UNDER THE POTTER`S TREE

ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA
ANALECTA
————— 204 —————
UNDER THE POTTER’S TREE
Studies on Ancient Egypt
Presented to Janine Bourriau
on the Occasion of her 70th Birthday
edited by
DAVID ASTON, BETTINA BADER, CARLA GALLORINI,
PAUL NICHOLSON and SARAH BUCKINGHAM
UITGEVERIJ PEETERS en DEPARTEMENT OOSTERSE STUDIES
LEUVEN – PARIS – WALPOLE, MA
2011
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CONTENTS
EDITORIAL FOREWORD .
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XI
H.S. SMITH — Janine – A Teacher’s Tribute
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XIII
P.G. FRENCH — Janine – A Husband’s View
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XV
Elham Ahmed EL-TAWEIL, Mahmoud Mohamed EL-SHAFEI, Mohamed
ALI ABD EL-HAKIEM, Mohamed Naguib REDA, Nermeen Shaaban ABAYAZEED, Shaimaa Rasheed SALEM, and Sherif Mohamed
ABD EL-MONAEM — Mother of the Ceramicists ‫أم الفخاريين‬
Umm El Fakharyien – A Students’ Tribute . . . . . .
XIX
TABULA GRATULATORIA .
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XXI
JANINE’S BIBLIOGRAPHY .
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XXV
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3
Sally-Ann ASHTON
Ancient Egyptian Hair-Combs in the Fitzwilliam Museum
Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
David ASTON
t pÌrt wty. The Saqqara Embalmers’ Caches Reconsidered;
Typology and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Marie-Pierre AUBRY, Christian DUPUIS, Holeil GHALY, Christopher
KING, Robert KNOX, William A. BERGGREN, Christina KARLSHAUSEN
and Members of the TIGA Project
Geological Setting of the Theban Necropolis: Implications for
the Preservation of the West Bank Monuments . . . . .
81
ARTICLES IN HONOUR OF JANINE BOURRIAU
Susan J. ALLEN
Fish Dishes at Dahshur .
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Bettina BADER
Vessels in Ceramics and Stone: The Problem of the Chicken
and the Egg? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
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VI
CONTENTS
Donald M. BAILEY
Wine Containers: Aswan Flasks . . . . . . . . . . 173
Pascale BALLET
Les ateliers hellénistiques de Bouto (Tell el-Fara’in) et le
«décor surpeint» (Overpainted) . . . . . . . . . . 189
Daphna BEN-TOR
Political Implications of New Kingdom Scarabs in Palestine
during the Reigns of Tuthmosis III and Ramesses II . . . . 201
Elizabeth BETTLES, with a contribution by Olaf E. KAPER
The Divine Potters of Kellis . . . . . . . .
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. 215
Charles BONNET
La Nubie face à la puissance égyptienne
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. 253
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Rosalie DAVID
Ancient Egyptian Medicine: An Appraisal Based on Scientific
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Catherine DEFERNEZ
Four Bes Vases from Tell el-Herr (North-Sinai): Analytical
Description and Correlation with the Goldsmith’s Art of
Achaemenid Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Jacobus VAN DIJK
The Date of the Gebel Barkal Stela of Seti I .
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. 325
Aidan DODSON
Two Mummy-Masks from the Dawn of the New Kingdom
. 333
Amanda DUNSMORE
A Wedgwood Canopic Vase in the National Gallery of Victoria . 349
Dina A. FALTINGS
Did the Ancient Egyptians have Bottle Brushes? Some Considerations about Milk Bottles in the Old Kingdom . . . . 355
Carla GALLORINI
A Cypriote Sherd from Kahun in Context .
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Alison L. GASCOIGNE and Gillian PYKE
Nebi Samwil-Type Jars in Medieval Egypt: Characterisation
of an Imported Ceramic Vessel . . . . . . . . . . 417
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VII
CONTENTS
M. Cristina GUIDOTTI
Quelques curiosités typologiques de la céramique d’Antinoopolis
433
Yvonne M. HARPUR
Earthenware Vessels in Old Kingdom Two-dimensional Art:
Their Manufacture and Direct Use by Minor Human Figures . 441
Rita HARTMANN
Ritzmarken auf Brotformen aus der frühdynastischen Siedlung
von Tell el-Fara’in/Buto . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Ulrich HARTUNG
Eine elfenbeinerne Gefäßdarstellung aus dem prädynastischen
Friedhof U in Abydos/Umm el-Qaab . . . . . . . . 483
Colin A. HOPE
Possible Mid-18th Dynasty Examples of Blue-Painted Pottery
from the Egypt Exploration Society’s Excavations at Memphis 495
Salima IKRAM
A Ceramic Divinity for a Divine Ceramicist .
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Helen JACQUET-GORDON
Miniature Pots . . .
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. 521
W. Raymond JOHNSON
A Ptah-Sokar Barque Procession from Memphis .
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Peter LACOVARA
A Nubian Model Soldier and the Costume of a Kerma Warrior
Anthony LEAHY
‘Necho’ in Late Period Personal Names
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541
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María J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
Field Notes from Dra Abu el-Naga on the First Intermediate
Period/Early Middle Kingdom Pottery . . . . . . . . 575
Sylvie MARCHAND
La transposition céramique dans l’Égypte Ancienne .
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. 603
Geoffrey T. MARTIN
The Dormition of Princess Meketaten .
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. 633
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Aurélia MASSON
Jarres au décor polychrome du Musée Pouchkine: manifestations
originales de la tendance archaïsante des 25e-26e dynasties? . 645
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VIII
CONTENTS
Marleen DE MEYER, Stefanie VEREECKEN, Bart VANTHUYNE, Stan
HENDRICKX, Lies OP DE BEECK and Harco WILLEMS
The Early Old Kingdom at Nuwayrat in the 16th Upper
Egyptian Nome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Paul T. NICHOLSON
“I’m not the saggar-maker, I’m the saggar-maker’s mate…”:
Saggar Making and Bottom Knocking in Stoke-on-Trent as a
Guide to Early Saggar Technology . . . . . . . . . 703
Hans-Åke NORDSTRÖM
The Significance of Pottery Fabrics .
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Lies OP DE BEECK and Stefanie VEREECKEN
Pottery from Sidmant and Haraga in the Royal Museums of Art
and History, Brussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Mary OWNBY
Through the Looking Glass: The Integration of Scientific,
Ceramic, and Archaeological Information . . . . . . . 751
Stephen QUIRKE
Petrie’s 1889 Photographs of Lahun .
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. 769
Maarten J. RAVEN
Desheret Bowls and Canopic Jars
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. 795
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Pamela ROSE and Gillian PYKE
Snakes and Udders: Ceramic Oddities from Qasr Ibrim
Teodozja I. RZEUSKA, with an Appendix by K.O. KURASZKIEWICZ
An Offering of a Beer Jar or a Beer Jar as an Offering? The
Case of a Late Old Kingdom Beer Jar with an Inscription from
West Saqqara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Margaret SERPICO, with an Appendix by Ben STERN
The Contents of Jars in Hatshepsut’s Foundation Deposit at Deir
el-Bahri and their Significance for Trade . . . . . . . . 843
Karin N. SOWADA
An Egyptian Imitation of an Imported Two-Handled Jar from
the Levant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
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IX
CONTENTS
Kate SPENCE, with a drawing by Will SCHENCK
Air, Comfort and Status: Interpreting the Domestic Features of
“Soul Houses” from Rifa . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Sally SWAIN
A New Interpretation of Two “C”-Ware Vessels from
el Mahasna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Pierre TALLET
Deux nouvelles stèles rupestres sur le plateau de Sérabit
el-Khadim (Sud-Sinaï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Ana TAVARES and Sabine LAEMMEL
Some Post-Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza .
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. 949
René VAN WALSEM
Scenes of the Production of Pottery in Old Kingdom Elite
Tombs of the Memphite Area. A Quantitative Analysis . . . 977
Helen WHITEHOUSE
Egyptian Blue and White: A Ceramic Enigma of the Early
19th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Anna WODZINSKA
Pottery and Chronology. Preliminary Remarks on Ceramic
Material from Tell el-Retaba . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA ON
THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD / EARLY MIDDLE
KINGDOM POTTERY
María J. LÓPEZ GRANDE1
During the 2007-2009 field seasons of the Spanish-Egyptian Mission
at Dra Abu el-Naga,2 several pottery vessels which can be dated to the
First Intermediate Period/Early Middle Kingdom were found below the
floor level of the courtyard of TT 11 (Djehuty). I wish to pay tribute to
Janine Bourriau in this Festschrift in her honour, by dedicating a study
of these pottery finds to her not only because of her interest in Egyptian
pottery, but also because the study of Egyptian pottery and the name of
Janine Bourriau has become intertwinably linked in the minds of all her
colleagues. In 1988 I had the pleasure of meeting Janine for the first time
at Saqqara and showing her some pottery sherds I was then studying.
May the following lines remind her of that time in Egypt and thank her
for her constant kindnesses ever since.
1. A small pottery assemblage of three vessels
In February 2007, on reaching the floor level of the extremely long
courtyard, TT 11, it was found that a large area of its surface had been
built as an artificial terrace resting on a conglomerate of limestone chips
and sand. This levelled area, located at a distance of 12 m away from the
1
I would like to express my warmest thanks to Mr. James Land for helping me with
the English translation of this paper. I am also indebted to some colleagues for providing
figures and plates for this paper: C. Cabrera-fig. 1; P. Rodríguez-fig. 2-4; and J.M. Parrapls. 1-3.
2
The Spanish Mission at Dra Abu el-Naga headed by J. M. Galán was inaugurated in
2002. Its primary objectives are the study, restoration and preservation of the rock tombs
TT 11, the tomb of Djehuty, dating to the reign of Hatshepsut; 399, whose owner is still
unknown, and TT 12, the tomb of Hery, which can be dated to the reign of Amenhotep I.
See: J.M. GALÁN, ‘The Tombs of Djehuty and Hery (TT 11-12) at Dra Abu el-Naga’, in:
J.-C. GOYON and C. CARDIN (eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of
Egyptologists, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 150 (Leuven, 2007), 777-787. J.M. GALÁN,
‘Tomb-Chapels of the early XVIIIth Dynasty at Thebes’, in: J. MYNAROVA and O. PAVEL
(eds.), Thebes. City of Gods and Pharaohs/Theby. Mesto bohu a faraonu (Prague, 2007),
88-101; J.M. GALÁN, ‘Excavations at the Courtyard of the Tomb of Djehuty (TT 11),’ in
Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, Orientalia Lovaniensia
Analecta (Leuven, in press).
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
façade, stretched out across 22 m reaching the east mudbrick wall of the
courtyard (fig. 1, A). The paved space filled the irregular shape of the
rocky hill slope where it sinks below the floor level, and, at the same
time, it also hid from view a number of earlier burials placed here long
before TT 11 was constructed.
Whilst clearing this area, three Nile clay pottery vessels which date to
the Late First Intermediate Period/Early Middle Kingdom came to light.
They belonged to the funerary equipment of an adult, almost elderly,
lady buried in an uninscribed wooden coffin, which had been laid on the
bedrock without any visible protection above it.3 The vases were found
in the compacted, undisturbed layer of limestone chips and sand which
covered the coffin, not far away from its lid. Despite their simplicity,
these vessels seemed to have been the most significant pieces of the
lady’s grave goods. No other remains related to her were found, but
inside the coffin, in addition to the human remains were traces of textiles, and a few small faience beads, whilst seven balanos seeds/fruits
were located under the coffin.
The pottery vases of this small assemblage are of small/mediumdimensions and are rather poor in their manufacture and finishing (fig. 2a-c).
Their size and shape suggest that they were most probably used for ritual
or symbolic purposes rather than as genuine containers to store funerary
food offerings. The assemblage comprises one Ìs-vase, an ovoid jar and
a flat-based bowl.
1.1. Ìs-vase
The most typical funerary vessel from among these three pots is a Nile
B14 Ìs-vase with direct rim and slender body, tapering to a flaring base
(fig. 2b; 8D75-1). It has two gentle rather horizontal lines at the base of
the neck and slightly carinated shoulders. The rim, neck and shoulders
are finished on a turning device and the outer surface of its body is
slightly trimmed vertically from the major point to the base, the latter
being cut to shape. Its maximum length is 17.7 cm, with a maximum
width (located above the middle of its height), of 8 cm, and has a rim
3
J.M. GALÁN, ‘11th Dynasty Burials below Djehuty’s Courtyard (TT 11) in Dra Abu
el-Naga’, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (in press).
4
All the fabrics alluded to in this paper have been designated according to the nomenclature of the Vienna System, H.-A. NORDSTRÖM and J. BOURRIAU, Ceramic Technology:
Clays and Fabrics in: Do. ARNOLD and J. BOURRIAU (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient
Egyptian Pottery, Fascicle 2, Sonderschrift des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Kairo 17 (Mainz, 1993), 168-186.
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
577
diameter of 6.3 cm and measures 6.5 cm at its base. Its outer surface is
rather eroded, but traces of almost completely lost red (7.5 YR 7/4-5/4)
wash were still present. It was found broken in two pieces and restored.
The Ìs-vase is well known as a ritual vessel5 used for dispensing water
and the shape can be traced back to the Early Dynastic Period.6 They
were used to pour out libations in temples and cemeteries in ceremonies
where ritual purification was necessary.7 As a result of its specialized
function the shape of the Ìs-vase rapidly became stereotyped and was
only slightly modified in later periods.8 According to S. Seidlmayer,9 the
earlier examples evolved throughout the Old Kingdom and the First
Intermediate Period to the time of the 12th Dynasty when the type
acquired its distinctive high, round shouldered, but slender tapering
body, with tall neck, and flat rim and base.
The shape of the slender Ìs-vase found in this assemblage was typically used at the end of the Old Kingdom,10 with significant parallels
being found in three partially preserved examples from the tomb QH 98
(Aswan), dated to the middle of the reign of Pepy II.11 A similar Ìs-vase
with direct rim, carinated shoulders and a body tapering to a narrow flat
base, dated to the early 11th Dynasty is known from el-Tarif,12 whilst
other examples dated to the First Intermediate Period/Middle Kingdom
are known from Dendera13.
5
MESNIL DU BUISSON, Les noms et signes égyptiens désignant des vases ou objets
similaires (Paris, 1935), 109-119; A. GARDINER, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd edition (Oxford,
1957), 529, W 14; A. ERMAN und H. GRAPOW, Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache,
Akademie-Verlag (Berlin, 1982), Vol. III, 154.
6
K.N. SOWADA, ‘Black-topped Ware in Early Dynastic Contexts’, Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology 85 (1999), 87.
7
H. BALCZ, ‘Die Gefäßdarstellungen des Alten Reiches’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 5 (1934), 45-49.
8
J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga‘ab. Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab Conquest
(Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 6 October to 11 December 1981) (Cambridge, 1981),
61, 232-233.
9
S. SEIDLMAYER, Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich,
Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 1 (Heidelberg, 1990), 86-90.
10
M. LOPATTA, ‘Das Festbankett des Gaufürsten und sein Ritualgeschirr’, in: E. CZERNY,
I. HEIN, H. HUNGER, A. SCHWAB and D. MELMAN (eds.), Timelines. Studies in Honour of
Manfred Bietak, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149 (Leuven, 2006), Vol. I, 201-202,
204.
11
E. EDEL, Die Felsgräbernekropole der Qubbet el-Hawa bei Assuan, I. Abteilung,
Band 2 (München, Wien, Zürich, 2008), 1334-1335, Figs. 15 QH 98/15-17 QH 98/11,
specially the last one; 1351.
12
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 28,1 (1972), Abb. 5, 1872.
13
R.A. SLATER, The Archaeology of Dendereh in the First Intermediate Period. Phd
thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1974, 79-80, Fig. 20, L1a; the same in A. WODZINSKA,
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 577
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
1.2. Ovoid jar
In the same assemblage a fragmentary Nile B1 ovoid jar with direct
rim and a probably rounded, but now lost base (fig. 2a; 8D75-2) was
found. This jar could also be used as a ritual vessel for dispensing water
or other liquid but most probably it was a medium-size container for
keeping drinking water or any type of beverage such as milk, beer, wine,
etc, to be consumed using the carinated drinking-cup of this same assemblage (see below no. 1.3). The lower part of its body shows hand
smoothed finishing, while its upper part and rim have been finished on
the wheel. There is a horizontal, slightly incised, line in the upper part of
its body, probably made by the potter with a sharp object or his own
finger nail. The eroded outer surface seems to be uncoated but scant
remains of a red (7.5 YR 7/4-5/4) dense slip could be seen at its rim. The
jar was found broken, a single fragment which corresponds to half of its
complete shape excluding the lost base. Its maximum length is 11 cm, its
maximum width at the middle of its body 9.7 cm and the diameter of its
rim is 5.2 cm.
The morphological type of this jar is well known from the end of the
Old Kingdom to the 11th Dynasty, but exactly similar parallels are difficult to find because these vessels are partially handmade. Mediumsize ovoid jars with direct rims have been found in Old Kingdom pottery workshops at Ayn-Asil (Dakhla oasis),14 whilst related but rather
larger examples, some of them with a trend towards a more bag-shaped
form than an ovoid one, are known from Qubbet el-Hawa, where they
date to the Late Old Kingdom.15 11th Dynasty pottery from the el-Tarif
necropolis includes ovoid jars with the same features,16 and the type is
also attested in Dendera.17 A rather similar but deformed jar with a
A Manual of Egyptian Pottery, Vol. 2: Naqada III-Middle Kingdom, Ancient Egypt
Research Associates Field Manual Series 1 (Boston, 2009), 152 nos. 16-17.
14
G. SOUKIASSIAN, M. WUTTMAN, L. PANTALACCI, P. BALLET and M. PICON, Balat III.
Les ateliers de potiers d’Ayn-Asil, fin de l’ancien empire première période intermédiaire,
Fouilles de l’Institut, Français d’Archéologie Orientale 34 (Cairo, 1990), 100, Pl. 23, 50-53.
15
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 1, 73-74, Fig. 25 25/187, 78, 81, Fig. 28 25/356,
87, 89, Fig. 54, 25/398; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1002, 1006, Fig. 49 QH 88/
268, 1087, 1089, Fig. 21 QH 89/198; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 3, 1599-1600,
Fig. 126 QH 105/76, 1827, 1831, Fig. 16 206/43, 1838-1839, Fig. 39 QH 206/148 (bag
shaped with potmark), 1847, 1914-1916, Fig. 133 QH 207/175, Fig. 136 QH207/178,
Fig. 137 QH 207/179, 1946, 1957, Fig. 195 QH 207 0/1163.
16
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Keramikbeispiele aus den Gräbern der frühen 11. Dynastie von
El-Târif’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 23
(1968), 54-56, Abb. 7. Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Târif’, Abb. 3, 1876.
17
R.A. SLATER, Archaeology of Dendereh 89-90, 500, Fig. 25, R5b.
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
579
flattened base, dated to the 11th – 12th Dynasties, is known from Beni
Hassan.18
1.3. Carinated bowl
The third pot of this assemblage is a Nile B1 gently carinated bowl
with direct rim and flat base (with its center slightly pushed inwards)
which was found broken and incomplete (fig. 2c; 8D75-3). It shows
distinct evidence of hand smoothing but the base was left rough, and
traces of whitish slip, now almost entirely lost on both the inner and
outer surfaces. Its maximum length varies from 6.0 to 6.2 cm, with a
diameter of 10.7 cm at its rim and 2.6 cm at its base. By its form and size
this vessel belongs to a well known pottery type which seems to derive
from the most developed Old Kingdom “Meidum bowls”19 and is generally understood as a drinking cup. These vessels are well known in Middle Kingdom contexts,20 but are found from the Late Old Kingdom
onwards in funerary and domestic contexts. There are quite a few examples dated to the end of the reign of Pepy II in different tombs of the
Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis.21
The type has also been found in the Old Kingdom workshops at AynAsil,22 where by the time of the First Intermediate Period they had
evolved into a different form of carinated bowl with the carination at the
lower part of their bodies, rounded or ring bases, and most of them with
an incised horizontal line in their outer surface, close to the rim.23
Carinated bowls have also been found in Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period domestic contexts at Dendera24 where the main features of
the type still remain in some red slipped bowls dated to the 11th
Dynasty.25
18
A. WODZINSKA, A Manual of Egyptian Pottery, Vol. 2, 179, no. 36.
S. MARCHAND, ‘Le survey de Dendara (1996-1997)’, Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 6 (2000), 266.
20
J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga’ab, 7.
21
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole Band 1, 138 Fig. 244 25/330, 197-198, Fig. 444 26/354
(its lip more pronounced); 229-230; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 990, Fig. 9
QH 88 0/1377; 991, Fig. 13 QH 88/01392 (more sloping lips); 1000, Fig. 35 QH 88/
01436; 1002, 88/268; 1005-1006, Fig. 60 QH 88/279; 1298, Fi.g 25 QH 93/32.
22
G. SOUKIASSIAN et al, Balat III, 145, Pl. 17, 14.
23
G. SOUKIASSIAN et al, Balat III, 145-146, Pl. 18, 20-25.
24
R.A. SLATER, Archaeology of Dendereh, 63-65, 487, Fig. 12, C6f; S. MARCHAND,
‘Fouilles récentes dans la zone urbaine de Dendara: La céramique de la fin de l’Ancien
Empire au debut de la XIIe dynastie’, Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 7 (2004), 220,
225, Figs. 35-36, 40; A. WODZINSKA, A Manual of Egyptian Pottery, Vol. 2, 159, no. 41.
25
S. MARCHAND, ‘Le survey de Dendara’, 266.
19
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
At this time, that is the 11th Dynasty, the type became common in the
Theban area at the sites of Gourna,26 el-Tarif27 and Asasif.28 In these two
last necropoleis, two different carinated forms of open shapes with moreor-less flat bases succeeded each other. One of them, known from elTarif is dated to the 11th Dynasty up to the reign of Mentuhotep Nebhepetre. These peculiar bowls are gently carinated with rounded, or
flattened, bases.29 The other type comes from the Asasif necropolis and
is dated to the reign of Montuhotep Nebhepetre; these bowls are more
obviously carinated with a definite horizontal ridge which divides the
contour of the vases in two different forms, one tapering out ending up
in the lip, and the other tapering in ending up in the base.30 The features
of these later bowls fit very well with the carinated vase of our small
assemblage from Dra Abu el-Naga.
This bowl could be related to the ovoid jar described above as a well
matched pair of pots for keeping (the jar) and drinking (the bowl) water,
which was a vital requisite for the dead as much as for the living,31 or
both for keeping and drinking other beverages such as milk, beer, wine,
etc, beneficial for the well-being of the deceased.
The peculiarities in the shape of this gently carinated bowl (rather
deep and thin walled, with a small flat base slightly pushed inwards at
its center), bring it close to the forms which evolved from the Late Old
Kingdom types32 and continued throughout the First Intermediate Period.
Besides, the features of the discussed bowl make a contrast with the
much more accurate shape of the carinated drinking bowls of the 12th
Dynasty and beyond, when the type has a definite ridge33 and some
26
W.M.F. PETRIE, Qurneh, British School of Archaeology in Egypt (London, 1909), 2,
Pl. XV, nos. 167-170; K. MYSLIWIEC, Keramik und Kleinfunde aus der Grabung im Tempel
Sethos’ I. in Gurna, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 57 (Mainz, 1987), 27-28, 1a.
27
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 2, 3, number 1925.
28
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 2, 3, number K3157.
29
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 2, 3, number 1928.
30
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 2, 3, number K3157.
31
J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga‘ab, 61.
32
S. MARCHAND, ‘Le survey de Dendara’, 81, number 13.
33
Do. ARNOLD, “Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981”, Mitteilungen des
Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 38 (1982), Abb. 11, 2; S. TYSON
SMITH, Askut in Nubia (London and New York, 1995), 59, fig. 3.5E; C. VON PILGRIM,
Elephantine XVIII, Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten
Zwischenzeit, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 91 (Mainz, 1996), 320-321, Abb. 140, b;
336-337, Abb. 149, g-j; 338-339, Abb. 150, a-b; 352-353, Abb. 157, f; 356-357, l-n;
A. SEILER, ‘Ein Kultkeramikensemble aus dem Mittleren Reich’ Mitteilungen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 55 (1999), 380-381, Abb. 15, e; D.A. ASTON,
A Corpus of Late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Pottery, Tell el-Dab‘a
XII, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften 28 (Vienna, 2004),
Vol. I, 60, Group 11, 196, Group 215, Vol. II, 19, Pl. 7, 30-34; 220, Pl. 208, 812-814.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 580
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
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examples include incised decoration in a wavy line pattern,34 features
which go into the 13th Dynasty and later in Egypt and Nubia.
These three vessels, the Ìs-vase, the ovoid jar and the drinking bowl,
were the only pottery items associated with the intact burial of the elderly lady. Probably these pottery vases represent a desire to employ ritually correct forms for funerary use at a time of the First Intermediate
Period close to the reign of Montuhotep Nebhepetre as is suggested by
this carinated bowl, even in a burial which, in view of its humble grave
goods seems to be rather poor.
2. A single pot in an intact burial and a food offering tray
One season later, in January-February 2008, in the courtyard of TT 11
at the same distance from the tomb’s façade where the elderly lady’s
coffin and the assemblage of pottery vessels had been discovered the
previous year, another burial came to light. It was found undisturbed,
1.5 m below the level of the courtyard floor, near its south/west sidewall
in a small irregular and rough recess in the bedrock (fig. 1, B). This
grave held an inscribed, well-preserved, early 11th Dynasty wooden coffin at the head end of which lay a group of five arrows and a mediumsized globular jar. Inside the coffin, there was the mummy of a man and
other interesting objects as grave goods. According to the inscriptions on
the outer surface of the coffin, this man was called Iqer.35
2.1. Globular jar
Behind the coffin, partially sunk in the sandy floor, right up against
the inner wall of the tomb a complete wide mouthed globular jar made
of marl clay (light red core, pink surface) was found. It was found intact,
broken when excavated and later restored.
The vessel shows a nearly perfect globular shape (fig. 2d, pl. 1; 9C79-1),
with modelled rim and a very short neck; its maximum length is 15.2 cm;
maximum width 13.5 cm; and the diameter of its open-mouth is 8.1 cm.
It was made of a marl clay, pinkish white (10R 6/6) to light red (2.5 YR
6/6) in colour, but it is not easy to classify it in the Vienna System, since
it resembles both a Marl C and also an early version of Middle Kingdom
34
S. TYSON SMITH, Askut in Nubia, 61, fig. 3.7D; C. VON PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII,
356-357. Abb. 150, o; A. SEILER, ‘Ein Kultkeramikensemble aus dem Mittleren Reich’, 380381, Abb. 15, f; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole Band 2, 992, Fig. 16 0/1402; 1039, 1042,
Fig. 148 QH 88/293; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole Band 3, 1902, Fig. 97 QH 207/158.
35
J.M. GALÁN, ‘11th Dynasty Burials below Djehuty’s Courtyard’, (in press).
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
Marl A.36 It was fired at a very high temperature with incipient vitrification and shows a bicoloured burned surface. It was very carefully finished, as is usual with marl clay vases, with its upper body and rim
smoothed on the wheel, and its base carefully smoothed by hand, whilst
its outer surface was white slipped.
Globular jars carefully made of Nile D1, about the size of the discussed vase, have been found in Dra Abu el-Naga where they are dated
to the Late 11th –early 12th Dynasties37 and they are also attested in
Dendera.38 Vessels similar in size but rather bag shaped and more
roughly finished, had previously been attested in el-Tarif and ascribed to
the same date.39 These early globular/bag-shaped jars of the First Intermediate Period, seem to derive from Late Old Kingdom Nile clay vessels, usually in bigger sizes and most of them taller necked, which are
well known from the tombs of Qubbet el-Hawa.40 By the time of the Late
12th – early 13th Dynasties, the early globular jars of the First Intermediate Period evolved into a bag shaped type.41
Globular jars are understood as food containers and they are attested
both in funerary and domestic contexts.42 By the time of the Late Old
Kingdom and throughout the First Intermediate Period, they were,
according to the known archaeological evidence, mainly made of Nile
clay, most of them poorly finished. The discussed pot, made of Marl
36
The later classification has been suggested by Dr. Irmgard Hein in her visit to the
excavation site in February 2009. I am indebted to her for many helpful comments.
37
A. SEILER, ‘Ein Kultkeramikensemble aus dem Mittleren Reich’, 384-389, Abb. 17,
a-b.
38
R.A. SLATER, Archaeology of Dendereh, 67-68, 500, Fig. 25, Q2e.
39
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Keramikbeispiele’, 41, Abb. 1, 2-4; Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur
Keramik von el-Tarif’,Abb. 3.7.
40
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 1, 197-198, Fig. 442 26/352 (bigger in size);
310, 312, Figs. 21 QH 29/45, 22 QH 29/46 (similar size but more developed necks); 315316, Fig. 25 QH 29/162 (found sealed); 330-352, Fig. 50 QH 29/107 (about the size but
higher necked); 334, 336, Figs. 61 QH 29/112 (bigger), Fig. 63 QH 29/114 (about the
size, more higher necked); Fig. 64 QH 29/115 (bag shaped); 566-567, Fig. 10 QH 34h/13
(close in shape and size to the discussed vase); E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2,
1002-1006, Figs. 51 QH 88/270, 54 QH 88/273, 58 QH 88/277 (higher necked); 1034,
1036, Figs. 136 QH 88/193 (bigger), 137 QH 88/194 (higher necked); 1152-1154, Fig. 53
QH 90/2 (close in shape and size to the discussed vase); E. EDEL, Band 3, 1517-1528, Fig. 17
QH 103/144, 1532, Abb. 10/3 (higher necked); 1572, 1574, Figs. 40 QH 105/40, 41 QH 105/
41 (both bigger and narrow mouthed), Fig. 42 QH 105/42 (higher necked and gently
carinated at its base); 1627, Fig. 3 QH 106/16 (higher necked), 1782, Fig. 81 QH 110/200
(bigger, the rim joined on to the body); 1892, 1900, Fig. 73 QH 207/138 (bigger).
41
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Keramikfunde aus Qila’ el-Dabba’, in: A. FAKHRY, Denkmäler der
Oase Dachla. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 28 (Mainz, 1982), 55; Do. ARNOLD,
‘Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981’, 62-64.
42
S. SEIDLMAYER, Gräberfelder, Abb. 31.
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
583
clay, with its well proportioned shape and finish, is a peculiar one. It was
found filled with the fine sand which covered the floor of the rock tomb
along with small pieces of the rubble like that found inside the sepulchre,
but nothing of its original contents, if there were any, remained in it.
This globular jar has to be considered as a pot of the 11th Dynasty, a
very good example of the marl clay vessels produced at that time.
2.2. Pottery tray related to the burial
Outside this rock tomb a handmade Nile C, brown (7.5YR 5/4) offering
tray was found. It is oval in shape (fig. 2e; 8C-D77-1), with a representation
in a central square modelled frame of some elements such as an ox foreleg applied to the surface, three conical pieces of bread depicted together,
and a small rounded loaf. One of the tray’s ends is modelled like a spout
to allow the liquid to be poured out. The inner surface is covered with an
eroded thick weak red (7.5R 5/4) slip. Its maximum length is 33.0 cm;
maximum width 25.0 cm; and maximum height 6.1 cm.
Trays of food offerings are common in First Intermediate Period
funerary contexts. They were placed at the mouth of the tombs to provide perpetual offerings for the deceased.43
3. An assemblage of pottery with five vessels
Outside this burial, at a lower level an assemblage of five complete
pottery vases were found. These vessels were lying within a 35 cm layer
of very thin sand (fig. 1, C; pl. 3). It is thought that this assemblage
might be related to a destroyed tomb, of which the collapsed entrance, as
well as part of a corridor belonging to it, have been identified,44 but it is,
at the time of writing, still unexcavated.
The assemblage comprises two slender shouldered Ìs-vases in different sizes, a globular jar with wavy rim, an ovoid-bodied jar with a flat
base, and a small globular nw-pot.
43
W.M.F. PETRIE, Gizeh and Rifeh, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 13 (London,
1907), 14-20, Pl. 14; W.M.F. PETRIE, Qurneh, 4, Pl. 21; A. NIWINSKI, ‘Plateaux d’offrandes
et “maisons d’âmes”. Genése, evolution et function dans le culte des morts au temps de
la XIIe dynastie’, Études et Travaux 8 (1975), 73-122; J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga’ab, 118119, n. 238; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1192, Fig. 5 QH 90b 0/754; 1288-1289,
Figs. 8 QH 93 0/665, 9 QH 93 0/668, 10 QH 93 0/669; 1293-1294, Fig. 15 QH 93 0/621;
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 3, 1777, 1781, Fig. 64 QH 110/90; 1962, Fig. 268
QH 207 0/1325.
44
J.M. GALÁN, ‘11th Dynasty Burials below Djehuty’s Courtyard’, (in press).
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
3.1. Taller Ìs-vase
This Nile B1 shouldered vase is the tallest pot of the group. It has a
slightly warped mouth and a slender body tapering to a flaring rather
than flat base shaped by hand (fig. 3a; pl. 3 (centre); 8D79-1). It shows
a smooth transition from rim to body with its outer surface from shoulder
to base scraped vertically. The inner surface has spiral lines of modelling
and it is thinly red slipped (7.5 R 5/4). Its maximum height is 20 cm,
with 7.8 cm of mouth diameter, 10.1 cm of maximum width, and 6 cm
of diameter at its base. It was found complete, filled with thin sand from
the layer.
3.2. Shorter Ìs-vase
Another Ìs-vase was found in the same assemblage. This second one
is also a Nile B1 shouldered vessel but smaller than the previous example. It has a warped mouth (slightly broken at its edge) and a slender
ovoid body narrowing to a narrow flat (but unstable) base (fig. 3b, pl. 3
[second starting from the right]; 8D79-2). It was probably made in two
parts and joined below the shoulders; these, together with the neck and
the rim, have been shaped with a tool on a turning device while the
body and the base have been smoothed by hand, and scraped vertically
from the shoulder to base on its outer surface and is slipped light red
(2.YR 6/6 light red). Its maximum height is 16.3 cm, with 5.8 cm of
mouth diameter, 9.6 cm of maximum width, and 4.2 cm of diameter at
its base. It was discovered chipped at the rim but otherwise intact, filled
with thin sand, which evidently derived from the layer in which it was
found.
Similar Ìs-vases to both of the above are known from the pottery
groups found in some of the tombs at Qubbet el-Hawa which are dated
to the Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period. The shortest one
shows a striking similarity to a jar from tomb QH 9345 which came in a
group of pottery vessels that included another, but smaller, Ìs-vase as
well as an ovoid-bodied jar with quatrefoil mouth.46 Other small or
medium sized jars, not slender but rather wide, from this ancient cemetery show a warped mouth which suggests their ritual use for pouring out
45
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1298-1299, Fig. 20 QH 93/23; see also 1482,
Fig. 17 QH 102c/30.
46
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, Figs. 24 QH 93/25 and Fig. 21 QH 93/25,
respectively.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 584
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585
libations,47 while fragmentary taller vases are reminiscent of the taller
Ìs-vase of the discussed assemblage.48
Several jars in the shape of Ìs-vases were found in the Theban necropolis at el-Tarif and Asasif in funerary contexts dated to the early 11th
Dynasty. One of the ritual vessels from el-Tarif,49 shows some similarities with the smaller discussed vase while the wide neck and warped rim
of one of the Ìs-vases from Asasif,50 recalls the two ceremonial jars of
our deposit.
The features of both jars allow them to be chronologically ascribed to
the time of the 11th Dynasty, as neither of them shows the typical round
shouldered upper body, the tall neck and even the height that Ìs-vases
achieved at the beginning of the 12th Dynasty. A Ìs-vase similar to the
taller one of our assemblage, broken at its neck, was found in Elephantine, and dated to the Middle Kingdom.51
3.3. Globular jar with wavy rim
This vase could probably be described as a Nile B152 hard fired globular jar with round base and wavy rim or quatrefoil mouth, made by
pinching with the fingers, and two parallel incised lines above its maximum diameter (fig. 3d, pl. 3 [first starting from the left]; 8D79-3). Its
maximum height is 14.3 cm, its rim diameter 7.7 cm and its maximum
width 11.6 cm. The jar is skilfully thrown and shaped; the base seems to
have been scraped with a tool and smoothed. Its outer surface is coated
with a fine thick light red coating and polished to a weak shine (10R 6/6
5/6). It was found filled with thin sand.
The wavy rim as well as the accurate finish of this jar permits it to be
considered not as a simple vase, but as a ritual one. Examples of the use
of this type are known from Qubbet el-Hawa, in pottery assemblages
47
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 1, 105, 117, Figs. 154 QH 25/291, 155-156
QH 25/291; 411, 417, Fig. 48 QH 30b/114; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 11481149, Fig. 34 90/25; 1152, Fig. 50 QH 90/95; 1164-1665, Fig. 88 QH 90/385; 1483,
Fig. 31 QH 102c/45; 1577, 1579, Fig. 57 QH 105/359; 1828, 1831, Figs. 21 QH 206/47,
25 QH 206/52; 1892, 1900, Fig. 72 QH 207/138; 1960, Fig. 230 QH 207 0/1265; 1261,
Figs. 257 QH 207 0/1316, 258 QH 270 0/1317; 1962, Fig. 265 QH 207 0/1323.
48
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1164, Fig. 83 QH 90/365; 1335-1336,
Figs. 15 QH 98/15, 16 QH 98/9+13, 17 QH 98/11, Fig. 18 QH 98/12; 1596-1507,
Figs. 111 QH 105/32 (very tall, with narrow neck), 114 QH 105/85 (made of wood).
49
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 5, 12, 1871.
50
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, Abb. 5, 12, K3080.
51
C. VON PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, 340-341, Abb. 151, e.
52
The vessel is intact so no fresh break could be examined.
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
dated to the Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period.53 It seems to
have been a long lasting type which is still found, at least in the Asasif,54
Beni Hasan55 and Dendera,56 in funerary contexts of the 11th Dynasty.
The striking polished outer surface of this jar permits it to be related to
the groups of funerary pottery recovered from the tombs of royal women
from the 11th to the 13th Dynasty, where some small or medium-size
vessels show a red-coated and polished finish.57 The source of inspiration
for their peculiar thick red polished coating seems to have been the burnished pottery types of the Old Kingdom.58 The jar of our assemblage
shows great technical skill, particularly in the firing, likened to that of
some good Old Kingdom vessels. This feature, together with its coated
finish, allows it to be considered as a pot of the 11th Dynasty, but made
in the tradition of the Old Kingdom funerary pottery.
3.4. Ovoid-bodied jar with direct rim and flat base
This is a rather squat Nile C jar, washed (5YR 7/4 pink) in its outer
surface. It was probably thrown on a turning device, perhaps after it had
been built up from coils (fig. 4a, pl. 3 [second starting from the left];
8D79-4). It shows a smooth transition from rim to body, a maximum
width well below the middle of the height, and a cut-off flat base with
finger marks all over it. All its features fit well with a First Intermediate
Period/Early Middle Kingdom pot. It was found filled with fine sand.
Some examples of rough flat-based jars are known from Qubbet elHawa, in assemblages of pottery vessels dated to the Late Old Kingdom/
First Intermediate Period.59 The type is not very common in such con53
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 1, 411, 417, Figs. 41 QH 30b/104, 42 QH 30b/
105 (both quite similar but smaller); E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1145-1146,
Fig. 20 QH 90/70; 1150, Fig. 44 90/48; 1297-1298, Fig. 21 QH 93/25 (smaller, with two
Ìs-vases); 1385, Fig. 6 QH 101/8; 1901, Fig. 76 QH 207/141; 1958, Figs. 197 QH 207 0/
1172, 198 QH 207 0/1173, 199 QH 207 0/1173.01, Fig. 200 QH 207 0/1173.02, 201 QH
207 0/1174.
54
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, 42, Pl. XIX, d.
55
J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga’ab, 61, number 108. A similar example dated to the Middle
Kingdom in C. REGNER, Keramik, Bonner Sammlung von Aegyptiaca 3 (Wiesbaden,
1998), 174-175, n. 156.
56
R.A. SLATER, Archaeology of Dendereh, 87, 499, Fig. 24, Q1b.
57
S.J. ALLEN, ‘Queens’s Ware: Royal Funerary Pottery in the Middle Kingdom’, in:
C.J. EYRE (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995), Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 82 (Leuven, 1998), 42.
58
S.J. ALLEN, ‘Queens’s Ware’, 48.
59
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 1, 368, 381, Fig. 42 30/39; 530, 533, Figs. 5-9
34g/52-34g/56 (they are smaller); E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1082, Fig. 10
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 586
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587
texts, since the flat-based jars found there show a trend towards rather
prominent shoulders or are more or less slender open mouthed beaker
jars. A similar but shorter vase, dated to the 11th – 12th Dynasties, is
known from Beni Hasan, grave 868.60
3.5. Small globular nw-pot
The last item of this assemblage is a small globular pot with everted
rim which may be identified as a ritual nw-pot. It is made of alluvial
clay, possibly Nile B161 (fig. 3c, pl. 3 [first starting from the right];
8D79-5). Its globular body was probably made by coiling, but the surface has been carefully smoothed by hand, so that the coils are rather
invisible. The pot is red slipped (10R 5/6 5/6-8), and burnished even at
its base. It is 7.9 cm high, with maximum width of 8.1 cm, and a rim
diameter of 5.2 cm.
Few parallels are known to me for this type. Some examples which are
carefully finished have been found in the Late Old Kingdom pottery
workshops at Ain-Asil.62 Another similar pot, with slightly flattened base
and less pronounced lip, dated to the 11th – 12th Dynasties is known
from the excavations at the Sety I Temple in Gourna63 and the type is
also attested in Dendera,64 as well as among the pottery recovered by
J. Garstang from early excavations in the necropolis at Esna.65 A rather
larger vase, dated to the Middle Kingdom, was brought to light at Elephantine,66 and a later example, stratigraphically dated to the 13th
Dynasty, was found in Tell el-Dab‘a.67
Nw-pots have been related to wine offerings given to the gods, since
from the Old Kingdom onwards they are usually represented on temple
walls as well as in three-dimensional statues of the king, in a kneeling
QH 89/13 (warped lip); 1196, Abb. 7 0/739; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 3,
1424, 1428, Figs. 67 102/138, 68 102/139, 69 102/142, 70 102/150, 1455, Abb. 30 QH
102/138; 1497, Abb. 9 QH 102c/30.
60
Ashmolean E.4153, J. BOURRIAU, Umm el-Ga‘ab, 61-62, number 109.
61
There is no break on its surface which would allows us to check it.
62
G. SOUKIASSIAN et al, Balat III, 99, group h.1, 135, Fig. 46, H.
63
K. MYSLIWIEC, Keramik und Kleinfunde, 27-29, 20a.
64
R.A. SLATER, Archaeology of Dendereh, 80-81, 496, Fig. 21, Ml1, M3f, also in
A. WODZINSKA, A Manual of Egyptian Pottery, Vol. 2, 156, nos. 30-31.
65
D. DOWNES, The Excavations at Esna 1905-1906 (Warminster, 1974), 27, 32, types
42-44.
66
C. VON PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, 358-359, Abb. 160, a.
67
D.A. ASTON, Tell el-Dab‘a XII, 69, Group 22, Fig. 55, j.
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
position, holding two globular jars.68 But specific information about the
kind of liquid contained in those two vessels is rather infrequent till the
later periods when the so-called nw-pots were the most commonly used
containers in wine offerings. Nevertheless, there are exceptions, and
there are other kinds of offerings related to this particular vase type, the
design of which, in hieroglyphic writing, make us aware of the wide
range of potential content related to it.69
The five vases of this assemblage remind us of the performance of
sacred ceremonies related to rituals performed in the necropolis which
involve libations, probably of water, related to the Ìs-vases, as well as
the presence of other liquids which could be contained in the wavy rim
jar and in the nw-pot. These religious practices were probably performed
at the nearby tomb, in order to purify the place and perhaps to consecrate a new tomb as the resting place of the deceased, a sacred building
suitable as his/her funerary shrine or temple. Due to the specific pottery
types found in this assemblage and the quality of some of them, which
recall good quality Old Kingdom pots, we may conclude that this pottery group did not consist of five mere household vases, but of five
sacred or ritual vessels whose specific details let them be dated to the
11th Dynasty.
4. The discovery of an isolated broken bowl
At the end of January 2008 an isolated Nile A bowl with direct rim
and round base (edge missing) (fig. 4b, pl. 4; 8D74-1) was found, broken
into pieces, its sherds badly damaged, in a layer characterized by the lack
of any artefacts. The area was identified in the following season as the
beginning of an open-air sloping passage which leads to a tomb entrance,
which goes into the rock via a corridor with an unfinished shaft dug in
its floor. The excavation of the corridor yielded an ovoid-bodied jar (see
below 5.1, fig. 4c; pl. 5; 79C-1), while the clearance of the unfinished
shaft in the 2009 season brought to light another very similar bowl (see
below 5.2, fig.4d, pl. 2; 9C79-P1).
The bowl here discussed was 4 m away from the newly discovered
tomb entrance, and it is difficult to know if it is related to this tomb
which is currently still unexcavated.
68
MU-CHOU-POO, Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt (London,
New York, 1995), 39-40.
69
MESNIL DU BUISSON, Noms et signes égyptiens, 12; A.H. GARDINER, Egyptian
Grammar, sign list, w 24.
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589
Restored from sherds, this very thin-walled Nile A bowl, was carefully
smoothed and has a pale red coloured outer surface which is badly preserved, whilst the inner surface is partially burnt. Its measurements are
5.9 cm high, with a rim diameter of 13.3 cm and it has a vessel index
(Arnold) of 238.18. According to Arnold,70 round-bottom cups from
Lisht dated to the 9th and 10th Dynasties have a vessel index above 200
whilst by the later 12th and early 13th Dynasties the vessel-index varies
between 190 and 150. Following these parameters, this bowl, with an
index of 238.18 suggests an earlier date somewhere from the 9th to 11th
Dynasties.
Bowls or cups could be used for many purposes. The type here discussed is well known in Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period and
Middle Kingdom contexts.71 Similar examples, but larger in size, with
remains of a burned substance in their inner surface, have been found in
layers dated to the Early Middle Kingdom in Ain Soukna.72 Other bowls
of the same type, closer in size, have been found in domestic contexts
dated to the First Intermediate Period and to the 11th Dynasty in Dendera73.
The profile of these vases evokes the shape of the so-called hemispherical bowls, but the direct walls of the vessel here discussed are
more open than those of the hemispherical types. This special feature has
been pointed out by several researchers with examples found in Middle
Egypt (Ain Soukna)74 and Ain Asil being very similar to the bowls
depicted in figs. 4b and d of our excavation. At An Asil, bowls of this
type are the most significant pots found in the workshops 1-4 of the Late
Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period.75 Another interesting parallel,
dated to the same time, is known from Qila’el-Dabba, (Dakhla oasis).76
By the time of the Early 11th Dynasty these bowls are clearly identifiable in the necropoli of el-Tarif77 and Gurna,78 and the shape is also found
70
DO. ARNOLD, ‘Pottery’ in: DI. ARNOLD, The Pyramid of Senwosret I, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition, The South Cemeteries of Lisht, Vol. I (New
York, 1988), Vol. I, 140.
71
C. DEFERNEZ, ‘La céramique d’Ayn Soukhna: observations préliminaires’, Cahiers
de la Céramique Égyptienne 7, (2004), 59-89.
72
C. DEFERNEZ, ‘La céramique d’Ayn Soukhna’, 66-67, Fig. 3, S 19 II.
73
MARCHAND, ‘Fouilles récentes dans la zone urbaine de Dendara’, 216-218, 224,
Figs. 24-26.
74
C. DEFERNEZ, ‘La céramique d’Ayn Soukhna’, 66-67, 73.
75
G. SOUKIASSIAN et al, Balat III, 144, Fig. 15, 1-3, 5.
76
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Keramikfunde aus Qila’ el-Dabba’, 42-56, 42, Tafel 62 A.
77
Do. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, 42, group 4, Fig. 2, 1 1929, Pl. XIXa.
78
W.M.F. PETRIE, Qurna, 2, Pl. XIII, 8-9, 11.
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
in the south cemetery of Lisht, in a context of the Early 12th Dynasty,79
in Qubbet el-Hawa,80 Elephantine81 and in Qasr el-Saga, where these
bowls are considered as belonging to the 12th Dynasty classical period.82
In the Theban area the type is also attested in Early Middle Kingdom
contexts, with some examples from Dra Abu el-Naga.83
The evidence suggests that this kind of bowl was in use from the Late
Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. Given the lack of other
artifacts related to the context where the discussed example was found,
it is difficult to assert a more specific date for it and for the similar one
found in the unfinished shaft (fig. 4d, pl. 2).
5. An ovoid-bodied jar and a bowl related to a newly discovered tomb
In the course of the eighth field season (2009), the excavation proceeded to the corridor of a rock-cut tomb located not far from the find of
the described assemblage of the five ritual vessels (fig. 1, D). Its corridor
yielded a pottery jar while the excavation of an unfinished shaft located
in its floor brought to light eight limestone hammers or axe heads alongside a pottery bowl broken into pieces.84
5.1. Ovoid-bodied jar
This is a Nile B1 ovoid-bodied jar with a short neck, concave contour
and a slightly modelled rim. It has been made in two pieces carefully
joined together just below its maximum diameter, the process leaving
slightly visible traces in its outer surface (fig. 4c, pl. 5; 79C-1) which
also shows two parallel, slightly incised lines in the upper part of the
jar’s body and another one just below its maximum diameter. The jar is
smoothed, red slipped and burnished (10R 5/6-4/6), the burnishing given
in horizontal lines; its base is carefully smoothed by hand. Small stains
of a light pinkish mud (10R 7/4), still remain on its neck and shoulders 79
DO. ARNOLD, ‘Pottery’ in: DI. ARNOLD, The Pyramid of Senwosret I, Fig. 65, 12,
112, 159-160.
80
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 992, Fig. 17/01405; 1194, Fig. 7 QH 90b/1;
1367, Fig. 6 QH 99/119; E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 3, 1570-1571, Fig. 22 QH
105/8; 1595-1596, Fig. 107 QH 105/26.
81
C. VON PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, 356-357, Abb. 159, f-h.
82
Di. ARNOLD and Do. ARNOLD, Der Tempel Qasr el-Saga. Archäologische
Veröffentlichungen 27 (Mainz, 1979), 36-38, Abb. 22a, 5a.
83
A. SEILER, ‘Ein Kultkeramikensemble aus dem Mittleren Reich’, 379, Abb. 15, a-b.
84
J.M. GALÁN, ‘Excavations at the Courtyard of the Tomb of Djehuty’, (in press).
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probably the remains of a lost stopper to seal the jar. It has a maximum
height of 15 cm, a maximum width (located below the middle of its
height) of 10.5 cm, and a rim diameter of 5.5 cm.
The jar was found intact, isolated in a layer of thin sand which seems
to cover the floor of a passage which has been understood as the corridor
of a rock-cut tomb85 greatly disturbed by floods. The jar was found filled
with the same thin sand of the layer in which it was lying. The pinkish
remains of mud stuck to its neck, suggest it was once filled with a specific content and sealed, so it was used as a container for foodstuffs or
water.
Because of the lack of other pots or any other artefacts in the excavation of this passage, the jar by itself was an interesting find. Its diagnostic features indicate that it should be considered as one of those burnished vessels which have been called “Pyramid ware” or “Queen’s
ware”86 attested in the tombs of royal ladies from the 11th Dynasty to
the 13th Dynasty.
Although there are two similar but roughly finished vases, with more
bag-shaped bodies and rather flattened bases known from Qubbet elHawa,87 the closest parallels known to me for this type are two Middle
Kingdom jars, one bigger in size and with a less careful finish, found at
Elephantine;88 the other, with a better polished finish, being found in
Askut, in Nubia.89
5.2. A bowl with direct rim and round base
In an unfinished shaft, located at the end of the passage where the
above described ovoid-bodied jar was found, a nearly complete Nile A
bowl with direct rim and round base came to light (fig. 4d, pl. 2; 9C79P1). It was found broken into pieces, lying alongside eight limestone
hammers or axe heads, in the sandy layer which filled the shaft.90
Restored from sherds, the bowl shows very thin walls, is carefully
smoothed and has a pale orange-coloured wash on its outer surface which
is badly preserved, but it apparently also bore a red band at the rim. It is
6.2 cm high with a rim diameter of 14 cm and has a vessel index (Arnold)
85
J.M. GALÁN, ‘Excavations at the Courtyard of the Tomb of Djehuty’, (in press).
S.J. ALLEN, ‘Queen’s Ware’, 42-48.
87
E. EDEL, Felsgräbernekropole, Band 2, 1081, 1082, Fig. 9 QH 89/10; 1153-1154,
Fig. 56, QH 90/5.
88
C. VON PILGRIM, Elephantine XVIII, 352-353. Abb. 157, b.
89
S. TYSON SMITH, Askut in Nubia, 1995, 60, Fig. 3.6 H, 199.
90
J.M. GALÁN, ‘Excavations at the Courtyard of the Tomb of Djehuty’, (in press).
86
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
of 229.5. According to Arnold,91 the index of this pot suggests a date
range from the 9th to 11th Dynasties, but it is not possible to ignore the
ovoid-bodied jar found in the corridor of the same structure, which fits
well with pottery examples of the Middle Kingdom.
As has been said before in relation to the bowl found at the beginning
of the open-air sloping passage, there are similar pots which fit very well
with these two vessels, from Middle Egypt (Ain Soukna),92 Ain Asil and
Qila’el-Dabba dated to the Late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period.
By the time of the Early 11th Dynasty these bowls are clearly identified
in the necropoleis of el-Tarif93 and Qurna,94 the shape lasting throughout
the 12th Dynasty in archaeological contexts at Lisht, Qubbet el-Hawa,
Qasr el-Saga and Dra Abu el-Naga.
Taking into account the rather wide range of the chronology given to
this pottery type and the lack of artifacts found in the context of the discussed bowl, it is not easy to suggest a date for our vessel. The ovoidbodied jar found in the corridor of the same hewn structure, points to a
Middle Kingdom chronology, but the clearance of the spot is still in
progress,95 consequently, this proposed date must be regarded as subject
to possible revision.
Conclusions
The excavation and study of these pottery vessels has provided us with
archaeological evidence of the First Intermediate Period/Early Middle
Kingdom in the ancient cemetery of Dra Abu el-Naga. We came into two
pottery assemblages related to funerary ceremonies, one consists of three
vases while the other one comprises five, and then there are finds of
isolated pots.
The first assemblage (fig. 2a-c) is clearly related to the burial of an
elderly woman. Its three pots, one Ìs-vase, an ovoid-bodied jar and a
drinking bowl, brings to mind the performance of a ritual of purification
where pouring out water was required and performed with an specific
vase, the Ìs-vase of this pottery group. The ovoid jar and the bowl could
be related to each other as a well matched couple of pots for keeping (the
91
DO. ARNOLD, ‘Pottery’, in: DI. ARNOLD, The Pyramid of Senwosret I, Vol. I, 140.
C. DEFERNEZ, ‘La céramique d’Ayn Soukhna’, 66-67, 73.
93
DO. ARNOLD, ‘Weiteres zur Keramik von el-Tarif’, 42, group 4, Fig. 2, 1 1929,
Pl. XIXa.
94
W.M.F. PETRIE, Qurneh, 2, Pl. XIII, 8-9, 11.
95
J.M. GALÁN, ‘Excavations at the Courtyard of the Tomb of Djehuty’, (in press).
92
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 592
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593
jar) and drinking (the bowl) water or other kind of beverage beneficial
for the well-being of the dead. These three vessels were found broken,
and whilst the Ìs-vase could be completely restored; the other two
remain incomplete due to missing pieces. The breaking of these pots, and
even the absence of same pieces in two of them, could be part of the
ritual itself. We are dealing with acts performed in order to provide the
dead with a new and eternal life. Perhaps the ovoid jar and the drinking
cups were understood as pots which never again had to be used.96 On the
other hand, the Ìs-vase had to keep its ritual function, and for that reason, has been preserved. Accordingly, the ritual vase should pour out
libations beyond the time of the burial itself, at any time throughout
eternity when the purification may be needed.
The later assemblage is composed of five vessels (figs. 3a-d, 4a, pl. 3).
It was found in a layer characterized by a lack of other archaeological
remains located near the collapsed entrance of a tomb which still has to
be excavated. These five pots were found intact. The two Ìs-vases clearly
evoke ritual ceremonies of purification, a peculiarity which could also
be extended to the globular jar with wavy rim. On the other hand, the
nw-pot brings into one’s mind a specific offering of wine or other high
quality beverage, which, according to iconographical and textual evidence was mostly done in temples. The ritual function of these vessels
allows us to think of a ceremony involving the pouring out of water
(with the Ìs-vases) and perhaps of other liquids (with the globular jar),
as well as the offering of a specific product (the nw-pot). The flat-based
jar of this pottery group could be understood as a container of the
required stuff for the performance of the ceremony which should be
related to the building of the tomb itself, a sacred place for the resting of
the dead. Two vessels of this deposit, the nw-pot and the ovoid-bodied
jar with wavy rim, show a shiny outer surface which allows us to consider them as pieces of the so-called “Pyramid or Queen’s ware” attested
in the tombs of royal ladies from the 11th Dynasty through the 13th
Dynasty, and bring it near to the ovoid-bodied jar found isolated in the
passage of a newly discovered tomb.
The pottery vessels found by themselves (figs. 2d-e, figs. 4b-d, pls.
1, 3-5), seem to have had a different use. For one thing there is the
globular jar found in the intact burial of Iqer (fig. 2d, pl. 1) which
should be understood as a very good example of the marl clay food
96
R.K. RITNER, The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice, Studies in
Ancient Egyptian Civilization 54 (Chicago, 1993), 148-150.
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
containers produced at the time of the 11th Dynasty. Then there is the
pottery tray related to the same burial (fig. 2e), a ritual pot left beside
the mouth of the tomb in order to provide perpetual offerings for the
deceased.
The ovoid-bodied jar was found in the passage of a tomb whose excavation is still in progress (fig. 4c, pl. 5). Some stains of mud at its neck
and shoulders, indicate that the vase had been sealed, perhaps in order to
keep some offering food or water. Its red coated surface allows it to be
considered as one of those burnished vessels called “Pyramid or Queen’s
ware”, and brings it near to the nw-pot and the ovoid jar with wavy rim
found in the five pot deposits.
Both of the much destroyed but restorable bowls with direct rims and
round bases, were also found in isolation. One of them (fig. 4b, pl. 4)
was clearly used for burning some substance, perhaps as a burnt and/or
pleasant aromatic offering. The other one was perhaps just a drinking
cup, belonging to the workers who never finished the shaft where it was
found (fig. 4d, pl. 2).
From a chronological point of view, all these pottery vessels have
close parallels from the First Intermediate Period to the early times of the
Middle Kingdom. As the clearance of the area of the excavation site
where all of them have been found is still in progress, it is not possible
to fix a definitive date for all of them. Those related to Iqer’s burial can
be dated to the 11th Dynasty while all the others fit well with that date
except for the ovoid-bodied jar found in the passage of the newly discovered tomb, whose more closer parallels are dated a little later, to the
beginning of the Middle Kingdom.
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in: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists,
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta (Leuven, in press).
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Abu el-Naga’, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (in press).
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(London, 1907).
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Ancient Egyptian Civilization 54 (Chicago, 1993), 148-150.
S. SEIDLMAYER, Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren
Reich. Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 1 (Heidelberg, 1990).
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93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 596
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597
Fig. 1. TT 11, The tomb of Djehuty.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 597
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M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
Fig. 2a. Ovoid jar,
8D75-2.
Fig. 2b. Ìs-vase,
8D75-1.
Fig. 2d. Globular jar,
9C79-1.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 598
Fig. 2c. Carinated bowl,
8D75-3.
Fig. 2e. Offering tray,
8C-D77-1.
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
599
Fig. 3b. Shorter Ìs-vase,
8D79-2.
Fig. 3a. Tall Ìs-vase, 8D79-1.
Fig. 3c. Small nw-pot, 8D79-5.
Fig. 3d. Globular jar, 8D79-3.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 599
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600
M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
Fig. 4.b. Bowl, 8D74-1.
Fig. 4a. Ovoid jar, 8D79-4.
Fig. 4c. Ovoid Jar, 79C-1.
Fig. 4d. Bowl, 9C79-P1.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 600
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FIELD NOTES FROM DRA ABU EL-NAGA
Plate 1. Globular jar, 9C79-1.
601
Plate 2. Bowl, 9C79-P1.
Plate 3. Five vessels, 8D79-1 to 8D79-5.
Plate 4. Bowl, 8D74-1.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 601
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602
M.J. LÓPEZ GRANDE
Plate 5. Ovoid jar, 79C-1.
93820_AstonEtal_CS4ME_29.indd 602
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