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N=81
150
Z=69
Tm
N=82
151
Tm
(1/2+)
(2)-
(9)+
(11/2-)
(1/2+)
2.2(2)s
5.2(3)ms
4.17(10)s
6.6 -+1.4s
8(1)s
5.2(6)s
1.48(1)s
2.5(2)s
7400(300)
8600(300)
8600(300)
6459(24)
6502(24)
150
152
Er
Er
(11/2-)
0+
(7/2-)
(27/2-)
0+
4(2) s
8.9(2) s
18.5(7) s
23.5 +
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0.58(2) s
10.3(1) s
7800(471)
8542(470)
4108(?)
5400(300)
7986(300)
3109(44)
1+
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9400(272)
Ho
149
Ho
151
Ho
Ho
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2-
(9)+
9.59(15) s
21.1(1) s
56(3) s
72(4) s
9400(272)
6014(24)
6063(24)
7372(27)
6-
148
Dy
Dy
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11/2-
0+
40+
- 10 s
55.7(7) s
3.1(1)m
6373(53)
7123(53)
2682(44)
146
150
(11/2-)
147
Tb
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23.3(3) s
35.2(1) s
47(1) s
7390(60)
5124(13)
5165(13)
150
Dy
(7/2-)
147
Tb
149
(11/2-)
Dy
(27/2-)
0+
7.17(5) m
4.20(14) m 0.490(15) s
3812(12)
6473(12)
148
1794(9)
149
Tb
Tb
1+
5-
(1/2+)
(11/2)-
2-
8(4) s
23(2) s
1.7(1) m
1.83(6) m
60(1) m
2.20(5) m 4.118(25) m
4.16(4) m
8267(9)
8267(9)+X
4659(12)
5764(17)
5854(17)
3673(6)
A
Z=64
151
Er
(1/2+)
148
Z=65
Tm
(11/2-)
Er
Z=66
153
Tm
(10+)
149
Z=67
152
N=84
(6-)
11100(500) 11100(500) 7400(300)
Z=68
N=83
Z
4659(12)
146
Gd
GS spin/parity
0+
half life
48.27(10) d
9+
147
Gd
1/2+
11/2-
3638(6)
148
Gd
QEC in keV
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Modules
List Mode
Top Silicon
Amp
ADC
TDC
Inverter
CFD
Delay
GDG
List Mode
Bottom Silicon
Amp
ADC
TDC
Inverter
CFD
Delay
GDG
Singles
ADC
Germanium
Amp
MR2000
High Gain (X-rays)
List Mode
ADC
Low Gain ( β)
List Mode
Amp
ADC
GDG
TFA
CFD
Mixer
Amp
TDC
GDG
Singles
PMT1
ADC
PMT12
MR2000
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Delay
Amp
ADC
Singles
ADC
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MR2000
Amp
PMT1
PMT12
List Mode
Delay
Amp
1kΩ
ADC
PUR
LA
GDG
TFA
Delay
CFD
Pattern
Unit
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GDG
Coinc
GDG
TDC
GDG
Light Pulser
Fan In
Fan Out
GDG
Pattern
Unit
Gate
Fan In
Fan Out
Gate
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Top&TAS
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Bot&TAS
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Germanium
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Fan Out
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24
∆E (keV)
70
60
Na
24
Y
60
Y
88
24
Na
Sc
Co
60
Y
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Co
24
Na
88
Sc
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60
85
0
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Cs
Ce
139
10
113
20
Sn
203
30
88
Hg
46
Sc
40
Co
50
-20
-30
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
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1200
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1000
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Dy
Ho
800
600
j
400
i
200
h
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0
j
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menergy
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Kα2
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48
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1
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50
100
150
200
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76
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0
100
200
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Bottom Si detector
10
4
b
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10
2
in
nt
3
co
10
m
150a
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ground state α-decay
10
threshold at 330 keV
1
1000
_
2000
3000
`
4000
5000
energy (keV)
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pileup
76
28
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Ho 2 β spectrum
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Pileup subtraction of the
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1
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100
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50
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50
100
150
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50
100
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100
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50
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3
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50
100
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energy (bin=40 keV)
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2
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10
50
100
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200
energy (bin=40 keV)
0.3
normal tail
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double tail
0.25
0
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
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ã 6.:;6!@[I < GOK6SW+6KaGAI < GO83+Fv?M6 <] 6-6-3 < ã+6#TSU}F>zDbI:;6!Fy~¤I03+W×èçé} < :;GAI3 X
R GOH Q íß QO /,a
H@O6-Fy~SW+6-W+D54-6-WF < :;6!3+H < 5
ã F Q æÎ+
ã 62W+6KaGAI < GO83+FI03+WIF;F>8a4!G[I < 6-WD+354-6-: < IGO3 < GA6!FI:;6q4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!W
÷ ø®ùDúû½ü
òóºôõçö
÷ ýþ
ÿ ö +ï
] G < ã < ã56­ã56-@A=8C¤TZ Q }8ß Q àzßz~gI35WxTZ Q }ß Q à'/~`
:;6-@ Q W56!K Q "
ò+óOôõ÷ö øLô±ù!ö "
E ä
ñ-ä
E äMð£ñ-ä
}8ß Q àzßz~
ñ-ä
ú ò+ûü â
©
ñ-ädý
ú òbþü â
E ädý
}8ß Q à'/~
N6-:>6ñ-ä¨GAF < ã+64!83 < 6!3 < 8C < +
ã 6G X < ã?5GA3 8 C < ã+6:;6C6-:;6!3+4-64!D+:>K6c}TSU X F < ;: 6!3+H < ãGO38D+:Z4-IF;6~Y
äE vGOF < ã+624!83 < 6-3 < 8C < ã56JG X <
ã ?+GA380C < ã+2
6 4-D+:K6 < 8?M624-879=bI:>6-WI3+W +
ò ûü I03+W òbþü I:>6 < ã+6
:;6-F>=E6!4 < GOK6D+3+4!6-: < IGA3 < GA6-F Q
Sβ (keV-1 s-1 x10-6)
ÿ
ÿ
0.3
0.25
EC only
ÿ
ÿ
0.2
0.15
ÿ
ÿ
0.1
0.05
ÿ
rel. dev.
+
β only
ÿ
ÿ
0 ÿ
0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
0.4
0.2
ÿ
0
-0.2
-0.4
ÿ
0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
R AG HD5:;63ß Qw /aæd8=ZF < :>6-3+H < ãW+GAF < :>GA?+D < GA835F.C8: < ã+6 ÷ N8 ú ûW+6!4Ih
4-I@A4!D+@[I < 6-W
C:>87 < ã+6
T.U¥}F;zDbI:>6-Fy~NI3+WÚèçé} < :;GAI3+H@O6-FL~#C6!6-W+GO3+H
W+GOF < :;GA?5D < GO83+F Q 8 <;< 87ig:;6-@AI < GwK6JW+6!K\GAI < GO8+
3 F
?E6 <] 6!6-3 < ã+6JT.U%I3+ W èçéfF < :>6-3+H < ã } < :;GAI3+H@O6-FL~
õ+ ö ÿ
ó
1
threshold=330 keV
εff
Ug83+F>GAW+6!:;GA35H < ã+6@[I:>H6W+G¬ê6!:;6!3+4-6?M6 <] 6-6-3 < ã+69TSU§I03+Wwèsé 6`_5=M6-:>GA796-3 < I0@PF;=M6-4 < :LIaY
< ã56 FF ãbI=M6 8C < ã56 <] 8F < :;6-35H < ã+F)@O8a8zF,F>D+:;=5:;GAF>GA3+H@OhF;GO7GO@[I:83IK6!:LIH6D+= < 8i/Däi6!cY
] ã+GOS4 ã9GOF¤6KaGOW+6-354-68C < ã564-8:>:;6-4 < 3+6!F;Fm8C < ã56I3bI@wh\F;GAF Q ^8 ] 6!K6-:!Y < ã+6-:>66_aGAF < @[I:>H6gW5GêE6-: X
6-354-6-Fd?+GA3 < 8N?+GO3nY=bI: < GA4!D+@[I0:;@OhNGA3 < ã+6m:;6-HGA83+F ] ã+6!:;6 < ã+6mF < :;6!3+H < ã < I06-FG < F@A8 ] 6-F < K0I@AD56-F Q
æÎã+6!F;6oW56!K\G[I < GA835F2=+:;8K\GAW+69I36-F < GO7oI < 68C < ã+6F>h\F < 6-7I < GO4D53+4-6!: < I0GA3 < GO6-F)4-879GA35H
C:;87
W è éMX I3bI@wh\F;GAF Q | < GOF2GA79=E8: < I3 <N< 8:;6!7oI:> < ãbI <2< ã56-F;6D+354-6-: X
< ã569GO3+W+6!=E6!3+W+6-3 < TSU§I35¸
I êE6-4 <^< ã56cFF ã+I=E60YE?5D <N< ã+6JGA3 < 6!H:LI < 6-WKI0@AD+6!FqI:>6798:>6I04-4-D5:LI < 6-@OhW56 < 6!:;79GA3+6!W
< I0GA3 < GO6-F^L
?M6-4I0D+F;6 < ã+68K6!:LI@O@5C6I < D+:>6-FSI:;6=+:>6-F>6-:>K6-W
?'h < ã+6 < 6!S4 ã+3+GAzD+6 Q æÎã+6^F < :>6-3+H < ã94I@O4-D+@AI < 6!W
C:;87 < ã5¿
6 èsé X C6-6!W+GA35H W+GAF < :;GO?+D < GA83} < :;GAI3+H@O6-FL~9W+6KaGAI < 6!FC:;87 < ã+6fTSU¢83+6¡}F>\D+I:;6!Fy~
I?M8K6J×
/ äi6®D+= < 8 < ã+6JÔ ÛÜ Q | < FF ã+8D+@AW?M6,:;6!76!7?M6-:;6!W < ãbI < Ô ÛÜ "¹ÔqÕ'Öcð ú C Y+I03+W
6 èçéfF;=M6-4 < :;D+7 GO3
< ã56-:;6C8:;6J3+8GA35C8:>7oI < GA83
83 < ã+6JF < :;6-35H < ã4-I3x?M6)8? < IGA3+6!WC:>87 < ã5
< ã56J@AIF <) úNú 6B80C < ã+6Ô,ÕÖ ] GO3+W+8 ])Q
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2000
4000
6000
Eβ (keV)
R GOHD+:;6Dß QO $a äi83 < 6xU#I:;@O8wè é W+6 < -6 4 < GO83V6Ý94-GA6!3+4!h80C < ã+6i?M8 <>< 87
C D+3+4 < GO838C < ã+6)=E8F;G < :;836!3+W X =M
8 GO3 < !6 3+6-:>Hh Q
³ GW+6 < 6-4 < 8:IF9I
æÎã+6
W+G6!:;6!3+4-6
6`_aGAF < GA3+Hx?E6 <] 6!6-3V/xI3+W£$¿äi6!¶GAFIi4-83+F>6-zD+6!3+4-68C^IxW5GAF < 8: < GA83
=+:>6-F;6!3 < GA3 < +
ã 6¶èçé X C6-6!W+GA3+HW+GOF < :;GA?5D < GO83 Q æÎã+6W+GAF < 8: < GA83%GOFGA3 < :>8aW+D54-6-W%?'h < ã+6W+6 X
=M6-3+W+6!3+4-68C < +
ã 6è é W+6 < 6-4 < GA836Ý4!GA6!3+4!h¡Þ Û Ü} « Û Ü¨~c83 < ã+66!3+6-:>Hh 8C < ã+6=M8F;G < :>83+F Q
æÎ+
ã 6!GA:o4!83 < GO3\D58D+F
6!3+6-:>HhkF>=E6!4 < :;D+7
76-I3+F < ãbI < IC:LI4 < GO838C < ã+6-7 :;6!7oI0GA3+FD+3+W+6 X
ã 6 < +
ã :>6-FF5
ã 8@AWF>6 < GO3 < +
ã 6 ³ GW+6 < 6-4 < 8: Q æÎ+
ã 626$E
ê 6-4 < ?E6!4-8796-F@AI:;H6!:.C8:
< 6!4 < 6-W?E6!4ID5F;6)8C < 5
F;7I@O@A6-:6!3+W X =M8GO3 < 6-3+6!:;HGO6-F Q2R GAH Q íîß Qw $L
ï FF5
ã 8 ] F < +
ã 6×èçu
é W+6 < 6!4 < GO836Ý4!GA6!3+4!hx4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!W
?'hupJTZr,sÒæ5
à YPI0FICD53+4 < GA838C < +
ã 6o=M8F;G < :>836!3+W X =E8GO3 < 6!3+6-:>Hh Q | < 4-I3u?M6oF>6-6!3 < b
ã I <
òóºôõçö
÷ ø®ùDúû½ü
÷ ýþ
ÿ ö ¨
< ã+6ã+GAHNã56-F < K0I:;GAI < GO83+FGA3 < ã+6JF;@O8=M68\4-4!D+:qGO3 < ã56­ëb:>F < ú äi6YF>GA3+4!6JC8:NF>D+4Sã6-3+6!:;HGO6-F
< ã+6!:;6)GAFI@AI:;H6qC:LI4 < GO83
8Cd=E8F;G < :;835F#?E6!@A8 ]l< ã+6 < ã+:;6!FFã+8@AW Q æÎã+GOF#GAF < ã+6278F < F>6-3+F>G < GwK6
=bI: < 8C < ã+6x4!D+:>K6I3+WVG < F4!87=5D < I < GA83W+6!=E6!3+W+F
83I=5:;8=M6-: < :>6I < 76!3 < 8C,?M8:>W+6-:
6 êE6-4 < FGA3 < ã+6F;GO7D+@[I < GA83n < ã+6K6-:h 4-@O8F;6oH6-8796 < :>h8C < ã+6 ³ GgW+6 < 6-4 < 8: GO3 < :;8\W+D+4!6-FI
$
F < :>83+HW+6-=M6-3+W56-3+4!68C,G < F$6 êE6-4 < GOK6 < ã+GA4yz3+6!F;F
83 < ã+64-:>8F;F>GA3+HuI3+H@O68C < ã+6xGO3+4-GOW+6-3 <
=bI: < GA4!@A6 Q æÎã+[
6 äi83 < 62U#I:>@A8c6Ý94-GA6!3+4!h ] Å
6 ãbIK6qC8D53+W
F;6!6-79F < 8?E6N@[I:>H6-: < ã+I3 < ã56q:;6-I@
83+6C8:m@A8 ] 6!3+6-:>Hh=E8F;G < :;835F-Y ] ã+GAS4 ã94-8:;:;6!F;=M83+W
7IGO3+@Oh < ­
8 è é < :LI3+F>G < GA83+F < 8F < I < 6-F.I <
ã+GAN
H ãx6_a4-G < I < GA836!3+6-:>HGA6!F Q | < F,8K6-:>6-F < GA7I < 6-WW+6 < 6-4 < GO8376-I3+F < ãbI <q< ã+6F;I796c3zD+7?M6-:
8C#4!8D+3 < FJGA3 < ã5
6 èçé X F;=M6-4 < :;D57²=+:;8\W+D+4!6-FJ@A6!F;F2C6-6!W+GA3+H < ã+I3 < ã+6-:>6:;6I0@A@OhxGAF Q 12354-6 < ã+6
F;8D+:>4-68C < ã+6c=+:>8?+@O6-7¶GOF^z3+8 ] 3nY < ã+6J796-F;F;IH6JGAF4-@O6I:! < ã+6@AIF < äi6B80C < ã+6JF < :;6!3+H < ã
8? < I0GA3+6!W9C:>87 < ã5Ò
6 èçé4-879=M83+6-3 < I3bI0@Oh\F;GOFZGAFm3+8 < 4!8:;:>6-4 < Ya?5D < G < GAFm3+8 < I,CIGO@AD+:>6#8C < ã+6
I3bI@whaF>GAFSI@OH8:;G < ã+7 QR 8: < D+3bI < 6-@OhY < ã56qTSUVF>=E6!4 < :>D+7´4-83 < IGA35F < ã+67GOF;F>GA3+H)GA3aC8:;7I < GO83nY
F;8 < ãbI < 3+8 < ã+GO3+H GAF@O8F <-Q
¾q¿½À¿
ÂuÃ,Ä%Ç2ÄÈcÄÆ,Ç2ÄÆÄ
É+Ã,ÄbÄvÓ2еÉ+Ó.ÆáÉ+Ã,Ä%ÌZÓaÓ¥ÄvÇ
È,Ì5É
É+Ã,ħÐÄ.ÄdÐ9ÓMÃ,įÄ
U 83 < GA3zD+GO3+H ] G < ãi8D+:W+GAF>4-D+F>F;GO83nY ] 6 ] GA@A@358 ] 6K0I@ADbI < 6 < ã+6JGA3ìbD+6-354-6c83 < ã56cF < :;6!3+H < ã
g
8C < ã+6oIF;F>D+79= < GO83+FJ7oIW56GO3 < ã56o4-83+F < :;D+4 < GA83£8C < ã+6o:>6-F;=M83+F>6
7I < :>GA4-6!F Q Ug6-: < IGO3+@OhY
83+6c80C < ã+678F < W+6-@OGA4I < 6)=E8GA3 < FN8C < ã+6I3+I@Oh\F;GOFNGOF < ã+6CI04 <^< ãbI < 83+6ãbIF < 8o4!879=+@A6 < 6
< ã+6
D53+z3+8 ] 3¡=+I: < 8C < ã+6VW56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83u=+I <;< 6-:;3uGA3£8:>W+6-: < 8?5D+GA@OW < ã56
3+6-6!W+6-W:>6 X
F;=M83+F;6c7oI < :;GO4-6-F Q ^8 ] 6!K6-:!Y < ã+6JW+6!=E6!3+W+6-354-6 8C < ã+6:;6-F>D+@ < FN83 < ã56cIF>F;D+79= < GA83+F^7IW+6
4I3?M6#4-835F;GAW56-:;6!W?zhc4-879=bI:>GA3+H < ã+6#8D < 4!876!F¤C8:PW5G êE6-:;6!3 < GA3+G < GAI@'HD+6!F;F;6!F Q äi8:>6-8K6!:-Y
< ã+6K0I:;GAI < GO83+FPC8D+35W4-I3o?M6D+F;6!W < 8)6-F < GO7oI < 6 < ã+6^F>h\F < 6-7I < GO4D+3+4-6!: < IGA3 < GO6-F.IF;F>8a4!G[I < 6-W
] G < ã < ã+6D+3+z3+8 ] 3o=+I: < 8C < ã+6:;6!F;=M83+F;6 Q æÎã+6:;6!F;D+@ < FmFF ã+8 ] 39F;82CI: ] 6-:>68? < I0GA3+6!W ] G < ã
W íîß Qw L
ïdI:>6c6-zD+GwK0I@A6!3 <^< 8 R GAH Q íîß Qw ú ïdI3+W
< ã+6W56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83F;S4 ã+6!76 QqR GOHF Q íîß Qw ê ïdI3+7
=+:;6!F;6-3 <2< ã+6c:>6-F;D5@ < Fq8C < ã56É
T ä X ?+IF;6!WI03bI@Oh\F>GAFC8: < ã+6W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83iF>S4 ã+6-796-F ú I3+¿
W à
I0C < 6!: G < 6!:LI < GA835F-Y¨:;6!F;=M6-4 < GOK6-@Oh Q æÎã+66!@A6!4 < :>87IH3+6 < GA4)W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83F;S4 ã56-79
6 àoGAF^F;8
< 8,F;Ih < ã56g798F < :;6I0@AGAF < GO4.I0F;F;D57= < GA8383+6.4I37I06YF>GA3+4!6gG < GA354-@AD5W+6-F < ã+6.6_a=E6!:;GO76!3 < I@
GA35C8:>7oI < GA83IK0IGO@[I?5@A62I35Wi4!87=5@A6 < 6-F^G <] G < ãiI9F < I < GAF < GA4-I@W+6 X 6_a4-G < I < GA83798aW56-@8C < ã+6
3\D54-@A6!D+Fc}F;6!6cI0=+=E6!3+W+GÚ_ C8:#CD+: < ã+6-:W+6 < IGO@AFL~ Q
1,=+=M8F;G < 6 < 8,G < Y R GAH Q íîß Qw ê ïaFFã+8 ] F ] ã+I < ãbI=5=E6!3+F ] ã+6!3 < ã+6.D+3+=hã'h\F;GO4I@aW+6 X 6_a4-G < I < GA83
F;4Sã+6!76 ú GOF4-83+F>GAW+6!:;6!W Q r~ëb:>F < GA3+F>=E6!4 < GO83:;6K6I0@AF < ãbI << ã+6JC6!6-W+GO3+HW+GAF < :>GA?+D < GA835F8? X
< IGO3+6-WxI:;6)=M8a8:>@OhI0?+@A6 < 89:;6!4-835F < :>D+4 <N< ã+6J6_a=M6-:>GA796-3 < I@vF>=E6!4 < :;I Q N8 ] 6!K6-:-Y < ã+GOFF;G < D X
I < GO83?E6!4-8796-F@A6!F;FW+:;I7oI < GA4 < ãbI379GAHNã < ?M6)6_a=M6-4 < 6-WGwC ] 6J4-835F;GAW56-: < ã56JF < :>6-3+H < ã Q
|32CI4 < Y@A8\8zGA3+H#I << ã+6ZF < :>6-3+H < ãW5GAF < :;GO?+D < GO83+FnGO3 < ã+6ZD5=+=E6!:v=bI: < 80C R GAH Q íß Qw LïY ] ã+GA4Sã
4-8:>:;6-F>=E83+W < 8 < ã+6N6-@A6!4 < :;87IH3+6 < GO4^W56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83oF>4Sã+6-796-F }4!GA:>4-@A6!Fy~`Y ú }F;zDbI0:;6-FL~gI3+W
àx} < :;GAI3+H@O6-FL~Y ] 6)4I3F;6!6 < ãbI << ã+6 < ã+:>6-6J4-D+:K6!FqI:>62K6-:hF;GO7GO@[I:.83IK6-:;IH6 Q rNFGA3+W+G X
4I < 6-W?zh < ã+62:>6-@[I < GOK6,W+¬G ê6!:;6-354-6-F^I35W < ã+6-GO:#D+3+4!6-: < IGO3 < GA6!F-Yb4I0@A4-D5@[I < 6-W ] G < ã < ã+6*ã56-@A=8C
Tm Q 8} ß Q àLßz~,I3+WTZ Q } ß Q à'/~`Y < ã+6 7
I >8:,W5GAF;4!:;6!=bI3+4!GA6-F)8\4-4!D+: ] ã+6-:>6 < ã+6 F < :;6!3+H < ã5F < I6
< ã+6!GA:J@A8 ] 6!F < K0I@AD+6!F Q | < GOFJ:>6-7I:;ºI?5@A6 < ãbI < 6K6!3 < ã+69W+GOF < :>GA?+D < GA83fC8: < ã+69D+3+=hã'h\F;GO4I@
õ+ ö ÿ
10
10
10
counts
counts
4
3
10
2
10
10
50
150
200
channels
3
2
0
-10
-10
100
200
channels
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
channels
0.08
channels
feeding
0.1
150
50
10
0
50
feeding
1
100
10
0.06
0.075
0.05
0.04
0.025
0.02
0
4
10
rel. dev.
rel. dev.
1
10
50
0
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
energy (bin=40 keV)
R OG HD+:;6Îß QO ê P6-F;D5@ < FS8C < ã+62÷`N8 úØû W+6-4-Ih9I3bI@whaF>GAFmD+F>GA3+H < ã+6NTÉä¢796 < ã+8aW QP 8 < ãoTSU
I3+W[è é :;6!F;=M83+F>6.7I < :>GA4!6-F ] 6-:>6S4-I@A4!D+@[I < 6-W,C8@A@A8 ] GO3+H < ã+6m6-@A6!4 < :;87IH3+6 < GO4¤W+6 X 6_a4!G < I < GA83
F;S4 ã56-796 ú QPR GO:;F < :;8 ] ¤TSUj}@A6C < ~I3+WWè é }:;GOHNã < ~d6`_a=E6!:;GA796-3 < I@5F>=E6!4 < :;I2D+F;6!WGO3 < ã+6I3+I@ X
h\F;GOF Qq³ D+=M6-:;GO7=M8F>6-WI:>6 < ã+6c:>6-F>=E6!4 < GwK6F>GA7D5@[I < 6-WxF>=E6!4 < :LI}F;8@OGAW@AGA356-Fy~:;6!4-835F < :>D+4 < 6-W
C:;87 < ã+6
:>6-F;D5@ < GO3+HiC6!6-W+GO3+HW+GOF < :;GA?5D < GO83+F Q³ 6-4!83+W :>8 ] 9:;6!@[I < GOK6W+6K\G[I < GA83+F?E6 <] 6!6-3
< ã56i6`_5=M6-:>GA796-3 < I0@NI03+WkF>GA7D+@AI < 6!WVF>=E6!4 < :LIC8:9?M8 < ãTSU²}@O6!C < ~I03+W èçé }:;GOHNã < ~4IF>6-F Q
æÎã+GO:;W£:>8 ] :>6-F;D5@ < GO3+HTSU·}@A6!C < ~JI03+ª
W èçé }:>GAN
H ã < ~2C6!6-W+GO3+HW+GOF < :>GA?+D < GA83+F)3+8:;7I@OGAF;6!W < 8
D+3+G < h Q
6-@O6-4 < :;87oIH3+6 < GA4qW56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83
F>4Sã+6-796 ú W+8\6-F3+8 < W+GêE6-:.GA3FFã+I=E6NC:;87 < ã+628 < ã+6!: <] 85Y
] ã+GO4SãGOFqK6!:>hfGA79=+:>6-F;F>GOK6 QR D+: < ã+6!:;798:;60Y < ã+GOF ] 6-IW+6!=E6!3+W+6!3+4!h83 < ã56 @A6!K6-@ZF>4Sã+6-796
=M6-:;79G < F)D+F < 8xHDbI0:LI3 < 6!6 < ã+6o4!8:;:>6-4 < 3+6-F>F8C < ã+69:;6-F>D+@ <-Q æÎã+6CI4 << ãbI <J< ã+6:;6!F;D+@ < GA35H
F < :;6!3+H < ã5FW+83+8 < W+6-=M6-35W < 8a87D+4Sã83 < ã+62IF>F;D+79= < GA83+F.7oI0W+6q83 < ã+6,@O6!K6-@ X F;4Sã+6!760Y5GOF
IW5GA:;6!4 < 4-835F;6-zD+6!3+4-68C < ã+6ã+GAHNã6!Ý94!GA6-354!hi8C < ã56cF;=M6-4 < :>876 < 6!: Q æÎã+6c4!87=+I:;GOF;838C
counts
10
10
10
÷ ýþ
ÿ ö counts
÷ ø®ùDúû½ü
òóºôõçö
4
3
10
2
10
10
1
100
150
200
channels
rel. dev.
50
2
0
-10
-10
50
100
150
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
channels
10
0
200
channels
channels
0.06
0.075
0.05
0.04
0.025
0.02
0
3
10
10
0.1
4
feeding
feeding
rel. dev.
1
10
50
0
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
energy (bin=40 keV)
R AG HD5:;6ß Qw 5d^6!F;D+@ < FS8C < ã+6,÷`N8 úØû W56-4IhI3bI0@Oh\F;GOFZD+F;GO3+H < ã+6NTä 76 < ã+8\W Q¤ 8 < ãoTSU
I3+W[è é :>6-F>=E835F;6m7oI < :;GO4-6!F ] 6!:;6S4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!WqC8@O@A8 ] GA3+H < ã+6Z6!@A6-4 < :>87oI0H3+6 < GA4dW+6 X 6_a4-G < I < GA83
F;S4 ã+6!7Ò
6 à Q¤R GA:>F < :>8 ] ¤TSUj}@A6!C < ~¤I3+Wè é }:;GAHzã < ~d6_a=M6-:>GA796-3 < I@5F;=M6-4 < :LI2D+F>6-WGA3 < ã+6I3bI@ X
haF>GAF Q2³ D+=M6-:>GA79=E8F;6-WxI:;6 < ã+6:;6!F;=M6-4 < GOK6F;GO7D+@[I < 6-WF;=M6-4 < :;If}F;8@AGAW@AGO3+6-FL~#:;6-4!83+F < :;D54 < 6!W
C:;87 < ã+6:;6!F;D+@ < GA35HxC6-6!W+GA3+HxW+GAF < :;GO?+D < GA83+F Q³ 6-4-83+W:;8 ] :;6-@AI < GwK6W+6!K\G[I < GA83+F?M6 <] 6-6!3
< ã+6i6_a=E6!:;GO76!3 < I@^I3+W¡F;GO7D+@[I < 6-W¡F;=M6-4 < :;IC8:9?E8 < ãVT.U¸}@A6C < ~ I3+Wuèsé§}:>GAHNã < ~ 4-IF;6!F Q
æÎã+GA:>W£:;8 ] :;6!F;D+@ < GA35HTSU }@A6C < ~)I3+ª
W èçé¹}:;GON
H ã < ~,C6-6!W+GA3+HxW+GAF < :;GO?+D < GA83+FJ3+8:>7oI0@AGAF>6-W < 8
D+3+G < h Q
ã 6 < ã+:>6-6#4!D+:>K6-FPGO3 R GOH Q íß QO 4ï5I0@A@A8 ] F83+6 < 8q6!F < GA7I < 6 < ã+6.F>h\F < 6-7I < GO4.6!:;:>8:;FdGA3 < :>8aW+D54-6-W
< +
?zh < +
ã 6JIF;F>D+79= < GO83+F7IW+62GA3 < ã+6)4-83+F < :>D+4 < GA838C < ã+6);: 6!F;=M83+F>67I < :>Gw_"! Q
æÎã+6GO3 < 6-H:LI < 6-W @A8H#Mà)KI0@AD+6!FGA3ªædI?+@O6wíîß QO ïgC8: < ã+6 < +
ã :;6!6
@A6K6-@gF;4Sã+6!76!F94!83ëb:>7
I@AF>8 < +
ã 6)6-zD+GwKI0@A6-354-628C < ã+6):>6-F;D5@ < F Q | < 4I3?E6)F>6-6-3 < ã+I << ã+2
6 @O8H$#Mà.K0I@OD+6-F@OGA6,?M6 <] 6-6!3
õ+ ö ÿ
Sβ (keV-1 s-1 x10-6)
&%
0.3
0.25
Decay-scheme 1
Decay-scheme 2
0.2
Decay-scheme 3
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
rel. dev.
energy (bin=40 keV)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
ú û W56-4Ih¡4I0@A4-D5@[I < 6-WC:;87
R OG HD+:;6ß Qw 5®æd8=nxF < :;6!3+H < ãW+GAF < :>GA?+D < GA835FC8: < ã+6÷`N8 Ø
ã< 566-@O6-4 < :;87IH356 < GO4W56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83F>4Sã+6-796-F Ypà
I3+Wwà Q, 8 ;< < 87^:>6-@AI < GwK6cW5GêE6-:;6!3+4-6!F
?M6 <] 6-6-3 < ã+6F < :;6!3+H < ã5FSC:>87B6!@A6-4 < :>87oI0H3+6 < GA4W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83 F;S4 ã+6!76!F ú I3+W }F>\D+I:;6!Fy~
I3+W@A6K6!@F;4Sã+6!76!FÅàI3+W } < :;G[I03+H@A6!Fy~ Q
à Q JI3+Wà Q NàI3+WoI:;6^4-835F;GAF < 6!3 .
< ] G < ã < ã56N6!:;:;8:.4!87GO3+H2C:;87 < ã+6,I03bI@Oh\F>GAF Q æÎã+6 < ã+:;6!6
W+G¬
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D+3+4!6-: < IGO3 < hfGO3 < +
ã 6b
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*)_â
F < I < GOF < GA4-F!YSI:;6
6`_a=+@AGO4-G < @OhGA35W+GA4-I < 6!W GA3 < 5
ã 64-8:>:;6-F>=E83+W+GA35H4!8@AD573+F Q æÎã567I>8:4-83 X
ã 683+6 4-879GA35HC:;87 < +
ã 6D+3+4!6-: < IGO3 < hxGA3+'
ã 6 8 < 5
ã 6-: <] 8I:;6c7D+4Sã
< :>GA?+D < GA83xGAF < +
Q æÎ+
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F;7I@O@A6-: Q æÎz
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ã 6À+
ã I@OC X @AGOC6 ] 8D5@AWF>GAH3+G¬b
ë 4I03 < @Oh:>6-W+D+4!6 < 5
ã 6
8K6!:LI@O@D+3+4-6!: < IGA3 < h Q
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@A8H#¨àvè
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QN
à
Q Nà
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Q æ
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QO /\æ û â
QO àaæ û â
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6 Q æÎã+62K0I@AD56-F ] 6-:;6
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I3bI@whaF>GAF8Cd?M8 < i
ã TSUjI3+W è é C6-6-W5GA3+HW+GOF < :>GA?+D < GA83+F Q
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76 < ã+8\W Q æÎã+6CIF < 4-83'K6!:;H6!3+4-6c8C < ã+6J
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Sβ (keV-1 s-1 x10-6)
¨
0.3
0.25
EM-method
ME-method
0.2
nd
2
order Regularisation
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
rel. dev.
energy (bin=40 keV)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
R GOHD+:;6ß Q ú a­æ8=nJF < :;6!3+H < ãW+GAF < :>GA?+D < GA835F,C8: < ã+6
÷`N8 úØû W+6-4-Ihf4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!W?'h < ã56
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?M6 <] 6-6-3 < ã+Y
6 äxT»I03+WuÉ
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F < :;6!3+H < ã5F} < :;GAI3+H@O6-FL~ Q
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6000
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ã< 56i6`_5=M6-:>GA796-3 < I0@^F>=E6!4 < :LI=5@A8 <>< 6-W¡GA3 R GOH Q íîß Q úzú ï Q æÎã+6iT.U F>=E6!4 < :;D+7Y#GA3 < ã+6iD5=+=E6!:
=bI: < 8C R GAH Q íîß Q N
ú ú ïYE=+:>6-F>6-3 < F)I3xGA3 < 6!3+F;6=E6-IxI < I3x6-3+6!:;Hhi8CSI?M8D < ú Q ßäi6!cY ] ã5GA4Sã
4-8:;:;6!F;=M83+W+F < 8 < 5
ã 6o@A8 ] 6-F < 6_a4-G < 6!W é F < I < 6oGA3 ÷ \qh Q æÎã+GOFcF;GO3+H@O6 ú z= X F < I < 6
4-I:;:>GA6!F
IF;GAH3+Gb
ë 4-I3 < =bI: < 8C < +
ã 69F < :;6-35H < n
ã Y¤IFJGAFJ:;6$+
ì 6-4 < 6-W£GO3 < ã+69F;=M6-4 < :;D+7 Q æÎã+6:;6!F < 8C < ã56
F < :;6!3+H <
ã GAF)7IGA3+@whW+GOF < :;GA?5D < 6!WuI7983+H < +
ã 6Y
ß \= X F < I < 6!FI < ã+GOHNã+6!:J6`_a4-G < I < GO83f6-3+6!:;HGO6-F!Y
I@OF;8x7I:>6-WGA3 < +
ã 6F;=M6-4 < :;D+7 Q æÎ+
ã 6
W+G¬
ê 6!:;6!3+4-6 ] G <
ã :;6!F;=M6-4 << 8 < +
ã 6T.U F>=E6!4 < :>D+7 8C
ã 6^@O8 ] F;=5GA39GAF;876!:ZGAF < +
ã I < +
ã 6-:>6 ] 6NW583+8 < 8?+F;6!:>K6qF;D54S
ã I24-@A6-I:SI3+W9GA3 < 6!3+F;6^F < :;D+4 < D+:>6
< 5
?+D < I ] GAW56 ?+D+79= Q æÎ+
ã GOFJGOF,=bI: < GAI@A@whxI036
ê 6!4 < 8C < +
ã 6F>78\8 < 5
ã GA3+H
GO3 < :;8\W+D+4!6-W?'h¿+
ã GAHzã
7D+@ < GO=+@AGO4-G < h X 4IF>4IW+6!F-Y ] +
ã GA4S
ã 4I03?M6?E6!F < 8?+F>6-:K6-W ] +
ã 6-3@A8\8zGA3+H
I <2< +
ã 6:>6-HGO838C
ã 6iTSUáF>=E6!4 < :;D+7
?M6-@O8 ]á< +
ã 6 ú Q ߺi
ä 6!¢=M6I Q æÎ+
ã 6iGO3+4-:>6IF>GA3+Hf4!83 < GA3zD+D57
GAF 7IGA3+@wh
< 5
=+:>8aW+D54-6-W?'h < +
ã 6,6!F;4-I=E6!F8C < 5
ã 6,GA3+W5GOK\GAW+D+I@bEFgW+6 X 6_a4-G < GA35H < +
ã 6, é F < I < 6 Q 1,3 < +
ã 6,8 < +
ã 6!:
ã I35WnY < 5
b
ã 6J@O8 ] 3zD+7c?E6!:8C¤4!8D+3 < FGO3 < +
ã 63b
ë :>F < ú /c4Sb
ã I03+3+6-@OF8C < +
ã 6)F;=M6-4 < :>D+7¶:;6K6-I@AF < 5
ã 6
ã GOHN
+
ã W+6 < 6-4 < GA836!Ý94!GA6-354!h8C < +
ã 6­d
æ r ³ < +
ã 6)=+:>8?bI?5GA@AG < ho80CPW+6 < 6-4 < GO3+H@O8 ] 6-356-:;H0h6!K6!3 < F
GAF#K6-:hF;7I@A@EW+D+6 < 8 < +
ã 6)@AI:;H6qF;D+797GO3+H Q
,8a8zGO3+HI << ã56*èsé X F;=M6-4 < :>D+7¶=+@O8 <;< 6-WGA3 < ã+6)@A8 ] 6-:=bI: < 8C R GAH Q íîß Q úNú ïY ] 6)4-I3Dëb3+W
F;GO7GO@[I:.=+:;8=E6!: < GO6-F Q æÎã+6hxI0:;6J6!K6!3798:;62=+:>83+8D53+4-6!WW+D+6 < 8 < ã+J
6 GA3ìbD+6-354-6J8C < ã+6 <] 8
IW+W5G < GO83bI@P/ 6¶I03+3+Gã5GA@[I < GA83xzDbI3 < IC:;87 < ã+6:;6!F;=M83+F>6 < 8iM
= 8F;G < :>83+F Q æÎã+69=M6I
ò
ôõçö
÷ ø®ù zé
ü
÷ ýþ
ÿ ö E
counts
10000
EC
+
8000
8 state at 2403 keV
6000
4qp states (8 ,9 , 10 )
+
+
+
4000
2000
0
x 10
50
100
150
200
channels
counts
10000
+
β
150
Er contamination
8000
+
8 state at 2403+1022 keV
6000
4000
+
0
+
+
4qp states (8 ,9 , 10 )
2000
50
100
150
200
channels
R GAHD5:;6²ß Q úNú uT¤_a=E6!:;GO76!3 < I@,TSU¬} < 8=¨~oI35W¹èsé
W+6-4-Ih Q
}?M8 <;< 87
~F;=M6-4 < :LIuC8: < ã+6÷`N8lNé
4-8:>:;6-F>=E83+W+GA35H < 89W+GO:;6-4 < C6-6-W5GA3+H < 8 < ã+6NéfF < I < 6JI < ú Q ßä6!§GAF^I@AF>89K\GOF;GA?5@A62GA3 < ã+6èçé
F;=M6-4 < :;D+7 Q D < 3+8 ] Y ] ã+6!3£4-87=bI0:;6-W < 8 < ã+6TSUB4IF>6Y < ã+6-:>6
I=+=M6I0:;FIi?M6-@A@ X F"ãbI=M6-W
4-83 < GO3zD+D+7 83£G < Fc@A6C < F>GAW+60Y ] ã+GO4Sã GAFc=5:;8\W+D+4-6!W ?'h£I²ã5GAHNã+6!:c7D5@ < GO=+@AGO4-G < h8C^$ X ê } < ã+6
<] 8xIW+W+G < GA83bI@Z/ 6!ázDbI3 < I~ ] G < ã:;6!F;=M6-4 <J< 8 < ã+69T.U:;6-F>=E83+F;6 Q æÎã+6W+G¬ê6!:;6-354-6-F
I:;6J78:;6)W+:LI07oI < GA4 ] ã56-3@O8a8zGO3+HI << ã+6J:;6!HGA83 ] ã+6!:;6 < ã+6­ßz= X F < I < 6-FNI:>6Y¨?+D <^< ã+GOFGAF
78F < @wh < ã56J4!83+F>6-zD+6-354-68C < ã5­
6 ã5GAN
H ãTSUL
èçé:LI < GA8 < ã56-:;6 Q
æÎã+6 =5:;6!K\GO8D+F,W+GOF;4!D+F;F>GA83fGA@O@AD+F < :;I < 6!Fã+8 ] CD+3+WbI076!3 < I@¤GOF < ã56 :;8@O6c8C < ã+6 ;: 6!F;=M83+F;6
CD+3+4 < GA83GO3 < +
ã 6*
æ r ³o< 6-4S+
ã 3+GOzD+6Y¨=bI: < OG 4-D+@AI:;@whGA3 < ã5624IF>628CdI×ã+GAHNã7cD+@ < GA=+@OGA4-G < h W+6!4Ih Q
õ+ ö ÿ
4
|38:;W+6!: < 84-83+F < :;D+4 <J< ã+6:;6!F;=M83+F;697I < :>GA4-6!FqC8: < ã+6I3bI@wh\F;GAF!Y3+GA356 < ha=M6-FJ8C.6-@O6-4 < :;8 X
7IH3+6 < GA4W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83F>4Sã+6-796-F ] 6!:;6
I0F;F;D576!W Q äi8F < 8C < ã+6-7 @O6IW < 8K6-:hF;GA79GA@AI:
8D < =+D < F-YnI03+WxC8: < ã+GOFN:>6IF>83 ] 6 ] GA@O@W+GAF>4-D+F>F,83+@wh < ã+6:;6!F;D+@ < Fq8? < IGO3+6-WC:;87 < ã+6 <] 8
6-@O6-4 < :;87oIH3+6 < GA4W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83F;4Sã+6!76!F ] G < ãf=+:;8\W+D+4!6-W < ã+67Iº_aGA7I@W+GêE6-:>6-3+4!6-Fo}F;6!6
I=+=M6-35W+Gw_ ~ Q 8 < ã 80C < ã+6!7 ãbIK6GO34-8797983 < ã56#FLI796#W+6 X 6`_54!G < I < GO83 F;4Sã+6!76D5= < 8 ú Q ß
äi6 } < ã+6^ é ü
$ é ü ß é ü ú é ü é 4IF>4IW56~Y ] ã+GO4Sã ] IFS8? < I0GA3+6!WC:>87 I)=+:>6!K\GA8D5F
ã+GON
H ã:;6!F;8@OD < GO836`_5=M6-:>GA796-3 < ítp)
r \2z
ßLï Q æÎãzD+F!Y < ã+6#W5G êE6-:;6!3+4-6!FZ?E6 <] 6!6-3 < ã+6 <] 82F;4Sã56-796-F
D+F>6-W4-83+F;GOF < 835@OhGA3 < ã+6W+6-4-Ihx=+:;8=E6!: < GO6-FN8C < ã56@A6K6-@OF }?+GA3+FL~^GO3 < ã56:;6!HGA83i?E6 <] 6!6-3
ú Q ßYäi6!BI3+W < ã56cÔqÕÖ£}F>6-6JI=+=M6-35W+Gw_ ~ Q
TZ@A6!4 < :;87IH3+6 < GO4W56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83kF>4Sã+6-796 ²æÎã+6:;6!HGA83V?M6 <] 6-6!3 ú Q ߪäi6! I03+W
ã 6ÔqÕ'Ö ] IF2W+GOK\GOW+6-WGO3 < 8oC8D+:q6-3+6!:;Hh ] GA3+W+8 ] F Q æÎã+6 ?5GA3+F}@A6K6-@OFy~NGO3 < ã56Àëb:;F <
< +
] GO3+W+8 ] YZ?E6 <] 6!6-3 ú ßz/iI3+W ú i06! W+6!4Ih I@O@mGA3 < ã+6
FLI076 ] Ih < 8 < ã+6ëb:;F <
Y ßé I3+Wfz
$ é£6_a4-G < 6-WfF < I < 6-F Q æÎã+6 ?+GO3+F,GA3 < ã+6F>6-4-83+W ] GO3+W+8 ] Y?M6 <] 6-6-3 ú ú édp
I35¥
W àNà6Y¤W56-4IhGA3 < ã+6oF;I796o7I3+3+6!: < 8I@A@ < ã+6o?+GO3+FcGO3 < ã+6Yëb:>F < :>6-HGO83 Q
æÎã+6c?+GA3+FNGA3 < ã+6 < ã+GA:>W:;6!HGA83nYE?M6 <] 6-6!¸
3 àNàI3+w
W à6YEW+6-4-IhxGA3 < ã+6F;I796
7I3+3+6!: < 8 < ã+6?+GO3+FmGA3 < ã56^F>6-4!83+W
:>6-HGO83 QPR GA3bI@O@OhY < ã56^?5GA3+FmGA3 < ã+6C8D+: < ã:>6-HGO83nY
?M6 <] 6-6!²
3 àI3+W < ã+6)ÔqÕ'ÖnYaW+6-4-Ih < 8 < ã+3
6 ëb:>F < N
$ éI03+WN
éx6`_54!G < 6-WF < I < 6!FIF ] 6-@A@
IF < 8 < ã+628 < ã+6-::;6!HGA83+F Q rN@A@ < ã+62?+:LI03+S4 ã+GA35HF ] 6!:;6I
W >D+F < 6-WGA38:>W+6-: < 89=5:;6-F>6-:K6
3 íép2
r \2z
ß4ï Q
< ã+62GA3 < 6-3+F>G < GO6-F796IF>D+:;6!WxGO¸
TZ@A6!4 < :;87IH3+6 < GO4iW+6 X 6`_54!G < I <
798aW56-@C8: < ã+6)6-@O6-4 < :;87IH356
GO35C8:;7I < GA83C:>87 ítp)r\2zßLï
=M6-3+W5Gw_ qQ
GO83F;4Sã56-796
< GO4,W+6 X 6_a4!G <
Q r¯W+6-F>4-:;GO=
rÎF;4Sã+6!76?bI0F;6-Wl83lIF < I < GAF < GO4I@
ú
I < AG 838C < ã+6)3zD+4-@O6-D+F ] ã+GA4SãGA354-@AD5W+6-F < ã56
< GO83u80C < ã56798aW56-@Z4I03£?E6C8D+35WGO3£I= X
æÎã+66-@O6-4 < :;87IH356 < GO4W+6 X 6_a4!G < I < GA83F;4Sã+6!76 GAF283+6 8C < ã+6 F>GA79=+@A6!F < I0F;F;D57= < GA835F
83+64I3x7oI06cGwCP3+8 < +
ã GA35Ho?+D <N< ã+67oI>8:^C6-I < D5:;6-FN8C < ã56cW+6!4Ih }@AGO6J7D+@ < GA=+@OGA4!G < h5~gI:>6
z3+8 ] 3 Q 123 < +
ã 698 < 5
ã 6-:À+
ã I3+WnY < ã+6@A6!K6-@SF;4Sã+6!76 ú GAFI ] 6-@O@m6-W+D+4-I < 6!W HD+6!F;F?bI0F;6-Wu83
I@O@ < +
ã 66`_5=M6-:>GA796-3 < I0@¤GA3aC8:;7I < GO83IKI0GA@[I0?+@A6 Q æÎãzD+F!Y ] 6 6`_a=E6!4 <,< ãbI <q< ã+6798F < :;6!@AG[I0?+@A6
:;6!F;D+@ < F ] GO@A@m?M6
8? < IGA3+6!W ] +
ã 6-3 F>4S+
ã 6-796 ú GAFD+F;6!WnYSI3+W < ãbI < C8:cF;4Sã56-796 GA@A@OD+F < :LI < 6-F
ã+8 ] CI0: ] 6J4I3H8GOCdI@O78F < 3+89GA3aC8:;7I < GO83oGOF=+D < GA3 < 8 < +
ã 6JI3bI@wh\F;GAF Q
æÎã+62:;6!F;D+@ < F8C < ã+6)TÉä²I3bI@wh\F;GAFg?bIF;6!W83
6-@O6-4 < :;87oIH3+6 < GA4qW56 X 6`_a4-G < I < GO83
F>4Sã+6-796 ú
I :>6 FFã+8 ] 3GA3 R GOH Q íîß Q ú àLï < ã56T.U®4IF>6 GA3 < ã56 @A6!C < 4-8@OD+73YI3+W¿èçé 4IF>6GA3 < ã56 :;GAHzã <
4-8@AD+793 Q rqF9GA3 < ã+6÷`N8 úØû I3bI0@Oh\F;GOF-Y.I3zD+7?M6-:8C G < 6-:;I < GO83+F ] IF96-3+8D5HNã < 8
4-83zK6-:>H6 < 8xIF;8@OD < GO83 Q æÎã+6Wëb:;F < :>8 ] GA@O@AD+F < :LI < 6-F*ã58 ]B< ã+69TSU¶}@O6!C < ~)I03+W¶èçéj}:>GAHNã < ~
äi83 < 69U#I:;@O8
F;=M6-4 < :LIf}GA3F>8@AGOW¨~:>6-=+:>8aW5D+4-6 < ã+6:;6!F;=M6-4 < GOK66_a=E6!:;GO76!3 < I@ær ³ F>=E6!4 < :LI
}W+IFF ã+6!W¨~ Q æÎã56 ] ã58@A6:;I3+H68C < ã56NTSUF;=M6-4 < :;D+7´?M6 <] 6-6!3o4SãbI03+3+6-@ I3+W ú ] IFmD+F>6-W
C8: < ã+6cI3bI@wh\F;GAF Q æÎã+6c4!83 < I79GA3bI < GA83+F=+:;6!F;6-3 < GO3 < ã+À
6 è é F>=E6!4 < :;D+7 C8:;4!6-WD5F < 8 < I06
Ic:>6-W+D+4!6-WI3bI0@Oh\F;GOFg:LI03+H6,?M6 <] 6-6!3iS4 ãbI03+3+6-@OF$I03+W Q æÎã+62=+@A8 < Fg80C < ã+6,F>6-4!83+W:;8 ]
GA3 R GAH Q íß Q ú àLïg6
_ ã+GO?+G < < ã+6W+G êE6-:>6-3+4!6-F?M6 <] 6-6-3 < ã+ 6 äi83 < 6iU#I:;@O8fI3+W4-8:>:;6!F;=M83+W+GO3+H
6_a=M6-:>GA796-3 < I@F>=E6!4 < :LI5YM4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!WIFN6`_a=+:;6!F;F;6!W?'hxTZ Q } ß Q ú '~ Q æÎã56CD+@O@TSU¹F;=M6-4 < :;D+7
GAF ] 6!@A@E:;6-=5:;8\W+D+4-6!WnY ] G < ã < ã56,6_a4-6!= < GO838C < ã56,:;6!HGA83 ] ã+6-:>6 < ã+6 ú ß'N
àc=M6I9GAFg@A8\4I < 6-W Q
counts
ôõçö
10
10
10
÷ ø®ù zé
÷ ýþ
ü
ÿ ö 4
counts
ò
4
3
10
10
2
10
10
10
5
4
3
2
10
1
150
200
channels
10
0
-10
-10
150
200
channels
feeding
100
-1
10
10
10
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
channels
10
0
50
feeding
100
rel. dev.
rel. dev.
50
channels
1
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-4
10
10
-5
-5
10
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
energy (bin=40 keV)
R AG HD5:;6ß Q ú à5d^6!F;D+@ < FS8C < ã+6,÷`N8NéW56-4IhI3bI0@Oh\F;GOFZD+F;GO3+H < ã+6NTä 76 < ã+8\W Q¤ 8 < ãoTSU
I3+W[è é :>6-F>=E835F;6m7oI < :;GO4-6!F ] 6!:;6S4I@O4-D+@AI < 6!WqC8@O@A8 ] GA3+H < ã+6Z6!@A6-4 < :>87oI0H3+6 < GA4dW+6 X 6_a4-G < I < GA83
F;S4 ã+6!76 ú Q¤R GA:>F < :>8 ] ¤TSUj}@A6!C < ~¤I3+Wè é }:;GAHzã < ~d6_a=M6-:>GA796-3 < I@5F;=M6-4 < :LI2D+F>6-WGA3 < ã+6I3bI@ X
haF>GAF Q2³ D+=M6-:>GA79=E8F;6-WxI:;6 < ã+6:;6!F;=M6-4 < GOK6F;GO7D+@[I < 6-WF;=M6-4 < :;If}F;8@AGAW@AGO3+6-FL~#:;6-4!83+F < :;D54 < 6!W
C:;87 < ã+6:;6!F;D+@ < GA35HxC6-6!W+GA3+HxW+GAF < :;GO?+D < GA83+F Q³ 6-4-83+W:;8 ] :;6-@AI < GwK6W+6!K\G[I < GA83+F?M6 <] 6-6!3
W èsé§}:>GAN
H ã < ~ 4-IF;6!F Q
< ã+6i6_a=E6!:;GO76!3 < I@^I3+W¡F;GO7D+@[I < 6-W¡F;=M6-4 < :;IC8:9?E8 < ãVT.U¸}@A6C < ~ I3+u
æÎã+GA:>W£:;8 ] :;6!F;D+@ < GA35HTSU }@A6C < ~)I3+ª
W èçé¹}:;GON
H ã < ~,C6-6!W+GA3+HxW+GAF < :;GO?+D < GA83+FJ3+8:>7oI0@AGAF>6-W < 8
D+3+G < h Q
,v8\8zGA35H24I:>6!CD+@O@OhY ] 68?5F;6-:K6 < ã+I <Z< ã+6W5GêE6-:;6!3+4-6!FZ7oI03+GOC6!F < I3 8F;4-GO@A@AI < GO83I <¤< ã+6=M8F;G X
< AG 83980C < ã56^=M6I0MY\GA35W+GA4-I < GO3+H < ã+I <m< ã+6=+:>8?+@A6!7 GAFSI24-83+F;6!\D56-3+4!6,8C < ã+6?+GA353+GA3+H Q |3 < ã+6
4IF>6N8C < ã+6ÒèçéF;=M6-4 < :;D+7Y < ã+6:;6!=+:;8\W+D+4 < GO83GOFm3+8 < H8\8aW ?M6-@O8 ]V< ã+6 < ã56 ú ß'Nà)6!j=M6I Q
æÎã+6I3bI0@Oh\F;GOFI@OH8:;G < ã+7ÎGAFJW+8GA35HxG < Fc?M6-F < YZ?+D << ã+64-83 < I7GO3bI < GA83+FJ4-@O6I:>@OhfF>=E8GO@ < ã+6
:;6-F>D+@ < F Q æÎã+6 4-I@A4!D+@[I < 6-WTSU¯}@O6!C < ~I3+WÚèçé}:;GOHNã < ~C6!6-W+GO3+HW+GOF < :>GA?+D < GA83+FqI0:;6W+GOF;=+@AIh6-W
õ+ ö ÿ
Sβ (keV-1 s-1 x10-6)
&%
0.3
free feedings
+
0.25
+
+
no feeding to 2 , 4 and 6
0.2
x 0.25 at 2403 keV
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
rel. dev.
energy (bin=40 keV)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
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0.25
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0.2
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0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
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energy (bin=40 keV)
0.5
0
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0
50
100
150
200
energy (bin=40 keV)
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0.15
0.1
0.05
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0
50
100
150
200
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energy (bin=40 keV)
0.4
0.2
0
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100
150
200
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TAS values from this work
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approved experiments
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