i-8 S T A T E O F R E L I G I Ó N always found, that this violent way of

i-8
STATE
OF
RELIGIÓN
always found, that this violent way of making profelytes has had~
but indiíFerent fuccefs. It may make men temporize, difíemble, •
or perhaps perjure themfelves. Fire and fword, famine and t o r ture will never cure Jewiíh blindnefs * wben miracles wrought by
a divine power have had no effeft, what is to be hoped for from
any human means ? T I T U S reafoned with tbem in this way much
more forcibly than any one, either before or fince his time; the
S E N N A C H E R I B S , and N E B U C H A D N E Z Z A R S fell far íhort of him
in this method of argument. But what was the confequence ?
They fought ílill more defperately for their civil and religious li~
berties, and obítinately expired, as they ílill do i n t h e inquiíitor'S'
flames, in the- defence of their faitb...
the whole we may fáfely fay, that the Roman-catholic
fyftems of morality, as treated by jefuitical cafuifts, are truly
l'art de chkaner. avec Dzeu ; that their religión, as dreífed out with-¡
the trappings of popery, difcovers in its folds the pagan wardrobe.
from whence it was taken. From a view of it one cannot help
coming atthis obvious truth: That as the admiílion of all error is'
dangerous, it fs moft fatally fo in matters of religión ; the avenues'
of whicH íhould therefore be guarded with the greater vigilance.
In other cafes the error is removablé, or the remedy at woríl but
difficult : But here error is generally uneradicable, permanent, and'
the remedy impraóticable. All attempts to alter what has once'
been facred, are imagined". to border fo near to- facrilege or impiety, that few in any age or country have had firmnefs and difcreíion enough to undertake the taík. This is the great ftrongholdi
of popery, and all other corrupt religions. For^ as. the. Román;,
confuí judiciouíly faid.upon a like occafibn,.
UPON
Nihil enim in fpeciem • fallacius eít, q.uam prava religio. Ubi
Deorum numen praatenditur fceleribus, fubit animum timor,
ne fraudibus humanis vindicandis divini juris aliquid.immiftum violemus- L I V I H S , lib. x x x i x . cap. 16.
ERRORS in léarning commonly ferve for our amufement, as
abler men whTfet them r i g h t ; errors in politics occafion at worff
but temporary evils; but errors in- religión are everlaíHng, too <
obñinate'
I N
S P A I N .
19
obílinate to be fubdued. Learned and political controveríies, tho'
often managed with much heat and rancoúr, produce generally
new lights for the ufe of the public; but religious controverfy is
for the moít part pernicious, and ferves only to poiíbn the minds
of men. When bigotry prompts, and enthufiafm inflames, and
the zealous fury once rifes, the worít of all plagues is then begun :
for, more human blood has been íhed by this blind religious zeal»
than by the dagger of the aíTaíTin, the fword of juftice, or all the
artillery and implements of war.
F R O M the firít century, Spain had biíhoprics, and was divided
ínto the provinces Carthaginienjis, 'Tarraconenjis, Betica, Lujita~
nica, and Gallaica.
T H E firíl biíhops were, according to the Spaniíh writers, difciples of St. James the Apoftle. T h e epifcopal government was
fomewhat interrupted by the Moors, who ravaged part of the peninfula: but the Mauritanians in A N D A L U S I A were more inclined
to conquer Spain than to change its religión from the chriftian t o
mahometaniím. By this means, the kings of O V I E D O and L E Ó N ,
together with the counts of C A S T I L E and the kings of N A V A R R E ,
having recovered ílrength to conquer the SARACENS, re-eílabliíhed the biíhops who had retired, and founded feveral churches and
monafteries.
S P A I N had eleven archbiíhoprics, and fifty-four biíhoprics, including thofe of P O R T U G A L ,
D 2
LIST
20
STAT E O F
RELIGIÓN
L I S T of the ARCHBISHOPRICS and BISHOPRICS of SPAIN,
with their valuation.
I. TOLEDO.
Archbiíhop a n d Metropolitan.
HisEminence, Don Lurs DE C O R D O V A , * L. 50,000
SUFFRAGANS.
l-(
CARTHAGENA
2 . CORDOUA
3- CUENCA
4- SlGUENZA
5- J A É N
6. SECOVIA
7- OSMA
8. V A L L A D O L I D
Don Diego de Roxas,
Don Martin de Barcia,
Vacan t,
Don Francifco Dias,
Don Fran. Benito Marin
Don Manuel Murillo
Vacant
Don Iíidro de Coííio,
II. SEVILLE.
Don
8000
525o
6250
75°°
5000
4250
3250
2500
Archbiíhop, &c.
F R A N C I S C O SOLIS DE C A R D O N A ,
15,000
SUFFRAGANS.
T.
MALAGA
2.
CÁDIZ
CANARIA
CEUTA
34-
Don
Don
Don
Don
Jofeph de Franquis Lafo,
Francifco Thomas del Valle,
Francifco Valentin Moran, •
Jofeph de la Cueíía.
•
III. SANTIAGO.
'
•
•
7500
2000
•
Archbiíhop, &c,
Don B A T H O L O M E R A J O Y Y ' LOSADA,
15,000
SUFFRAGANS.
1. S A L A M A N C A
2. T U Y
3- A V I L A
4- C O R I A
S- P L A S E N C I A
ASTORGA
Don Jofeph Zorila
Don Juan Manuel Caftannon,
Don Romualdo Velarde,
Don Juan Jofeph García Alvaro,
Vacant,
Don Francifco Xavier Cabezón,
3000
2000
2500
3250
6875
1875
* The valuation of thefe preferments ¡s taken from a Spaniíh book lately pubüfhed at M A D R I D : It makes the revenues of TOLEDO greater than the common eftimation of them : But I cloubt if the account is exaggerated.
7. Z A M O R A
I N
ZAMORA
8. OXENSE
9- B A D A J O Z
10. MoNDONNEDO
i i . LUGO
12. C I U D A D RODRIGO
7?
21
S P A I N.
Don Ifidro Cavanillas,
2500
Don Francifco Auguftin de Euro, 1 5 0 0
Don Manuel Pérez Minago,
3250
Don Carlos de Riomol,
1250
Don Fr. Francifco Izquierdo,
1500
1250
Don Jofeph Viguezal,
IV. GRANADA.
Archbifhop, fice.
6250
Don PEDRO A N T O N I O B A R R O E T A ,
SUFFRAGANS.
Don Franc. Alexandro Bocanegra,
Don Francifco Gafpar de Molina,
i. GUADIX
2. A L M E R Í A
V. BURGOS.
iooa
1125
Archbifhop, &c.
Don O N E S I M O S A L A M A N C A ,
i.
2.
SUFFRAGANS.
Don Gafpar de Miranda,
Don Andrés de Porras,
Don Andrés de Buítamante,
Don Franc. Xavier de Arriaza
PAMPLONA
CALAHORRA
3- P A L E N C I A
4- S A N T A N D E R
VI.
3750
TARRAGONA.
3500
3000
2500
1500
Archbifhop, &c.
Don J A Y M E DE C O R T A D A Y ' B R U ' ,
SUFFRAGANS.
Don AíTenfio Sales,
Don Manuel Antonio Palmero,
Don Manuel Macias Pedrejón,
Don Luis García Mannero,
Don Fr. Bartholomé Sarmentera
Don Fr. Chathalan de Ocón,
Don Fr. Jofeph de Mezquia,
I . BARCELONA
2. GERONA
3- L É R I D A
4« T O R T O S A
5- V i Q U B
ó.
URGEL
7:
SOLSONA
3250
í
1500
1250
2000
25CO
75°
1000
625
VII.
ZA-
22
STATí:
VII.
OF R E L I G I Ó N .
ZARAGOZA.
Archbifliop,- &c.
7 5 oo
Don FRANCISQ© DE ANOA Y B A S T A .
SUFFRAGANS.
Don Antonio Sánchez,
Don Fr. Diego de Rivera,
Don Pafqual López,
Don Eílevan de Villanova,
Don Juan Navarro,
Don Fr. Rodríguez Chico,
I. HUESCA
2. BARBASTRO
3- XACA
TARAZONA
5' ALBARRACIN
TERUEL
VIII. FALENCIA,
*500
lOOO
75°
1875
1000
2250
Archbiíliop, 8cc.
Don ANDRÉS M A Y O R A L .
i. SERGOVE
2 . ORIHUELA
3. MALLORCA
*3>7S°
SUFFRAGANS.
Don Fr. Blas de Arganda,
Vacant,
Don Lorenzo Deípuig,
2000
3750
2750
A M E R I C A.
IN
I. SANTO DOMINGO.
Archbifhop.
Don FHELIPE R U I Z DE AUSMENDI.
1.
2.
3.
PUERTO RICO
CUBA
CARACAS
SUFFRAGANS.
Don Pedro Martínez de Oneca.
Don Pedro Aguílin Morel.
Don Diego Diez Madronnero.
3
II. MEX&
I N
S P A I N.
II. MÉXICO.
Don
23
Archbiíhop, &c.
M A N . R U B I O DE S A L I N A S .
SVFFRAGANS.
1, P U E B L A DE LOS A N -
D(m
Domin
GELES
OAXACA
——MECHOACAN
••
GUACALAXARA
YUCATÁN
2.
*.
4.
r.
6. DURANGO'
Alvarez
de
Abreíu.
°
Don
Don
Don
Don
— — Don
Ventura Blanco.
Pedro Sánchez de Tagls,
Francifco de Texada.
Fr. Ignacio de Padilla.
Pedro Tamaron.
ni,. MA NI LA.
Archbiíhop, &c¿.
Don M A N U E L A N T O N I O R o x o .
SUF FRAGA
IV^CEBU'
2. N U E V A S E G O V I A
3. N U E V A CACERES
—
IV. GUATE
Don
MA L A.
Archbiíhop, &c.
F R A N C I S C O DE F I G U E R E D O .
SUFF
1. C H I A P A
•
2. N I C A R A G U A
3.. C O M A Y A G U A
NS.
Vacant.
Don Juan de la Fuente.
Don Fr. Manuel de Matos.
RAGANS.
Don F . Jofeph Videl de Montezuma.
Don Fr. Mato. Navia Bolano.
Don Diego Rodríguez Rivas.
•
—
V, LIMA.
Don
Archbiíhop.
D I E G O DEL C O R R O .
STJFFRAGANS.
r. AREQUIPA
a. TRUXILLO
,
-——
Don Jacinto Aquado y' Chacón.
Don Francifco de Luna Victoria..
3- Q U I T O -
24
S T A T E
3. Q U I T O
¡
4. C u z c o
5. G U A M A N G A
6. P A N A M Á
7. C H I L E
___
o. CONCEPCIÓN DE C H I L E
VI.
Don
O.F
R E L I G I Ó N
Don Juan Nieto Polo del Aquila*
D o n J u a n d e caftonneda.
Don Phelipe Manrique de Lara.
Don Man. Romani y' Carrillo,
D o n
Man<
de
Ald
Don Jofeph de Toro.
CHARCAS.
Archbiíliop.
C A Y E T A N O M A R C E L L A N O "Y' A G R A M O N T .
SUFFRAGANS.
i, N - - S - DE L A P A Z Don
2 TUCUMAM • — Don
3. S™. CRUZ DE LA SIERRA Don
4. P A R A G U A Y
Don
5. BUENOS A Y R E S
Don
VIL
SANTA
Diego de Parada.
Pedro de Argadona.
Fern. Pérez de Oblitas
Manuel de la Torre
Jof. Anto. Baíurco y Herrera,
FK
Archbiíhop.
Don JOSEPH XAVIER DE ARAUZ.
SUFFRAGANS.
,..
2.
3.
POPAYAN
CARTAGENA
SANTA M A R T A
,
-
Don Geronymo de Obreson.
Don Manuel de Sofá y BetancuDon Nicolás Gil Martines
T H É g were formerly in the nomination of the Ring, and afterwards the Concórdate. This is not the cafe now T h é Pone th
King, and the Archbiíhop of T O L E D O divide the p a t r a ñ a s / T h r
an
ld C UnCÍ1 r JUnt f r that U r f e
ZtéyZZí
°
°
°
° °
P P° ' but is
T H E bifhoprics in S P A I N have very fine revenues Th<*
Diíhops always go in the following drefs : A long robe' and l
purple
I N
S P A I N.
25
purple rochet. They generally carry a crucifix, wear a crofs upon their breafts, and a ring.
T H E clergy of Spain who are not of any particular monaíHc
order wear íhe regular drefs, coníifting of a caíTock, and a hood
of flannel or ñlk. The caffock has a cape; and their hats are
tucked up on both fides. The ecclefiaítical eftates are very confiderable.
L E T T E R
III.
Of the G O V E R N M E N T of S P A I N , the Cortes,
or
PARLIAMENT, its
of
JUDICATURE,
T
LAWS,
TRIBUNALS, COURTS
&C.
H E government of S P A I N was, by its ancient conftitution,
a lirnited monarchy, of hereditary fucceffion, both in
males and females. The male line ended in F E R D I N A N D , who
united C A S T I L E and A R R A G O N , by marriage with I S A B E E L A of
C A S T I L E . ^ That Princefs dying at M E D I N A DEL C A M P O , in
1505, left iffue, i. J O H N , whomarried M A ' R G E R I T E , daughter
E
of
z6
LA.WS
QF
SPAIN.
of the Emperor M A X I M i L I A N . 2. I S A B E L L A , married firft to
Prince A L P H O N Z O , fon of JOHN ÍI. and afterwards to E M A N U E E
of P O R T U G A L . 3. J O A N , who was afterwards Queen of C A S TILE.
4 . ' M A R Y, wlio. married E M M A N U E L of P O R T U G A L .
5. C A T H E R I N E , who married A R T H U R Prince ofWALES, and
afterwards H E N R Y VIII. O F E N G L A N D .
ISABELLA appointed her heirs by wilJ, the Princefs D O N N A
J U A N A her third daughter, conjointly with her huíband the
Archduke P H I L I P , of B U R G U N D Y , fon of the Emperor M A X I M I L I A N , who was firnamed P H I L I P P E LE F L A M A N D .
In confequence of this teftamentary difpoíition, P H I L I P claimed the
er-own of C A S T I L E againíl his- father-in-law F E R D I N A N D . This
difpute was however amicably adjuíled by an agreement in 1506,
that both parties íhould have equal power and authority. But
P H I L I P dying that fame year, the power and crown of SP.AIN
reverted en tire into the hands of F E R D I N A N D , who dying in
1516, was fueceeded in the throne of S P A I N by his grandfon
C H A R L E » V. who was- the.fon of P H I L I P by Donna J U A N A ,
itiled the Fool, who was the mother of two Emperors. And
thus the crown of S P A I N carne into the houfe of A U S T R I A .
This monarchy was limited by its Cortes, or Parliament, compofed- of repreíentatives fent from the cities and towns, each oí
which, according to the oíd Gothlc plan, fent procurators,
or deputies, chofen byf:áíid out of the aldermen of their refpective cities. The eldeít member for BURGOS always acled as
fpeaker of .the houfe; though T O L E D O was a rival to B U R G O S .
for that privilege. In order to adjuft amicably their two claims,
the King ufed to fay on opening the feffion of the Cortes, " I
Vr.Will fpeak fot- T O L E D O , which will do what I order: But
'* Ict BURGOS fpeak Jirjt;" becaufe BURGOS was. anciently the
capital of C A S T I L E . No aít could pa(s in this parliament by
míijority of voices; ic required the unanimous aflent of all: the meiflbers. All its aels were afterwards carried to the King to be conftrmed. The members of this parliament were always afiembled
in a Cortes, by letters convocatory from the King and privy cpuncil>