el participio de presente ( -ing)

EL PARTICIPIO DE PRESENTE ( -ING)
Suele funcionar como adjetivo, y puede sustituir a la oración de relativo. EJ: Can you see the woman sitting in the car? =
Can you see the woman who is sitting in the car?. Tiene un significado activo: EJ: This film is interesting,; Hoping to surprise
her, I opened the door very quietly = esperando sorprenderla, yo abrí la puerta muy despacio.
EL PARTICIPIO DE PASADO ( - ED O 3ª COLUMNA)
Tiene un significado pasivo. EJ: I am interested in maths = estoy interesado en las matemáticas.
VERBOS + GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO
• SÓLO GERUNDIO:
Admit
Affirm
Amount to
Anticipate
Appreciate
Approve
Avoid
Bar
Be afraid of
Be against
Be/ get used to
Begrudge
Boast off
Can’t help
Can’t resist
Can’t stand
Can’t etc.
Celebrate
Compare
Conceal
Condemn
Confirm
Confuse
Consider
Contemplate
Contrast
Countenance
Defer
Delay
Deny
Deplore
Deprecate
Dislike
Drop
Emphasise
Endorse
Enjoy
Envisage
Equate
Escape
Excuse
Fancy
Favour
Finish
Forego
Foresee
Foreshadow
Forfeit
Glorify
Go on
Imagine
Include
Indicate ( imp)
Intimate
Involve (imps)
It’s no ... use/ good
It’s no worth
Justify
Keep on ( = continue)
Legitimise
look forward to
Mention
Mind
Miss
necessitate
Object to
Obviate
Oppose
Organise
Overlook
Overprize
Overrule
Overshadow
Pardon
Postpone
Practise
Precipitate
Predicate
Predict
Prescribe
Prize
Prohibit
Query
Question
Recall
Recognise
Recollect
Record
Recount
Rectify
Register
Relish
Renounce
Repent
Report
Resent
Resist
Restrict
Retract
Revoke
Ridicule
Risk
Sacrifice
Sanction
Save
Sidestep
Signify
Simulate
Skip
Spoil
Square
Stress
Substantiate
Suggest
Support
Tolerate
Treat
Undervalue
Uphold
Value
View
Visualise
Waive
withdraw
El gerundio se suele utilizar para formar sustantivos o adjetivos a partir de verbos (= participio de presente). Hay muchas
expresiones en inglés que van seguidas de gerundio, como: Do the washing up, go shopping, I hate studying, I love playing, I
suggest you studying more, my hair needs washing, would you mind lending me a pen?, You can’t get it without paying, It is
worth applying for a grant, It is no use arguing, it is no good complaining, , we’ll drive instead of catching the train, What
about having a picnic?, I’m interested in politics. En general, DETRÁS DE PREPOSICIÓN SIEMPRE VA GERUNDIO.
•
GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO: Algunos verbos rigen gerundio o infinitivo, el gerundio es utilizado para cosas
generales, y el infinitivo para casos particulares:
ATTEMPT
HATE
LIKE
PROPOSE
BEGIN
INTEND
LOVE
START
DON’T
LEARN
NEED
STUDY
BOTHER
DISLIKE
NEGLECT
•
-
CEASE
DETEST
OMIT
DREAD
ENDURE
PREFER
O dependiendo de su significado, como:
LIKE/LOVE + TO INFINITIVE = Cuando consideramos la acción correcta o apropiada y se refiere a una acción
potencial ( EJ: I like people to be polite), como algo usual. “ Prefer”. =general thing
LIKE/ LOVE + GERUND: Significado de presente o actualización. Similar a enjoy. =a particular situation
HATE + TO INFI.: I hate to interrupt you while you are working.= en general.
HATE + GERUND: I hate interrupting you = ahora.
Dado que no existe una regla específica en los verbos que expresan gustos, la tendencia en el inglés británico es utilizarlos
con gerundio, sin embargo, en el inglés americano, el infinitivo es más común.
The verbs like and hate express liking if they are followed by a gerund:
I like getting up early in summer. (I enjoy getting up early in summer.)
I hate dancing, so don't ask me to. (I don't like dancing.)
But if these verbs are followed by a to-infinitive, they express habitual preference, something that we do not
necessarily like or enjoy but consider as useful, right or wise:
I like to be punctual. (It's important to be punctual and I am.)
I hate to lie, but sometimes I do. (It's not right to lie but sometimes I do.)
If like is in the negative, a gerund refers to an action that we do but don't enjoy doing, while a to-infinitive means that
we don't do something because we don't think it right to do:
I could tell that Sandra didn't like being photographed though she didn't say a word. (Sandra was photographed, which she
didn't like.)
Sandra didn't like to be photographed, so she turned her back to the camera. (Sandra didn't want to be photographed, and
she wasn't.)
Prefer and can't bear can also take a gerund or a to-infinitive:
I prefer walking to taking the bus. (I like walking better than taking the bus.)
If you prefer to walk, it will take you 30 minutes to school. (If you want to walk, it will take you 30 minutes to school.)
I can't bear seeing people being humiliated. (I don't like it when I see people being humiliated.)
I couldn't bear to see those animals suffer, so I looked away. (I didn't want to see them suffer, so I looked away.)
-
REGRET/ REMEMBER/ RECALL/ FORGET + TO INF. : La acción que expresa el verbo principal es porterior al
proceso mental de recordar, olvidar, etc. EJ: I remembered to post the letter.
REGRET/ REMEMBER/ RECALL/FORGET + GERUND: La acción es anterior al proceso mental. EJ: I remember
meeting her once in London.
REGRET + TO INF.: siempre seguido de un verbo de comunicación.
STOP + TO INF.: La acción aún no ha comenzado. I stop to study = Paré para estudiar.
STOP + GERUND: La acción ha terminado. I stopped studying.= paré de estudiar.
MEAN + TO INF.: “ intend”, querer decir, tener por fín.
MEAN + GERUND: “ involve”
TRY + TO INF. : intentar
TRY + GERUND: experimentar.
PROPOSE + TO INF: intend
PROPOSE + GERUND : “ suggest”
AFRAID
- TO BE
NOUN = I’m afraid of monsters
OF
FRIGHTENED
GERUND = I’m frightened of seeing monsters.
WORRIED
- TO BE
NOUN= I’m worried about Peter
ABOUT
NERVOUS
GERUND = I’m nervous about going to the dentist’s.
•
INFINITIVO SIN TO: Va con verbos como:Let, make ( = permitir a alguien que haga algo), can, may, must, had
better, would rather... ( MODALES) y con verbos de percepción ( see, hear, feel, notice, watch) con el significado de
acción completada, si se refieren a un proceso van con gerundio.
•
INFINITIVO CON TO: Como complementos, tienden a describir una situación que es posible, eventual o futura en
relación con el proceso representado por el verbo principal. Con:
Afford
dare
hope
profess
Agree
decide
is ( obligation)
promise
Appear
desire
learn
prove
Arrange
determine
long
refuse
Ask
demand
manage
resolve
Attempt
deserve
mean ( intend)
seem
Be bound
endeavour
offer
swear
Care
expect
ought
trouble
Choose
fail
prepare
undertake
Claim
guarantee
pretend
volunteer
Come (for a purpose)
help
proceed
want
need
vow
wish
-
Verbos que representan procesos mentales: ASSUME, BELIEVE, CONSIDER, UNDERSTAND, FEEL, IMAGINE,
KNOW (CON OPCIONAL TO)
Después de adjetivos como: ANGRY, ANXIOUS, CERTAIN, CHEAP, DIFFICULT, DIAPPOINTED, EASY,
EXCITED, EXPENSIVE,GLAD, GOOD, HAPPY, HARD, IMPORTANT, INTERESTING, (UN)LIKELY, PLEASED,
IMPOSSIBLE, POSSIBLE, PROUD, SAD, SORRY, SURE, SURPRISED.
-