVGHGRLVDQRVGHSRLVDKLVWyULDSHVVRDO
GRVFRWLVWDVMiPRVWUDRTXDQWRRVLVWHPD
pEHQpILFR
2 EUDVLOLHQVH $QJHOR 5RJHU )UDQoD
GH DQRV PDWULFXORXVH QD 8Q% HP
SDUDFXUVDU6HUYLoR6RFLDO´$PX
GDQoDHPPLQKDYLGDIRLHQRUPHWRPHL
FRQVFLrQFLDGHPLQKDQHJULWXGHSDVVHLD
JRVWDUGHPLPµFRQWD$QJHOR
-XQWR FRP D DXWRFRQILDQoD WDPEpP
YHLRXPDPXGDQoDGHVWDWXVVRFLDO´3HU
FHERTXHDVSHVVRDVDRVDEHUHPTXHVRX
XQLYHUVLWiULR WUDWDPPH GH PRGR GLIH
UHQFLDGR2UHVSHLWRDXPHQWRXµGL]
(VVHFUHVFLPHQWRSHVVRDOHLQWHOHFWXDO
VHGHYHDXPDVDOXWDUPLVWXUDGHPHLRDFD
GrPLFRFRPDo}HVGRPRYLPHQWRQHJUR
$RFKHJDUj8Q%$QJHORIRLUHFHELGR
SRUPHPEURVGR%UDVLO$IURDWLWXGHFRP
SRVWRSRUEROVLVWDVGHEDL[DUHQGD2
$IURDWLWXGHpUHVXOWDGRGHXPDSDUFHULD
HQWUHR3URJUDPD1DFLRQDOGH'67$LGV
GR 0LQLVWpULR GD 6D~GH H XQLYHUVLGDGHV
TXHDGRWDPRUHJLPHGHFRWDV
$FRWLVWD+D\DQQD&DUYDOKR6LOYDGH
DQRV HVWXGDQWH GH 3VLFRORJLD WDP
EpPUHFHEHXRULHQWDomRGHXPJUXSRGH
PLOLWkQFLD QHJUD ´(P TXDQGR IXL
j8Q%ID]HUDLQVFULomRIXLDERUGDGDSRU
XP PHPEUR GR (QHJUHFHU ([SOLFDUDP
PH TXH R VLVWHPD GH FRWDV QmR HUD QH
QKXPDHVSpFLHGHFRQFHVVmRYHUJRQKRVD
PDVVLPXPGLUHLWRPHXFRPRDIURGHV
FHQGHQWHµGL]+D\DQQD
3HUIHLWDPHQWHLQVHULGDQDXQLYHUVLGD
GHDDOXQDQmRYrRPHQRUSUREOHPDQR
IDWRGHVHUFRWLVWD´0HXUHODFLRQDPHQWR
FRPWRGRVpSHUIHLWDPHQWHQRUPDOWHQKR
ERPGHVHPSHQKRHQmRYHMRSRUTXHPH
VHQWLUGLIHUHQWHGRVRXWURVµ
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ÓÇ
+Ոœ“LœÃ
Vœ“Ê̜`>ÃÊ>ÃʏiÌÀ>Ã
“Ê Óääx]Ê >«ÃÊ Vˆ˜VœÊ >˜œÃÊ `iÊ «iÇ
µÕˆÃ>]Ê œÊ i˜ÌÀœÊ `iÊ iœ}À>w>Ê iÊ
>À̜}À>w>Ê «ˆV>`>Ê ­
ˆ}>®]Ê `>Ê
1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ`iÊÀ>ɏˆ>Ê­1˜®]Ê`ˆÛՏ}œÕÊ
œÊ-i}՘`œÊ
>`>ÃÌÀœÊ՘ˆVˆ«>Ê`œÃÊ/iÀÀˆ‡
̝ÀˆœÃÊ+Ոœ“Lœ>ÃÊ`œÊÀ>ȏ]ʵÕiʈ`i˜Ìˆ‡
wV>ʘ>`>ʓi˜œÃʵÕiÊÓ°ÓÓnÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃÊ
ië>…>`>ÃÊ«œÀÊ̜`>ÃÊ>ÃÊÀi}ˆªiÃÊ`œÊ«>‰Ã°Ê
"Ê«Àˆ“iˆÀœÊÕ}>ÀÊjÊ`œÊ>À>˜…Kœ]ÊVœ“Ê
È{ÓÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃ]ÊÃi}Ո`œÊ`>Ê>…ˆ>ʭΙȮ]Ê
*>À?ʭә{®]ʈ˜>ÃÊiÀ>ˆÃÊ­£Îx®]Ê*iÀ˜>“‡
LÕVœÊ­™£®]Ê,ˆœÊÀ>˜`iÊ`œÊ-Տʭ™ä®]Ê*ˆ>ՉÊ
­Çn®]Ê-KœÊ*>ՏœÊ­Çä®]Ê,ˆœÊÀ>˜`iÊ`œÊ œÀ‡
ÌiÊ­È{®]Ê>̜ÊÀœÃÜʭx™®ÊiÊ
i>À?Ê­x{®°Ê
ÊՓÊ>VÀjÃVˆ“œÊÈ}˜ˆwV>̈ۜÊ>œÊiÛ>˜‡
Ì>“i˜ÌœÊ >˜ÌiÀˆœÀÊ `>Ê Õ˜`>XKœÊ *>“>ÀiÃ]Ê
À}KœÊˆ}>`œÊ>œÊˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ`>Ê
ՏÌÕÀ>]ʵÕiÊ
Vœ˜Ì>Lˆˆâ>Û>ÊÇ{ÎÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iðÊ
ʓ>ˆœÀˆ>Ê`iÃÃ>ÃÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃÊۈÛiÊDÊ
“>À}i“Ê`iʵÕ>µÕiÀÊ>«œˆœÊœÕÊ«ÀœÌiXKœÊ
}œÛiÀ˜>“i˜Ì>]Ê >Ê `iëiˆÌœÊ `>Ê œ˜Ã̈ÌՈ‡
XKœÊi`iÀ>Ê>ÃÃi}ÕÀ>ÀÊÃiÕÃÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊiÊ`œÊ
`iVÀi̜ʘ¨Ê{°nnÇ]Ê`iʘœÛi“LÀœÊ`iÊÓääÎ]Ê
Ì>“Lj“Ê }>À>˜ÌˆÀÊ >Ê «œÃÃiÊ `>Ê ÌiÀÀ>Ê iÊ œÊ
>ViÃÜÊ>ÊÃiÀۈXœÃÊVœ“œÊÃ>Ö`i]Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ
iÊÃ>˜i>“i˜Ìœ°Ê
1“>Ê `>ÃÊ «ÀœÛ>ÃÊ `œÊ `iÃV>ÃœÊ jÊ µÕiÊ
“i˜œÃÊ `iÊ £ä¯Ê `i>ÃÊ «œÃÃÕi“Ê Ài}ˆÃÌÀœÊ
˜œÊ ˜Ã̈ÌÕÌœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê `iÊ œœ˜ˆâ>XKœÊ iÊ
,ivœÀ“>Ê }À?Àˆ>Ê ­˜VÀ>®]Ê Vœ˜`ˆXKœÊ µÕiÊ
}>À>˜ÌiÊ>Ê̈ÌՏ>Àˆ`>`iÊ`>ÃÊÌiÀÀ>ðÊ
iÊ>VœÀ`œÊVœ“ÊœÊ
i˜ÃœÊ`iÊÓääxÊÀi‡
>ˆâ>`œÊ«iœÊ˜Ã̈ÌÕÌœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê`iÊÃÌÕ`œÃÊ
iÊ *iõՈÃ>ÃÊ `ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃÊ ˜‰ÃˆœÊ /iˆÝiˆÀ>Ê
­˜i«®]ʅ?ʘœÊÀ>ȏÊ{™°ÇÓÓÊiÃÌÕ`>˜ÌiÃʓ>‡
ÌÀˆVՏ>`œÃÊ i“Ê ÎÈ{Ê iÃVœ>ÃÊ œV>ˆâ>`>ÃÊ i“Ê
?Ài>ÃÊÀi“>˜iÃVi˜ÌiÃÊ`iʵՈœ“LœÃ°Ê
*>À>Ê >V>˜X>ÀÊ iÃÃ>ÃÊ Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃ]Ê
œÊ ˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ `>Ê `ÕV>XKœÊ `iÃ̈˜œÕÊ Ài‡
Ón 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
VÕÀÜÃÊ «œÀÊ “iˆœÊ `>Ê
-iV>`Ê «>À>Ê w˜>˜Vˆ>ÀÊ
>XªiÃÊi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃ°Ê
Ê Õ“>Ê Ì>Àiv>Ê ÌKœÊ
˜iViÃÃ?Àˆ>Ê µÕ>˜ÌœÊ
`ˆv‰Vˆ°Ê º >Ê ÃœVˆi`>‡
`i]Ê Vœ“œÊ Õ“Ê Ìœ`œ]Ê
?Ê Ûi“œÃÊ Õ“Ê }À>˜`iÊ
`i؉ÛiÊ i˜ÌÀiÊ œÊ ̈«œÊ
`iÊ >Ìi˜`ˆ“i˜ÌœÊ µÕiÊ
ÃiÊ `?Ê DÊ «œ«Õ>XKœÊ
˜i}À>Ê iÊ DÊ ˜Kœ‡˜i}À>°Ê
>ÃÊ Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃÊ
`œÃÊ Ài“>˜iÃVi˜ÌiÃÊ
`œÃÊ µÕˆœ“LœÃ]Ê iÃÃ>Ê
`ˆviÀi˜X>Ê jÊ “Ո̜Ê
“>ˆÃÊ >Vi˜ÌÕ>`>°Ê iÃÊ
iÃÌKœÊ i“Ê ?Ài>ÃÊ `iÊ
`ˆv‰VˆÊ>ViÃÜ]ÊiʘKœÊ…?Ê«ÀiœVÕ«>XKœÊVœ“Ê
>Ê …ˆÃ̝Àˆ>Ê œV>°Ê *>À>Ê Vœ“«iÌ>À]Ê œÃÊ «Àœ‡
viÃÜÀiÃÊ ˜KœÊ iÃÌKœÊ «Ài«>À>`œÃÊ iÊ ˜KœÊ …?Ê
“>ÌiÀˆ>Ê`ˆ`?̈VœÊ>`iµÕ>`œ»]ÊÀiÃՓiÊ>‡
Àˆ>Ê Õ݈ˆ>`œÀ>Ê œ«iÃ]Ê VœœÀ`i˜>`œÀ>Ê `iÊÊ
`ÕV>XKœÊ+Ոœ“Lœ>]Ê`>Ê-iV>`°Ê
ˆ>˜ÌiÊ `iÊ Ì>˜ÌœÊ >Ê ÃiÀÊ viˆÌœ]Ê >ÃÊ >XªiÃÊ
`>Ê-iV>`]ÊÃi“«ÀiÊi“ÊVœ˜Õ˜ÌœÊVœ“Ê>Ê-i‡
VÀiÌ>Àˆ>ÊëiVˆ>Ê`iÊ*œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ`iÊ*Àœ“œXKœÊ
`>Ê }Õ>`>`iÊ ,>Vˆ>Ê ­-i««ˆÀ®]Ê >Ê Õ˜`>XKœÊ
ՏÌÕÀ>Ê*>“>ÀiÃÊ­
*®Êiʓ>ˆÃÊÓÓʓˆ˜ˆÃ‡
ÌjÀˆœÃ]Ê`ˆÛˆ`i“‡ÃiÊi“ʵÕ>ÌÀœÊ̈«œÃ\ÊvœÀ“>‡
XKœÊ iëiV‰wV>Ê `iÊ «ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊ «>À>Ê iÃÃ>ÃÊ
?Ài>ÃÆÊvÀ՘ÃÊiÃÌ>`Õ>ˆÃÊ«>À>Ê>À̈VՏ>XKœÊiÊ
>Vœ“«>˜…>“i˜ÌœÊ`>ÃÊvœÀ“>XªiÃÊ`iÊ«Àœ‡
viÃÜÀiÃÊ ˆ˜Ê œVœÆÊ >“«ˆ>XKœÊ iÊ “i…œÀˆ>Ê `>Ê
Ài`iÊv‰ÃˆV>ÊiÃVœ>ÀÊiÊ«Àœ`ÕXKœÊiÊ>µÕˆÃˆXKœÊ
`iʓ>ÌiÀˆ>Ê`ˆ`?̈Vœ°Ê
Õ݈ˆ>`œÀ>ÊiÝ«ˆV>ʵÕiÊՓ>Ê`>ÃÊ>XªiÃÊ
jʜÊ
ÕÀÜÊ`iÊ
>«>VˆÌ>XKœÊ`iÊ*ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊ
`œÊ˜Ãˆ˜œÊj`ˆœÊµÕiÊ>Ìi˜`iÊ>Õ˜œÃÊ+Ո‡
,,"Ê<<,
œ“Lœ>Ã]Ê iÊ iÃÌ?Ê œVœÀÀi˜`œÊ i“Ê `iâÊ iÇ
Ì>`œÃÊ LÀ>ȏiˆÀœÃÊ ­*]Ê ]Ê "]Ê ]Ê]Ê
-]Ê *]Ê ,]Ê,-Ê iÊ -
®°Ê -KœÊ xäÊ `œVi˜ÌiÃÊ
i“Ê V>`>Ê iÃÌ>`œÊ Ãi˜`œÊ V>«>VˆÌ>`œÃÊ Vœ“Ê
Vœ˜ÌiÖ`œÃÊ`iʅˆÃ̝Àˆ>ÊiÊVՏÌÕÀ>Ê>vÀˆV>˜>ÊiÊ
>vÀœ‡LÀ>ȏiˆÀ>°Ê
ºÃÃiÃÊ«ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊÀiViLi“ʈ˜vœÀ“>‡
XªiÃÊÜLÀiÊ>ÊÀi>ˆ`>`iÊ`>ÃÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÃÊ
Ài“>˜iÃVi˜ÌiÃÊ`iʵՈœ“LœÃ]ʍ?ʵÕiÊՓÊ
`œÃÊ “œÌˆÛœÃÊ `>Ê iÛ>ÃKœÊ iÃVœ>ÀÊ i˜ÌÀiÊ œÃÊ
µÕˆœ“Lœ>ÃÊ jÊ µÕiÊ >Ê VÀˆ>˜X>Ê ˜KœÊ Ìi“Ê œÊ
“i˜œÀÊ ˆ˜ÌiÀiÃÃiÊ i“Ê «>À̈Vˆ«>ÀÊ `iÊ >Տ>ÃÊ
˜>ÃÊ µÕ>ˆÃÊ ÃiÕÊ “œ`œÊ `iÊ Ûˆ`>Ê iÊ Ài>ˆ`>`iÊ
˜KœÊÃKœÊÀiÌÀ>Ì>`œÃ»]Ê`ˆâ°Ê
iÊv>̜]ʜʉ˜`ˆViÊ`iÊiÛ>ÃKœÊjÊ>Ì‰Ãȓœ°Ê
>Ê Vœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ >Õ˜}>]Ê «œÀÊ iÝi“«œ]Ê
µÕiÊÀi֘iÊViÀV>Ê`iÊ{°xääÊ«iÃÜ>Ãʘ>Ê✘>Ê
ÀÕÀ>Ê`œÃʓ՘ˆV‰«ˆœÃÊ`iÊ/iÀiȘ>Ê`iʜˆ?Ã]Ê
>Û>V>˜ÌiÊiʜ˜Ìiʏi}Ài]ÊV…i}>Ê>Ên䯰Ê
Ê«œ˜ÌœÊ«>V‰wVœÊi˜ÌÀiÊiÃÌÕ`ˆœÃœÃʵÕiÊ
œÊÀiëiˆÌœÊDÃÊÌÀ>`ˆXªiÃÊ`iÊV>`>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>‡
º
`iÊjÊv՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê«>À>ʜÊiÃÌ>LiiVˆ“i˜‡
̜Ê`iÊՓ>Ê«À?̈V>Êi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ÊiwVˆi˜Ìi°Ê
i“Ê`ˆÃÜ]ʜÊÌiÀ“œÊVœ˜Ã̈ÌÕVˆœ˜>ÊºÀi‡
“>˜iÃVi˜ÌiÊ`iʵՈœ“Lœ»Ê«œ`iÊVœ˜v՘‡
`ˆÀ]Ê>œÊÀi“iÌiÀÊDʘœXKœÊ`iÊ>}œÊÀiÈ`Õ>Ê
i]Ê«œÀÌ>˜Ìœ]Ê`iÊ«œÕV>ʈ“«œÀÌ@˜Vˆ>°Ê
*>À>ÊiۈÌ>ÀÊiÃÃiÊiµÕ‰ÛœVœ]Ê>ÊÃÜVˆ>‡
XKœÊÀ>ȏiˆÀ>Ê`iʘÌÀœ«œœ}ˆ>Ê`ˆÛՏ}œÕ]Ê
i“Ê £™™{]Ê Õ“Ê `œVՓi˜ÌœÊ i>LœÀ>`œÊ
«iœÊ ÀÕ«œÊ `iÊ /À>L>…œÊ ÜLÀiÊ œ“Õ‡
˜ˆ`>`iÃÊ i}À>ÃÊ ,ÕÀ>ˆÃ]Ê ˜œÊ µÕ>Ê iÝ«ˆV>Ê
µÕiʜÊÌiÀ“œÊ˜KœÊÃiÊÀiviÀiʺ>ÊÀiÉ`՜ÃÊ
œÕÊ ÀiõՉVˆœÃÊ >ÀµÕiœ}ˆVœÃÊ `iÊ œVÕ«>‡
XKœÊ Ìi“«œÀ>Ê œÕÊ `iÊ Vœ“«ÀœÛ>XKœÊ Lˆœ‡
}ˆV>»]ÊiʵÕiʘKœÊÃiÊÌÀ>Ì>]ÊÌ>“Lj“]Ê`iÊ
º}ÀÕ«œÃÊ̜Ì>“i˜Ìiʈ܏>`œÃʜÕÊ`iÊՓ>Ê
«œ«Õ>XKœÊ iÃÌÀˆÌ>“i˜ÌiÊ …œ“œ}k˜i>»°Ê
ÃV>ÀiViÊ >ˆ˜`>Ê µÕiÊ ˜i“Ê Ãi“«ÀiÊ vœ‡
À>“ʺVœ˜Ã̈ÌՉ`œÃÊ>Ê«>À̈ÀÊ`iʓœÛˆ“i˜‡
̜ÃÊ ˆ˜ÃÕÀÀiVˆœ˜>ˆÃÊ œÕÊ ÀiLi>`œÃ]Ê “>Ã]Ê
ÜLÀiÌÕ`œ]Ê Vœ˜ÃˆÃÌi“Ê i“Ê }ÀÕ«œÃÊ µÕiÊ
`iÃi˜ÛœÛiÀ>“Ê «À?̈V>ÃÊ `iÊ ÀiÈÃÌk˜Vˆ>Ê
˜>Ê “>˜ÕÌi˜XKœÊ iÊ Ài«Àœ`ÕXKœÊ `iÊ ÃiÕÃÊ
“œ`œÃÊ `iÊ Ûˆ`>Ê V>À>VÌiÀ‰Ã̈VœÃÊ ˜Õ“Ê `i‡
ÌiÀ“ˆ˜>`œÊÕ}>À»°
ÊՓ>ÊiÝ«ˆV>XKœÊÛ>ˆœÃ>]Ê«œˆÃÊ>Õ`>Ê>Ê
i˜Ìi˜`iÀÊ>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iʵՈœ“Lœ>Êi]Ê>œÊ
“iӜÊÌi“«œ]Êi˜}œL>ÀÊVœˆÃ>ÃÊ`ˆÃ̈˜Ì>ÃÊ
Vœ“œÊ>Ê->˜}>“LˆÀ>]ʓ>˜ˆviÃÌ>XKœÊÀiˆ}ˆœÃ>Ê
Vœ“Ê`>˜X>]ʓÖÈV>ÊiÊLÀˆ˜V>`iˆÀ>Êi“Ê…œ‡
“i˜>}i“Ê>Ê-KœÊi˜i`ˆÌœ]Ê`>ÊVœ“Õ˜ˆ`>`iÊ
µÕˆœ“Lœ>Ê*>VœÛ>]ʘœÊ“Õ˜ˆV‰«ˆœÊ`iʏi˜‡
µÕiÀ]Ê`œÊ*>À?]ÊiÊ>Ê>˜X>Ê`>ÊKœÊõÕiÀ‡
`>]Ê`iʜÀˆ}i“Ê>vÀˆV>˜>ÊiÊ>Vœ“«>˜…>`>Ê>œÊ
ۈۜÊVœ“Êۈœ>]Ê>Ì>L>µÕiÊiÊ«>˜`iˆÀœ]Ê`œÃÊ
µÕˆœ“Lœ>ÃÊ`iÊ-KœÊ*i`Àœ]ʘœÊ6>iÊ`œÊ,ˆ‡
LiˆÀ>]Êi“Ê-KœÊ*>Տœ°Ê
Ê >ÌÕ>XKœÊ `>Ê -iV>`Ê jÊ «>ÕÌ>`>Ê ÕÃÌ>‡
“i˜ÌiÊ«œÀÊiÃÃiÊVՈ`>`œÊi“ÊÛiÀÊÀˆµÕiâ>Ê
˜>Ê `ˆÛiÀÈ`>`i]Ê iÊ ˜KœÊ >}Õ“Ê Ìˆ«œÊ `iÊ ˆ“‡
«i`ˆ“i˜ÌœÊi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>°Ê
º œÃÃ>ÃÊ >XªiÃÊ >ˆ˜`>Ê >̈˜}i“Ê Փ>Ê
«>ÀVi>Ê«iµÕi˜>Ê`>Ê«œ«Õ>XKœÊµÕˆœ“Lœ‡
>]ʓ>Ã]Ê>j“Ê`iÊLi˜iwVˆ>Ài“Ê>ÃÊVÀˆ>˜X>ÃÊ
>Ìi˜`ˆ`>Ã]Ê >Õ`>“Ê ˜Õ“>Ê ˆ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÊ “Õ‡
`>˜X>Ê `iÊ “i˜Ì>ˆ`>`iÊ iÊ Vœ“«œÀÌ>“i˜ÌœÊ
˜>ÊÜVˆi`>`i]Ê>}œÊµÕiÊVœ>LœÀ>À?Ê«>À>ʜÊ
ÃÕÀ}ˆ“i˜ÌœÊ `iÊ vÕÌÕÀ>ÃÊ «œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ «ÖLˆV>ÃÊ
“>ˆÃÊ>“«>ÃÊiʍÕÃÌ>û]Ê>«œ˜Ì>ÊÕ݈ˆ>`œÀ>°
+Õ>˜`œÊÜÕÊVœ˜Ûˆ`>`>Ê«iœÊˆ˜ˆÃÌjÀˆœÊ`>Ê`ÕV>XKœ]Ê>ÌÀ>ÛjÃÊ`>Ê-i‡
VÀiÌ>Àˆ>Ê `iÊ `ÕV>XKœÊ œ˜Ìˆ˜Õ>`>]Ê v>Lïâ>XKœÊiʈÛiÀÈ`>`i]Ê«>À>ʜÃÊ
˜Vœ˜ÌÀœÃÊÃÌ>`Õ>ˆÃÊ`iÊ*Àœi̜ÃʘœÛ>`œÀiÃÊ`iÊ
ÕÀÜÃ]ÊÌi˜…œÊµÕiÊÀiVœ‡
˜…iViÀʵÕiʜÊVœ“«Àœ“ˆÃÜÊ`œÊœÛiÀ˜œÊiÃÌ?ÊÃi˜`œÊVՓ«Àˆ`œ]ʜÕÊÃi>]Ê
>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊÌi“Ê>ʓˆÃÃKœÊiÃÌÀ>Ìj}ˆV>ÊiÊ֘ˆV>]ÊۜÌ>`>Ê«>À>Ê>ÊVœ˜Ãœˆ`>XKœÊ
`iÊՓ>ʘ>XKœÊÜLiÀ>˜>]Ê`i“œVÀ?̈V>]ʈ˜VÕÈÛ>ÊiÊV>«>âÊ`iÊ}iÀ>ÀÊ>Êi“>˜‡
Vˆ«>XKœÊÜVˆ>°
»
2SURIHVVRU1HOVRQ,QRFrQFLRGR1~
FOHRGH(VWXGRV$IUR%UDVLOHLURVGD8Q%
YrFRPERQVROKRVHVVHVDYDQoRV´&RQ
TXLVWDVSUiWLFDVFRPRDVFRWDVVmRPXLWR
QHFHVViULDVSRLVTXDQGRVHIDODHPDo}HV
DILUPDWLYDV HVWDPRV QD YHUGDGH FROR
FDQGRHPGLVFXVVmRRSRGHU7RGRVTXH
UHPGLVSXWDUHVSDoRDSHQDVFRPDTXHOHV
GHVHXJUXSR²HVVDpDOyJLFDGRUDFLVPR
TXHDVFRWDVDMXGDPDTXHEUDUµ
,QRFrQFLR SRUpP FKDPD D DWHQomR
SDUD D QHFHVVLGDGH GH XPD DPSOD GLV
FXVVmR VREUH FRQWH~GRV H SUiWLFDV SH
GDJyJLFDV ´,QIRUPDomR p XPD PXQLomR
QHFHVViULDSDUDDOXWDSRUPXGDQoDVSRU
LVVRpSUHFLVRGLVFXWLUHGHILQLUFRQWH~GRV
4XHPVHJUDGXDQR%UDVLOSDJDXPSUHoR
PXLWR DOWR SRLV DGTXLUH XPD IRUPDomR
TXHROHYDDDFUHGLWDUTXHRFRQKHFLPHQ
WRpSDWULP{QLRGR2FLGHQWHµ
8PD LQLFLDWLYD KLVWyULFD QR VHQWLGR
GHGDUDRVDOXQRVDOJRPDLVGRTXHXPD
YLVmR HXURFrQWULFD GH PXQGR IRL D OHL
QžTXHHQWURXHPYLJRUHPMDQHL
URGHWRUQDQGRREULJDWyULRQRVHV
WDEHOHFLPHQWRVGHHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDOH
PpGLRRILFLDLVHSDUWLFXODUHVRHQVLQRGH
KLVWyULDHFXOWXUDDIUREUDVLOHLUD
eXPDOHLPXLWRFODUDVREUHRTXHGHYH
VHU HQVLQDGR ´ LQFOXLUi R HVWXGR GD
+LVWyULDGDÉIULFDHGRV$IULFDQRVDOXWD
GRVQHJURVQR%UDVLODFXOWXUDQHJUDEUD
VLOHLUDHRQHJURQDIRUPDomRGDVRFLHGDGH
QDFLRQDO UHVJDWDQGR D FRQWULEXLomR GR
SRYRQHJURQDViUHDVVRFLDOHFRQ{PLFDH
SROtWLFDSHUWLQHQWHVj+LVWyULDGR%UDVLOµ
1DWXUDOPHQWH QXP SDtV LPHQVR H
FRPRVSUREOHPDVHVWUXWXUDLVHSROtWLFRV
FRPRR%UDVLOID]HUFXPSULUDOJXPDVOHLV
pXPDWDUHIDJLJDQWHVFD
iVˆÊÀ>˜`Kœ]ÊV>˜ÌœÀ>ÊiÊVœ“«œÃˆÌœÀ>
6HJXQGR RV GDGRV GR &HQVR (VFRODU
VmRTXDVHPLOHVFRODVGHHQVLQR
PpGLR H PDLV GH PLO HVFRODV GH HQ
VLQRIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDOKDGDVSRUWRGRR
WHUULWyULRQDFLRQDOWRWDOL]DQGRXPDPDV
VDGHPLOK}HVGHDOXQRV
$GHVSHLWRGDJUDQGH]DGDWDUHIDKi
H[FHOHQWHV LQLFLDWLYDV 8PD GHODV p R
&XUVRGH)RUPDomRD'LVWkQFLDHP(GX
FDomR H 'LYHUVLGDGH eWQLFR5DFLDLV GD
8Q% FRP XPD FRPLVVmR JHVWRUD FRP
SRVWD SHOD 6HFDG0(& SHOD )DFXOGDGH
GH(GXFDomR)(HSHOR&HQWURGH(GX
FDomRD'LVWkQFLD&HDGDPERVGD8QL
YHUVLGDGHGH%UDVtOLD8Q%
2 FXUVR HVWi FDSDFLWDQGR YLD LQWHU
QHWFHUFDGHPLOSURIHVVRUHVGHHVFRODV
S~EOLFDVGHWRGRRSDtVHPWHPDVVREUHD
KLVWyULDHDUHDOLGDGHGRQHJUREUDVLOHLUR
$SURIHVVRUDGH+LVWyULD1DQF\1HU\
OHFLRQDSDUDDOXQRVGRHQVLQRIXQGDPHQ
WDO QD HVFROD $QD 6LOYHLUD 3HGUHLUD QR
-DUGLP6mR/XtVSHULIHULDGD]RQD6XOGD
FLGDGHGH6mR3DXOR
(ODGL]TXHFRPRWRGRVRVSURIHVVRUHV
WRPRXFRQKHFLPHQWRGDOHLQž
PDVQmRIRLLQIOXHQFLDGDSRUHOD´6RXSUR
IHVVRUD GHVGH GHVGH WDPEpP
GRXDXODVQDUHGHPXQLFLSDOHDTXHVWmR
GRQHJURHVXDKLVWyULDGHUHVLVWrQFLDHPL
OLWkQFLDVHPSUHHVWLYHUDPSUHVHQWHV1mR
SUHFLVRGRLQFHQWLYRGHXPDOHLSDUDWUDWDU
GHWHPDWmRLPSRUWDQWHµGL]0DVRIDWRp
TXHDPDLRULDSUHFLVD(ODSUySULDDGPLWHD
IDOWDGHLQWHUHVVHGHVHXVFROHJDV
´0XLWRV QmR SRVVXHP XP UHSHUWyULR
PtQLPRSDUDOLGDUVDWLVIDWRULDPHQWHFRP
D TXHVWmR UDFLDO EUDVLOHLUD 3RU LVVR D OHL
WHPXWLOLGDGHPDVDSHQDVVHDFRPSDQKD
GDSRUSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVDEUDQJHQWHVµ
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ә
1DQF\1HU\FLWDRXWURDVSHFWRGDTXHV
WmRRTXDOMiDERUGDGRWDPEpPSRUPDLV
GH XP WUDEDOKR DFDGrPLFR UHIRUoD PDLV
DLQGD D QHFHVVLGDGH GH SURIHVVRUHV FDGD
YH]PDLVFDSDFLWDGRV´1XPDHVFRODRQGH
DPHWDGHGRVDOXQRVpQHJUDpSUHFLVRFXL
GDGRSDUDQmRPDJRDUSRLVHOHVFRQYLYHP
FRPXPDVLWXDomRTXHGLDORJDFRQVWDQWH
PHQWHFRPXPSDVVDGRGRORURVReFRP
SOLFDGRGL]HUSRUH[HPSORTXHRQHJURMi
IRLWUDWDGRFRPRPHUFDGRULD$OpPGLVVR
KiRSUHFRQFHLWRGRVDOXQRVEUDQFRVTXH
VH VRPD DR UHFDOTXH GRV DOXQRV QHJURV
([LVWH XP JUDQGH PDOHVWDU TXH SUHFLVD
VHUYHQFLGRµ
$&RRUGHQDomR*HUDOGH'LYHUVLGDGH
H ,QFOXVmR (GXFDFLRQDO GD 6HFDG0(&
HODERUDHLPSOHPHQWDSROtWLFDVHGXFDFLR
QDLV TXH IDYRUHFHP R DFHVVR H D SHUPD
QrQFLDGHDIURGHVFHQGHQWHVHPWRGRVRV
QtYHLVGDHGXFDomRHVFRODU5HDOL]DIyUXQV
HVWDGXDLV FRP JHVWRUHV S~EOLFRV HGXFD
GRUHV H UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GRV PRYLPHQWRV
VRFLDLV SDUD GLVFXWLU D GHVLJXDOGDGH QR
FRWLGLDQRHVFRODUHWDPEpPDLPSOHPHQ
WDomRGDOHLQž
$V Do}HV FRPSUHHQGHP D RIHUWD GH
PDWHULDLVGLGiWLFRSHGDJyJLFRVSRUPHLR
SRU H[HPSOR GRV SURJUDPDV GR SURMHWR
$&RUGD&XOWXUDYHLFXODGRVSHOR&DQDO
)XWXUDHGDVVpULHVRUJDQL]DGDVSHOD79
(VFRODFRPRRSURJUDPD6DOWRSDUDR)X
WXURFRQWHPSODQGRRVWHPDV5HSHUWyULR
$IUREUDVLOHLURQD(VFRODH9DORUHV$IUR
EUDVLOHLURVQD(GXFDomR
2XWUDDomRLPSRUWDQWHGHVHQYROYLGD
SHOD6HFDG0(&SRUPHLRGR)XQGR1D
FLRQDOGH'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD(GXFDomR
)1'( p R ILQDQFLDPHQWR GH SURMHWRV
HGXFDFLRQDLVQRkPELWRGRHQVLQRIXQGD
PHQWDO HP iUHDV UHPDQHVFHQWHV GH TXL
ORPERVHSDUDLPSOHPHQWDomRGRHQVLQR
GD KLVWyULD H FXOWXUD DIUREUDVLOHLUD QDV
HVFRODVS~EOLFDV
$ DVVLVWrQFLD ILQDQFHLUD p GHVWLQDGD
SDUD D IRUPDomR GH SURIHVVRUHV H SDUD D
DTXLVLomR H HODERUDomR GH PDWHULDLV GL
GiWLFRV GDV FDSLWDLV GRV HVWDGRV H GR
'LVWULWR)HGHUDO
7RGRV RV PXQLFtSLRV FRP yUJmRV GH
SURPRomRGHLJXDOGDGHUDFLDOUHFRQKHFL
GRVSHOD6HFUHWDULD(VSHFLDOGH3URPRomR
GD ,JXDOGDGH 5DFLDO GD 3UHVLGrQFLD GD
Îä 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
,,"Ê<<,
º
Ê-iV>`ÊÀi«ÀiÃi˜Ì>ÊՓÊ`ˆÛˆÃœÀÊ`iÊ?}Õ>Ãʘ>ʅˆÃ̝Àˆ>Êi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>ÊLÀ>ȇ
iˆÀ>]ÊՓ>ÊÛiâʵÕiÊVœ“Ê>ÊÃÕ>ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ«>ÃÜÕÊ>ÊÃiÀÊÀiviÀk˜Vˆ>Êi“ÊÀi>XKœÊ>Ê
«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ«ÖLˆV>ÃÊۜÌ>`>ÃÊ«>À>Ê>ʈ˜VÕÃKœ°ÊÃÜÊÀi«ÀiÃi˜Ì>ʘœÛœÃÊ«>À>`ˆ}‡
“>ÃÊiÊ>ÊÈÃÌi“>̈â>XKœÊ`iÊՓ>Ê>}i˜`>ʈ˜Ìi}À>`>Ê`iÊ>XªiÃÊ>wÀ“>̈Û>ð
»
*>ՏœÊ-«iiÀ]ÊÀiˆÌœÀÊ`>Ê1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊi`iÀ>Ê`iÊ>̜ÊÀœÃÜʭ1/®ÊiÊ«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊ`>Ê
ÃÜVˆ>XKœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê`œÃʈÀˆ}i˜ÌiÃÊ`>ÃʘÃ̈ÌՈXªiÃÊi`iÀ>ˆÃÊ`iʘȘœÊ-Õ«iÀˆœÀÊ­˜`ˆviî
º
Ê-iV>`ÊjÊՓ>ʈ˜ÃÌ@˜‡
Vˆ>Ê }iÀ>`œÀ>Ê `iÊ «œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ
«ÖLˆV>ÃÊ`iÊ>XªiÃÊ>wÀ“>‡
̈Û>ÃʵÕiÊۈÃ>Ê`iÃÌ>V>ÀÊՓÊ
`iÃ>wœÊ˜œÛœ\ʘKœÊ`?ʓ>ˆÃÊ
«>À>ÊÃiÊVœ˜ÃÌÀՈÀÊi`ÕV>XKœÊ
˜œÊÀ>ȏÊÃi“Ê>«Àœv՘`>ÀÊ
>Ê `ˆÛiÀÈ`>`i°Ê Ê -iV>`Ê
v>âÊ ˆÃÃœÊ Vœ“Ê œÃÊ ˜i}ÀœÃÊ
iʘi}À>Ã]ʵÕiÊiÃÌKœÊV>`>Ê
ÛiâÊ “>ˆÃÊ `iëiÀÌ>˜`œÊ
«>À>Ê iÃÃ>Ê ˜œÛ>Ê iÌ>«>Ê `œÊ
À>ȏ°Ê 1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÃÊ `iÊ
«Àˆ“iˆÀ>Ê ˆ˜…>Ê iÊ }À>˜`iÃÊ
“Տ̈˜>Vˆœ˜>ˆÃ]Ê vÀi˜ÌiÊ >œÊ
iÃV@˜`>œÊ`>ÊiÝVÕÃKœÊ`iÊ
}ÀÕ«œÃÊ j̘ˆVœÃÊ iÊ DÊ «ÀiÇ
ÃKœÊ `iÃÃiÃÊ Ãi}“i˜ÌœÃ]Ê
`iÀ>“Ê«>ÃÜÃʈ˜ˆVˆ>“i˜ÌiÊ
̉“ˆ`œÃÊiÊ>ÌÕ>“i˜ÌiÊÈ}‡
˜ˆwV>̈ۜÃ]ÊÀiVœ˜…iVi˜`œÊ
µÕiÊ >Ê ˆ˜VÕÃKœÊ «iœÊ ÛiˆœÊ
`>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊjÊLi˜jwV>Ê
«>À>Ê̜`œÃ°
»
ÀiˆÊ>ۈ`Ê->˜ÌœÃÊ"v“]Ê`ˆÀi̜ÀÊ
iÝiVṎۜÊ`>Ê`ÕV>vÀœÊ­`ÕV>XKœÊiÊ
ˆ`>`>˜ˆ>Ê`iÊvÀœ`iÃVi˜`i˜ÌiÃÊiÊ
>Ài˜Ìiî
5HS~EOLFD 6HSSLU35 SRGHP UHTXLVLWDU
HVVDDVVLVWrQFLD
1R FDVR GDV iUHDV UHPDQHVFHQWHV GH
TXLORPERVRVUHFXUVRVYLVDPDLQGDjUH
IRUPD H FRQVWUXomR GH HVFRODV DOpP GH
FRPSUDGHHTXLSDPHQWRV
3DUD(OLDQH&DYDOOHLURFRRUGHQDGRUD
JHUDOGH'LYHUVLGDGHH,QFOXVmR(GXFDFLR
QDOGD6HFDGHVWDVDo}HVYLVDPDPXGDU
RTXDGURUHFHQWHGHDXVrQFLDGHPDWHULDO
GLGiWLFRSHGDJyJLFRSDUDDIRUPDomRGRV
SURILVVLRQDLVQDiUHDGDHGXFDomR
´2%UDVLODRORQJRGHVXDKLVWyULDHV
WDEHOHFHXXPPRGHORGHGHVHQYROYLPHQ
WRH[FOXGHQWHLPSHGLQGRTXHPLOK}HVGH
SHVVRDVWLYHVVHPDFHVVRjHVFRODRXQHOD
SHUPDQHFHVVHP$GLILFXOGDGHQDDSOLFD
omRGDOHLUHIOHWHDGLILFXOGDGHFRPDTXDO
DVRFLHGDGHEUDVLOHLUDGLVFXWHDSUHVHQoD
GRUDFLVPRGRSUHFRQFHLWRHGDGLVFULPL
QDomR UDFLDO FRQWUD D SRSXODomR QHJUD
'LVVR UHVXOWD D ODFXQD QD IRUPDomR GRV
SURILVVLRQDLVGDHGXFDomRHDDXVrQFLDGH
PDWHULDOGLGiWLFRHVSHFtILFRµDILUPD
6HJXLQGR D SROtWLFD GH RIHUHFHU PD
WHULDLV GLGiWLFRV SDUD D IRUPDomR GRV
SURILVVLRQDLVGHHGXFDomRD6HFDG0(&
ODQoRXHPDSHQDVGRLVDQRVWUH]HOLYURV
YROWDGRVSDUDDUHIOH[mRHDWUDQVPLVVmR
GH H[SHULrQFLDV H FRQKHFLPHQWRV VREUH
HGXFDomRHUHODo}HVpWQLFRUDFLDLV
3DUD DFRPSDQKDU DQDOLVDU H DYDOLDU
DV SROtWLFDV HGXFDFLRQDLV YROWDGDV SDUD
RILHOFXPSULPHQWRGRGLVSRVWRQDOHLQž
R 0LQLVWUR GD (GXFDomR )HU
QDQGR+DGGDGLQVWLWXLXHPGH]HPEURGH
D&RPLVVmR7pFQLFD1DFLRQDOGH'L
YHUVLGDGH SDUD $VVXQWRV 5HODFLRQDGRV j
(GXFDomRGRV$IUR%UDVLOHLURV&DGDUD
$ FRPLVVmR p IRUPDGD SRU PHP
EURVHQWUHHOHVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGD6HFDG
0(&GHRXWURVyUJmRVGDDGPLQLVWUDomR
IHGHUDOHVWDGXDORXPXQLFLSDOEHPFRPR
GRVPRYLPHQWRVVRFLDLVRUJDQL]DGRVHGD
VRFLHGDGHFLYLO
2XWUDDWXDomRGHSHVRpR3URJUDPD
GH $o}HV $ILUPDWLYDV SDUD D 3RSXODomR
1HJUD QDV ,QVWLWXLo}HV 3~EOLFDV GH (GX
FDomR 6XSHULRU 8QLDIUR GHVHQYROYLGR
SHOD 6HFDG H SHOD 6HFUHWDULD GH (QVLQR
6XSHULRU6HVX
3RGHP VH LQVFUHYHU QR SURJUDPD XQL
YHUVLGDGHVIHGHUDLVHHVWDGXDLVHFHQWURVGH
HGXFDomRWHFQROyJLFDTXHRIHUHoDPIRUPD
omRGHQtYHOVXSHULRU3RUpPH[LJHVHTXH
DVLQVWLWXLo}HVWHQKDPQ~FOHRVGHHVWXGRV
DIUREUDVLOHLURV1HDEVRXFRUUHODWRV
(PIRUDPDSOLFDGRV5PL
OK}HV HP SURMHWRV VHOHFLRQDGRV HP
FRQFXUVRHTXHVHHQFDL[DPHPXPGRV
WUrVHL[RVGRSURJUDPDSXEOLFDo}HVIRU
PDomR GH SURILVVLRQDLV GD HGXFDomR H
SURPRomR GR DFHVVR H GD SHUPDQrQFLD
QDHGXFDomRVXSHULRU
8PDGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVSDUWLFLSDQWHVpD
8QLYHUVLGDGHGR(VWDGRGD%DKLD8QHE
FRPRSURMHWR$IURXQHE$o}HV$ILUPDWL
YDV,JXDOGDGH5DFLDOH&RPSURPLVVR6R
FLDOQD&RQVWUXomRGHXPD1RYD&XOWXUD
8QLYHUVLWiULDTXHOHYDFXUVRVSDUDXQL
YHUVLWiULRVDIURGHVFHQGHQWHVHVWXGDQWHV
HSURIHVVRUHVGRHQVLQREiVLFRGH6DOYD
GRU6DQWR$QW{QLRGH-HVXV$ODJRLQKDV
,WDEHUDEDH6HQKRUGR%RQILP
$ HIHWLYDomR GDV FRQTXLVWDV GR QHJUR
EUDVLOHLURSDUDVXSHUDURSUHFRQFHLWRGLVIDU
oDGRH[LJHPXLWDVYH]HVHVIRUoRVGHWRGRV
RVHQYROYLGRVQHVVHVSURFHVVRV0DVHVWHV
HVIRUoRVWrPVLGRFRPSHQVDGRUHV$DGR
omRGRVLVWHPDGHFRWDVpSURYDGLVVR
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ Σ
21B0.n©<;<0.:=<
ÊÌiÀÀ>
i˜Ãˆ˜>ÊÊ
,iëiˆÌ>ÀÊ>ÃÊȘ}Տ>Àˆ`>`iÃÊ`œÃÊ«œÛœÃÊ
`œÊV>“«œÊjÊv՘`>“i˜Ì>Ê«>À>ÊivïÛ>ÀÊ
Փ>Ê«œ‰ÌˆV>Êi`ÕV>Vˆœ˜>Ê“>ˆÃʍÕÃÌ>
mR p j WRD TXH D WD[D GH
DQDOIDEHWLVPR DWLQJH FHU
FDGHGRVDGXOWRVTXH
PRUDPQRFDPSRXPtQ
GLFHWUrVYH]HVPDLRUTXHR
GDFLGDGHVHJXQGRGDGRVGR&HQVR
1D]RQDUXUDOFRQFLOLDURHVWXGRFRPRX
WUDVWDUHIDVpDOJRFRPSOLFDGRDLQGDPDLV
FRPRWUDQVSRUWHHVFRODUSUHFiULRSDUDR
DOXQR TXH WHP GH SHUFRUUHU XPD ORQJD
GLVWkQFLDSDUDFKHJDUjVDODGHDXOD
)DOWDPHVFRODVOLYURVHHTXLSDPHQWRV
PHOKRU TXDOLILFDomR H YDORUL]DomR SDUD
RV SURIHVVRUHV DOpP GH ILQDQFLDPHQWR
GLIHUHQFLDGRSDUDDVHVFRODVGRFDPSRH
FXUUtFXORVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGRVjVVXDVTXHV
W}HV 2 UHVXOWDGR GHVVD HTXDomR p XPD
HYDVmRHVFRODUQRFDPSRPXLWRDFLPDGD
PpGLDQDFLRQDO
(PDHVFRODULGDGHPpGLDGDSR
SXODomRGHDQRVRXPDLVTXHYLYLDQD
]RQD UXUDO HUD GH DQRV TXDVH D PH
WDGH GD HVWLPDGD SDUD D XUEDQD GH VHWH
DQRV3QDG1DTXHOHDQRFHUFDGH
PLOK}HVGHEUDVLOHLURVTXDVHXPTXLQ
WRGDSRSXODomRPRUDYDPQRFDPSR
3DUD PXGDU HVVD UHDOLGDGH GH SDU
WH VLJQLILFDWLYD GR %UDVLO D 6HFDG FULRX
D &RRUGHQDomR *HUDO GH (GXFDomR QR
&DPSRFRPRREMHWLYRGHHODERUDUSUR
SRVWDVSDUDDPSOLDUDRIHUWDHPHOKRUDUD
TXDOLGDGHGRHQVLQRSDUDHVVHVSRYRV
'HVGH IRL UHDOL]DGD XPD VpULH
GH VHPLQiULRV HVWDGXDLV SDUD GLYXOJDU DV
'LUHWUL]HV2SHUDFLRQDLVSDUDD(GXFDomR
%iVLFDQDV(VFRODVGR&DPSRHVWDEHOHFHU
ÎÓ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
R GLiORJR FRP RV JHVWRUHV S~EOLFRV QRV
HVWDGRV H PXQLFtSLRV H DV RUJDQL]Do}HV
VRFLDLVEHPFRPRSRWHQFLDOL]DUDVH[SH
ULrQFLDVHPHGXFDomRQRFDPSR
3RUPHLRGHVVHVVHPLQiULRVHVWDGXDLV
R0(&WDPEpPID]RGLDJQyVWLFRHEXVFD
VROXo}HVSDUDFRPEDWHUDVGHVLJXDOGDGHV
GRFRWLGLDQRHVFRODUQRFDPSR
1HVVHV HYHQWRV RV SDUWLFLSDQWHV UH
SUHVHQWDQWHV GH LQVWLWXLo}HV H HQWLGDGHV
OLJDGDV jV TXHVW}HV UXUDO H HGXFDFLRQDO
GLVFXWHP HVWUDWpJLDV SDUD D LPSOHPHQ
WDomR GDV GLUHWUL]HV RSHUDFLRQDLV SDUD D
HGXFDomREiVLFDQDVHVFRODV
$OpP GLVVR p UHDOL]DGR HP FDGD
HVWDGR R PDSHDPHQWR GH H[SHULrQFLDV
HGXFDWLYDV TXH HVWmR REWHQGR VXFHVVR
QRLQJUHVVRHQDSHUPDQrQFLDGHDOXQRV
QDV HVFRODV GR FDPSR DOpP GDV H[SH
ULrQFLDVLQRYDGRUDVTXHYrPRFRUUHQGR
IRUDGDHVFROD
&RPRGHFRUUrQFLDGDVGHPDQGDVSRU
HVVHV VHPLQiULRV D 6HFDG0(& ODQoRX
QR~OWLPRGLDGHDEULOXPGRVSULPHL
URVSURJUDPDVGD&RRUGHQDomR*HUDOGH
(GXFDomRQR&DPSR7UDWDVHGR6DEHUHV
GD7HUUDTXHHVWiEHQHILFLDQGRPDLVGH
PLOMRYHQVHDGXOWRVGRFDPSR2REMHWL
YRpDHOHYDomRGDHVFRODULGDGHFRPTXD
OLILFDomR SURILVVLRQDO H VRFLDO D SDUWLU GH
XPSURMHWRGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVXVWHQWi
YHOHVROLGiULRSDUDRFDPSRYDORUL]DQGR
DVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHDSUHQGL]DGRGHQ
WURGRSURFHVVRGHHQVLQRYLQFXODQGRD
HVFRODjUHDOLGDGHGRDOXQRHDGRWDQGRR
WUDEDOKRFRPRSULQFtSLRHGXFDWLYR
º
Ê -iV>`Ê Ãˆ}˜ˆwV>Ê Õ“>Ê «Àœ‡
«œÃÌ>Ê Vœ˜VÀiÌ>Ê `iÊ ˆ˜ÃiÀXKœÊ
`>ÃÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ`>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ«œÀÊ
«>ÀÌiÊ`œÊœÛiÀ˜œÊi`iÀ>°ÊʜÊ
ÀiVœ˜…iVˆ“i˜ÌœÊ`>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊ
`œÊ «œÛœÊ LÀ>ȏiˆÀœÊ …ˆÃ̜ÀˆV>‡
“i˜ÌiÊ iõÕiVˆ`œÊ ˜>Ê vœÀ“Տ>‡
»
XKœÊ`>ÃÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ«ÖLˆV>ð
>˜ÕiÊœÃjÊ`œÃÊ->˜ÌœÃ]Ê«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊÊ
`>Ê
œ˜Ì>}
´$ RUJDQL]DomR FXUULFXODU H D PHWR
GRORJLD GR SURJUDPD UHVSHLWDP R FLFOR
GHSURGXomRHDFXOWXUDGRFDPSRHSRV
VLELOLWDPDRDOXQRHOHYDUDVXDHVFRODUL
GDGHDSDUWLUGDSHGDJRJLDGDDOWHUQkQ
FLDTXHWHPRWUDEDOKRFRPRSULQFtSLR
HGXFDWLYRµ DILUPD 5LFDUGR +HQULTXHV
WLWXODUGD6HFDG
$SURSRVWDSHGDJyJLFDGR6DEHUHVGD
7HUUD VH DGDSWD jV FRQGLo}HV ORFDLV H jV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDYLGDGRFDPSR2FXU
UtFXORVHJXHDSHGDJRJLDGDDOWHUQkQFLDD
TXDOUHVSHLWDRVFLFORVGDDWLYLGDGHUXUDOH
DGPLWHDGLYLVmRGRWHPSRGHHVWXGRHQ
WUHHVFRODHFDVDSURSULHGDGHUXUDO
2 SURJUDPD p IUXWR GH XPD SDUFHULD
HQWUHR0(&HRV0LQLVWpULRVGR7UDEDOKR
H(PSUHJRGR'HVHQYROYLPHQWR$JUiULR
H GD &XOWXUD HQYROYHQGR WDPEpP HVWD
GRV H PXQLFtSLRV HVFRODV DJURWpFQLFDV
IHGHUDLV RUJDQL]Do}HV GD VRFLHGDGH FL
61"
YLO VHP ILQV OXFUDWLYRV H LQVWLWXLo}HV GH
HQVLQRVXSHULRUS~EOLFDV
1“Ê«œÕVœÊ`iʅˆÃ̝Àˆ>
3DUDHQWHQGHURLPHQVRDELVPRHGXFD
FLRQDO TXH H[LVWH HQWUH RV PRUDGRUHV GDV
]RQDV XUEDQD H UXUDO p SUHFLVR YROWDU QR
WHPSRSDUDFRPSUHHQGHUSRUTXHRVLVWH
PD GH HQVLQR EUDVLOHLUR HYROXLX GH IRUPD
GLIHUHQFLDGDQRFDPSRHQDFLGDGH
'HVGHTXHR%UDVLOIRL´GHVFREHUWRµSH
ORVSRUWXJXHVHVRPHLRUXUDOpFDUDFWHUL]D
GRSHORODWLI~QGLRSHODPRQRFXOWXUDHSHOR
XVR GH WpFQLFDV GH SURGXomR PXLWR UXGL
PHQWDUHVRTXHWHPVHUYLGRGHDUJXPHQWR
SDUDQHJDURGLUHLWRXQLYHUVDOjHGXFDomR
GHTXDOLGDGHDHVVDVSRSXODo}HV
6y D SDUWLU GD &RQVWLWXLomR GH TXHRVPRUDGRUHVGRFDPSR²RUJDQL]DGRV
HPGLYHUVRVPRYLPHQWRVVRFLDLV²FRQVH
JXLUDPFRORFDUHPSDXWDRSUREOHPDGD
HGXFDomR QD ]RQD UXUDO QRV GHEDWHV GR
3RGHU3~EOLFRFRPRXPDTXHVWmRGHLQ
WHUHVVHQDFLRQDO
(VyHPR0LQLVWpULRGD(GXFD
omRDEULXVHjFRQVWUXomRGHXPDSROtWLFD
QDFLRQDOYROWDGDSDUDDHGXFDomRQRFDP
SRTXHYHPVHQGRHODERUDGDHPGLiORJR
FRPDVGHPDLVHVIHUDVGDJHVWmRGR(VWD
GR H FRP RV PRYLPHQWRV H RUJDQL]Do}HV
VRFLDLVGRFDPSREUDVLOHLUR1HVWDpSRFD
HVWXGRGR,QHS0(&PRVWURXRUHVXOWDGR
GHVpFXORVGHDEDQGRQRHIDOWDGHFRPSUR
PLVVRFRPDHGXFDomRQRFDPSR
'DSRSXODomRGHDDQRVTXHWR
WDOL]DYDPPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVQmR
IUHTHQWDYDP D HVFROD HP (QWUH
RV PDWULFXODGRV DSHQDV HVWDYDP
QRHQVLQR PpGLRQtYHO DGHTXDGR SDUD D
LGDGH 'RV HVWXGDQWHV GH D DQRV
HVWDYDPQDVpULHDGHTXDGDjVXDLGD
GHWD[DTXHQDiUHDXUEDQDHUDGH
$OJXPDV FDXVDV GHVVD UHDOLGDGH HVWD
YDPLPSUHVVDVQR&HQVR(VFRODUGH
1DTXHOHDQRDUHGHGHHQVLQRGDHGXFD
omREiVLFDQRFDPSRWLQKDHVWD
EHOHFLPHQWRV PDV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D
PHWDGHGHVVDVHVFRODVSRVVXtDDSHQDVXPD
VDODGHDXODHRIHUHFLD~QLFDHH[FOXVLYD
PHQWHRHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDOGHSULPHLUD
DTXDUWDVpULHV(QTXDQWRQDiUHDXUEDQD
GRVHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRVGHHQVLQRWL
QKDPELEOLRWHFDDSHQDVGDVHVFRODV
GRFDPSRSRVVXtDPHVVHHTXLSDPHQWR
2XWUDV FRPSDUDo}HV PDUFDP R GHIL
QLWLYR GLVWDQFLDPHQWR D VHSDUDomR H DV
GHVYDQWDJHQVGDVHVFRODVUXUDLVHPUHOD
omRjFLGDGHODERUDWyULRVGHLQIRUPiWLFD
H FRPSXWDGRUHV H
HODERUDWyULRVGHFLrQFLDVH
$V GHVLJXDOGDGHV HGXFDFLRQDLV
DMXGDPDH[SOLFDUWDPEpPDGLIHUHQoDGH
UHQGD HQWUH DV ]RQDV XUEDQD H UXUDO GD
RUGHPGHVHJXQGRR,QHS0(&
0RGLILFDUHVWDUHDOLGDGHQmRpWDUHID
IiFLO PDV DV LQLFLDWLYDV GD 6HFDG0(&
SRU PHLR GD &RRUGHQDGRULD *HUDO GH
(GXFDomRQR&DPSRHVWmRFRPHoDQGRD
PXGDUHVWHFHQiULR7UDWDVHGHXPWUD
EDOKR iUGXR GH ORQJR SUD]R TXH YLVD D
UHHVWUXWXUDU R VLVWHPD GH HQVLQR EiVLFR
QD]RQDUXUDOHTXHMiVXUWHRVVHXVSUL
PHLURVHIHLWRV
$VSHVVRDVTXHYLYHPHWUDEDOKDPQR
FDPSRHVSDOKDGDVSHORVULQF}HVGR%UD
VLO WHUmR DV PHVPDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GDV
TXHYLYHPQDFLGDGH,JXDOGDGHLPSUHV
FLQGtYHOSDUDXPSDtVTXHSUHWHQGHHSUH
FLVDFUHVFHUHGLVWULEXLUUHQGD
º
Ê -iV>`Ê jÊ Õ“>Ê Vœ˜µÕˆÃÌ>Ê `œÃÊ “œÛˆ“i˜ÌœÃÊ ÃœVˆ>ˆÃÊ `œÊ V>“«œ]Ê >ÃȓÊ
Vœ“œÊ`œÃʘi}ÀœÃÊiʈ˜`‰}i˜>ðÊÊ}i˜ÌiÊi˜ÝiÀ}>ÊVœ“œÊՓ>ÊȘ>ˆâ>XKœÊ`iÇ
ÃiÊ}œÛiÀ˜œÊ`iÊ`ˆ>œ}>ÀÊVœ“ÊœÃÊÃՍiˆÌœÃÊÜVˆ>ˆÃÊ`œÊV>“«œÊiÊ`iÃi˜V>`i>ÀÊ
«ÀœViÃÜÃʵÕiÊÛKœÊ˜>Ê`ˆÀiXKœÊ`iÊVœ˜VÀïâ>ÀÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœÃÊ>ÌÀ>ÛjÃÊ`iÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ
«ÖLˆV>ÃʵÕiÊ՘ˆÛiÀÃ>ˆâi“ÊœÊ>ViÃÜÊDÊi`ÕV>XKœ°Ê*i>Ê«Àˆ“iˆÀ>ÊÛiâʜÊ}œ‡
»
ÛiÀ˜œÊvi`iÀ>Êi˜ÝiÀ}>ʜÃÊ«œÛœÃÊ`œÊV>“«œÊVœ“œÊÃՍiˆÌœÃÊ`iÊ`ˆÀiˆÌœ°
`}>Àʜˆ˜}]ÊVœœÀ`i˜>`œÀʘ>Vˆœ˜>Ê`œÊ-i̜ÀÊ`iÊ`ÕV>XKœÊ`œÊ-/
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ÎÎ
0<;2Eª2@12@./2?2@
"ÊÃ>LiÀ
Vœ“«>À̈…>`œ
œ“Ê «Àœi̜ÃÊ µÕiÊ i˜ÛœÛi“Ê ՘ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÃ]Ê Vœ“Õ˜ˆ‡
`>`iÃÊiÊ>Õ˜œÃ]ʜÊ
œ˜iݪiÃÊ`iÊ->LiÀiÃÊLÕÃV>ÊÀœ“«iÀÊÊ
“ÕÀœÃÊiÊiÃÌ>LiiViÀÊ`ˆ?œ}œÃÊi˜ÌÀiÊ`ˆÃ̈˜ÌœÃÊÌiÀÀˆÌÀˆœÃ
1
PD GDV SULQFLSDLV SROtWL
FDV JRYHUQDPHQWDLV SDUD
URPSHU R DELVPR HQWUH
XQLYHUVLGDGHV H HVSDoRV
SRSXODUHV VXUJLX IRUD GRV
JDELQHWHVGH%UDVtOLD(PDSDUWLU
GD IRUPXODomR GD RUJDQL]DomR QmRJR
YHUQDPHQWDO FDULRFD 2EVHUYDWyULR GH
)DYHODV VH IH] D H[SHULrQFLD GD 5HGH
GH 8QLYHUVLWiULRV GH (VSDoRV 3RSXODUHV
5XHSHPGXDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGR5LRGH
-DQHLUR2SURMHWRVHUYLXGHPRGHORSDUD
TXHVHFULDVVHGHQWURGD6HFDGRSURJUD
PD&RQH[}HVGH6DEHUHV
2 &RQH[}HV FRPHoD FRP FLQFR XQL
YHUVLGDGHVHPDPSOLDVHSDUDQRYH
HPHFKHJDHPDXQLYHU
VLGDGHVIHGHUDLVGLVWULEXtGDVSRUWRGRVRV
HVWDGRVGRSDtV
´&RQH[}HVGH6DEHUHVUHSUHVHQWDXPD
SROtWLFD GH SHUPDQrQFLD TXDOLILFDGD TXH
FRQWULEXL SDUD RV HVWXGDQWHV XQLYHUVLWi
ULRV GH RULJHP SRSXODU SHUPDQHFHUHP H
FRQFOXtUHP FRP r[LWR D JUDGXDomR QDV
XQLYHUVLGDGHV S~EOLFDV $OpP GLVVR DP
SOLD D UHODomR HQWUH D XQLYHUVLGDGH H RV
PRUDGRUHV GH HVSDoRV SRSXODUHV VXDV
LQVWLWXLo}HVHRUJDQL]Do}HVSURPRYHQGR
RHQFRQWURHDWURFDGHVDEHUHVHID]HUHV
HQWUHHVVHVGRLVWHUULWyULRVµH[SOLFDRVH
FUHWiULR5LFDUGR+HQULTXHV
$ 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO )OXPLQHQVH
8)) LQVWLWXLX FXUVRV GH H[WHQVmR SDUD
Î{ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
TXHRVDOXQRVWUDEDOKDVVHPMXQWRjVFR
PXQLGDGHVSUy[LPDVDRFDPSXV
8PD GHVVDV FRPXQLGDGHV p R 0RUUR
GR(VWDGRHP1LWHUyLUHJLmRPHWURSROL
WDQDGR5LRGH-DQHLUR/iPRUDRHVWX
GDQWHGHJHRJUDILD$SDUtFLR$UUXGD9LD
QD(OHpXPGRVDOXQRVTXHSDUWLFLSDP
GHXPFXUVRGHH[WHQVmRGHVXDIDFXOGD
GHQDFRPXQLGDGHHPTXHYLYH
´7UDEDOKDPRV QD iUHD GH JHVWmR DP
ELHQWDOHWDPEpPGHVRFLRORJLDWHQWDQGR
GDUXPHQWHQGLPHQWRGDVRFLHGDGHSRU
TXHjVYH]HVDSHVVRDHVWiQRPXQGRPDV
QmR HQWHQGHFRPR SDUWLFLSD GHOHeLP
SRUWDQWHSRUTXHDFDEDVHQGRXPDIRUPD
GHHGXFDomRSROtWLFDµ(OHPHVPRFRQVL
GHUDTXHVHHGXFRXSHOR&RQH[}HV
´(XMiWLQKDXPDYLYrQFLDHPSURMHWRV
VRFLDLVQD3UHIHLWXUDGH1LWHUyLHDWXDQGR
HP FRPXQLGDGHVµ FRQWD 0DV UHVVDOYD
´R&RQH[}HVHVWiRUJDQL]DQGRHVVDH[SH
ULrQFLDGHYLGDTXHHXWHQKRµ
2UJDQL]DU D H[SHULrQFLD GH YLGD H[
SDQGLUFRQKHFLPHQWRVHUHDILUPDUVXDRUL
JHPQDSHULIHULDVmRRVUHVXOWDGRVGRSUR
MHWRSDUD-RVHPHLUH$OYHV3HUHLUD$OXQD
GH +LVWyULD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH
0LQDV *HUDLV 8)0* -RVHPHLUH Mi ID
]LDSDUWHGD$VVRFLDomRGH8QLYHUVLWiULRV
GR0RUUR$80TXDQGRIRLVHOHFLRQDGD
FRPRXPDGDVEROVLVWDVGR&RQH[}HV
´+iSRXFDVSHVVRDVGRPRUURTXHWrP
DFHVVRjXQLYHUVLGDGHHJHUDOPHQWHTXDQ
GR HVVDV SHVVRDV FRQVHJXHP XP GLSORPD
º
ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ`>Ê-iV>`ÊiÊ>ÊvœÀ“>ÊVœ“œÊÃÕ>ÃÊ>XªiÃÊvœÀ>“Ê«>˜i>`>ÃÊiʈ“‡
«i“i˜Ì>`>Ã]ÊVœ˜Ã̈ÌՈ‡ÃiÊi“Ê“>ÀVœÊ«>À>Ê>ÊÝÌi˜ÃKœÊ`>ÃÊ1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÃÊ
*ÖLˆV>ðÊÃÊ?Ài>ÃÊiʏˆ˜…>ÃÊ`iÊ>XKœÊ`>Ê-iV>`]Ê>ÊiÝi“«œÊ`œÊÌÀ>L>…œÊVœ“Ê
>ʍÕÛi˜ÌÕ`iÊ`iʜÀˆ}i“Ê«œ«Õ>À]Ê>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊ˜œÊV>“«œ]Ê`ˆÀiˆÌœÃʅՓ>˜œÃ]Ê
i`ÕV>XKœÊ`iʍœÛi˜ÃÊiÊ>`Տ̜ÃÊiÊ>v>Lïâ>XKœ]Êi˜ÌÀiʜÕÌÀœÃ]ÊÛKœÊ>œÊi˜‡
Vœ˜ÌÀœÊ`>ÃÊ«ÀˆœÀˆ`>`iÃÊiÃÌ>LiiVˆ`>ÃÊ«iœÊœÀ«ÀœiÝ]ʘœÊÃi˜Ìˆ`œÊ`>ʈ“«i‡
“i˜Ì>XKœÊ`iÊ«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ«ÖLˆV>ÃÊi“>˜Vˆ«>̝Àˆ>ÃʵÕiÊ>Ìi˜`i“Ê>œÃÊ>˜ÃiˆœÃÊ
»
iʘiViÃÈ`>`iÃÊ`>ʓ>ˆœÀˆ>Ê`>Ê«œ«Õ>XKœÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀ>°
ÖVˆ>ÊÕiÀÀ>]Ê«ÀÊÀiˆÌœÀ>Ê`iÊÝÌi˜ÃKœÊ`>Ê1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊi`iÀ>Ê`>Ê*>À>‰L>ÊiÊ«ÀiÈ`i˜ÌiÊ`œÊÀՓÊ
`iÊ*À‡,iˆÌœÀiÃÊ`iÊÝÌi˜ÃKœÊ`>ÃÊ1˜ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÃÊ*ÖLˆV>ÃÊÀ>ȏiˆÀ>Ã
´&RPHVVDVSXEOLFDo}HVEXVFDVHFRQ
FHGHUYR]DHVVHVHVWXGDQWHVHDPSOLDUVXD
YLVLELOLGDGH QDV XQLYHUVLGDGHV S~EOLFDV H
HPRXWURVHVSDoRVVRFLDLV(VVHVOLYURVWUD
]HPRVUHODWRVVREUHDVDOHJULDVHOXWDVGH
FHQWHQDVGHMRYHQVUDSD]HVHPRoDVTXH
FRQWUDULDUDP D IRUWH HVWUXWXUD GHVLJXDO
TXHDLQGDLPSHGHRSOHQRDFHVVRGRVHV
WXGDQWHVPDLVSREUHVjVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGH
H[FHOrQFLDGRSDtVRXVyRSHUPLWHSDUDRV
FXUVRVFRPPHQRUSUHVWtJLRVRFLDOµ
61"
LQGtJHQDµGL]$QWRQLDTXHpGRSRYR3L
WDJXDUL0HVPRWUDEDOKDQGRQR3ODQDOWR
3LFLHODHVSHUDDLQGDDSOLFDURSURMHWRHP
0DUDFDQD~FLGDGHHPTXHYLYHHpKDEL
WDGDSRUXPDFRPXQLGDGH3LWDJXDUL
´2SURMHWRURPSHDOyJLFDXWLOLWDULVWD
HQWUHXQLYHUVLGDGHHFRPXQLGDGHµDILU
PD-RVHPHLUH´*HUDOPHQWHHVVHVSURMH
WRVVmRIHLWRVSHODXQLYHUVLGDGHHOHYDGRV
SDUD D FRPXQLGDGH WRPDQGR R EDLUUR
DSHQDV SHOR kQJXOR GD FDUrQFLD $JRUD
HVWDEHOHFHPRV XP
GLiORJR FRQVLGHUDQ
GR D FRPXQLGDGH
WDPEpP XP DJHQWH
SURGXWRU GH VDEH
UHV DVVLP FRPR D
DFDGHPLDµ DYDOLD
$VpULH&DPLQKDGDV
UHODWD D KLVWyULD GH
YLGDGRVHVWXGDQWHV
XQLYHUVLWiULRV TXH
SDUWLFLSDP GR &R
QH[}HV -i IRUDP
SXEOLFDGRV OL
YURVGHXQLYHU
VLGDGHVGLVWLQWDV
61"
QmR TXHUHP VHU PDLV LGHQWLILFDGDV FRPR
PRUDGRUDVGHIDYHODµUHODWD$$80HVWi
HQWUHDVTXHWHQWDPPXGDUHVVDVLWXDomR
´)L]HPRVFXUVLQKRVSUpYHVWLEXODUHP
XPDSDUFHULDFRPDSDUyTXLDGREDLUURµ
FRQWDDPRUDGRUDGR$JORPHUDGR6DQWD
/~FLDFRQMXQWRGHIDYHODVHP&RQWDJHP
UHJLmRPHWURSROLWDQDGH%HOR+RUL]RQWH
+RMHGHQWURGR&RQH[}HV-RVHPHLUH
WUDEDOKD HP XP SURMHWR SDUD TXH HVWX
GDQWHV GD 8)0* SHVTXLVHP H PDQWH
QKDPYLYDDPHPyULDGHVXDVRULJHQVQD
SHULIHULD 8PD GDV IRUPDV GH FRQVHJXLU
LVVRpID]HQGRSHVTXLVDGHPHPyULDRUDO
QR$JORPHUDGR6DQWD/~FLD
2 UHVJDWH GD PHPyULD WDPEpP p R
REMHWLYRGHXPGRVSURMHWRVGR&RQH[}HV
HP3ODQDOWR3LFLEDLUURGH)RUWDOH]DQDV
SUR[LPLGDGHVGD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR
&HDUi$XQLYHUVLWiULD$QWRQLD)UDQFLQD
6LOYDGD&RVWDpXPDGDVDOXQDVTXHLP
SOHPHQWDP R SURMHWR HP 3ODQDOWR 3LFL
(OD SUySULD VH FRQVLGHUD FRQWHPSODGD
SHORSURMHWR
´3DUWLFLSDU H RXYLU GLVFXVV}HV VREUH
SROtWLFDV DILUPDWLYDV DMXGRX PXLWR SDUD
TXH HX FRPHoDVVH D PH GHFODUDU FRPR
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ Îx
21B0.n©<2@0<9.?6;1Â42;.
"Êi˜Ãˆ˜œÊµÕi
`ˆ>œ}>ÊVœ“Ê>ÃÊÌÀ>`ˆXªiÃÊ
Ìi˜XKœÊiÊÀiëiˆÌœÊDÊ`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊVՏÌÕÀ>Ê`œÃÊ«œÛœÃÊ«œÃÈLˆˆÌ>“ÊœÊ
vœÀÌ>iVˆ“i˜ÌœÊ`>Ãʈ`i˜Ìˆ`>`iÃ]Ê`>Ãʏ‰˜}Õ>ÃÊiÊ`>ÃÊVՏÌÕÀ>Ãʈ˜`‰}i˜>Ã
-1-Ê
,"-ÊÉÊ / ÎÈ 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
RQVWUXLU XP PRGHOR HGX
FDFLRQDO TXH FRQVHJXLVVH
UHVSHLWDU DV ULFDV FXOWXUDV
GRVSRYRVLQGtJHQDVHV
SDOKDGRVSHOR%UDVLOSDUHFLD
LPSRVVtYHO $ TXHVWmR QD VXD FRPSOH
[LGDGH HQYROYLD DR WRGR PDLV GH OtQJXDV GLIHUHQWHV H SDUD TXH IRVVHP
IRUWDOHFLGDVVHULDPQHFHVViULRVPpWRGRV
SHGDJyJLFRV GLVWLQWRV FULDGRV MXQWR D
FDGDFRPXQLGDGH
6H FRQVLGHUDUPRV DLQGD R KLVWyULFR
GHDWXDomRGR(VWDGRHPUHODomRjTXHV
WmRRGHVDILRHUDDLQGDPDLRU2JRYHUQR
EUDVLOHLURSULPRXGXUDQWHPXLWRWHPSR
SHODUHSUHVVmRHSULYDomRGHGLUHLWRVGRV
SRYRV LQGtJHQDV 6y D SDUWLU GH D
&RQVWLWXLomRSDVVRXDUHFRQKHFHURVGL
UHLWRV GRV SRYRV LQGtJHQDV j VXD UHSUR
GXomR ItVLFD H FXOWXUDO QR SUHVHQWH H QR
IXWXURGDQDomR
$WpDVHVFRODVYROWDGDVSDUDHVVH
VHJPHQWR GD SRSXODomR HUDP PDQWLGDV
SHOD)XQGDomR1DFLRQDOGRÌQGLR)XQDL
RX SRU PLVV}HV UHOLJLRVDV QR PDUFR GD
DQWLJDSROtWLFDLQWHJUDFLRQLVWD2DSUHQ
GL]DGRGDOtQJXDSRUWXJXHVDHUDLPSRVWR
QR HQVLQR IXQGDPHQWDO FRP R REMHWLYR
GHVXEVWLWXLUDVOtQJXDVLQGtJHQDV
$SDUWLUGHTXDQGRDHGXFDomR
HVFRODULQGtJHQDWUDQVIHULXVHSDUDR0(&
HSDVVRXDVHUUHVSDOGDGDHPH[SHULrQFLDV
LQRYDGRUDV GD VRFLHGDGH FLYLO SDUD R UH
FRQKHFLPHQWR H DILUPDomR GH XPD HGX
FDomR LQGtJHQD GLIHUHQFLDGD FRPHoDUDP
D VHUHP GDGRV RV SULPHLURV SDVVRV SDUD
D HODERUDomR GH SROtWLFDV HGXFDFLRQDLV
HVSHFtILFDVTXHFRQWHPSODVVHPDVQHFHV
VLGDGHVGDVFRPXQLGDGHV$WHPiWLFDJD
QKDULDQRYRVFRQWRUQRVDSDUWLUGH
´$ 6HFDG DR SHUFHEHU TXH D SROtWLFD
GH HGXFDomR LQGtJHQD Mi KDYLD DWLQJLGR
XPSRQWRGHPDWXULGDGHDPDQWHYHQRV
WULOKRV H DFHOHURX WRGR R SURFHVVRµ H[
SOLFD R FRRUGHQDGRUJHUDO GH (GXFDomR
(VFRODU,QGtJHQD.OHEHU*HVWHLUD0DWRV
6HJXQGRHOHKRMHWHPRVQ~PHURVDQL
PDGRUHV2VGDGRVGR&HQVR(VFRODU
DSRQWDPDH[LVWrQFLDGHHVFRODVHP
IXQFLRQDPHQWRHPWHUUDVLQGtJHQDVRQGH
VmRDWHQGLGRVPLOHVWXGDQWHV1HVWDV
HVFRODVWUDEDOKDPDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
PLOSURIHVVRUHVGHOHVLQGtJHQDV
'HVGH KRXYH XP VLJQLILFDWLYR
DXPHQWR QD RIHUWD GD HGXFDomR HVFRODU
LQGtJHQD2Q~PHURGHHVWXGDQWHVFUHV
FHXFHUFDGHJUDoDVjH[SDQVmRGH
GDUHGHItVLFDGHHVFRODVQHVWHSHUt
RGRTXDQGRQRYDVHVFRODVLQGtJHQDV
SDVVDUDPDIXQFLRQDURXIRUDPUHFRQKH
FLGDVFRPRHVFRODVLQGtJHQDV
3URJUDPDV HVSHFLDLV WDPEpP VmR GH
VHQYROYLGRV QHVVD iUHD FRPR R GD 0H
UHQGD (VFRODU TXH HVWDEHOHFH XP YDORU
SRUDOXQRVXSHULRUDRGDVHVFRODVQmRLQ
GtJHQDVRTXHFRODERUDSDUDDSHUPDQrQ
FLDGRVHVWXGDQWHVQDVHVFRODV
&RP D FULDomR GD 6HFDG IRL LQWHQ
VLILFDGR R DSRLR j LPSODQWDomR H GHVHQ
YROYLPHQWR GRV FXUVRV GH IRUPDomR GH
SURIHVVRUHVLQGtJHQDV'HVVDIRUPDKRMH
VmRRVLQGtJHQDVGHVXDVSUySULDVHWQLDVRV
DXWRUHVGDHGXFDomRHVFRODUQDVDOGHLDV
2V SURFHVVRV SUySULRV GH HQVLQR H
DSUHQGL]DGRVmRUHVSHLWDGRVGHIRUPDHV
SHFtILFDSDUDFDGDSRYR2XVRGDHVFULWD
QDOtQJXDPDWHUQDLQFOXVLYHQRVSURFHV
VRV GH DOIDEHWL]DomR p PDLV HILFD] H HP
PXLWRVFRQWH[WRVHPTXHRSRUWXJXrVpD
OtQJXDPDMRULWiULDREVHUYDVHRUHYLJRUD
PHQWRGDOtQJXDLQGtJHQD
2V SURIHVVRUHV LQGtJHQDV VmR IRUPD
GRV FRPR SHVTXLVDGRUHV GH VXD SUySULD
FXOWXUD H VmR HOHV RV DXWRUHV GRV OLYURV
GLGiWLFRVHVSHFtILFRV8PH[HPSORGHVVD
DOWHUDomRGHIRFRSRGHVHUYLVWDQDFRPX
QLGDGH %DQLZD TXH WHP FHUFD GH PLO
SHVVRDVGRODGREUDVLOHLUR²DOpPGHHVWDU
SUHVHQWHQD&RO{PELDHQD9HQH]XHOD²
ORFDOL]DGDV HP XPD WHUUD LQGtJHQD GH PLOK}HVGHKHFWDUHVQRPXQLFtSLRGH6mR
*DEULHOGD&DFKRHLUDQR$PD]RQDV
'XUDQWHPXLWRVDQRVHOHVVRIUHUDPD
LPSRVLomRGHPpWRGRVHGXFDWLYRVGLVWDQ
WHVGHVXDUHDOLGDGH
´1HVWD iUHD GLYLGLPRV R HVSDoR FRP
RXWURVSRYRVFDGDXPGHOHVFRPVXDV
SHFXOLDULGDGHVOtQJXDVHKiELWRVGLVWLQWRV
0DVRTXHVHYLDSRUDTXLHUDXPGHVSUH
]RGHWRGDHVVDFXOWXUDFRPRVHVRPHQWH
DGRKRPHPEUDQFRIRVVHDYHUGDGHLUDµ
UHFRUGDRSURIHVVRU*HUVHQ%DQLZD
+RMH HVWXGDP QDV DOGHLDV FHUFD GH
PLO tQGLRV FRP LGDGHV HQWUH VHLV H
DQRV6HJXQGR*HUVHQQRSDVVDGRD
HGXFDomRGRV%DQLZDHUDIHLWDSRUPLV
º
Ê-iV>`Ê>LÀˆÕÊՓÊië>XœÊµÕiÊ
iÀ>ʓՈ̜ÊÀiÃÌÀˆÌœÊ>˜ÌiÃÊ`>ÊVÀˆ>XKœÊ
`iÃÃ>Ê ÃiVÀiÌ>Àˆ>°Ê Ê Õ“>Ê …iÀ>˜X>Ê
`>ÃʏÕÌ>ÃÊ`>ÃÊÜVˆi`>`iÃʈ˜`‰}i˜>ÃÊ
µÕiÊLÕÃV>“ÊVœ“Ê>Êi`ÕV>XKœÊÌiÀÊ
>ViÃÜÊ`i˜ÌÀœÊ`>ÃÊ`ˆÀiÌÀˆâiÃÊiÊL>‡
ÃiÃÊ `>Ê i`ÕV>XKœÊ ˜>Vˆœ˜>°Ê Ê -i‡
V>`Ê jÊ “ÕˆÌœÊ ˆ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÊ «œÀµÕiÊ
i>ʘKœÊÃiÊÀiÃÌÀˆ˜}iÊ>ÊՓ>Ê֘ˆV>Ê
ۈÃKœÊiÊÀiëiˆÌ>Ê>Ê`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊVՏ‡
»
ÌÕÀ>ÊµÕiÊi݈ÃÌiʘœÊ«>‰Ã
°
œ˜ÃÌ>˜Ìˆ˜œÊ/ˆV՘>]ÊVœœÀ`i˜>`œÀÊ`>Ê
"À}>˜ˆâ>XKœÊiÀ>Ê`œÃÊ*ÀœviÃÜÀiÃÊ/ˆV՘>ÃÊ
ˆ‰˜}ÕiÃÊÊ­"*/®Ê
VLRQiULRV WDUHID LQLFLDGD QD GpFDGD GH
HTXHVHHVWHQGHXSRUPXLWRVDQRV
´$SHVDU GD ERD YRQWDGH GHVVH SHVVRDO
KDYLD VHPSUH D LPSRVLomR GH XPD FXO
WXUD (UD FRPR VH QmR VRXEpVVHPRV GH
QDGDHHOHVSRVVXtVVHPWRGRRFRQKHFL
PHQWRµUHOHPEUD
2 SUySULR *HUVHQ p XP H[HPSOR GD
PXGDQoDGHRULHQWDomRGDHGXFDomRHV
FRODU LQGtJHQD ´&RPHFHL PHXV HVWXGRV
QDDOGHLDSRULQWHUPpGLRGRVPLVVLRQiULRV
0DVSDUDFXUVDUGDTXDUWDVpULHHPGLDQWH
WLYHGHVDLU+RMHIHOL]PHQWHFRPRQRYR
PpWRGRRLQGtJHQDFRQVHJXHID]HUDWpR
HQVLQRPpGLRHPWHUUDV%DQLZDµ
(P*HUVHQLQWHJURXXPDWXUPD
FRPRXWURVLQGtJHQDVQD8QLYHUVLGDGH)H
GHUDO GR $PD]RQDV 8IDP RQGH FXUVRX
OLFHQFLDWXUDHP)LORVRILD2FLGHQWDORTXH
VHJXQGR HOH DSHVDU GR HVWUDQKDPHQWR
LQLFLDOFRODERURXSDUDFRQVWUXLUVXDYLVmR
GHPXQGRHGHVVDIRUPDHVWLPXODUDLQGD
PDLVVXDOXWDSHORGLUHLWRjGLYHUVLGDGH
2 SURIHVVRU %DQLZD FRQFOXLX VHX
PHVWUDGR QD 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH
%UDVtOLD 8Q% H HP PDLR GH IRL
QRPHDGRPHPEURGR&RQVHOKR1DFLRQDO
GH(GXFDomR)UDQFLVFRGH6RXVD6DQWRV
WDPEpP p XP GRV LQGtJHQDV HQYROYLGRV
QDiUHDHGXFDFLRQDO
&KLTXLQKR FRPR p FRQKHFLGR SHU
WHQFH j HWQLD ;DFULDEi H YLYH HP iUHD
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ ÎÇ
º
Ê-iV>`]ÊVÀˆ>`>Êi“ÊÓää{]Ê
ÛiˆœÊ VœœV>ÀÊ >œÊ ˜‰ÛiÊ `>ÃÊ
«œ‰ÌˆV>ÃÊ `iÊ }œÛiÀ˜œÊ œÊ µÕiÊ
>Ê
œ˜Ã̈ÌՈXKœÊ`iÊ£™nnÊ>wÀ‡
“œÕ]ʓ>ÃʵÕiÊ>Ê}iÃÌKœÊ«ÖLˆ‡
V>]Ê `iÃÌiÊ i˜ÌKœ]Ê VˆÀV՘ÃVÀi‡
ÛiÀ>Ê>Êi˜V>ÛiÃʈ˜ÌiÀiÃÃ>`œÃ\Ê
>Ê >wÀ“>XKœÊ `œÊ V>À?ÌiÀÊ ˆ˜i‡
ÕÌ>Ûi“i˜ÌiÊ «ÕÀˆj̘ˆVœÊ `>Ê
»Ê
ÜVˆi`>`iÊLÀ>ȏiˆÀ>°
˜Ìœ˜ˆœÊ
>ÀœÃÊ`iÊ-œÕâ>ʈ“>]Ê
ÕÃiÕÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê1,
"Ê
ʈ˜ÛiÃÌiʘ>ÊÊ
i`ÕV>XKœÊˆ˜`‰}i˜>
(P R 0(& LQYHVWLX GH 5 PLOK}HVHPSURMHWRVGHHGXFDomRHVFRODU
LQGtJHQD (VVHV UHFXUVRV IRUDP GLVWULEXt
GRV HQWUH Do}HV GH DSRLR j IRUPDomR GH
SURIHVVRUHVLQGtJHQDVLPSOHPHQWDomRGH
FXUVRVGHOLFHQFLDWXUDSDUDHVVHVSURIHVVR
UHVSURGXomRGHPDWHULDLVGLGiWLFRVHVSH
FtILFRVFRQVWUXomRUHIRUPDRXDPSOLDomR
GHHVFRODVLQGtJHQDVHDTXLVLomRGHHTXL
SDPHQWRV DSRLR DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR
HQVLQR PpGLR HP HVFRODV LQGtJHQDV IRU
PDomRGHWpFQLFRVJRYHUQDPHQWDLVHWF
'H DFRUGR FRP R FRRUGHQDGRU JUDQ
GH SDUWH GHVVHV UHFXUVRV p UHSDVVDGD YLD
FRQYrQLRDGLYHUVDVHQWLGDGHV²VHFUHWD
ULDVHVWDGXDLVHPXQLFLSDLVGH(GXFDomR
RUJDQL]Do}HV QmRJRYHUQDPHQWDLV H XQL
YHUVLGDGHV²SHOR)1'()XQGR1DFLRQDO
GH'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD(GXFDomR
$OpP GLVVR IRUDP JDVWRV 5 PL
OK}HVHPOLYURVGR31/'3URJUDPD1D
FLRQDOGR/LYUR'LGiWLFRGLULJLGRVDHV
FRODVLQGtJHQDV
(P IRUDP GHVWLQDGRV PDLV GH
5 PLOK}HV GR )XQGR GH 0DQX
WHQomR H 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR GR (QVLQR
)XQGDPHQWDO H GH 9DORUL]DomR GR 0D
JLVWpULR )XQGHI SDUD D PDQXWHQomR
HRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRHQVLQRHPWHU
UDVLQGtJHQDV
'HDFRUGRFRPRSURIHVVRU&KLTXLQKR
KiDLQGDPXLWRSRUVHUIHLWRQRkPELWRGD
FDXVDLQGtJHQDQR%UDVLOSRUpPQRV~OWL
PRVDQRVIRUDPREWLGRVPXLWRVDYDQoRV
&RPR LQIRUPRX R SURIHVVRU H VHFUHWiULR
PXQLFLSDOGHHGXFDomRHPVXDUHJLmRRV
;DFULDEi VRPDP FHUFD GH PLO H GHVVH
WRWDODSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOHVWXGDP
QRVYiULRVQtYHLV
´2 LQWHUHVVDQWH GR SURMHWR p SHUFHEHU
TXHKiDSUHRFXSDomRLQFOXVLYHHPTXHVH
FRQVWUXDPDVHVFRODVQRVPROGHVGDDOGHLD
VHPTXHKDMDDTXHOD¶DJUHVVmRDUTXLWHW{QL
FD·TXHLQLEHRDSUHQGL]DGR3DUDHVVHHV
WXGRRVtQGLRVWDPEpPVmRFRQVXOWDGRVµ
-1-Ê
,"-ÊÉÊ / GHPDUFDGDGHPLOKHFWDUHVQRPXQLFt
SLRGH6mR-RmRGDV0LVV}HVQRUWHGH0L
QDV*HUDLV(OHLQLFLRXQRGLDGHPDLR
D /LFHQFLDWXUD ,QWHUFXOWXUDO ,QGtJHQD QD
8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 0LQDV *HUDLV
8)0*PDVWHUiTXHFRQFLOLDUVHXVHV
WXGRV FRP DV WDUHIDV QD SUHIHLWXUD ORFDO
RQGH UHVSRQGH SHOD SDVWD GH VHFUHWiULR
PXQLFLSDOGH(GXFDomR
$WpKiSRXFRWHPSR&KLTXLQKRDWXD
YDFRPRSURIHVVRUPLQLVWUDQGRDXODVSDUD
DOXQRVGDSULPHLUDDRLWDYDVpULHVHPVXD
FRPXQLGDGH´,QIHOL]PHQWHDOtQJXD;D
FULDEiMiVHSHUGHXSRUFRQWDGDVLPSRVL
o}HVHGXFDFLRQDLVTXHVRIUHPRVDRORQJR
GRVDQRVHGDVLQYDV}HVHPQRVVDVWHUUDV
$VVLPWHPRVIHLWRDDOIDEHWL]DomRGHQRV
VRSHVVRDOHPSRUWXJXrVHPERUDH[LVWDP
SHVTXLVDGRUHVJDULPSDQGRRTXHUHVWDGH
QRVVDOtQJXDQDWHQWDWLYDGHUHDYLYiODµ
(OH UHVVDOWD TXH R SRUWXJXrV HQVLQDGR
DWXDOPHQWHDRV;DFULDEiQmRVHJXHRPRGH
ORFRQYHQFLRQDOSRLVDHOHIRUDPLQFRUSRUD
GDVIRUPDVGHIDODUSUySULDVGHVHXSRYR
În 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
+iGRLVDQRVRV;DFULDEiFRQVHJXLUDP
ID]HUFRPTXHRDSUHQGL]DGR²MiIHLWRSRU
SURIHVVRUHV LQGtJHQDV ² VH GHVVH QD SUy
SULDDOGHLDGHVGHDSULPHLUDVpULHGR(Q
VLQR)XQGDPHQWDODWpD~OWLPDGR(QVLQR
0pGLR$OpPGLVVRYiULRVSURIHVVRUHVMi
LQJUHVVDUDPQRFXUVRVXSHULRUQD8QLYHU
VLGDGH (VWDGXDO GH 0RQWHV &ODURV SRU
PHLRGRVLVWHPDGHFRWDV
´,VVRMipXPDYLWyULDPDVQRVVDOXWD
pSDUDTXHRtQGLRGHL[HGHVHUREMHWRGH
SHVTXLVDQDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHVHWRUQHVX
MHLWRGDVDo}HVDTXHOHTXHWDPEpPWHP
PXLWRDHQVLQDUµUHIRUoRXR;DFULDEi
-iSDUDRVHVWXGDQWHV;XNXUX&D
ULULFXMDDOGHLDILFDQDUHJLmRGH3DOPHLUD
GRV ÌQGLRV HP $ODJRDV H RQGH PRUDP
tQGLRV GHVVD HWQLD D VLWXDomR p XP
SRXFRGLYHUVD
'HDFRUGRFRPDSURIHVVRUDHPLOLWDQ
WH GD FDXVD LQGtJHQD 0DQLQKD ;XNXUX
&DULULHVVHVDOXQRVFRQVHJXHPHVWXGDUQD
DOGHLDVRPHQWHDWpDTXDUWDVpULHGR(QVL
QR)XQGDPHQWDO(PVHJXLGDHOHVWrPGH
VDLUGRSRYRDGRHPEXVFDGRVRXWURVQt
YHLVIUHTHQWDQGRHVFRODVFRQYHQFLRQDLV
´2TXHVHSHUFHEHpTXHHVVHVtQGLRVDR
GHL[DUHPDDOGHLDSDUDHVWXGDUQmRFRQVH
JXHPDYDQoRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVSRLVVHVHQWHP
GHVORFDGRV (VSHUR TXH GHQWUR GHVWH SUR
JUDPDGD6HFDGWHQKDPRVHPQRVVDVWHUUDV
RXWUDVHVFRODVSDUDTXHRVSURIHVVRUHVLQGt
JHQDV SRVVDP HQVLQDU WDPEpP GD TXLQWD
VpULHDRQtYHOPpGLRµGLVVH0DQLQKD
$WXDOPHQWHHODGiDXODVGDSULPHLUD
jTXDUWDVpULHGR(QVLQR)XQGDPHQWDOQD
DOGHLDHpHVWXGDQWHGHILORVRILDQD)DFXO
GDGH6mR7RPiVGH$TXLQRHP3DOPHLUD
GRVÌQGLRV2IDWRGHHVWDUHQYROYLGDFRP
DV FDXVDV LQGtJHQDV Ki DQRV OKH UHQ
GHX XPD YLVmR DPSOD GR PXQGR ´$OpP
GDV HVFRODV QyV HVSHUDPRV WDPEpP TXH
DVGHPDUFDo}HVGHQRVVDVWHUUDVRFRUUDP
GHIDWR1DYHUGDGHQyVMiWLYHPRVDOJX
PDVYLWyULDVQHVWHJRYHUQRSRUpPDLQGD
Ki D FDUrQFLD GH XPD SROtWLFD LQGtJHQD
PDLVFRQVLVWHQWHµDUJXPHQWD
'H DFRUGR FRP GDGRV GD &RRUGHQD
omR*HUDOGH(GXFDomR(VFRODU,QGtJHQD
D WD[D GH FUHVFLPHQWR SRSXODFLRQDO GD
PDLRULDGRVSRYRVLQGtJHQDVQR%UDVLOVH
DSUR[LPD GRV DR DQR FRQWUD PpGLD
QDFLRQDOGH
-1-Ê
,"-ÊÉÊ / ´'LDQWH GHVVHV Q~PHURV D HGXFDomR
LQGtJHQD GHYH UHFHEHU DWHQomR FDGD YH]
PDLRUSRLVVHWUDWDGHUHVSHLWDUHYDORUL]DU
D HQRUPH GLYHUVLGDGH LQGtJHQD QR %UDVLO
DOpPGHFRQWULEXLUSDUDIRUWDOHFHUDGHPR
FUDFLDEUDVLOHLUDµGL]*HVWHLUD0DWRV
º
"ÊÌÀ>L>…œÊµÕiÊ>Ê-iV>`Êv>âÊVœ“ÊœÃÊ«œÛœÃʈ˜`‰}i˜>ÃÊÛi“ÊÃi˜`œÊ“Õˆ‡
̜ʈ“«œÀÌ>˜ÌiÊ«œÀµÕiÊ>˜ÌiÃÊ>Ê}i˜ÌiÊ̈˜…>Ê`ˆwVՏ`>`iÊ`iÊ>ViÃÜÊ`ˆÀi̜Ê>œÊ
°ÊœiÊ>ʘœÃÃ>Ê>À̈VՏ>XKœÊi“ʘ‰ÛiÊ˜>Vˆœ˜>ÊiÃÌ?ʓ>ˆÃÊ>“«>]Ê«œÀµÕiÊ
ۈ>Ê-iV>`Ê>Ê}i˜ÌiÊÌ>“Lj“Ê«œ`iÊÛiÀʜÕÌÀ>ÃÊiÝ«iÀˆk˜Vˆ>ÃʘœÊÀ>ȏ°Ê
œ“Ê>Ê
ˆ“«>˜Ì>XKœÊ `>Ê œ“ˆÃÃKœÊ >Vˆœ˜>Ê `iÊ `ÕV>XKœÊÃVœ>Àʘ`‰}i˜>Ê«œ`i‡
“œÃÊÌiÀʓ>ˆœÀÊ>Vœ“«>˜…>“i˜Ìœ°ÊµÕˆÊi“Ê,œÀ>ˆ“>]Êۈ>LˆˆâœÕÊ>ʓi…œÀˆ>Ê
»
˜>ʈ“«>˜Ì>XKœÊ`œÊi˜Ãˆ˜œÊ“j`ˆœ]ʵÕiÊjʜʵÕiʘÃÊÌÀ>L>…>“œÃ°
*ˆiÀ@˜}i>Ê >ÃVˆ“i˜ÌœÊ`>Ê
՘…>ÊqÊ«œÛœÊ7>«ˆÝ>˜>]ÊÊ
VœœÀ`i˜>`œÀ>‡}iÀ>Ê`>Ê"À}>˜ˆâ>XKœÊ`œÃÊ*ÀœviÃÜÀiÃʘ`‰}i˜>ÃÊ`iÊ,œÀ>ˆ“>
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ Ι
21B0.n©<2:26<.:/62;A2
«Ài˜`ˆâiÃÊ
`iÊÃÕÃÌi˜Ì>Lˆˆ`>`i
GLVFXVVmRVREUHDQHFHVVLGDGH
GHFRQVHUYDURPHLRDPELHQ
WH FKHJD DWp D VDOD GH DXOD
HQWUD H RFXSD R HVSDoR TXH
PHUHFH QD HVFROD 6y DVVLP
VHUHDOL]DRQHFHVViULRWUDEDOKRGHFRQV
WUXomR GH VRFLHGDGHV VXVWHQWiYHLV H GD
PHOKRULDGDTXDOLGDGHGHYLGDGDVSUH
VHQWHVHIXWXUDVJHUDo}HV
3DUDDWLQJLUHVVHREMHWLYRGLYHUVRVVH
WRUHV GR JRYHUQR IHGHUDO WUDEDOKDP HP
FRQMXQWRGHVHQYROYHQGRDo}HVTXHDP
SOLDPD(GXFDomR$PELHQWDODXPRXWUR
SDWDPDUGHQWURGRHQVLQREUDVLOHLUR
$ 3ROtWLFD 1DFLRQDO GH (GXFDomR
$PELHQWDO GHILQH TXH HVWD GHYH VH GDU
QDVHVFRODVFRPRSUiWLFDLQWHJUDGDFRQ
WtQXDHSHUPDQHQWHWUDQVYHUVDODWRGDV
DVGLVFLSOLQDV
{ä 1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@
1RkPELWRGR0(&HGRHQVLQRIRU
PDO D 6HFDG p UHVSRQViYHO SHOD LPSOH
PHQWDomR H GLIXVmR GH FRQKHFLPHQWRV
VREUH FLrQFLD VDEHUHV WUDGLFLRQDLV H SR
OtWLFDV DPELHQWDLV ID]HQGR XVR GH XPD
YLVmRVLVWrPLFDTXHHQYROYHIRUPDomRGH
SURIHVVRUHVHYHQWRVHVWUDWpJLDVGHUHGH
SXEOLFDo}HVHSURMHWRVFRPDVHVFRODV
3DUDJHULUWRGRHVVHSURFHVVRTXHLQ
FOXLDHGXFDomRIRUPDOHDQmRIRUPDOR
0LQLVWpULRGD(GXFDomRHR0LQLVWpULRGR
0HLR $PELHQWH IRUPDP MXQWRV R ÐUJmR
*HVWRUGD3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDOGH(GXFDomR
$PELHQWDODWXDQGRQDVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV
GHVVDFRPSOH[DWHPiWLFD´$VVLPVmRHV
WDEHOHFLGDVUHODo}HVFULDWLYDVHQWUHDVHV
FRODVHDVFRPXQLGDGHVVHXVWHUULWyULRVH
SUREOHPDVVRFLRDPELHQWDLVLQFHQWLYDQGR
DOXQRVHSURIHVVRUHVDWRUQDUHPVHVXMHL
61"
ÃÌÕ`>˜ÌiÃÊ`iÊ̜`œÊœÊÀ>ȏÊÃiÊ
i˜ÛœÛi“Ê V>`>Ê ÛiâÊ “>ˆÃÊ Vœ“Ê
µÕiÃ̪iÃÊ >“Lˆi˜Ì>ˆÃÊ iÊ `ˆv՘‡
`i“Ê «À?̈V>ÃÊ `iÊ «ÀiÃiÀÛ>XKœÊ
“iӜÊi˜ÌÀiʜÃʓ>ˆÃÊÛi…œÃ
WRVGDFRQVWUXomRGHXPDQRYDVRFLHGDGH
EDVHDGDQDpWLFDGDVXVWHQWDELOLGDGHµH[
SOLFD 5DFKHO 7UDMEHU FRRUGHQDGRUD JHUDO
GH(GXFDomR$PELHQWDOGD6HFDG
3DUD VH WHU XPD LGpLD GRV UHVXOWDGRV
GHVVHHVIRUoRGHSDUDIRLWUL
SOLFDGR R UHFXUVR GHVWLQDGR SDUD D iUHD
SHOR 0LQLVWpULR GD (GXFDomR HQYROYHQ
GRFDSWDomRHSDUFHULDV
2 GLIHUHQFLDO SDUD VHQVLELOL]DU XP
JUDQGHQ~PHURGHSHVVRDVFRPSROtWLFDV
TXHIRUWDOHFHPD(GXFDomR$PELHQWDOIRL
FULDUXPFRQMXQWRGHTXDWURDo}HVHVWUX
WXUDQWHV²TXHFRPS}HPRSURJUDPD9D
PRV&XLGDUGR%UDVLOFRPDV(VFRODV0DLV
GH PLOK}HV GH SHVVRDV SDUWLFLSDUDP
GDVGXDVHGLo}HVGD&RQIHUrQFLD1DFLR
QDO ,QIDQWR-XYHQLO SHOR 0HLR $PELHQ
WH 0LOKDUHV GH SHVVRDV WLYHUDP DFHVVR
º
Ê -iV>`Ê i˜Ìi˜`iÕÊ
µÕiÊ ÛˆÛiÀÊ jÊ «ÕÀ>°Ê *œÀÊ
ˆÃÜ]Ê ˆ˜VÕˆÕÊ i“Ê ÃiÕÊ ÀœÊ
`iÊ>«Ài˜`ˆâ>}i“ÊœÊVՏ̈‡
ۜÊ`>ÊLˆœ`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊiÊ`>Ê
»
`ˆÛiÀÈ`>`iÊVՏÌÕÀ>
°
œi“>Ê6ˆiââiÀ]Êi`ÕV>`œÀ>Ê
ÝVˆœ‡>“Lˆi˜Ì>Ê
j)RUPDomR&RQWLQXDGDGH3URIHVVRUHVH
(VWXGDQWHV 0XLWRV HVWmR ID]HQGR D GLV
WkQFLD R FXUVR &LrQFLD GH 3pV QR &KmR
HPLOKDUHVGHHVFRODVWrP&RP9LGD²D
&RPLVVmRGH0HLR$PELHQWHH4XDOLGDGH
GH9LGDHD(GXFDomRGH&KLFR0HQGHV
7RGDVHVVDVDo}HVVHSURS}HPDFRQV
WUXLU XP SURFHVVR SHUPDQHQWH GH (GX
FDomR $PELHQWDO QD HVFROD HQYROYHQGR
VHFUHWDULDVGH(GXFDomRHVWDGXDLVHPX
QLFLSDLVSURIHVVRUHVDOXQRVFRPXQLGDGH
HVFRODUVRFLHGDGHFLYLOHXQLYHUVLGDGHV
$ ,, &RQIHUrQFLD 1DFLRQDO ,QIDQWR
-XYHQLOSHOR0HLR$PELHQWHTXHFXOPL
QRX XP SURFHVVR GH PRELOL]DomR HP PLOHVFRODVDFRQWHFHXGHDGHDEULO
GHHP/X]LkQLDQRHVWDGRGH*RLiV
(ODGHXXPDDPRVWUDGHFRPRRVMRYHQV
EUDVLOHLURVHVWmRLQWHUDJLQGRFRPDVTXHV
W}HV DPELHQWDLV DR UHXQLU FHUFD GH HVWXGDQWHVFRPLGDGHVGHDDQRV
FRQVROLGDQGRGHEDWHVTXHWLYHUDPLQtFLR
HPFRPDSDUWLFLSDomRGHPDLVGH
PLOK}HVGHDOXQRVHPWRGRRSDtV
'XUDQWH R HYHQWR R SUHVLGHQWH GD
5HS~EOLFD /XL] ,QiFLR /XOD GD 6LOYD
UHFHEHXD&DUWDGDV5HVSRQVDELOLGDGHV
GRFXPHQWRSUHSDUDGRSHORVMRYHQVSDU
WLFLSDQWHVGDFRQIHUrQFLDHFXMROHPDp
9DPRV FXLGDU GR %UDVLO 2 PLQLVWUR GD
(GXFDomR )HUQDQGR +DGGDG H RV PL
QLVWURV GR 0HLR $PELHQWH 0DULQD 6LO
YDHGD&XOWXUD*LOEHUWR*LOWDPEpP
UHFHEHUDPRGRFXPHQWR
6HJXQGR5DFKHO7UDMEHURGRFXPHQWR
GHPRQVWUDDPDWXULGDGHGRVDOXQRVTXH
GH PDQHLUD VLQWpWLFD FRQVHJXLUDP HQX
PHUDUXPDVpULHGHPHGLGDVIXQGDPHQWDLV
SDUD D FRQVHUYDomR DPELHQWDO ´$ FDUWD
WHPDFDUDGHOHVHHYLGHQFLDDVUHVSRQVD
ELOLGDGHVTXHSRGHPDVVXPLUµHQWHQGH
'HDFRUGRFRPDFRRUGHQDGRUDFRPR
R WUDWDPHQWR GDV TXHVW}HV DPELHQWDLV p
UHODWLYDPHQWHQRYRQR%UDVLOVmRRVMR
YHQVTXHHVWmRHGXFDQGRRVSDLV´2XYL
UHODWRV GH ILOKRV TXH VHQVLELOL]DP VHXV
SDLVSDUDDLPSRUWkQFLDGDFROHWDVHOHWL
YD GH QmR VH MRJDU OL[R QR ULR H KRXYH
DWpDOJXQVTXHGHL[DUDPGHIXPDUGHSRLV
GHXPDERDFRQYHUVDFRPRVILOKRVVREUH
RV SUREOHPDV TXH HVVH KiELWR SRGH FDX
VDUµUHODWD5DFKHO
0LFKHOH 6DWR GRFHQWH GD 8QLYHUVL
GDGH)HGHUDOGR0DWR*URVVRHTXHLQ
WHJURX D FRPLVVmR RUJDQL]DGRUD GH VHX
HVWDGRILFRXVDWLVIHLWDFRPDRXVDGLDGRV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV ´2V MRYHQV HVWmR DWHQWRV
SDUDDEUDoDUDVLQIRUPDo}HVFRQVLVWHQWHV
PDV WDPEpP VmR UiSLGRV HP TXHVWLRQDU
SRQWRVGXYLGRVRVµ
*>À̈Vˆ«>XKœÊ>̈Û>
/LQGRPDU *RPHV DQRV SDUWLFLSRX
GR HYHQWR SHOR HVWDGR GR (VStULWR 6DQWR
FRPRIDFLOLWDGRUGR&ROHWLYR-RYHP(OHp
GRPXQLFtSLRGH6HUUDHDVVLPFRPRVHXV
FRPSDQKHLURVGHL[RX/X]LkQLDFRPDLQ
FXPErQFLDGHDUWLFXODUR,,(QFRQWUR(V
WDGXDOGH-XYHQWXGH´$PHXYHUpSUHFLVR
TXH RFRUUDP HVVHV HQFRQWURV SDUD TXH DV
LQIRUPDo}HVSRVVDPFLUFXODUFDGDYH]PDLV
+RMHHPGLDQHPWRGRYHtFXORGHFRPXQL
FDomRHVWiSUHSDUDGRSDUDWUDWDUGDVTXHV
W}HVDPELHQWDLVGDPDQHLUDFRUUHWDµ
-i D HVWXGDQWH 9LYLDQH )HUUHLUD GH
0DWRV6LOYDGHDQRVTXHSDUWLFLSDLQ
WHQVDPHQWHGDVDWLYLGDGHVGHVXDHVFROD
HP1RYD;DYDQWLQDYHLRFRPRGHOHJDGD
GR0DWR*URVVRj&RQIHUrQFLD´6HPSUH
PHLQFRPRGRXRGHVFDVRGDVSHVVRDVFRP
DQDWXUH]D­VYH]HVPHVLQWRPXLWRSH
TXHQDSDUDWHQWDUID]HUDOJRPDVTXDQGR
YHMRRXWURVMRYHQVFRPDPHVPDLQTXLH
WDomRLVVRPHHQFKHGHIRUoDVµ
2 PHVPR VHQWLPHQWR PRYH *XLOKHU
PH7DXmGRV6DQWRV$LUHVDQRVDOXQR
GD (VFROD (VWDGXDO &RPSOH[R GH 3OD
QDOWLQD*RLiV (OH HVWi QD RLWRYD VpULH H
OHPEUDFRPHPRomRGRPRPHQWRHPTXH
HQWUHJRXXPDFySLDGD&DUWDGDV5HVSRQ
VDELOLGDGHVSDUDDPLQLVWUDGR0HLR$P
ELHQWH 0DULQD 6LOYD ´1DTXHOD KRUD PH
YHLRjPHQWHPHXVSULPHLURVFRQWDWRVFRP
DKRUWDFRPXQLWiULDGDHVFRODDLPSODQWD
omRGDFROHWDVHOHWLYDHYLFRPRDTXHVWmR
DPELHQWDOKDYLDPHOHYDGRORQJHµ
$ &RQIHUrQFLD JHUD D QHFHVVLGDGH GD
)RUPDomR&RQWLQXDGDGH3URIHVVRUHVH(V
WXGDQWHVXPHVSDoRSUHVHQFLDOTXHDFRQ
WHFHHPPXQLFtSLRVSyORHPWRGRRSDtV
SURSRQGRRDSURIXQGDPHQWRGHFRQFHLWRV
H PHWRGRORJLDV FRQWDQGR FRP PDWHULDLV
GHDSRLRSDUDDPHOKRULDGDVSUiWLFDVSH
GDJyJLFDVHPVDODGHDXOD)RUDPIRUPDGRV
PLOSURIHVVRUHVGDVHVFRODVTXHIL]HUDP
&RQIHUrQFLDVHPH
(QTXDQWRLVVRHVWXGDQWHVGHVVDVHVFR
ODVRUJDQL]DPVXD&RP9LGDHSODQHMDP
HPRILFLQDVFRPRFRQYLGDUDFRPXQLGD
GHSDUDSDUWLFLSDUGD$JHQGD
&RP R SURMHWR &LrQFLD GH 3pV QR
&KmRTXHXWLOL]DWHFQRORJLDVGHLQIRUPD
omRHFRPXQLFDomRD(GXFDomR$PELHQ
WDOSURS}HDFRQVWUXomRGRFRQKHFLPHQWR
QDVHVFRODV$OXQRVHDOXQDVFROHWDPGD
GRVDPELHQWDLVHPVXDUHJLmRGHVHQYRO
YHPHVWXGRVGHLQLFLDomRFLHQWtILFDVREUH
HVVDV LQIRUPDo}HV H SRGHP WUDQVIHULU H
FRPSDUWLOKDUUHVXOWDGRV
6XUJH GD GHPDQGD GRV SURIHVVRUHV
XPD DomR GH IRPHQWR D SURMHWRV GH LQ
WHUYHQomR D (GXFDomR GH &KLFR 0HQ
GHV HQYROYHQGR JUXSRV GH HVFRODV HP
PXQLFtSLRV
&RPWRGDVHVVDVDWLYLGDGHVHSURMHWRV
ORFDLVHQDFLRQDLVSURIHVVRUHVHDOXQRVSR
GHPJHUDUDo}HVFRQFUHWDVSDUDDPHOKR
ULDGDTXDOLGDGHGHYLGDQDFRPXQLGDGH
VXJHULQGRVROXo}HVSDUDR3RGHU3~EOLFR
RXH[LJLQGRDo}HVGDVDXWRULGDGHVORFDLV
$OpPGLVVRHQWUDQDVHVFRODVXPDYLVmR
GLIHUHQWH GH PXQGR D RSRUWXQLGDGH GH
DJLUHSHQVDUORFDOHJOREDOPHQWH
1632?2;A2@1632?2;n.@ {£
A participação da sua empresa pode melhorar a vida de jovens estudantes – dar a eles uma chance de um
futuro melhor por meio da educação voltada para a iniciação profissional. Esse é o Programa Escola de
Fábrica, uma iniciativa do Ministério da Educação e do Governo Federal, que dará à sua empresa a
oportunidade de ajudar no desenvolvimento do Brasil com um investimento de retorno garantido: educação.
Mais informações: [email protected]
0800 616161 - (61) 2104-8122
www.mec.gov.br/setec/escoladefabrica
Ministério
da Educação